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  • Drosophila melanogaster  (16)
  • bioavailability
  • Springer  (28)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Springer Nature
  • 2020-2022
  • 1975-1979  (28)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1978  (28)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (28)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Springer Nature
Years
  • 2020-2022
  • 1975-1979  (28)
  • 1960-1964
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the female germ line in mosaics ofDrosophila (1978)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 41-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Female germ line ; Mosaics ; Stem cell divisions ; Metafemale ; Sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our report presents an analysis of the development and dynamics of the female germ line inDrosophila. Females were produced that were mosaic either for attached-X chromosomes $$(\widehat{XX})$$ and a ring-X (triplo-X-diplo-X), or for $$\widehat{XX}$$ and a marked Y-chromosome $$(\widehat{XX}/Y - \widehat{XX}/O)$$ . The germ-line and genitalia of these females were analysed by direct microscopic observation or by examination of the progeny. Eggs derived from triplo-X germ cells were hardly capable of supporting development, with most of the zygotes dying during embryonic development. The analysis of the germ line was therefore carried out mainly by direct observation of histochemically stained developing oocytes in the ovaries of mosaic females. The total germ cell population of both ovaries of a female was mosaic in 22–29% of the tested animals. From this frequency of mosaicism we estimated the number of functional primordial germ cells to be betwen 3 and 6 cells at the blastoderm stage. At this stage the cell lineages for the left and right ovary are not yet separated. The germ cell population of individual ovarioles was frequently mosaic which shows that the few stem cells in an ovariole are recruited as a group and are not clonal descendants of a single ancestor cell per ovariole. An analysis of the sequential pattern of oocyte-nurse cell cysts in mosaic ovarioles revealed that neighbouring cysts tend to be of the same genotype. This suggests that the stem cells of the adult ovaries preferentially divide in bursts, one of them giving rise to two, three and sometimes even more cystocytes in a row. In addition, the foci for lethality and sterility of the triplo-X condition were determined. Non-mosaic triplo-X females (metafemales) are hardly viable and invariably sterile. Using our mosaics, the focus forlethality could be mapped to a region very near the ventral prothoracic discs. The focus forsterility resides in the genitalia, since flies with triplo-X genitalia never laid any eggs, regardless of the genotype of their ovaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848668
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (clofibrinic acid) after repeated doses of its calcium salt to humans (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid ; clofibrate ; steady-state plasma concentrations ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations and bioavailability of clofibrinic acid have been estimated under conditions approaching the steady-state during a ten-day period of administration as clofibrate or as a calcium clofibrinate-carbonate combination (1:1 w/w) at a dosage interval of 12 h. Formulation — related differences in bioavailability were not significant, and the 95% confidence limits of these differences were within −2% to +8% of the mean for the reference formulation of clofibrate. The mean steadystate plasma concentrations of clofibrinic acid measured on the tenth day of dosing were 116 µg/ml±22 S.D. and 119 µg/ml±23 S.D. after administration of 885 mg as clofibrate and the calcium clofibrinate-carbonate combination respectively. The peaks of mean plasma concentrations were 70 µg/ml±15 S.D., 119 µg/ml±32 S.D. and 131 µg/ml±26 S.D. on the first, fifth and tenth day of dosing with clofibrate, and 62 µg/ml±13 S.D., 127 µg/ml±S.D. and 143 µg/ml±25 S.D. on the corresponding days of dosing with the calcium clofibrinate-carbonate combination. After the last dose on the tenth day of dosing, the mean apparent half-lives of elimination of clofibrinic acid from plasma were 24.2 h±4.4 S.D. and 25.5 h±3.2 S.D. after administration of clofibrate and the calcium clofibrinate-carbonate combination respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606682
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gastrointestinal absorption of hydrochlorothiazide enhanced by concomitant intake of food (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bioavailability ; diuretics ; gastrointestinal absorption ; hydrochlorothiazide ; thiazides ; food effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hydrochlorothiazide (hct) 75 mg was administered orally to eight healthy volunteers without (Study I) or together with a standardized meal (Study II), and plasma and urine concentrations of hct were analyzed by GLC. The plasma levels of hct were higher initially when the tablets were taken on an empty stomach, but after 5 h they were higher in Study II. There was no difference between the two studies in the area under plasma concentration time curves. The urinary recovery of hct totalled 55.6±4.9 mg when the drug was given with food and 47.4±6.0 when it was taken on an empty stomach. The difference is significant (p〈0.01). As the urinary recovery represents the uptake of hct, it appears that the gastrointestinal absorption of hct is enhanced when the drug is given with food.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609756
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dose tolerance and pharmacokinetic studies of L (+) pseudoephedrine capsules in man (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pseudoephedrine ; side effects ; bioavailability ; multiple oral dosing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dose tolerance and pharmacokinetic studies of pseudoephedrine sustained action capsules were performed in thirty-three adult male subjects who received either 120 mg or 150 mg capsules every twelve hours for seven consecutive days in a double-blind parallel design study. Although only one subject in the 150 mg group was discontinued prematurely from this study, a large number of side effects typical of CNS stimulation were seen. A placebo effect might account for a portion of these complaints, however symtoms evaluated as being due to drug were significantly more severe and persistent in the 150 mg group. Pulse rates showed a persistent and significant increase while systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell from the baseline values in both groups. A pharmacokinetic analysis of the pseudoephedrine plasma concentration-time data provided estimates of half-life and the volume of distribution/availability ratio. The values obtained were in good agreement with values reported by others. Half-life was not influenced by urine pH probably as a result of the narrow range of urine pHs observed in the subjects. Calculations of relative bioavailability suggest that the 120 mg capsule formulation has a 30% greater bioavailability compared to the 150 mg capsule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560458
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption of oral and intramuscular chlordiazepoxide (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Chlordiazepoxide ; benzodiazepines ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; intramuscular injection ; alcohol withdrawal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of oral and intramuscular (i. m.) chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (CDX · HCl) was compared in two pharmacokinetic studies. In Study One, single 50-mg doses of CDX · HCl were administered orally and by i. m. injection to 14 healthy volunteers using a crossover design. Whole-blood concentrations of chlordiazepoxide (CDX) and its first active metabolite, desmethylchlordiazepoxide (DMCDX), were determined in multiple samples drawn after the dose. Mean pharmacokinetic variables for CDX following oral and i. m. administration, respectively, were: highest measured blood concentration, 1.65 vs 0.87 µg/ml (p〈0.001); time of highest concentration, 2.3 vs 7.6 h after dosing (p〈0.001); apparent absorption half-life, 0.71 vs 3.39 h (p〈0.001). Biphasic absorption after i. m. injection, consistent with precipitation at the injection site, was observed in 9 of 14 subjects. Based upon comparison with previous intravenous data, the completeness of absorption was 100% for oral vs 86% for i. m. CDX · HCl (p〈0.1). In Study Two, 28 male chronic alcoholics with clinical manifestations of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome were randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions: 50 or 100 mg doses of CDX · HCl, by mouth or by i. m. injection. Concentrations of CDX and DMCDX, determined in plasma samples drawn every 20 min for 5 h following the dose, were significantly higher after oral administration of a given dose than at corresponding points in time after i.m. injection after the same dose. Thus absorption of oral CDX is reasonably rapid and complete, whereas the absorption rate of i. m. CDX is slow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00716362
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of norethindrone in human subjects (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Norethindrone ; bioavailability ; man ; competitive protein binding ; sex differences ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A competitive protein binding assay for norethindrone was developed to measure plasma levels in human subjects. The plasma levels were considerably higher in women than in men, especially at low dose levels. The plasma levels were directly related to the dose in men; but greater variations in the plasma levels were observed in women. The plasma half-life was about 5 h in both sexes with single oral doses of 5 to 20 mg. A comparative bioavailability study with norethindrone from 2 different manufacturers, formulated in the same manner, showed no significant differences in absorption characteristics and provided sufficient data for pharmacokinetic analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606680
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pharmacokinetics of slow-release procainamide (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Procainamide ; slow release formulations ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Procainamide was given to 20 patients with normal renal function as an i.v. bolus of 500 mg followed by 1.0 or 1.5 g eight-hourly by mouth in the form of a slow release preparation (Durules). 97.6±27.1 (SD)% of the oral procainamide was absorbed, the absorption half life being 1.54 h. The elimination half life following the oral formulation was 6.0±0.8 h, compared to a mean of 3.4±0.4 h following i.v. administration. Elimination half life following i.v. administration was slightly related to acetylator status, being 2.75±0.9 h in fast acetylators, and 4.4±2.4 h in slow acetylators. This dependence on acetylator status was not seen in half life following oral administration. Total body clearance, steady state plasma procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide were not significantly dependent on acetylator status, although a few patients who are slow acetylators had unexpectedly low clearance and high steady state procainamide concentrations when given the higher dose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560459
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The comparative bioavailability of Lanoxin tablets and Lanoxicaps with and without sorbitol (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Lanoxin tablets ; Lanoxicaps ; sorbitol ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1) The mean cumulative urinary digoxin excretion over 8 days was compared in 8 healthy volunteers after single doses of digoxin administered as 3 Lanoxin tablets of 0.25 mg, 3 digoxin tablets of 0.2 mg, 12 Lanoxicaps without sorbitol of 0.05 mg, 6 Lanoxicaps without sorbitol of 0.1 mg digoxin, 3 Lanoxicaps without sorbitol of 0.2 mg and 3 Lanoxicaps with sorbitol of 0.2 mg. (2) There was no significant difference between the 8 day cumulative urinary excretion for any of the Lanoxicaps treatments. (3) Cumulative urinary excretion after 3 digoxin tablets of 0.2 mg was significantly (P〈0.05) lower than after all other treatments. (4) Cumulative urinary excretion after 3 Lanoxin tablets of 0.25 mg was not significantly different from that after any of the Lanoxicaps treatments except 0.1 mg Lanoxicaps without sorbitol, it was significantly (P〈0.05) lower after the latter. (5) Mean urinary excretion of digoxin was 60% of ingested dose for all Lanoxicaps treatments and was significantly (P〈0.05) higher than the mean value of 50% for both tablet treatments. (6) Enhanced absorption of digoxin from Lanoxicaps was confirmed and shown to be unrelated to the sorbitol content of the capsule shell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611906
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of drosopterin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster: Mutants showing an altered pattern of GTP cyclohydrolase activity during development (1978)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; GTP cyclohydrolase ; development ; pteridine biosynthesis ; mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction catalyzed by GTP cyclohydrolase is the first unique step of pteridine biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster and is therefore likely to be an important control point. GTP cyclohydrolase activity varies during development, showing two distinct peaks of activity—one at pupariation and a much larger peak at emergence. Most of the early pupal enzyme is located in the body region, whereas in late pupal and early adult life most of the activity is found in the head. Mixing experiments indicate that developmental changes in activity are not due to changes in the level of a direct effector of GTP cyclohydrolase. The mutants raspberry and prune show an increased GTP cyclohydrolase activity at pupariation relative to wild type, but a decreased enzyme activity at emergence. The changes in GTP cyclohydrolase activity are reflected in changes in pteridine levels in these mutants. Several lines of evidence suggest that neither locus is the structural gene for GTP cyclohydrolase. The raspberry and prune gene products may play a specific role in regulating GTP cyclohydrolase activity during development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484381
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A genetic and developmental analysis of an acid deoxyribonuclease in Drosophila melanogaster (1978)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 1113-1134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; isozymes ; position effect ; segmental aneuploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A deoxyribonuclease, called DNase-1, that is active at acid pH in the presence of EDTA has been studied in Drosophila melanogaster. The locus for the enzyme maps genetically to 61.8 on the right arm of the third chromosome. Cytogenetically, DNase-1 has been localized to within five to ten bands between 90C-2 and 90E. This analysis utilizes both electrophoretic variants and the Y-autosome translocations of Lindsley et al. (1972). DNase-1 is present in all stages of the life cycle, and the paternal genome actively contributes DNase-1 to the embryo between 0 and 1 hr after fertilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484532
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