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  • Articles  (2,919)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (2,919)
  • 1978  (2,919)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (2,919)
Collection
  • Articles  (2,919)
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (2,919)
Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 83-93 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the role of tunnelling rays in pulse propagation in graded-index fibres is presented. Tunnelling ray attenuation is handled by using the generalized parameter technique which allows attenuation coefficients to be dispensed with and relevant families of tunnelling rays to be identified. Results are given for impulse response pulse widths and shapes. Incorporation of tunnelling ray pulse contributions into the formalism for determining optimum refractive-index profiles is presented. For most cases, tunnelling ray effects are small, but significant corrections may be necessary when measurements are made on short lengths of fibre.
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  • 2
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fifth order non-linear processes produced by a focused beam in metal vapour have been investigated experimentally. Evidence of saturation of fifth harmonic generation by picosecond laser pulses is reported.
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  • 3
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 107-117 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper power coupling between two multimode optical fibres is investigated. A formalism (based on a geometrical approach) suitable for analysing any coupling configuration between fibres with any index profile and any radiance distribution is presented. The model is applied to obtain coupling losses both in uniformly excited parabolic- and step-index fibres, in the presence of all kinds of coupling errors. Numerical results of extensive utility are shown and useful asymptotic expressions of coupling efficiency, valid for small values of coupling error parameters, are derived together with some practical rules for error combination. Mention is also made of some experimental results we have obtained, which corroborate some previous assertions. The work can supply a useful tool in the design of joints and connectors between single fibres or optical cables.
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  • 4
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 153-161 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The photon drag and optical rectification response fromn-type gallium phosphide containing 2.4×1016 electrons cm−3 has been studied using laser sources at 10.61 and 2.83μm. By using different contact configurations, the existence of an additional electric field term in the propagation direction has been deduced. This field is shown to arise from the spatial derivatives of the photon drag and optical rectification field components caused by absorption of the radiation. The importance of this effect in detector design is considered.
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  • 5
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of the theory of coupled waves the amplitudes of the first-order diffracted waves and the diffraction efficiency is calculated for sequentially superposed phase gratings stored in dielectric reflection holograms. The investigations are restricted to the case of a fixed reference wave during recording and Bragg-angle incidence. By analogy to the transmission volume grating the coupling effects which appear between incident beams and diffracted waves give the possibility of building up beam-couplers and -splitters with certain coupling parameters determined by the recording process. Moreover, reflection gratings allow a favourable combination between coupling and reflecting properties and avoid the diffraction efficiency oscillations that are characteristic of transmission gratings. The performance of the reconstruction process with several waves simultaneously allows the tuning of the intensities of diffracted waves with dependence on amplitude or phase differences between incident beams.
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  • 6
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 7
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The optical processor proposed here consists basically of a coherent light source and two liquid crystal light valves, of which the first converts incoherent input patterns into coherent ones; the second operates entirely on coherent signals. It is shown that, if the valve operating point is correctly chosen and its transfer characteristic linearized, negative feedback is implemented around the second valve. The valves perform as active system components, because they modulate the source power by their driving signals. The linear dynamic range, modulation transfer function, and time transient behaviour of the system are briefly studied.
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  • 8
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The propagation of electromagnetic waves along a radially-inhomogeneous single-mode optical fibre with small index difference between core and cladding is studied. As in the case of the step-index fibre the propagation modes are weakly guided and their transverse fields are essentially polarized in one direction. The simple field descriptions and characteristic equation obtained here enable mode spot size and bending loss to be determined and are useful for practical design work of radially-inhomogeneous single-mode optical fibres.
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  • 9
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A two-dimensional real waveguide having a parabolic distribution of dielectric permittivity in the core region, flanked by cladding layers of constant refractive index is proposed as a model for a class of stripe-geometry injection lasers. The model is analysed by a series-solution method and results are given in terms of plots of normalized propagation constant, near-field filling factor, and far-field half-angle, all versus normalized frequency. These results are compared with those for the alternative models of (a) a homogeneous core waveguide, and (b) a medium whose dielectric permittivity varies quadratically with position throughout the whole of space. Apart from the series-solution method which was employed, a survey is included of other techniques available for analysing this waveguide model. These include perturbation theory, variational analysis, an exact solution of the scalar wave equation, and the WKB approximation.
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  • 10
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 53-60 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A ray theory based on the time-independent Fokker-Planck equation and the integration of time along ray trajectories provides analytical expressions for the average arrival time and spread of optical pulses propagating in randomly distorted, multimode, optical fibres. A clear physical picture emerges from the theory. The analytical expressions obtained for 〈t〉 and 〈t 2〉 coincide with the ones obtained by Olshansky from coupled-mode theory. The 〈t 3〉 and 〈t 4〉 moments of the impulse response are also calculated. Simple closed-form formulae are given for the step-index slab. The coupling between all modes is effectively taken into account in our ray theory.
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  • 11
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 61-82 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract If light comes from a fixed direction and is to be collected onto an absorbing body which is approximately a point or a straight line, it is well known that a mirror of parabolic profile serves the purpose efficiently. If the light is diffuse, or its direction of incidence variable, or if the absorber is not approximately a point or a straight line, the parabola is less useful. This paper describes various particular collecting problems of this more general sort, together with efficient solutions for them, mainly by means of mirrors. The subject represents a corner of geometric optics little explored until recently, in which the notion of image formation scarcely appears. A unifying principle is the invariance of the ‘Lagrange-Helmholtz’ invariant, which is related to Liouville's theorem of Hamiltonian mechanics, and there is a unifying method of construction of the mirror profiles by means of string.
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  • 12
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Frequency stabilization using ‘mobile’ resonances is compared with that employing frequency modulation. Analogy with radio-frequency experiments leads to an optimization of the error signal. Offsets occuring in each case are discussed and additional offsets due to asymmetry are evaluated.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of bulk losses and bulk dispersion on the propagation properties of surface waves in a radially inhomogeneous optical fibre is investigated numerically. The fibre is assumed to consist of a homogeneous cladding of either infinite or finite extent and a radially inhomogeneous core of higher permittivity. Bulk losses and dispersion in the core and cladding materials are presented by frequency-dependent complex permittivities. Power series expansions for the electromagnetic field quantities in the core have been used and the attenuation and the phase coefficients for the lower order modes have been calculated numerically. Results are presented for two different permittivity profiles, viz. the parabolic profile and the cubic spline profile, the cladding being of infinite extent in this case. Also, the influence of a finite cladding diameter on the numerical results is discussed.
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  • 14
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 139-151 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple model for the description of intracavity measurements of narrow absorption lines, developed in a previous paper [5], is generalized to include the effect of an inhomogeneous, in addition to the homogeneous, contribution to the laser line. Moreover, the standing wave effect which was previously treated only near threshold, is now properly studied well above threshold. It is shown that mode competition increases strongly, in the case of a large number of standing waves falling within the homogeneous laser line width, when one passes from the near threshold region to a high excitation level. The enhancement factor, however, is nearly independent of the intensity. Consideration is also given to the case of running waves.
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  • 15
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A composition-dependent single Sellmeier oscillator model, developed for predicting the refractive index against composition behaviour for the three binary glass systems, SiO2-B2O3, SiO2-P2O5 and SiO2-GeO2, is extended to a double Sellmeier oscillator model. The inclusion of both composition-dependent u.v. and i.r. terms in the Sellmeier equation has enabled the wavelength dispersive properties of optical glass fibres; refractive index, material dispersion and profile dispersion, to be computed for any composition, in any one of these three binary glasses. Theoretical calculations, for particular compositions, of material and profile dispersions are compared with experimental measurements on fibres of the same compositions, fabricated by chemical vapour deposition.
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  • 16
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 179-180 
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  • 17
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 184-185 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 18
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 186-187 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 19
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the present paper the two-photon fluorescence (TPF) quenching produced by ruby lasers in dye is calculated on the basis of an electronic energy level system adapted for the special conditions of Rhodamine 6G. The model used here takes into consideration the action of competing one-photon processes. It will be shown that the reversed profile of TPF quenching in the overlap region is produced by the superposition of pulses with a time-dependent fluctuating phase as well as with a determinate quadratically time-dependent phase.
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  • 20
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 211-221 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simplified theory for the performance of a digital optical receiver is developed. The receiver sensitivity is calculated in terms of circuit parameters, received and equalized pulse shapes, photodiode parameters and bit-rate. An excellent agreement between this theory and a more complicated analysis by Personick [4] is demonstrated. It is shown that the receiver sensitivity may be improved by launching reduced-width pulses into the fibre, particularly if fibre bandwidth is a significant limitation. Reduced-width pulses bring benefits in source power consumption and lifetime, and in timing recovery.
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  • 21
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 233-242 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the spectral width on the modulation behaviour of semiconductor injection lasers has been investigated theoretically on the basis of multimode rate equations. Analytical expressions are derived yielding an effective rate of spontaneous emission for a suitable description of dynamic characteristics of injection lasers. This effective emission rate may drastically exceed the total rate of spontaneous emission into the lasing modes. In the case of large signal modulation it has been shown that a large modulation depth as required for PCM-transmission also yields a considerable spectral broadening.
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  • 22
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 270-272 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 23
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 273-276 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 24
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 279-282 
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  • 25
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract A novel method is proposed for selecting a single longitudinal mode in lasers with homogeneously broadened gain medium. Mode selection is achieved by the interaction of the standing cavity wave between the gain medium and a spatially saturated absorber. The theory is treated in detail for various geometric configurations including examples of important laser systems under continuous-wave operation, such as dye lasers.
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  • 26
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract Mode coupling coefficients and coupling lengths are determined for multimode fibres with general index distributions in the case where random bending is the main cause of mode coupling. It is shown that the product of the coupling length and the coupling-induced loss is determined only by the shape of the index distribution, and that the coupling length of the focusing fibre is about four times longer than that of the step-index fibre when the coupling-induced losses of both fibres are equal.
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  • 27
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 341-351 
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    Notes: Abstract A single expression is presented for the power transmission coefficient of both step- and graded-index fibres, which is uniformly valid for all weakly tunnelling and refracting rays. Its accuracy is demonstrated in a comparison of the corresponding power attenuation coefficient for the step-index fibre with solutions to the electromagnetic boundary value problem.
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  • 28
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 361-363 
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  • 29
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 367-381 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The progress of ultra high-speed photography using electron-optical devices is surveyed with special reference to recent work in the USSR. In some applications time resolutions of better than 1 ps are obtainable. The ultimate limits of streak camera techniques are discussed. Finally, systems for X-ray chronography are described.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 353-360 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract A detailed analysis of a symmetric cladded slab waveguide having a parabolic refractive-index profile in the core is carried out. Two techniques, one based on the step-index approximation and the other on the WKB approximation, are used to obtain the dispersion curves and the field plots for both the even and odd TE and TM-modes. An example of the practical relevance of the structure studied is given.
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  • 31
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 331-340 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract Through numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation we illustrate the influence of laser modulation upon the excitation of anN-level system irradiated by simultaneous laser pulses. We show that amplitude modulation, applied to a Gaussian statistical distribution of detunings, creates a sideband structure to the excitation-reaction profile which can enhance the excitation over that for monochromatic excitation.
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  • 32
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 364-366 
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  • 33
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 441-444 
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  • 34
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 475-482 
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    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of graded-index optical fibres with power-law core profile and homogeneous cladding have been studied using perturbation theory. Analytical expressions are derived for the cut-off frequency, propagation constant and, in the case of leaky modes, the attenuation coefficient of an arbitrary mode on such a fibre. For the case of monomode fibres, excellent agreement is found with existing theoretical results for the propagation constant of the HE11 mode and cut-off frequency of the TE01 mode.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 459-474 
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    Notes: Abstract The field problem for DH stripe lasers is solved, using a two-dimensional model; the field variation perpendicular to the junction plane is found from a slab model, whereas the transverse variation is calculated using a method applicable to any complex permittivity profile. The origin of transverse variations in the permittivity is described by including current spreading, temperature variations and the carrier profile. The permittivity is used directly and not fitted by a parabola or a step. The fact that a large fraction of the intensity may be propagating in then-andp-layers, is taken into account by introduction of an effective permittivity. The model is applied to a practical example, and the threshold current is found as a function of active-layer thickness and stripe width. It is described how the model can be used both below and above the threshold.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 483-493 
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    Notes: Abstract A technique is described for obtaining deep spatial modulation of laser beams. A phase modulator at one plane in the beam path can yield amplitude modulation at a later plane with little loss in power. Explicit formulae are derived for the field distributions of the modulated beams, and applications are considered.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 1-8 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper points out that, in impulse response calculations by the method of Gloge and Marcatili, the condition that the equal propagation constant lines and the equal group delay lines coincide is not satisfied except for a power law index profile. The group delay time is derived in this paper, by a perturbation method. The optimum index profile is determined from the measured refractive indices data of several doped silica glasses. It is found that (1) the optimum value of the fourth order coefficient is not so different from the value which minimizes the modal dispersion, except in the short wavelength region, (2) the wavelength which minimizes the total dispersion is near 1.30μm and (3) a B2O3 doped fibre has a small profile dispersion and a small total r.m.s. width.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 41-51 
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    Notes: Abstract A model for the analysis of the bandwidth along an optical transmission line is suggested and tested on the Post Office experimental link. It is found that optical equalization is a real effect that has been observed in practice and that the degree of equalization is affected by only two major factors. These are the degree of mode coupling in the route and the functional relationship between mode delay and mode number. Finally a procedure for the optimization of the bandwidth of a link is suggested and tested.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 503-507 
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    Notes: Abstract The properties of a volume-phase hologram of the reflection type are studied in the case when the reference and object waves are beams of finite width. Numerical results are obtained by considering a sufficiently large number of terms in a previously derived infinite series solution. The results reproduce Kogelnik's one-dimensional theory [1] when the thickness of the hologram is small in comparison with the widths of the beams but otherwise the finiteness of the recording beams leads to significant variations in the amplitude of the reconstructed beam.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 515-520 
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    Notes: Abstract High intensity laser irradiation of a plasma can accelerate the electrons to relativistic velocities. For circularly polarized light the refractive index,n, of the collisionless plasma is then a time-independent function of laser and plasma frequency as well as laser peak intensity; but for linearly polarized light,n (i.e., the wave or phase velocity of the wave in units of the speed of light in vacuum) also becomes a periodic function of time. The deeper the wave penetrates the plasma the higher becomes the multiplicity of values ofn. This means that the laser radiation transforms inside the plasma into several nonlinear waves with periodically changing phase velocities.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 521-526 
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    Notes: Abstract Impulse responses of a wide class of multimode optical fibres with near-optimum index profiles are investigated. The index profile is described by three parameters: the power law exponentα, the magnitude and the width of a dip at the centre of the core. It is found that for overcompensated profiles (α〈α opt) a moderate dip decreases the r.m.s. dispersion. Leaky modes are found to improve the dispersion characteristics for fibres with a dip in the index profile. Impulse response measurements are interpretated to give information about the index profile.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. II 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 189-194 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of self-focusing of the pump laser beam on the temporal growth of a parametric excitation has been investigated in the paraxial region. The two equations for the signal and idler modes have been decoupled by assuming the near self-trapping condition and a linearly varying phase mismatch. By employing the WKBJ approximation, it is found that the growth rate is a strong function of the radial intensity inhomogeneity of the pump laser beam. The condition for validity of the first-order approximate theory employed here has been derived.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 205-210 
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    Notes: Abstract A low drive-voltage optical modulator using a Ti-diffused UNbO3 optical waveguide has been fabricated. Stabilization against ambient temperature change was realized by using a miniature halfwave plate. The halfwave voltage, 3 dB bandwidth, optical insertion loss and extinction ratio were 3·8 V (at 1·06μm wavelength), 850 MHz, 10 dB and 13 dB, respectively. A reduction scheme for the optical absorption caused by metallic electrodes, and an analysis of the modulator high frequency response are also reported.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 223-231 
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    Notes: Abstract We present quantitative results for the effect of cladding absorption on the transmitted power and impulse response of a typical multimode, graded-index fibre that is excited by a Lambertian source. Power attenuation is due to the absorbing cladding material and the radiation loss of the tunnelling rays. Graded-index fibres are shown to be far less susceptible to the effect of cladding absorption than step-index fibres.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 266-269 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 243-252 
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    Notes: Abstract A steerable laser radar suitable for a wide range of atmospheric studies is described. The system incorporates a flashlamp-pumped dye laser and a receiving telescope with a 0.3 m mirror. The steering capability is provided by the use of a 0.61 m by 0.46 m plane mirror for both transmission and reception. Manual and automatic control of the mirror drive is provided, with its angular position being recorded. Digital counting is used in the recording electronics. The performance of the system in measurements over a large range of heights in the atmosphere is illustrated.
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  • 49
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the transmission measurements made on 40 km of graded-index fibre which have been cabled and installed in operational ducts for use in 8 and 140 Mbits−1 systems. Extensive loss and bandwidth measurements were made at all stages of the programme, both before and after cabling and also in the field using two mobile test vehicles. The problems of obtaining meaningful and reproducible measurements are discussed and the stability of the measurements between the various cabling and installation stages is assessed. The results have been analysed in conjunction with additional laboratory measurements and a number of important propagation effects have been brought to light.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 277-278 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 293-300 
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of photodiode bulk leakage current and amplifier noise on receiver sensitivity are analysed using a model described previously [4]. The sensitivity of a receiver using a PIN photodiode can be greatly improved by employing a high-performance microwave FET in the input stage, to the point where its remaining technical disadvantage in comparison with a silicon APD receiver at 800–900 nm may be offset by economic and operational attractions. In systems operating at the optimum transmission wavelength beyond 1.1 μm, the PIN-FET hybrid receiver may offer better technical performance than an APD receiver.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 301-309 
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    Notes: Abstract A theoretical study has been carried out on propagation in single-mode fibres having a dip in the refractive index at the centre of the core. The energy of the mode gradually spreads from the centre of the core with increase of the degree of the dip. Nevertheless the near and far-field distributions of such single-mode fibres are very nearly Gaussian in shape. A simple method of estimating the limit of the single-mode region for any kind of index profile is presented. For a particular class of profiles, dip widths up to 30% have a negligible effect on the propagation characteristics.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 311-322 
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    Notes: Abstract Repetitive self-pulsations under CW operation in the frequency range of 200 MHz–2 GHz are observed in many (GaAl)As double-heterostructure injection lasers. About 100 lasers of both low-mesa stripe geometry and with proton-implanted structures have been studied and about half of them exhibited more or less pronounced self-induced pulsations. The experimental results on three typical lasers are discussed more in detail on the basis of existing theories. Self-induced pulsations have often been observed in the non-linear region of the laser light output characteristic. The most probable reason for the instabilities appears to be a repetitive Q-switching process.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 393-398 
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    Notes: Abstract Using a Y3Fe5O12 crystal as a Faraday rotator material, a samarium cobalt permanent magnet and two iron yokes, a compact optical isolator was constructed at 1.153μm for optical transmission systems. The developed isolator is 13 mm in diameter and 25 mm in length, including two polarizers. The isolator characteristics are 1.3 dB forward loss and greater than 30 dB backward loss. A broadband isolator is realized by inserting a 45 degree Faraday rotator and an optically active 45 degree quartz rotator between the two polarizers set at 90 degrees in relation to each other.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 425-433 
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    Notes: Abstract An optical ring resonator with asymmetric three-layered dielectrics is shown to have an anomalously highQ-factor compared with the conventional symmetric three-layered ring resonator by several orders of magnitude for suitably chosen parameters. A new leaky mode which can propagate on the asymmetric structure is found having an extremely small attenuation loss near the cut-off frequency of the guided mode, but which does not exist in the symmetric structure. Optimum values of the normalized frequency for a single-mode operation to suppress the undesired leaky modes are discussed. It is also shown that the size of the ring resonator using the asymmetric structure can be reduced considerably from that of the ordinary symmetric resonator.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 383-392 
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    Notes: Abstract A multi-layered graded or step-index optical waveguide of slab or cylindrical geometry and composed of slightly lossy core and cladding materials is regarded as a superposition of separate layers. The ray power loss within each layer can be summed to determine the total power loss and the power attenuation coefficient along the guide. This building-block approach accounts for losses due to both tunnelling and absorption. In general, for practical waveguides, the total loss can be written down by inspection as a combination of six basic terms. Power loss along the ray path, in the neighbourhood of caustics and in the evanescent regions associated with the ray fields are all included in the description.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 399-423 
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    Notes: Abstract The amplified spontaneous emission in dye solutions excited with intense picosecond light pulses is studied theoretically. A multi-level model is applied to take into account the effects of the various dye parameters such as ground-state absorption, stimulated emission, excited-state absorption, reabsorption and relaxations from populated excited levels. The influence of the pump laser duration and intensity and of the dye concentration and sample length is investigated. Optimum situations are derived for the generation of intense picosecond light pulses at new frequencies by amplified spontaneous emission. On the other hand, conditions are found where amplification of spontaneous emission may be neglected. The analysis allows the determination of unknown dye parameters by comparing the calculations with the experiment.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 435-439 
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    Notes: Abstract A scanning optical microscope in which an image is produced from the generation of optical second harmonics within the specimen has been constructed. Pictures have been obtained from various crystals which show high contrast levels and detail not visible with the conventional microscope.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 445-458 
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    Notes: Abstract The variance of the jitter in a timing recovery circuit for fibre optical digital transmission is computed. The timing circuit is simply a narrow-band filter, tuned to the pulse repetition frequency. It is found that, if the time dispersion of the fibre is limited, this circuit provides satisfactory timing information.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 495-501 
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    Notes: Abstract Multiplicity of the output frequency of a spin-flip laser, caused by the simultaneous multiline operation of the CO pump laser, is identified. This multiplicity is shown to arise from a four-wave mixing process for which only a single input threshold intensity exists for oscillation. Experimental data are presented together with a determination of the interdependence of the input and output frequency power ratio.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 509-514 
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    Notes: Abstract Exact equations are derived for mode cut-off frequencies on a W-fibre enabling the range of monomode operation of such a fibre to be accurately determined. Solutions are presented for a variety of parameters showing the influence of the refractive index and thickness of the inner cladding on the propagation characteristics of the fibre.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 527-528 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 529-532 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 533-535 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 5-10 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of imposing a uniform magnetic field on an electrolytic cell with multiple parallel-plate electrodes is analysed in terms of hydrodynamic and mass transport phenomena with particular regard to cell design in the laminar flow regime.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 11-17 
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    Notes: Abstract Modified design procedures are described for large rectangular cells, since the procedures developed for small cylindrical cells [1–4] were found inapplicable in the optimization of scaled-up units. Discharge data are presented for cells several orders of magnitude larger than the standardD cell, showing a good agreement between the predicted and realized cell capacity. A remarkable increase in the energy density has been achieved with increase in the cell size, well in excess of 600Wh kg−1 at low discharge rates. The definition of some intrinsic characteristics of the system [such as the value ofk 3, (cm3 Ah−1)] has been confirmed with a greater accuracy using the data obtained with these large cells.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 33-39 
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    Notes: Abstract The electrodeposition of copper, zinc and copper-zinc alloys from alkaline tartrate solutions has been investigated under different conditions of bath composition, added ammonium chloride, current density and temperature. A detailed study has been made of the effect of the variables on the cathode potentials and cathode efficiencies of copper, zinc and Cu-Zn alloys; the compositions of the alloys were determined. The results were consistent with the behaviour of a regular alloy plating system with zinc being the less noble metal.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 67-70 
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of overpotential amplitude, frequency and pulse-to-pause ratio in silver deposition by squarewave pulsating overpotential on the morphology of powdered particles were investigated. These results were compared with those obtained in constant overpotential electrolysis. The possibility of obtaining powder particles, with different properties, depending on conditions of electrolysis was demonstrated.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 75-79 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 103-108 
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    Notes: Abstract The reduction of iron dissolved in the aluminum refining industrial melt was studied using cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. The required solutions were obtained by adding ferrous or ferric fluoride to the Gadeau electrolyte. The experimental arrangement permitted molten fluoride electrolysis as well as the introduction of additional salts under an inert argon atmosphere. Platinum, iron and graphite electrodes were used. Chemical analysis proved that the stable ionic valency of iron in the melt at 750° wasII. The reduction reaction of the Fe(II) ions was reversible and involved two electrons. The diffusion coefficient of the Fe(II) ions was calculated.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The reduction of Ag2CrO4 membrane electrodes in 1,2-dimethoxyethane and the mixture of 1,2-dime-thoxyethane and propylene carbonate has been studied by voltammetry and chronopotentiometry with and without current flow. Potentiometric titration with a silver electrode has been used to determine the standard potential of the system Ag(s), Li2CrO4(s)/Ag2CrO4(s), LiClO4 in these solvents. It has been shown that the electrochemical reduction of Ag2CrO4 takes place according to the overall reaction Ag2CrO4(s)+2e+2Li+ → 2Ag(s) + Li2CrO4(s) but that this electrochemical reduction only occurs at its standard potential for very low current densities. It is established that at high current densities the overall reduction process requires an overpotential of the order of 0–3 V to proceed. Evidence is provided that this overpotential does not arise principally from the diffusion of Li+ ions but corresponds to more extended diffusion phenomena. The existence of analogous phenomena for the Ag2CrO4 electrodes used in commercial batteries has also been demonstrated.
    Notes: Résumé On étudie par voltampérométrie et chronopotentiométrie à intensité nulle ou imposée la réduction d'électrodes membranaires de Ag2CrO4 dans le 1, 2-diméthoxyéthane et le mélange de 1, 2-diméthoxyéthane et de carbonate de propyléne. On détermine par dosage potentiométrique à l'électrode d'argent le potentiel standard du systéme Ag(s), Li2CrO4(s)/Ag2CrO4(s), LiClO4 dans les solvants considérés. On montre que la réduction électrochimique de Ag2 CrO4 se fait bien selon la réaction globale Ag2CrO4(s)+2e+2Li+ → 2Ag(s)+Li2CrO4(s) mais que cette réduction électrochimique ne s'effectue à son potentiel standard que pour des densités de courant faibles. On constate qu'aux densités de courant élevées le processus de réduction global nécessite pour se déclencher une activation se traduisant par une chute de potentiel de l'ordre de 0.3 V. On met en évidence que cette polarisation d'activation n'a pas pour origine principale la seule diffusion des ions Li+ mais correspond à des phénomènes de diffusion plus longs. Nous avons montré l'existence de phénomènes analogues sur des électrodes de Ag2CrO4 utilisées dans des piles de type commercial. des électrodes de Ag2CrO4 utilisées dans des piles de type commercial.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 135-143 
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    Notes: Abstract Oxygen evolution from acid solutions has been investigated on two kinds of RuO2-based electrodes; compact and cracked (porous) films. The kinetic study has been carried out by means of potentiostatic curves. A method is suggested to estimate the surface concentration of active sites. The reaction order with respect to active sites and the activation energy have been determined. The mechanism is shown to differ on the two kinds of film in relation to theS(site)-OH bond strength and the surface concentration of intermediates. The behaviour of films on silica glass substrates is reported for the first time.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 169-171 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple electrolytic reduction method for the preparation of beta-alanine hydrochloride using deposited palladium black over graphite is described. Beta-alanine is used for the synthesis of vitamin ‘pantothenic acid’. This electroreduction technique should be generally useful for the preparation of primary amines.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 145-160 
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    Notes: Abstract The corrosion behaviour of Ni in molten Na2SO4, NaCl, and in mixtures of these two salts, at 900° C, in laboratory air and under O2+SO2/SO3 atmospheres has been examined by electrochemical curves and topochemical analysis of corrosion products. Ni passivity in pure Na2SO4 was observed under potentiodynamic and potentiometric conditions, the passive film corresponding to NiO. Passivity was not so easy to achieve in chloride melts as in sulphate alone, but once a thick oxide film forms on the specimen, the Cl− addition is accompanied by an increase in the film stability. The inhibiting role of NaCl on Ni in the passive-transpassive area was also evidenced. In opposition, halide additions (especially those up to 25%) increased the dissolution current densities of Ni in the active region. These higher dissolution rates are represented by the equation Ni3S2+4NaCl+1/2 O2 = 2NiCl2+2Na2S + NiO which is also suggested as a critical factor in the Ni passivation. The passive capability found for Ni in Na2SO4/NaCl melts, in air, is destroyed by SO3 atmospheres. This corrosion-stimulation is due to the SO3 role in promoting reactions such as NiS + 3O2− = Ni2++SO3+8e which would be potential-determining at the Ni surface until Ni2+ precipitates or the conjugate oxygen cathodic reduction process takes place. Microprobe analysis also evidenced S penetration which might be the reason for the Ni embrittlement. The polarization curves for Ni in pure NaCl showed the lack of a passive region; occurrence of extensive intergranular attack was also indicated by metallographic observation. The observed dissolution must occur at the expense of the Ni interactions with the species which intervene in the reaction equilibrium between O2 and molten NaCl (O2, Cl−, Cl2 and O2−) as well as with the Na+ cations, as has been discussed elsewhere. Its self-sustaining nature is enhanced by the continuous reduction of the nickel ion content of the melt by NiCl2 evaporation.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 195-205 
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    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the mass transfer characteristics of a reticulate, three-dimensional electrode, obtained by metallization of polyurethane foams. The assumed chemical model has been copper deposition from diluted solutions in 1 M H2SO4. Preliminary investigations of the performances of this electrode, assembled in a filter-press type cell, have given interesting results: with 0.01 M CuSO4 solutions the current density is 85 mA cm−2 when the flow rate is 14 cm s−1.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 213-222 
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    Notes: Abstract By means of microscopic measurements on a rotating disc electrode under potentiostatic conditions it is established that the propagation rate of the precursors is constant within the limits of the diffusion layer boundary. The propagation kinetics follow the expression of Diggle, Despić and Bockris [3] if it is assumed that the radii of curvature at the tip of the growing precursorsr increase proportionally with the height of the precursorsy. The overpotential dependence of the ratioy/r is linear and probably reflects the Kelvin relation. At constant diffusion layer thickness the moment of the visual appearance of the dendrites coincides with the transition time on the potentiostaticI-t curves. The average heighty at this moment is equal to the diffusion layer thickness δ. The average rate of growth of precursors is inversely proportional to δ. An equation for the time of appearance of dendrites which accounts for the effect of diffusion is derived and experimentally tested. The effect of lead ions on the time of appearance is discussed in terms of the kinetic equation.
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    Notes: Abstract Studies of the effects of additives on the electrolytic H/D separation factor,S H/D, previously reported in Part I [2] for Pt and Fe electrodes, are extended to the case of Hg for which the mechanism of cathodic H2 evolution is well established. The behaviour of urea and guanidine was investigated. In the case of urea, the separation factor at Hg is enhanced but decreases with increasing current density or cathodic potential. The dependence ofS H/D on current density can be correlated with the diminishing surface excess of urea with increasing negative potential. Experiments with proton sources other than H2O in liquid water were investigated by making measurements ofS H/D from solutions of H2O/HOD, CH3COOH/CH3COOD and CF3COOH/CF3COOD in CH3CN with NaClO4 as electrolyte. An interesting inverse H/D isotope effect arises with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as proton source; the effect is interpreted in terms of competitive reactions of H and D with TFA rather than unusual bonding and vibrational characteristics of the TFA activated complex. The results suggest that useful isotopic separations can be made by use of selective competitive reactions. A kinetic analysis of the inverse isotope effect is given.
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    Notes: Abstract An experimental investigation was made on the electrode properties of oxidized Ti and of rutile single crystals. Polycrystalline samples were prepared by oxidation in air and partial reduction in H2 at various temperatures. The current-voltage characteristics in aqueous-indifferent electrolyte solutions in darkness and under illumination demonstrate that it is possible to obtain samples with photoelectrolytic performances at least equivalent to those of monocrystalline TiO2 samples. Moreover, a pronounced similarity is found between both types of electrodes with regard to the reactivity of the reducing agents added. The influence of different gases (H2, N2 or O2) on the current-voltage behaviour of these electrodes reveals some important aspects concerning their possible use for the conversion of optical energy into chemical or electrical energy.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 269-272 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 277-279 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 287-291 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that mass transfer in the rotating electrolyser is controlled by the rotational Reynolds number (Re φ) and that species electrogenerated at the wall are confined to a thin layer close to the wall. The radial dispersion coefficient is of the same order as that of a non-rotational, capillary gap cell. Criteria for scale-up are discussed briefly.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 297-304 
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    Notes: Abstract An equation is presented which allows the calculation of the critical solution flow velocity corresponding to complete reaction controlled by diffusion at flow porous electrodes. The equation has been experimentally confirmed with good accuracy for the mass transport-controlled reaction of the reduction of K3Fe(CN)6 at flow porous electrodes composed of fine platinum screens and of gilded graphite granules described in the literature. If the critical flow velocity can be determined experimentally, the equation may be used for the determination of the specific surface of the electrode or the diffusion coefficient of the process. In this way the specific surfaces of graphite electrodes have been determined, which also enabled the calculation of mass transfer coefficients and dimensionless correlations for the Sherwood Number andj D-factor.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 327-332 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A short review of the methods of preparation of magnetite anodes and the physico-chemical properties of Fe3O4 is followed by experimental results using chlorine evolution as a test reaction. Problems arising in the operation of composite magnetite-titanium structures are considered.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 313-326 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative study was conducted to assess the performance of 1 N solutions of hydrochloric acid, ferrous chloride and ferric chloride solutions to dissolve the 74% Ni-4% Cu-20% S nickel sulphide matte anodes. The essential variables considered here were: temperature (25° and 75° C), oxygen and controlled potential. The relative aggressiveness as estimated by the potentiokinetic polarization curves and dissolution experiments with open circuit can be arranged in the following sequence: Fe3+〉Fe2+〉H+. At +400 mV versus SCE, the aggressiveness reversed in the following sequence: H+〉Fe2+〉Fe3+. The experimental values of dissolution rates with open circuit and at constant potential were higher than those calculated from the dissolution current densities (potentiokinetic polarization curves), and from the amount of charge passed (at +400 mV versus SCE). Attack by intergranular dissolution and pitting was observed throughout these experiments. The formation of β-NiS by the reaction Ni3S2 → Ni2++2β-NiS+ 2e was confirmed by X-ray analysis. The above results are interpreted in the light of the possible electrochemical mechanisms.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 353-359 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of metallic copper in an equimolecular mixture of KNO3 and NaNO3 at 300° C is discussed. As previously reported in the literature, under these conditions copper becomes covered with Cu2O; however, contact with the above bath for a sufficiently long time also causes an external, spontaneous growth of a CuO layer. Such conditions of surface oxidation are also obtained by suitable anodic polarizations. The metal covering scale, after the final oxidation state has been reached, is adherent and compact, and seems to be able to prevent practically any further corrosive processes.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 365-367 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 373-373 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 375-390 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The following basic physico-chemical and electrochemical factors, along with the considerations of electrochemical engineering science, are all important in the optimum design of electrolytic cells for the winning, refining, plating and forming of refractory metals: (a) anionic composition of the molten salt solvent; (b) cationic composition of the molten salt solvent; (c) concentration of the solute; (d) temperature of operation of the cell; (e) cathode potential; (f) cathode current density; and (g) acid-base, redox and complexation reactions that can be carried out in the electrolytic bath. In addition, practical limitations arise from such factors as the corrosion of cell and electrode materials, the hydrolysis of many of the hygroscopic salts employed as solutes and solvents and the reactions that occur at the counterelectrodes. More fundamental limitations which have been particularly recognized and characterized recently, arise from highly volatile, high-valency state compounds, insoluble cluster-type compounds and disproportionation reactions that involve intermediate valency state compounds. Examples of the above factors and limitations that have been applied or encountered in recent studies of the electrodeposition of titanium, molybdenum and tantalum are given and discussed. Ways to avoid these limitations are suggested and, in addition, scale-up and cell design are considered within the constraints of total energy and conventional economic process costing.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 417-425 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mixed oxide coatings consisting of varying proportions of RuO2 and TiO2 have been prepared on titanium and silica substrates. Development of the microstructure was examined by X-ray diffraction and also monitored by resistivity measurements. The X-ray results suggest that the mixed oxide coatings prepared at 400° C are best described as a metastable solid solution of the two components. The resistivity-composition relationship however is more indicative of a finely interdispersed mixture of conducting and insulating particles. Coatings fired at higher temperatures (700–800° C) exhibit separate X-ray diffraction peaks corresponding to almost pure RuO2 and TiO2 phases with no evidence of significant solid solubility.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 223-234 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The combined effects of dissolved and entrained organic extractant, LIX65N, and the addition agents, glue and chloride ion on the morphology of electrowon copper were systematically investigated. The deposit morphology was assessed by optical microscopy techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The results indicated that the quality of copper deposits obtained in the presence of glue and LIX65N is considerably improved by the addition of chloride ion in concentration higher than 40 ppm.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 265-267 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 253-263 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A form of alkaline creepage, other than that governed by electrocapillary phenomena, has been studied on partially immersed negatively polarized electrodes. This extra-creepage is believed to result from concentration gradients generated in the thin spreading film above the intrinsic liquid meniscus by the electrochemical reduction of oxygen and/or water. Consequent transport of water into the spreading film allows it to expand and advance further along the electrode.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 273-276 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 281-285 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A rotating electrolyser is described briefly in which, in principle, anolyte and catholyte streams can be segregated without a diaphragm. Laser-Doppler anemometry has been used to measure the velocity field in such an electrolyser and has shown that, despite the flow field being more complex than described by first order theory, the concept is valid.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 293-295 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical dissolution of mild steel in hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid by a.c. has been studied. It has been found that with sine wave a.c. (50 Hz) the dissolution efficiency increases with increase in concentrations of the acids and decreases with the progress of electrolysis. As current density increases an initial increase in the efficiency was noticed; but as current density increases further, the efficiency falls. With square wave a.c. of low frequency (0.5 Hz), the dissolution efficiency increases with increasing concentrations of the acids and also with increasing frequency. However the efficiency decreases with increasing current density and time of electrolysis.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 305-311 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The use of sealed nickel-cadmium cells for single duty cycle applications involves certain novel features for which little or no quantitative knowledge exists. The investigations presented in this series of papers have sought answers to the questions raised in broad terms. This first paper considers the effects of long term storage (up to 10 years), in the short-circuited condition, at temperatures ranging between −40–+70° C. An accelerated test procedure was formulated to determine charge acceptance degradation of cells after storage for any given period and temperature. The results indicate that storage effects will constitute a major problem area for nickel-cadmium cells in these applications.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 333-345 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken of the electro-oxidation of ammonia as a possible new method of ammonia removal during waste-water treatment. Reaction rates were measured in the concentration range of 1.2×10−4 M to 1×10−2 M ammonia and at pH values of 5–13. The influence of the polarization rate (0.05–0.5 V min−1) and the ammonia concentrations on the oxidation peak current were studied. A number of electrocatalysts were evaluated and most favourable potentials were determined using a conventional three electrode electrolytic cell. Performance data are presented from a continuous flow bench scale electrolytic cell with a 90 cm path length working at various experimental conditions.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 347-352 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a packed-bed electrochemical reactor with a parasitic reaction is analysed. Current efficiency and energy consumption are calculated using a linear approximation to the polarization equation. The results are presented as a function of dimensionless variables, which are characteristic of electrode and process parameters. The adverse effects of the parasitic reaction are estimated and ways to avoid them are discussed.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 483-490 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The way of estimating the costs of the electrorefining of copper and of selecting the optimum electrolysis current density has been presented. The analysis has been carried out for the flow electrolyser taking into account the capital costs, electrical energy costs, heating or cooling costs and the electrolyte pumping costs. Against a background of the present literature data the values of the above-mentioned cost coefficients have been estimated and the optimum current densities determined, and also the economic reasons discussed. The method presented does not depend on the system scale.
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