ALBERT

Description: Campylopus galapagensis J.-P. Frahm & Sipman spec. nov. is described. It is closely related to C. pilifer Brid., from which it differs mainly by the presence of substereids in the ventral layer of the costa. It is endemic on the Galapagos Islands, where it occurs frequently from sea level to the highest summits at 1500 m.

Description: Tortula grandiretis Broth., differing from T. muralis Hedw. mainly in the larger, quite smooth lamina cells, is reported from three localities in the SW-Netherlands, where it occurred on open, sandy or clayey, brackish soil on recently enclosed mud flats or salt-marshes. It is also reported from one locality in Turkey. It was formerly known only from Turkestan (U.S.S.R.).

Description: This year Prof. Dr. F.P. Jonker, Frits as he is known among his friends, will retire from the formal academic life at the State University of Utrecht: a long and busy life of 49 years, devoted to teaching, administration, and scientific research. Looking back on all these years, one realises the important contributions that Jonker has made to botanical science in general and to palaeobotany in particular, both in The Netherlands and abroad, as well as the impact he has exerted on his surroundings, culminating in the vigorous activities of the Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology at Utrecht. To describe Jonker’s life history is indeed to describe the history of his laboratory. To understand the significance of Jonker and the character of the “lab”, we have to trace his life from its very beginnings at the town of Almelo in the eastern Netherlands, where he was born in 1912. His father and mother were teachers and both liked (wild) flowers. Thus both an intellectual and botanical background were already part of his life at a very young age. Soon Jonker joined a group of boy-scouts, where he combined his love for the outdoors with his interest in nature. In high school the biology teacher was Dr. J. Van Beusekom, an Utrecht botanist, who was at the same time scout-master of the scout group. In these formative years, “de Beus” was a decisive factor in influencing Jonker’s career. It was largely because of Van Beusekom that Jonker went to Utrecht University as a student.

Description: El 25 de mayo de 1976 falleció inesperadamente, a la edad de 53 años, Peter Arnold Florschütz, eminente briólogo y profesor de Botánica Sistemática en Utrecht (Holanda). Era bien conocido por sus estudios de los musgos de Surinam. Fue coauter del "Index Muscorum”, miembro de la comisión de la Flora Neotrópica y tesorero del IAPT. Durante sus últimos 10 años estudiaba, junto con la señora Florschütz, los musgos de los Andes colombianos. En 1972 visitó muchas zonas de páramos y selvas andinas, especialmente en los alrededores de Bogotá (Cundinamarca), la Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (Boyacá, Arauca) y el Nevado del Ruiz (Caldas). En 1975 tuvo la oportunidad de visitar nuevamente algunos páramos cercanos a la capital colombiana. Sus colecciones de 1972 y 1975 (con cerca de 1.000 números) se conservan en Bogotá (COL) con duplicados en Utrecht (U).

Description: Some of the species and names of hydnoid fungi treated in Furukawa’s work are discussed. Hydnum albidum is recorded in Europe for the first time. Further finds of some interesting species are reported. Auriscalpium barbatum (Western Australia) and Steccherinum peruvianum (Peru) are described as new species. A key to the species of Auriscalpium is given.

Description: Subramanian’s concept of true and false chains of phialoconidia is rejected and replaced by a distinction between connected and disconnected chains. In connected conidial chains the primary conidial wall is strongly thickened at both ends and a connective is formed. This criterion allows the distinction between trichocomaceous or eurotiaceous (connected) and sphaeriaceous (disconnected) catenulate phialoconidia. The ultrastructure of conidiogenesis is described. On the basis of this criterion, the species of the Acremonium diversisporum series as well as the anamorph of Sagenoma viride Stolk & Orr with connected chains are transferred from Acremonium to the new genus Sagenomella to which four new species are added.

Description: In the course of a study of coprophilous fungi collected in the Zoological Garden in Delhi, an ascomycete belonging to the genus Achaetomium was isolated. It differs from previously described species by larger ascospores and almost colourless ascomata with a wide apical opening.

Description: Identities are given for all 35 combinations published in Anplectrum A. Gray ( Melastomataceae) with additional notes on some of the taxa involved. Two new combinations are proposed in Creochiton Bl. and one in Dissochaeta Bl.

Description: A new monotypic genus Tamaricaria Qaiser & Ali of Tamaricaceae is described with a new combination i.e. Tamaricaria elegans (Royle) Qaiser & Ali.

Description: 1. The interrelations between the genera together constituting the Dimocarpus group in the tribe Nephelieae are represented in a scheme. In this scheme are added the main characters that are thought to be of phylogenetic importance. 2. A neotype.is proposed for Cubilia cubili (Blanco) Adelb., the single species of its genus. To its distribution can be added the eastern half of Borneo, incl. also the Island of P. Laut. Mention is made of a geographic clinal variation in a few macromorphological characters. 3. Lilchi is considered to comprise only one species, L. chinensis Sonn., which is subdivided into three subspecies: subsp. chinensis, the commonly grown form, cultivated for thousands of years already, apparently adapted (by nature or partly by selection by man?) to a monsoon climate, if actually wild probably originating from northern Indo China; subsp. philippinensis (Radlk.) Leenh., a wild form closely related to subsp. chinensis, known from the Philippines and New Guinea; and subsp. javensis Leenh., strikingly different from both other forms, known only as a cultivated fruit tree from southern Indo China and Java, apparently adapted to an everwet tropical climate. For subsp. philippinensis a lectotype is proposed. 4. Pometia, though macromorphologically distinctly derived and, moreover, palynologically apparently very exclusive in the alliance under discussion, seems clearly connected with Dimocarpus, the central genus in the group.

Description: Description of a new species, Diploglottis bracteata Leenh., from Queensland, Australia. Reduction of Euphorianthus (E. Malesia) to Diploglottis (NE. Australia). Discussion of the occurrence of actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers in the Sapindaceae in nearly all tribes and even within ten genera. Discussion of the systematic position of Diploglottis bracteata: this species seems distinctly allied to and more derived than the New Caledonian genus Storthocalyx, and thus may belong to an old element of the Queensland flora allied with that of New Caledonia. On the other hand, D. bracteata is within Diploglottis closest to the East Malesian species, whereas the further Australian species are distinctly more derived. They may belong to a younger element in the Queensland flora of Malesian derivation.

Description: Herbae erectae caespitosae 1.5—2.0 m altae; rhizoma suberectum 1—2 cm diametro. Folia multa apice rhizomatis spiratim aggregata; petioli usque ad 1 m longi basi vaginantes, sparsim pubescentes; laminae ellipticae oblongo-lanceolatae glabrae 18—35 cm longae, 8—15 cm latae, basi acutae vel cuneatae, apice breviter acuminatae, infra subvirides, nervis lateralibus multis parallelis, nervulis multis scalariformibus inter nervos subtiliter transverse reticulatis; costa basi incrassata gradatim angustata et a nervis lateralibus haud distincta. Pedunculus principalis terminalis usque ad 1.5 m altus ad apicem folio uno inflorescentia unaque, raro folium deest; folium pedunculare foliis primariis simile petiolo ad medium usque vaginante parce piloso, apicem versus pubescente. Inflorescentia laxe paniculata e spicis spiculisque constans, in axillam vaginae folii pedunculati, pedunculo ad 15 cm longo, bractea basi vaginante lineari-lanceolata puberula ad 10 cm longa; panicula puberula, 2—10-ramosa usque ad 15 cm longa et 10 cm lata; spicae 2—10, longitudine variantes, 3—8 cm longae usque ad 4 cm distantes e axillis bractearum principaliarum spiratim dispositae in rachibus principalibus; bracteae principaliae ovati-lanceolatae ± 2 cm longae, ± 1 cm latae, extus puberulae margine hirtae, cito ad medium usque, tandem basem versus in fibras multas secedentes; spiculae multae e axillis bractearum primariarum subspiraliter in spicis dispositae, usque ad 2 cm longae; bracteae primariac ovatae obtusae mucronatae ± 1.5 cm longae, ± 1 cm latae, extus puberulae margine hirtae bracteis principalibus similes. Flores albi in cymis parorum 1—3 vel plurorum; omnis par e axilla prophylli, flos unus paris omnis primo aperiens, ceterus invicem; prophyllum externum magnum dorsaliter 2-carinatum ovato-lanceolatum margine incurvum ± 14 mm longum et ± 5 mm latum, alis carinarum fimbriatis; prophylla interiora dorsaliter 3-carinata parva; pedicelli omnis paris basi connati ± 1 mm longi. Calycis lobi usque ad basim discreti, lineari-lanceolati extra hirti,± 1.2 cm longi, ± 2 mm lati. Corolla basi tubularis, tubo ± 7 mm longo lobis oblongis ovatis erectis obtusis ± 8 mm longis. Staminodia 4 in tubum connata tubum corollae adnata; lobi staminodiorum extemorum subaequales; lobus magnus obovatus obtusus marginibus recurvatis, ± 1 cm longus, ± 8 mm latus; lobus parvus subspathulatus recurvatus, ± 7 mm longus, ± 3 mm latus; staminodium interioris carnosum cucullatum, lobo laterali apicem styli includenti, ± 6 mm longum et ± 3 mm latum; staminodium interiorissimum cucullatum, staminodium extimum magnum omnino adnatum apicem stigmatis includens, infra stigma callo carnoso puberulo instructum, lobo ad laterem stigmatis auriculato. Stamen fertile 1-cellulare appendice subulata ± 1 mm longa uno latere instructum; filamenti segmentum librum ± 3 mm longum; anthera oblonga apiculata lutea ± 2 mm longa. Ovarium ±2 mm longum dense aureo villosum; stylus tubum staminalem adnatus ± 1 cm longus segmento libro cucullato ± 4 mm longo; stigma truncata irregulariter lobata. Fructus 3-lobatus sparsim breviter hirtus rubiginosus ± 9 mm longus, ± 7 mm latus; semina 3 oblonga subtrigona lurida ± 7 mm longa et ± 4 mm diametro arillis 2 lobatis albis lobis lineari-acuminatis ± 3 mm longis. Erect caespitose herbs, 1.5—2.0 m tall; rhizomes suberect, 1—2 cm thick. Leaves many, spirally crowded at apex of rhizome; petiole sheathing at base, up to 1 m long, sparsely pubescent; leaf-blade elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute to cuneate at base, shortly acuminate at apex, 18—35 cm long, 8—15 cm wide, glabrous, whitish green beneath; lateral nerves many, parallel, with many fine scalariform transversely reticulate nervules in between; midrib thickened towards base, gradually narrowed and indistinct from lateral nerves towards apex. Main peduncle terminal, up to 1.5 m tall, bearing one leaf and inflorescence at apex, rarely without leaf; peduncular leaf similar to primary leaves; petiole up to 15 cm long, sheathing at basal half, scattered hairy, pubescent towards apex. Inflorescence Inflorescence a lax panicle of spikes and spikelets, arising from axil of peduncular leafsheath with up to 15 cm long stalk, subtended by up to 10 cm long, linear-lanceolate, sheathing, puberulous bract at base; panicle up to 15 cm long, up to 10 cm wide, 2—10- branched, puberulous; spikes 2—10, of various length, 3—8 cm long, arranged at distances of up to 4 cm apart in axils of spirally arranged bracts on main rachis; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ± 2 cm long, ± 1 cm wide, puberulous outside, hairy at margins, soon splitting up in upper half into many fibres, later up to base; spikelets many, subspirally arranged on spikes in axils of primary bracts, up to 2 cm long; primary bracts ovate, obtuse, mucronate, ± 1.5 cm long, ± 1 cm wide, puberulous outside and along margins, similar to main bracts. Flowers white, in cymes of 1—3 or more pairs; each cymule (pair of flowers) in axil of a prophyll, one flower in each pair opening first, the other next; outer prophyll large, 2-keeled at back, ovate-lanceolate, ±14 mm long, ± 5 mm wide, incurved at margins, minutely fringed on wings of keels; inner prophylls 3-keeled at back, smaller; pedicels of each pair of flowers united at base, ± 1 mm long. Calyx-lobes free up to base, linear-lanceolate, ± 1.2 cm long, ± 2 mm wide, hairy outside. Corolla-tube ± 7 mm long; lobes oblong, ovate, obtuse, ± 8 mm long, erect. Staminodes 4. united into a tube and adnate to the corolla-tube; lobes of outer staminodes subequal; larger lobe obovate, obtuse, with recurved margins, ± 1 cm long, ± 8 mm wide; smaller lobe subspathulate, recurved, ± 7 mm long, ± 3 mm wide; fleshy inner staminode hood-shaped with a lateral lobe enclosing style apex, ± 6 mm long, ± 3 mm wide; innermost staminode hooded, entirely adnate to outer large staminode, enclosing lip of stigma, with a fleshy puberulous callus below stigma and an auricular lobe at side of stigma. Fertile stamen 1-celled, with a thin, subulate, ± 1 mm long appendage on one side; free portion of filament ± 3 mm long; anther ± 2 mm long, oblong, apiculate, yellow. Ovary ± 2 mm long, densely golden hairy outside; style adnate to staminodial tube, ± 1 cm long; free portion curved, hooded, ± 4 mm long; stigma irregularly lobed, truncate. Fruit 3-lobed, ± 9 mm long, ± 7 mm wide, sparsely short hairy, reddish-brown; seeds 3, oblong, subtrigonous, ± 7 mm long, ± 4 mm thick, dull brown; arils 2, lobed, white; lobes linear-acuminate, ± 3 mm long.

Description: The Star Mountains of New Guinea are situated at the geographic center of the Island of New Guinea extending on both sides of the Indonesian-Papua New Guinea border. Access to these mountains from either side of the border which divides the island is relatively difficult and as a result few collections have come from the area. A Dutch expedition traveled to the western Star Mountains in 1959, but ran into various difficulties and as a result did little collecting above 1500 m. In 1975 an expedition sponsored jointly by the Division of Botany, Lae, and the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, returned to the Star Mountains collecting extensively throughout the eastern half of the range. The results of this expedition include the first extensive collections of material from the higher altitudes within the Star Mountains. Material collected for the Division of Botany, Lae, by J. R. Croft and G. S. Hope while on the 1975 expedition is surprisingly rich in species of Rhododendron. I was asked by Mr. Croft to examine the Lae material prior to its distribution. The collections contain representatives of several poorly known species of the genus, at least one new plant record for Papua New Guinea, Rhododendron rubrobracteatum Sleumer, and the new taxon described below.

Description: In this fourth report on the taxonomy of Ulothrix Kützing a new classification of the marine and brackish-water species in western Europe is proposed. Comparative studies on field collections, uni-algal cultures, herbarium collections and sections prepared for electron microscopy lead to the recognition of three marine species, viz. Ulothrix speciosa (Carmichael ex Harvey in Hooker) Kützing, U. flacca (Dillwyn) Thuret in Le Jolis, and U. palusalsa Lokhorst (nov. nom.), and two brackish-water species, viz. U. implexa (Kützing) Kützing and U. subflaccida Wille. The vegetative anatomy, the life history, the fine structure of the vegetative thallus and the distributional pattern in nature are amply discussed. Salient, reliable characters proved to be, e.g., the nature and construction of the cell wall, the texture of the cell wall’s surface, the fine structure of the pyrenoid, the developmental stages of germinating zoospores, the coalescense of filaments, the shape of the gametangial filament, and the limited variation of the number of zoospores and gametes. A brief discussion is given of the ecological status of the individual species. In addition there is a brief comment on the taxonomic affinity of Ulothrix with the morphologically related genus Urospora Fries and on the phyletic relationship of Ulothrix with the progenitors of the higher land plants. The reproductive behaviour of the species under different photo periods in culture appeared to be correlated with the seasonal periodicity expressed by the algae in nature.

Description: There has been a notable divergence of opinion in the recent literature concerning the number of species of dammar (Agathis) that might occur in the general area of the Moluccas. Even early literature presents a tangled nomenclatural trail. Perhaps the difficulty in obtaining good representative collections from these huge rainforest emergents may explain the general lack of careful diagnostic descriptions that bedevils most contributions. Among the hundreds of specimens I have been able to study, however, I have found enough data to support a clear conclusion. The important dammar tree was among those described in the early work by Rumphius (1741) that dealt with Ambon. Meijer Drees (1940) reports that natives in the Moluccas recognize two types of dammar, the ‘white dammar’ damar putih) with abundant resin production and the ‘brown dammar’ damar merah) with poor resin production (the ‘white’ or clear resin does turn brown upon aging about a year). Presumably, Rumphius, who spoke of abundant resin, had in mind the ‘white dammar’ when he referred to this tree as Dammara alba.

Description: A world-wide revision of the tribe Naucleeae with a general discussion of the systematic position and affinities of the tribe and the genera. The generic concepts have been modified and 21 genera are recognized (Ochreinauclea, Ludekia, Diyaminauclea, Khasiaclunea, Adinauclea, Sinoadina, Pertusadina, and Haldina being new), which are placed in three subtribes, Anthocephalinae, Naucleinae, and Adininae, sublrib. now There are keys to the subtribes, genera, and species, followed by descriptions of the Asiatic and Malesian genera. The Asiatic species are described and accompanied by complete synonymy, but the Malesian species are treated in an abbreviated form. Three new species are described: Myrmeconauclea stipulacea, Ludekia borneensis, and Pertusadina malaccensis.

Description: The species related to Medinilla myrtiformis (Naud.) Triana are described and a key is given. A variety of M. monantha Merr. is recognized as a distinct species, while the typical form is considered a synonym of M. myrtiformis. M. neglecta Nayar is reduced to M. rubrifructus Ohwi.

Description: The type species of tie genus Polyscias (P. pinnata J. R. & G. Forst.) is closely related to a small number of Pacific and Indo-Malayan species, several of which have long been in cultivation. This group of species have a distinctive facies but can be defined most readily by the elongated sheathing leaf-base. The genus has usually been extended beyond this group to include other pinnate-leaved members of sub-family Schefflereae in which the pedicel is articulated below the flower. There has been uncertainty whether to restrict the genus to species in which the style arms are free or also to include species with connate styles. In his treatment of the New Guinea species, Harms (Bot. Jahrb. 56,1920: 374—414) does include some species with connate styles within Polyscias though also retaining the genus Kissodendron, a genus distinguished from Polyscias mainly by the united style arms. Bernardi (Candollea 26, 1971: 13—89) resolved this difficulty by uniting Kissodendron, and also Palmervandenbroekia, with Polyscias and this treatment is followed here. As thus defined, the genus comprises rather diverse elements, and these have been given sectional status.

Description: 1. Samples of benthic invertebrate fauna were collected in – a ditch, situated in a protected area in the peaty area near the Maarsseveense plassen (prov. Utrecht), – four ditches in the neighbourhood of Castricum (N-Holland), not far from the dune district, – two ditches with water of a high chloride-content on Texel (N- Holland). 2. The faunistic results, with the additional information of some physical and chemical data on the different sampling points, made it possible to draw some conclusions concerning – the importance of the factor salinity for a faunistically oriented typology of ditches, – the importance of the group Hydracarina for a classification of ditch-biocenoses, – the influence of artificial current, caused by the inlet of water, on the invertebrate fauna of ditches and on the faunistical evaluation of the pollution-level in ditches.

Description: Rosacea flaccida, a new prayine siphonophore, is described from specimens collected by SCUBA divers in the upper 30m of the subtropical and temperate North Atlantic Ocean. The new species has stoutly cylindrical, flaccid nectophores and delicate flattened bracts. The nectophores are morphologically similar to those of R. plicata sensu Bigelow, 1911 and R. cymbiformis (delle Chiaje, 1822) having a deep hydroecial groove and meandering lateral radial canals in the nectosac. In one of the nectophores there is a slight dorsal prolongation of the somatocyst at its apical end into the mesoglea. The eudoxid bracts are distinctive, being flattened dorsoventrally and divided, on the proximal side of the stem, into two lobes which are twisted at an angle of approximately 90° to the lobe on the distal side. Right and left longitudinal bracteal canals are well developed. The origin of the dorsal bracteal canal from the right longitudinal canal differs from that in the other Rosacea species but resembles the configuration found in the bracts of species of the genus Praya.

Description: Epifaunal community development on plexiglas panels was observed over one year. The course ofcolonization is described, and some data are presented on autecology, reproduction, and growth rate ofparticular species. About three months after initial settlement, conditions of coexistence in a mixed barnacle-ascidian community began to change increasingly due to heavy competition for space. The colonial species Botryllus schlosseri proved to be potentially dominant. Shortly before it attained monopolization by replacing barnacles (mainly Elminius modestus), a major physical disturbance eliminated the fast growing ascidian. The roles of physical factors, of biological interactions, and of historical events in community development are discussed in context with succession theory and other concepts evolved more recently. It is concluded that succession-like processes can occur in subtidal fouling communities, but there the existence of a globally stable climax is unlikely. Generally the concept of multistable points seems to be better applicable to marine ecosystems than that of succession in the classical sense.

Description: In-situ studies on sublittoral soft bottom macrofauna (depth: 14-16 m) employing the underwater laboratory (UWL) Helgoland were carried out. Sets of samples were compared for small-scale local and short-term changes in species richness, faunal abundance, numerical dominance, diversity, evenness, homogeneity, and similarity. It could be shown that minor differences in sediment quality can cause conspicuous heterogeneity within a small sampling area (diameter = 100 m). Both spatfall and mortality of benthic invertebrates can change the faunal structure within a short period (two months). The degree of change varies between species and thus at stations harbouring different faunal assemblages as well.

Description: Eight Stereocaulon (Lichenes) species have been found in the Netherlands. Of these S. paschale (L.) Fr. and S. tomentosum Fr. have been observed only in the last century, in heather and woodland on sand. S. condensatum Hoffm. is found on old drifted sands in the interior, where it occurs now and is not rare locally. S. saxatile occurs on the same sites but is not common. The other, epilitic species were discovered in this century. S. dactylophyllum Flk. and S. evolutum Graewe grow on a few erratic boulders. S. pileatum Ach. and S. vesuvianum Pers. have been found several times recently, on artificial substrates. S. condensatum of the sands shows a somewhat aberrant form; the primary phyllocladia are usually less flattened, and often develop into branched structures of several mm length, see fig. 2, a. A key, brief descriptions and data on chemistry of the indigenous species are given.

Description: A preliminary account is given of the parenchyma-like tangential bands, as seen on the transverse surface of Miconia species. The bands consist of parenchyma strands, fusiform parenchyma cells and fibres. These fibres differ from the fibres of the ground tissue in wall thickness, lumen diameter and sometimes in pit size. In the bands intermediate forms between parenchyma cells and fibres occur. The functional relationship between the elements forming the parenchyma-like bands is discussed. The systematic value of this phenomenon is still uncertain. In other genera of the Melastomataceae, however, as well as in other families of the Myrtales it has also been observed.

Description: The distribution of male, female and sporulating plants of Thamnobryum alopecurum( Hedw.) Nieuwl. [= Thamnium alopecurum (Hedw.) Schimp.] in the Netherlands is given in an attempt to clarify the problem, of why this species sporulates so seldom and in which environment sporophytes are formed most frequently. In places with air with a constantly high humidity the plants bear the largest numbers of inflorescences and in such places female and male plants also grow more strongly intermingled. In places with (periodically) drier air the plants remain mostly sterile or nearly so and develop into large sprouting systems with little contact between each other; even „moss balls” can occur then. Another important point is that in some localities only males or only females occur and in some one sex is very rare. The length of the seta of Thamnobryum alopecurum appears to be rather variable (10-30 mm). though within one specimen remarkably constant: mostly there is only 2-3 mm difference between the longest and the shortest seta per plant. Populations occur containing both plants with long setae and plants with short setae but without intermediate specimens. Elsewhere a continuous range has been found.

Description: In Note I it is shown that the delimitation of the sections Bryoidium, Pachylomidium, Aloma and Semilimbidium subsect. Bryolimbidium is very vague. Consequently they are united. The resulting section contains the type species of the genus Fissidens and the correct name for it is, therefore, Fissidens. In Note II F. bambergeri Schimp. ex Milde, F. firmus Linb. ex Roth, F. herzogii Ruthe in Herzog, F. canariensis Bryhn and F. bilewskyi Pot. Varde are reduced to synonymy under F. minutulus Sull. F. minutulus is described, figured and characterized. Besides, it is compared with F. ovatifolius Ruthe. F. pusillus (Wils.) Milde, F. minutulus Sull. and F. viridulus (Swartz) Wahl, are compared and found to be three distinct species. F. subimmarginatus Phil, is reduced to synonymy under F. exiguus Sull.

Description: Fossil pollen grains from the Quaternary of Colombia, formerly provisionally indicated as “Valeriana” stenophylla Killip, have now been identified as those of the Andean genus Lysipomia H.B.K. (Campanulaceae). In the genus Lysipomia s.l. (fide McVaugh) two considerably different pollen types are found: That of the Lysipomia s.s. and the Rhizocephalum type. The former was probably derived from the latter.

Description: Rhizome creeping or low-climbing (Bolbitis) or climbing ( Lomariopsis, etc.) or epiphytic (Elaphoglossum), dorsiventral, with a broad ventral vascular strand which supplies the roots and one or more dorsal strands (the fronds in two or more longitudinal rows, according to the number of strands); stipes jointed to rhizome (Teratophyllum, Elaphoglossum) or not, containing several separate vascular strands; scales peltate or pseudopeltate, clathrate or not; no elongate unicellular hairs. Rhizomes of young plants always with one dorsal meristele, this condition persisting to the adult plant in Teratophyllum and many species of Elaphoglossum. Fronds simple ( Elaphoglossum, Bolbitis spp.), pinnate (all but Elaphoglossum) or bipinnate ( Teratophyllum and Lomagramma spp.), the pinnae on fronds of Lomariopsis, Teratophyllum and Lomagramma jointed to the rachis, terminal unjointed lamina present in Lomariopsis; distinctive bathyphylls, usually more dissected than acrophylls, present in genera with climbing rhizomes (least distinctive in Lomariopsis); veins free ( Teratophyllum, Lomariopsis, most Elaphoglossum, some Bolbitis) or uniting near the margin ( Elaphoglossum spp.) or in several series of areoles with (most species of Bolbitis) or without ( Lomagramma; Bolbitis p.p.) free veins in the areoles. Fertile fronds with reduced lamina, covered beneath (rarely also above) with sporangia (except Thysanosoria, where sori are at ends of veins only), a special vascular supply for the sporangia variously developed or not; spores with perispore (except Lomagramma). Genera. Bolbitis SCHOTT, Lomariopsis FÉE, Lomagramma J.SM., Teratophyllum METT., Thysanosoria GEPP, Elaphoglossum J.SM.; also Peltapteris LINK (Rhipidopteris FÉE ex SCHOTT) and Microstaphyla PRESL, small genera of tropical America and St Flelena, allied to Elaphoglossum and not dealt with in the present work.

Description: Newly discovered mycorrhizal relationships of boletes with Sapotaceae and Nyctaginaceae in the Neotropics are discussed. The eight neotropical species of Phylloporus are keyed out and three described. Fistulinella Henn. is transferred to the Strobilomycetaceae. Phylloporus manausensis Sing. and P. sect. Manausenses Sing., P. leucomycelinus Sing., Xerocomus amazonicus Sing., X. radicicola Sing. & Araujo, Tylopilus arenarius Sing., T. potamogeton Sing., T. sect. Potamogetones Sing. sect. nov., Fistulinella campinaranae Sing. and Porphyrellus rionegrensis Sing. & Araujo. are new taxa.

Description: Neosprucea kuhlmannii Sleumer, Lilloa 23 (1950) 248.

Description: Cerastium papuanum Schltr. ex Mattfeld (1929) and C. keysseri Schltr. ex Mattfeld (1929) are united under the name C. papuanum Schlechter ex Mattfeld emend. Möschl, as they form one series of reduction, which starts with macropetalous and pentamerous tall-growing forms (subsp. phaenops Mattf., at about 1770 m and above) and ends with micropetalous and tetramerous low-growing cushions [subsp. keysseri (Schltr. ex Mattf.) Möschl] in the regions around the summits up to 4700 m in New Guinea. A glandular form of this species (var. eciliatum f. glandulosum Moschl) is described for the first time. Plants with few-flowered inflorescences with foliaceous bracts are described as var. dispersiflorum Möschl. A table shows petals, placentas, and other organs of this species for the first time. The possible relationship with C. octandrum Hochstetter ampl. Moschl in the peak regions of tropical Africa is suggested. Mention is also made of Uredo morobensis Cummins, which is the only parasite so far known.

Description: The new species Roureopsis confudens Leenh. is described from Thailand

Description: In the genus Phylacium 2 species are recognized. Special attention is paid to the morphology of the inflorescence; full descriptions are given with plates and a map, showing the distribution of both species.

Description: The pollen morphology of the nine taxa within the genus Pometia, the three subspecies of Litchi chinensis, and the species Cubilia cubili and Otonephelium stipulaceum (Sapindaceae — Nephelieae) was studied. Three pollentypes were found: 1) the Pometia pollentype, which occurs in all nine taxa of the genus; 2) the Litchi pollentype, which can be divided in two subtypes: a) characteristic for Litchi chinensis subsp. chinensis. subsp. phillippinensis, and Otonephelium and, as could be concluded from a provisional investigation, also for Xerospermum and Nephelium, and b) characteristic for Litchi chinensis subsp. javensis; 3) the Cubilia pollentype. Possible evolutionary trends in the tribe Nephelieae are discussed

Description: Several rocktypes and their metamorphic mineral growth are described from an area on the western border of the Sesia-Lanzo Zone in the Orco Valley (NW Italy). It is argued that in some rocks (garnet-rich gneisses and micaceous gneisses) pre-Alpine metamorphic minerals are present, in other rocks (carbonate-bearing schists, albite-chlorite gneisses) such minerals are rare or absent. For the latter rocks it is therefore difficult to establish whether they are strongly retrograded Alpine basement rocks, or rocks belonging to the suite of ophiolitic schistes lustrés. The two possibilities are discussed.

Description: So long as the lithologic nature of the cliff and the physico-chemical nature of the sea water remain similar, variation of cliff morphology is largely a function of water turbulence (degree of exposure). Different cliff profiles (without, or with one or two notches; without or with surf platforms) are all part of a continuous range of variation.

Description: Bijlage 2, bij het doctoraalverslag van E.J. van Nieukerken

Description: Verslag van een doctoraalonderwerp van 12 maanden bij de vakgroep Oecologie, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, 1974-1977

Description: Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. sensu lato comprises two widespread, closely related species: tropical and warm-temperate C. pilifer Brid. (= C. polytrichoides DeNot.) and temperate southern hemispheric C. introflexus (Hedw.) Brid., which was recently introduced in Europe. Main differences are in the height of the dorsal lamellae of the leaves, in spore size and in seta length. In C. pilifer lamellae are more pronounced in tropical mountains than in lowland areas. An extreme form with lamellae up to seven cells high is C. pilifer var. lamellatus (Mont.) comb. nov. from Bolivia.

Description: A characteristic feature of the liverwort cell is the presence of “oil bodies”. Chemically they are made up of rather volatile terpenoids, mainly sesquiterpenes and their derivatives (Suire 1975) which seem to be surrounded by a membrane. The nature of this membrane is still unknown. Through the light microscope the oil bodies appear as colourless, rarely brownish or blueish organelles in the cytoplasm, showing great variation in shape, size, number and structure. The morphological characteristics of the oil bodies, which have been studied over 80% of the genera of Hepaticae, have been shown to be taxonomically significant (cf. Schuster 1966). While in the subclass Marchantiidae they are restricted to special, chloroplast-free “oil cells” of the gametophyte, in the remaining groups (subclass Jungermanniidae) they are abundant in the green cells of gametophyte and sporophyte. In the course of our investigations on tropical American liverworts we recognized four morphological types (Gradstein et al. 1977): 1) Massula type – oil bodies homogeneous, small (2-6 μm) and numerous, in median leaf cells more than 8 per cell. 2) Bazzania type – oil bodies homogeneous, large (4-15 μn long) and few, up to 8 per cell. 3) Jungermannia type – oil bodies finely segmented, consisting of numerous minute, indistinct globules surrounded by a common membrane. Size and number variable. 4) Calypogeia type-oil bodies coarsely segmented, consisting of distinct globules aggregated to form a “grape-cluster”; a common membrane seemingly lacking. Size and number variable.

Description: A new species of Peperomia, P. rugosa from Napo (Ecuador) is described and its position in the genus briefly discussed.

Description: Planta ephytica; rami glabri. Folia elliptica, oblonga vel subobovata, 2-6 cm longa, 1-3.5 cm lata, apice indistincte breviterque acuminata, basi obtusa, undique glabra; venae laterales 2-4-jugae, venulae interpositae parallelae fere horizontaliter patentes approximatae; petiolus 0.5-2.5 cm longus; stipulae 1.5-2.5 cm longae, sparse et appresse puberulae. Inflorescentiae pistillatae ramosae, capitulis 2 vel 3, diam. 1-2 mm, vel simplices; pedunculus ramique brunneo-puberulae, flores pro capitula ultra 30, cohaerentes; bracteae interflorales nullae. Flores staminati stamine unico. Epiphyte or terrestrial tree up to 15 m tall. Leafy twigs 1.5-2.5 mm thick, glabrous. Leaves elliptic to oblong or to subobovate, 2-9 cm long, 1-4.5 cm broad, base obtuse, apex shortly and faintly acuminate, margin subentire, both surfaces glabrous; pinnately veined to subtriplinerved, the basal pair of lateral veins departing the costa at or above the base of the lamina, in addition to the basal veins 1-3 pairs of smaller lateral veins; costa and lateral veins prominent, the tertiary veins plane, almost horizontal, parallel, close together; petioles 0.5-2.5 cm long, glabrous; stipules 1.5-2.5 cm long, sparsely appressedpuberulous, at the apex rather densely puberulous.

Description: The ultrastructure of the spore wall of the families Auriscalpiaceae and Hericiaceae is studied with a transmission electron microscope. This structure appears to be identical in these families.

Description: Clamp connections at the cheilocystidia in Mycena are invariably correlated with their presence in other elements of hymenium and subhymenium. In some species of the genus clamped cheilocystidia occur in both the four- and two-spored forms; in others, the cheilocystidia are clampless in the two-spored form. Two of the sections examined are shown to comprise species with clamped and species with clampless cheilocystidia, suggesting that the presence of clamps at the cheilocystidia is a character of specific rather than sectional importance. Two examples are given to illustrate the value of clamps at cheilocystidia as a distinguishing character Mycena jacobi and M. niveipes, long regarded as being identical, are here considered to represent two separate species.

Description: Uncinia Pers., Syn. Pl. 2 (1807) 534; Boeck., Linnaea 41 (1877) 339—352; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 20 (1883) 389—403; Kük., Pfl. R. Heft 38 (1909) 50—67; Nelmes, Kew Bull. (1949) 140—145; Hamlin, Dom. Mus. Bull. 19 (1959) 1—88, t. 1—11 (New Zealand spp.); Edgar, Fl. of New Zealand 2 (1970) 215—235 (New Zealand spp.) Perennial monoecious herbs, glabrous (or with hispid utricles). Stems central, tufted or approximate on a more or less creeping rhizome, erect or ascendent, sharply trigonous to subterete, striate, smooth, or scabrid below the inflorescence. Leaves narrowly linear, flat or involute, more or less scabrid on margins and nerves; basal sheaths bladeless, often disintegrating into fibres. Inflorescence a single, bisexual, terminal spikelet; male part above, shorter than the lower female part. Glumes spirally arranged, ovate to oblong, concave, persistent or caducous, all flower-bearing, the lowest often produced into a setaceous to foliaceous bract. Male flowers naked, consisting of (1) 2 or 3 stamens with linear (or dilated, New World spp.) filaments and linear anthers; connective shortly produced. Female flowers naked, enclosed in a bottle-shaped, obtusely trigonous organ (utricle, perigynium) which is closed up to the truncate top, hispid or (in all Malesian and Australian spp.) glabrous. Style incrassate at the base; stigmas 3, exserted from the utricle. Rhachilla (see note 1) reduced to a rigid bristle below the nut and produced far beyond the mouth of the utricle, hooked at the top. Nut trigonous.

Description: Baeckea Linn., Sp. Pl. 1 (1753) 358, ranges from Australia to south east Asia, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. About 70 of the approximately 90 species are endemic to Australia, being found there in all states, except the Northern Territory, with the greatest concentration in Western Australia. The type species is B. frutescens L. from Malaya and south China.

Description: Distribution maps of the species of Diplopoda reported up till now from the Netherlands based on the material in the collections of the Zoölogisch Museum at Amsterdam and the Rijksmuseum voor Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, and on records in literature. Some comments are given on the habitat preference of the species and the nature of their distribution.

Description: Après l’énumération des Orthoptères de France par Finot (1890), c’est surtout au travail magistral de Chopard (1951) que nous devons notre connaissance de la diffusion des insectes orthoptéroides en France. Le plus souvent Chopard a du se borner à donner des informations très sonmaires sur les détails de la dispersion. Après l’époque de Chopard, les collections relatives à la faune française des Orthoptères ont augmenté considérablement. Par exemple, la collection du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle à Paris compte maintenant environ 50.000 spécimens d’Orthoptères, tandis que “l’Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie” à Amsterdam possède à peu près 40.000 exemplaires. Le but de cet ouvrage est de donner accès à chacun à cette somme d’informations. Mes projets ont été recus avec enthousiasme par tous les collègues des musées où je visitais les collections afin de noter les dates et les déterminations. Je leur suis très reconnaissant de tous ces encouragements et témoignages d’amitiés, particulièrement appréciés par ma femme et moi.

Description: The development of preferred crystallographic orientation and dimensional fabric of olivine in relation to deformation were investigated in a thin, continuous chlorite peridotite mylonite rim around the garnet peridotite body of Alpe Arami, Ticino, Switzerland. The mylonite is a foliated rock containing strained relict crystals (porphyroclasts) embedded in abundant, recrystallized matrix material. Petrofabric analysis of the porphyroclasts showed a preferred orientation (the \u03b301 fabric) of \u03b301 = [100] perpendicular to the foliation plane, while \u03b101 = [010] together with \u03b201 = [001] were situated in the foliation. The matrix developed a completely different pattern (the \u03b101 fabric) of \u03b101 = [010] perpendicular to the foliation, and \u03b201 = [001] together with \u03b301 = [100] in the foliation. Petrofabric analysis of a wide range of specimens, however, suggested a transitional relation between these two preferred orientation patterns of the porphyroclasts and the matrix. The \u03b301 fabric is thought to represent a rotationally unstable orientation under deformation conditions present in the mylonite, on the basis of the observed glide systems {0kl} [100]. The \u03b301 fabric, inherited from a neighbouring chlorite peridotite, still exists because it was preserved from recrystallization by this unfavourable position for deformation. In general, however, the clasts’ crystal axes have rotated towards the \u03b101 fabric orientation as observed in the many girdle fabrics. During this process, recrystallization took place at the rims of the clasts establishing the \u03b101 fabric in the matrix. A sequence of microtextures, depending on the strain conditions in the mylonite, have been observed, showing this gradual transition. Matrix grains situated in strain protected areas to the side of porphyroclasts, still showed an inherited \u03b301 fabric because in these areas rotations towards a new deformation position were small. Thin matrix grains in high strain regimes showed the \u03b101 fabric, a rotationally stable deformation orientation they could not change. Just recrystallized porphyroclasts, present in the matrix as spherical agglomerates just fully exposed to the strain, occupy positions concerning habit and location between the grains in high strain regimes and the porphyroclasts, exhibiting transitional fabrics. Crystal plasticity is an important mechanism allowing deformation and development of the observed preferred orientations. High voltage electron microscopy was used to determine glide systems and dislocation substructures in the porphyroclasts and in the matrix. The porphyroclasts showed evidences for strong polygonization during dynamic recovery, while in the matrix a continuous process of dynamic recrystallization proceeded concurrently with deformation after some critical strain, in the form of nucleation and grain growth. In this cyclical process in the matrix, the dynamic recovery was still present, giving rise to some anology with the dislocation substructures in the porphyroclasts. The electron microscope observations allowed an adequate explanation for the transition from \u03b301 to \u03b101 fabrics.

Description: At the windward (NE) side of Curaçao at least two well-developed submarine terraces occur. A first, rocky, terrace, 100 to 150 m wide at depths of 5 m inshore to 12-15 m at the drop off, is densely covered with Sargassum. A second, sandy, terrace, approximately 50 to 100 m wide at depths of 32 to 40 m, is sparsely covered with corals, sponges, rhodolites and gastropods of the genus Strombus. The slope between the first and the second terrace is covered with hermatypic corals and fleshy algae. At several locations a fossil bench occurs at the lower end of this slope. The upper surface of the bench is consistently at 32 m below sealevel. At two localities the bench has an indentation at 34-38 m below sealevel, which possibly is a fossil sealevel notch. The features are regarded as essentially pre-Holocene, markedly different from the situation at the leeward side where the terraces, if present, have been buried underneath Holocene reef accumulations.

Description: The Alveolinidae of the Ager Formation (Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene) in the Tremp Basin have been studied systematically. The commonly used genus name Alveolina has been replaced by Fasciolites because the former is a junior synonym of the latter. One new subgenus, Microfasciolites, and one new species, Fasciolites (Microfasciolites) agerensis, have been established. The new species is the intermediate form between F. (M.) subtilis and F. (M.) boscii. Many species described by Hottinger (1962) and Drobne (1977) appear to be identical with other species, so that the picture of the evolution of the family becomes simpler and more easily surveyed.

Description: The knowledge of the fauna of Suriname is of essential importance in the study of the neotropical Mammalia. The first publications containing information on mammals of Suriname appeared very early in the history of European exploration of South America. Such publications were relatively numerous in the 17th and 18th centuries, when the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was at the peak of its power, and Suriname was one of its richest colonies. At that time many animals, alive or preserved, were sent from Suriname to the Netherlands. The living specimens were kept in Dutch menageries, while skins and alcohol specimens found their way to private natural history collections (“cabinets of rarities”) of which at that time there was an impressively great number in Holland (see Engel, 1947); several foreign collections received material via the Netherlands. In many instances the Dutch collections formed the basis for, or contributed considerably to, important zoological publications, like those by Albertus Seba (1665-1736), Petrus Artedi (1705-1735), Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) and Peter Simon Pallas (1741-1811). Linnaeus (1758), in his fundamental 10th edition of Systema Naturae, based many of his descriptions on Suriname material, either by directly studying this (when in Holland, 1735-1738, Linnaeus must have seen much Suriname material in Dutch collections, while Swedish naturalists like C. G. Dahlberg (1721-1781) and D. Rolander (1725-1793) sent Suriname specimens to Swedish collections), or by referring to previous publications like that by A. Seba. Thomas (1911: 124), when dealing with the type localities of the mammals described by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae, stated: “with regard to species named from the figures in Seba’s ‘Thesaurus’, it would not be unjustifiable to suggest that in the case of all tropical South American animals, Surinam — the great source of all Dutch collections — should be accepted as the type locality ....”. No less than 24% of all species of mammals known from Suriname have Suriname as the type locality. It goes without saying that for a better understanding of the relation between the various species, and that between the various subspecies of a single species, it is essential to know the characters of the population of the type locality and of its variability. Therefore, in the present work I have tried to give of every species a description based exclusively on the Suriname material examined by myself (of course with the exception of discoloured, mutilated or abnormal specimens) and also to provide as many illustrations as feasible of such material. I hope, by giving this information, to enable students of the faunae of other parts of South America to obtain a better idea of the status of the Suriname populations. The second object of the present book is to provide a reliable guide for the identification of the species of Suriname mammals, not only to professional zoologists, but also to agriculturists, ecologists and others who in their work in Suriname have to deal with mammals, be it for their control or their protection; furthermore it is intended for anyone (e.g., hunters and naturalists) who just wants to know more about the fascinating creatures that inhabit this beautiful and interesting country. Therefore keys are provided to all the species. In most cases there are two sets of keys, one based exclusively on external characters, the other only on characters provided by the skull. The keys to the skulls are added because skulls and skull fragments of animals hunted or used as food are often found as offal in or near settlements in the interior or as signs of good luck fastened to the roofs of Amerindian and Bushnegro dwellings. In the keys I have tried to employ such characters as are normally still noticeable in the fragments that one usually finds. Another use for the keys to the skulls is to identify skull fragments of small mammals (especially Marsupialia and Rodentia) found in owl pellets or in stomach contents. In some groups the species are very difficult to distinguish on external characters alone, and then the skull characters may be decisive for a certain identification, this being especially true for some groups of Marsupialia, Chiroptera, Cricetidae and Muridae. Illustrations are added as a help with the keys. In using the keys one has to keep in mind (1) that they are based on characters of adult animals in which all molars are functional, and therefore not necessarily will give good results for juveniles, (2) that notwithstanding the long period in which the Suriname mammals have received the attention of zoologists, the Suriname mammal fauna still is far from well known (especially from the interior), and that there undoubtedly are several species which so far have not yet been reported from the country. Therefore a careful comparison with the description and illustrations is most advisable.

Description: Fissidens splendens Brugg.-Nann. – nov. spec. – Type: Pócs 6289 Z (herbarium Bizot: holotype; U). – Fig. 1-7. Species lamina vera semi-aperta vel raro, aperta et limbo folii tumido e cellulis parenchymaticis composito instructa faciliter distinguenda. A F. nitente s.l. limbo cellulis prosenohymaticis carente differt.

Description: The African genus Craterogyne Lanjouw has to be united with Dorstenia L. Most species of Craterogyne can be included in Dorstenia sect. Nothodorstenia Engl. A revision of this section is presented. 5 species have been accepted, viz. D. elliptica Bureau, D. djettii J. L. Guillaumet, D. oligogyna (Pellegrin) C. C. Berg, D. africana (Baillon) C. C. Berg and D. kameruniana Engler.

Description: The problem of the correct position of the Conocepbaloideae, a subfamily of the Moraceae in Engler's system, but transferred to the Urticaceae by Corner (1962), can be satisfactorily solved by assigning the rank of family to this taxon, to be named Cecropiaceae. Diagnoses of and a key to the six genera constituting this family (Cecropia, Coussapoa, Musanga, Myrianthus, Poikilospermum, and Pourouma) are given. The classification of the Urticales and the relationship between the Cecropiaceae and both Moraceae and Urticaceae are discussed. A key to the families of the Urticales is given.

Description: Cladobotryum Nees ex Steud. is redefined and two new species are added to this genus. The uredinicolous genus Colletoconis gen. nov. is segregated from Gloeosporium Desm. & Mont, to accommodate G. aecidiophilum Speg. Engyodontium gen. nov. is erected for Rhinotrichum parvisporum Petch and a similar fungus. The monotypic genus Helminthophora Bon. is redescribed. Sympodiophora G. Arnold is combined with the earlier described genus Pseudohansfordia G. Arnold; eight new combinations are proposed. One new species is added to Denticularia Deighton and two to Sporothrix Hektoen & Perkins; in addition, two new combinations are proposed in the latter genus. A list of doubtful and excluded species formerly classified in the treated genera is given.

Description: One of the first descriptions of a plant recognizably of the important genus Podocarpus was the Lignum emanum of Rumphius in 1743. Included was a sketch of the leaf and the mention of provenance, namely: Amboina in high rocky mountains, Ema and Hitu regions. When D. Don described Podocarpus neriifolius in 1824 he gave Lignum emanum as a synonym, crediting Wallich with this determination. Indeed, Podocarpus neriifolius has been collected on Ambon and was the first post-Linnean species of Podocarpus to be described for the Malesian region, even though the type specimens came from Nepal. In 1847 Endlicher transferred the synonymy of Lignum emanum to Podocarpus bracteatus Blume, the second and only other species of the genus pertaining to Malesia described up to that time. Podocarpus bracteatus was described from Java and extends into New Guinea although it has not in fact been identified from Ambon. In this same year Blume described a group of new species, one of which he specifically related to Lignum emanum with the name Podocarpus rumphii and by synonymy. His type material derived from New Guinea, even though P. rumphii certainly is known from Ambon. Numerous subsequent authors have accepted the synonymy of Lignum emanum with Podocarpus rumphii. A new approach in identifying the species of Rumphius was taken in 1913 by C. B. Robinson who attempted to duplicate the collections by visiting the actual locations given by Rumphius. He identified his collection number 309 as representing Lignum emanum. This specimen, however, is not Podocarpus rumphii. In writing on Rumphius’s Herbarium in 1917, Merrill suggested as much and called for a critical comparison. Two studies covering Malesian Podocarpus have since appeared. The first, by Wasscher in 1941, makes no distinction between the type represented by Robinson 309 and Podocarpus rumphii. A substantial portion of the specimens cited by Wasscher under P. rumphii belong in P. neriifolius. The second study by Gray in 1958 is much the same in that a similar mixture of material is cited. Incredibly, the only specimen common among the considerable lists of both Wasscher and Gray is Robinson 309 which Merrill had already questioned as belonging to P. rumphii. Gray had not seen the type material of this latter species and was really not at all clear concerning its true character. Some of the specimens belonging to the taxon represented by Robinson 309 were included by Gray under the new species Podocarpus ridleyi of Malaya because of the extra resin canals and the continuous upper hypoderm and in spite of a distinct difference in leaf shape and ecological habitat.

Description: Though Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Bl. ranges widely from Japan to China and through the SE. Asian countries to Malesia as far as the Philippines, Celebes, and Lombok, it was in 1951 not collected in the Malay Peninsula, the Moluccas, and New Guinea. Cf. Fl. Males. 1, 4 (1951) 191. This is rather surprising as there are in East Australia two perfectly distinct species, occurring in both Queensland and New South Wales. These two species represent in Schwerin’s monograph (Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges., 1909: 26) each a separate section because of the 3-merous and 4-merous flowers, respectively. I have studied material of both and have come to the conclusion that they must belong to one section. In the 3-merous S. australasica (Lindl.) Fritsch 4-merous flowers do occur frequently (Schwerin mentioned ‘nur sehr vereinzelt’) and in the 4-merous S. gaudichaudiana DC. 3-merous flowers occur commonly, though in minority. The number of flower parts varies also in other species, e.g. in S. canadensis, which is normally 5-merous but in which I found occasionally also 4-merous flowers.

Description: Whilst working on the Rubiaceae for Flora Malesiana Prof, van Steenis brought to my attention the publication of Gagnepain of the genus Quiducia which seemed to occupy a most anomalous position in the tribe Psychotrieae. On examining the type material it soon became apparent that Quiducia represents a species of Silvianthus (Carlemanniaceae/ /Caprifoliaceae and is conspecific with the species described by Airy Shaw; the slight descrepancies between the two species as regards the placentation must be considered as faulty observation by Gagnepain.

Description: Study of living and herbarium material of the small dicotyledon family Alseuosmiaceae (Gardner, 1976) has suggested some emendation of Airy Shaw’s diagnosis (1965: 249) of this group. Also, Hutchinson’s generic key (1967: 83) is unsatisfactory.

Description: Ligustrum comprises six species in Malesia. Only one species, L. glomeratum BL, is widespread from Malaya to New Guinea; in addition Malaya has an Indo-Chinese species, L. confusum Decaisne, and the cultivated L. sinense Lour., the Philippines has two endemics, L. cumingianum Dccaisne and the rare L. stenophyllum Quis. & Merr., and New Guinea has the endemic L. novoguineense Lingelsheim. L. undulatum Bl. is reduced to L. glomeratum Bl. and L. glabrinerve Elmer to L. cumingianum Decaisne.

Description: Enchosanthera Guill. and Anplectrella Furtado are synonyms of Creochiton Bl. (Melastomataceae); 5 new combinations are proposed for the latter genus. Some species-complexes in Dissochaela Bl. are discussed and partial keys given; one new species is described and a new combination proposed. The proposal to conserve Marumia Bl. over Macrolenes Naud. is rejected.

Description: From 1936 on E. Post has published a series of studies concerning the taxonomy, the ecology, and the geographical distribution of the algae of the so-called Bostrychia-Caloglossa association or Bostrychietum. In this association species of Bostrychia, Caloglossa, Catenella, Murrayella (all Rhodophyta) and other algal genera are involved. Though the Bostrychietum is usually found on aerial roots of mangroves in the upper part of the littoral belt in the tropics, the association is represented also by reduced numbers of species in sheltered habitats in temperate regions. In Post’s monograph on the Bostrychia-Caloglossa association (1936) the number of known species of the genus Bostrychia Montagne in De la Sagra 1842 was reduced from about 50 to 13. In later publications she added two new species.

Description: Dunnia, an apparently rarely collected genus of the Rubiaceae, has always been considered to be a member of the tribe Cinchoneae where, on account of the pale floral bracts, it has been compared and contrasted with Emmenopterys. On examination of the type ( Dunn’s Collector in Herb. Hongkong 910, K) it was found that raphides were abundant in all the tissues, a feature which excludes it from the Cinchoneae. The genus must belong to one of the tribes of the subfamily Rubioideae. The relevant characters at tribal level are: ovary 2-loculed with large placentas centrally attached to the septum, numerous ovules per locule; fruit a dry capsule with a hard endocarp. These characters are typical of the tribe Hedyoticleae s.l. The general appearance of the plant immediately brings to mind the genus Hymenopogon. Dunnia differs from Hymenopogon in the shape of corolla, the form and mode of dehiscence of the fruit, and in the shape of the seeds. Examination of other material of Hymenopogon revealed that the shape of the corolla and the form of the immature seeds of Hymenopogon assamicus Hook. f. deviate considerably from the type species of that genus and agree with the characters of Dunnia, where it is here placed. No representatives of Dunnia have yet been seen from Burma where the genus may also be expected to occur.

Description: Eleven species are recognized for the Southeast Asian, mainly Malesian genus Diplectria (Bl.) Reichenb., which includes Anplectrum A. Gray, or Backeria Bakh. f. Four new specific combinations are proposed, while one new species and a new subspecies are described.

Description: Melaleuca Linn., Mant. 1 (1767) 14 (nom. cons), and Callistemon R. Br., App. Flind. Voy. 2: App. 3 (1814) 547, are centred in Australia where they are represented by about 180 and 40 species respectively, including the type species of both genera. Six of the Melaleucas extend to New Guinea and one of these continues to south east Asia. In New Caledonia there are three species of Melaleuca: one a common tree forming an open woodland at lower elevations mostly in non-ultrabasic areas (M. quinquenervia – ‘Niaouli’. Also in east Australia and New Guinea); the others small-leaved shrubs at low to middle elevations in the southern ultrabasic region (M. gnidioides, M. brongniartii). Callistemon is represented by four species, of which three are shrubs to small trees restricted to low to middle elevation shrub associations in the southern ultrabasic area (C pancheri. C. buseanum, C. suberosum) and the fourth (C. gnidioides), a small-leaved shrub with two varieties, also occurs on some of the northern ultrabasic areas as well as in the south.

Description: Very recently Baranova & Leroy (Leroy, 1978) published a new genus Takhtajania to accomodate the aberrant Bubbia perrieri Capuron. The outstanding characters of this genus are the anomocytic stomatal apparatus (Baranova, 1972; Bongers, 1973) and the unilocular bicarpellate ovary (Leroy, 1977, 1978). During my work on the Winteraceae, I also studied the single specimen of Bubbia perrieri in existence. The late Capuron told me that he had tried to collect additional specimens but that he had not succeeded in doing so; according to him the type locality was completely deforested. In view of the scarcity of the material it was considered relevant to publish some additional notes without delay.

Description: The present paper, the first one of a series on West Indian Sponges incorporated in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam, deals with the Keratosa. A total of 33 species is described and fully illustrated. Part of the material consists of the Duchassaing & Michelotti-collection housed in Amsterdam; of all the Keratosa-types of this collection a photographic illustration and an extensive redescription is given. Most of the type specimens are designated as (para-)lectotypes. Two new species are described, viz. Ircinia hummelincki from deeper water off Barbados, and Pleraplysilla stocki from mangrove forests in Puerto Rico. Five “forgotten” species are revived, viz. ? Coscinoderma musicalis (Duch. & Mich., 1864), Fasciospongia cerebriformis (Duch. & Mich., 1864), Hyrtios proteus Duch. & Mich., 1864, Hyrtios caracasensis (Carter, 1882) and Spongia solitaria Hyatt, 1877. Application of the priority rules of zoological nomenclature has led to the renaming of five species, viz. Spongia pertusa Hyatt, 1877 (for S. anclotea De Laubenfels & Storr, 1958), Hyattella intestinalis (Lamarck, 1814) (for Aulena columbia (De Laubenfels, 1936)), Oligoceras violacea (Duch. & Mich., 1864) (for O. hemorrhages De Laubenfels, 1936), Verongula rigida (Esper, 1794) (for V. ardis sensu Wiedenmayer, 1977) and Igernella notabilis (Duch. & Mich., 1864 (for I. (Darwinella) joyeuxi (Topsent, 1889)). New records for the West Indies are Ircinia dendroides (Schmidt, 1862) and Chelonaplysilla erecta Tsurnamal, 1967. The suborders, families, genera and species of Keratosa occurring in the West Indies are discussed; a proposal is made to give suborder status to the family Aplysinidae (= Verongiidae sensu Bergquist & Hartman, 1969). The zoogeography of West Indian Keratosa is preliminarily analyzed and some ecological remarks are made.

Description: High voltage electron microscopy and petrofabric analysis techniques are used to distinguish dislocation substructures and preferred orientation patterns of the mineral olivine in naturally deformed peridotites. In order to obtain information over a wide field in which different types of deformation occur, samples were studied from various geological environments. Olivines from Iherzolite nodules in basalts (Dreiser Weiher, Germany; Auvergne, France), alpine-type orogenic peridotites (Finero, Alpe Arami, Switzerland; Kittelfjäll, Sweden), and peridotite nodules in kimberlites (Lesotho) show crystal plasticity as an important mechanism allowing deformation. Depending on the intensity and conditions of deformation (P, T, \u03b5), various glide systems and dislocation substructures are developed. Increasing deformation produced dislocation substructures in which complete sequences are recognized from strain hardening regimes via (dynamic) recovery up to different types of recrystallization. Depending on the deformation conditions, dislocation glide systems {0k1} [100] were produced during high temperature and/or low strain rate creep, while at lower temperatures and/or higher strain rates, dislocations with Burgers vector b=[001] predominate. This makes it possible to distinguish between mono- and poly-phase deformation influences in the dislocation substructures in some orogenic peridotites and kimberlite nodules. Literature results of experimental deformation on olivine, and detailed information about the structural-petrological history of the studied rocks are indispensable and therefore extensively discussed.

Description: Mafic and ultramafic rocks from a high-grade complex at Cabo Ortegal in NW Spain were investigated in the field and in the laboratory by means of petrological, isotope-geochronological and geochemical methods. Isotope-geochronological methods were applied to orthogneisses from a high-grade complex near Mellid and from the blastomylonitic graben between Malpica and Tuy, a mica-bearing eclogite lens from the same graben, and to a two-mica granite from the area near La Guardia. A gravity survey was carried out in part of the belt of sub-circular complexes surrounding the Ordenes basin. The geochronological investigations revealed ages of about 500 Ma to 320 Ma for older elements in the Hercynian basement of Galicia. Geochemical investigations in the Cabo Ortegal complex showed that the granulites and eclogites form a group that was part of an older, pre-existing continental crust. The ultramafic rocks of the Cabo Ortegal complex may have been derived in two melting episodes from a proposed mantle-plume. It is possible that the metagabbros in the complex originated in the second melting episode. The gravity survey showed the existence of three positive anomalies, situated below high-grade complexes near Santiago de Compostela, near Mellid and near Sobrado, that can be interpreted as ultramafic diapirs. A model involving continental rifting, mantle-plume diapirism, rejuvenation of the lower crust and initial seafloor-spreading is proposed for the evolution of the Early Palaeozoic continental lithosphere of the northwestern Iberian Peninsula.

Description: Three recently found skulls of Delphinus tropicalis are discussed and compared with other skulls of the same taxon. The occurrence of Delphinus delphis in the same area as Delphinus tropicalis makes it plausible that D. tropicalis is a distinct species and not a subspecies of D. delphis. A dolphin collected in the South China Sea, probably near Pontianak, by W. L. Abbott in 1907 also belongs to Delphinus tropicalis. The species therefore has a wider distribution than was originally believed.

Description: For several years, in the glaciated catchment area of the Rofenache (Oetztal Alps, Austria), measurements have been made of the environmental isotopes 2H, 180 and 3H in precipitation, snow and ice samples and in the runoff. Furthermore, the electrolytic conductivity of runoff samples was measured and tracing experiments were made with fluorescent dyes. From core samples drilled in the accumulation area of the Vernagtferner, the gross beta activity was investigated and compared with the data from 2H, 3H and 180 analyses and the data from mass balance studies. It is shown that the annual net balance from previous years can be recovered on temperate glaciers using environmental isotope techniques. From the diurnal variations of the 2H and 3H contents and the electrolytic conductivity, the following proportions in the runoff of the Vernagtferner catchment area were obtained during a 24-hour interval at a time of strong ablation (August 1976): about 50% ice meltwater, 25% direct runoff of firn and snow meltwater, and 7% of mineralized groundwater. The rest of the runoff consists of non- mineralized meltwater seeping from the glacier body. The annual variations of the 2H and 3H contents in the runoff of the glaciated catchment area permit conclusions on the time sequence of the individual ablation periods, and on the residence time, on the basis of model concepts. The residence times of approximately 100 days or four years, respectively, are obtained from the decrease in the 2H content at the end of the ablation period and from the variation of the 3H content in the winter discharge.

Description: Mass transport and mass flux values for the different types of glaciers in the Sor-Rondane are calculated from computer models, based upon gravity data and geodetic stake velocity measurements. The results are interpreted in the light of a general flow line analysis, glacial geological investigations and of the ablation terms of the mass balance for Dronning Maud Land and Antarctica.