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  • Articles  (5,453)
  • Springer  (5,062)
  • Oxford University Press  (372)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • Cell Press
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • Munksgaard International Publishers
  • 2010-2014  (3,575)
  • 2005-2009  (1,878)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1945-1949
  • 2013  (3,575)
  • 2005  (1,878)
  • 1978
  • Natural Sciences in General  (4,102)
  • Philosophy  (1,371)
Collection
  • Articles  (5,453)
Source
Publisher
Years
  • 2010-2014  (3,575)
  • 2005-2009  (1,878)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1945-1949
  • 1975-1979  (674)
Year
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  • 1
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    Global Memory Net and the development of digital image information management system: Experience and practice (2005)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-01
    Print ISSN: 1673-565X
    Electronic ISSN: 1862-1775
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
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    Development of non-premixed porous inserted regenerative thermal oxidizer (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: In this study, a porous inserted regenerative thermal oxidizer (PRTO) system was developed for a 125 kW industrial copper-melting furnace, due to its advantages of low NO x emissions and high radiant efficiency. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) ceramic foams were placed into the combustion zone of a regenerative thermal oxidizer (RTO). Different performance characteristics of the RTO and PRTO systems, including pressure drop, temperature distribution, emissions, and energy efficiency, were evaluated to study the effects of the porous inserts on non-premixed CH 4 combustion. It was found that the PRTO system achieved a significant reduction in the NO x emission level and a fuel saving of approximately 30% compared to the RTO system. It is most suitable for a lean combustion process at an equivalence ratio 〈0.4 with NO x and CO emission levels within 0.002%–0.003% and 0.001%–0.002%, respectively.
    Print ISSN: 1673-565X
    Electronic ISSN: 1862-1775
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.
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  • 3
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    Control design of 60 kW PEMFC generation system for residential applications (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper presented a control design methodology for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) generation system for residential applications. The dynamic behavior of the generation system is complex in such applications. A comprehensive control design is very important for achieving a steady system operation and efficiency. The control strategy for a 60 kW generation system was proposed and tested based on the system dynamic model. A two-variable single neuron proportional-integral (PI) decoupling controller was developed for anode pressure and humidity by adjusting the hydrogen flow and water injection. A similar controller was developed for cathode pressure and humidity by adjusting the exhaust flow and water injection. The desired oxygen excess ratio was kept by a feedback controller based on the load current. An optimal seeking controller was used to trace the unique optimal power point. Two negative feedback controllers were used to provide AC power and a suitable voltage for residential loads by a power conditioning unit. Control simulation tests showed that 60 kW PEMFC generation system responded well for computer-simulated step changes in the load power demand. This control methodology for a 60 kW PEMFC generation system would be a competitive solution for system level designs such as parameter design, performance analysis, and online optimization.
    Print ISSN: 1673-565X
    Electronic ISSN: 1862-1775
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.
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  • 4
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    Multi-objective optimization design method of the high-speed train head (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: With the continuous improvement of the train speed, the dynamic environment of trains turns out to be aerodynamic domination. Solving the aerodynamic problems has become one of the key factors of the high-speed train head design. Given that the aerodynamic drag is a significant factor that restrains train speed and energy conservation, reducing the aerodynamic drag is thus an important consideration of the high-speed train head design. However, the reduction of the aerodynamic drag may increase other aerodynamic forces (moments), possibly deteriorating the operational safety of the train. The multi-objective optimization design method of the high-speed train head was proposed in this paper, and the aerodynamic drag and load reduction factor were set to be optimization objectives. The automatic multi-objective optimization design of the high-speed train head can be achieved by integrating a series of procedures into the multi-objective optimization algorithm, such as the establishment of 3D parametric model, the aerodynamic mesh generation, the calculation of the flow field around the train, and the vehicle system dynamics. The correlation between the optimization objectives and optimization variables was analyzed to obtain the most important optimization variables, and a further analysis of the nonlinear relationship between the key optimization variables and the optimization objectives was obtained. After optimization, the aerodynamic drag of optimized train was reduced by up to 4.15%, and the load reduction factor was reduced by up to 1.72%.
    Print ISSN: 1673-565X
    Electronic ISSN: 1862-1775
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.
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  • 5
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    Fused empirical mode decomposition and wavelets for locating combined damage in a truss-type structure through vibration analysis (2013)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a relevant topic for civil systems and involves the monitoring, data processing and interpretation to evaluate the condition of a structure, in order to detect damage. In real structures, two or more sites or types of damage can be present at the same time. It has been shown that one kind of damaged condition can interfere with the detection of another kind of damage, leading to an incorrect assessment about the structure condition. Identifying combined damage on structures still represents a challenge for condition monitoring, because the reliable identification of a combined damaged condition is a difficult task. Thus, this work presents a fusion of methodologies, where a single wavelet-packet and the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method are combined with artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the automated and online identification-location of single or multiple-combined damage in a scaled model of a five-bay truss-type structure. Results showed that the proposed methodology is very efficient and reliable for identifying and locating the three kinds of damage, as well as their combinations. Therefore, this methodology could be applied to detection-location of damage in real truss-type structures, which would help to improve the characteristics and life span of real structures.
    Print ISSN: 1673-565X
    Electronic ISSN: 1862-1775
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.
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  • 6
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    An Exploratory Study in Community Perspectives of Sustainability Leadership in the Murray Darling Basin (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-10
    Description: This article explores the emergence of leadership during implementation of a water saving initiative in the rural community surrounding Barren Box Swamp in the Murray Darling Basin, Australia. Qualitative data analysis indicated that the system elements affecting the type of leadership to emerge included the extent to which the groups were engaged in the process, the level of access to resources, and the level of investment in the outcomes of the project. Although these results reinforced key aspects of complex problem-solving through collaboration, they demonstrated varying degrees and types of both engagement and leadership within the case community. Given the current finding that these varying elements can coincide within one system, this case suggests that each community’s characteristics, resources and context will determine the optimal combination of leadership style and level of collaboration needed to facilitate sustainable community development.
    Print ISSN: 0167-4544
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0697
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 7
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    Influences on Student Intention and Behavior Toward Environmental Sustainability (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-10
    Description: As organizations place greater emphasis on environmental objectives, business educators must produce the next set of leaders who can champion corporate environmental sustainability initiatives. However, environmental sustainability represents a polarizing topic with some students dismissing its importance and legitimacy. Limited research exists to understand student behavioral influences on sustainability education, especially as it translates to environmental sustainability behavior in the workplace. This gap challenges our ability as educators to understand how to best teach environmental sustainability in order to reach diverse student mindsets. We apply the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to address this gap, investigating the influence of student attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on environmental sustainability intention and behavior. A structural model tested with student survey data finds that student attitude represents the strongest influence on environmental sustainability intention. The model also validates that subjective norm affects sustainability intention with students considering professors along with business leaders and politicians as valid references for sustainability knowledge. To tie the results to effective educational interventions, we use the TPB to organize an extensive review of the sustainability pedagogy literature and identify specific teaching recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of environmental sustainability education.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0697
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 8
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    Compression Frequency Choice for Compression Mass Gauge Method and Effect on Measurement Accuracy (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: It is a difficult job to gauge the liquid fuel mass in a tank on spacecrafts under microgravity condition. Without the presence of strong buoyancy, the configuration of the liquid and gas in the tank is uncertain and more than one bubble may exist in the liquid part. All these will affect the measure accuracy of liquid mass gauge, especially for a method called Compression Mass Gauge (CMG). Four resonance resources affect the choice of compression frequency for CMG method. There are the structure resonance, liquid sloshing, transducer resonance and bubble resonance. Ground experimental apparatus are designed and built to validate the gauging method and the influence of different compression frequencies at different fill levels on the measurement accuracy. Harmonic phenomenon should be considered during filter design when processing test data. Results demonstrate the ground experiment system performances well with high accuracy and the measurement accuracy increases as the compression frequency climbs in low fill levels. But low compression frequencies should be the better choice for high fill levels. Liquid sloshing induces the measurement accuracy to degrade when the surface is excited to wave by external disturbance at the liquid natural frequency. The measurement accuracy is still acceptable at small amplitude vibration.
    Print ISSN: 0938-0108
    Electronic ISSN: 1875-0494
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Natural Sciences in General , Technology
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  • 9
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    Ethical Context and Ethical Decision Making: Examination of an Alternative Statistical Approach for Identifying Variable Relationships (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational ethical context and the individual ethical decision-making process. In addition, a new statistical approach combining cluster and discriminant analyses was developed to overcome violations of regression assumptions, which are commonly not identified and/or ignored in behavioral and psychological research. Using regressions and this new alternative method, the findings indicated that ethical context does indeed influence the various components of ethical reasoning. However, social desirability was the strongest predictor of ethical decision making, which raises new concerns about how this bias can confound business ethics research. Finally, the findings showed that the alternative method provided more useful and interpretive results, indicating that it has the capacity to influence future empirical work in the field of business ethics, particularly when dealing with data that do not satisfy regression assumptions. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed, and several noteworthy suggestions for future research are provided.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0697
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 10
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    Stability of Plane-Parallel Pulsational Flow of Two Miscible Fluids under High Frequency Horizontal Vibrations (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: Linear stability of plane-parallel pulsational flow of two miscible fluids in a horizontal layer subjected to high frequency horizontal vibrations is investigated neglecting viscosity and diffusion. Long-wave instability is studied analytically and instability to the perturbations with finite wavelength—numerically.
    Print ISSN: 0938-0108
    Electronic ISSN: 1875-0494
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Natural Sciences in General , Technology
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  • 11
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    In Lieu of a Sovereignty Shield, Multinational Corporations Should Be Responsible for the Harm They Cause (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Some progress has been made in recent decades to articulate corporate social responsibility (CSR) and, more recently, to associate CSR with international enforcement of human rights. This progress continues to be hampered, however, by the ability of a multinational corporation (MNC) that violates human rights not only to shift liability from itself to a nation-state but even to win compensation from that nation-state for loss of profits due to restrictions on its business activities. In the process, the nation-state’s sovereignty is diminishing; and, in effect, though still attributed to nation-states, it is being transferred to the MNC. The main aim of this article is (1) to draw on normative considerations to claim that this MNC proto-sovereignty should be modified and (2) to contend that this can eventually be accomplished by adding to corporate adoption of CSR guidelines a regimen of global human rights enforcement. I base this contention on expectations about the internationalization of corporate criminal law and the globalization of civil society in general and of NGOs in particular. I consider various jurisdictions but I focus on US jurisprudence.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0697
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 12
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    Knowledge and the Climate Change Issue: An Exploratory Study of Cluster and Extra-Cluster Effects (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Climate change, while potentially impacting many industries, appears to have considerable significance to the wine industry. Yet little is known about how firms acquire knowledge and gain an understanding of climate change and its impacts. This study, exploratory in nature and studying firms from the wine-producing region of Tasmania, is one of the first in the management literature to use cluster theory to examine the climate change issue. Firms are predicted to exchange knowledge about climate change more readily with other firms internal to the sub-cluster than with those external to the sub-cluster. The hypothesis does not find support. The study also proposes that the different characteristics of knowledge can either increase or decrease their flows in and around clusters. Specifically, “public” knowledge about climate change is predicted to flow more freely than “private” knowledge about climate change. The hypothesis does not find support. Finally, firms are expected to acquire knowledge about climate change from sources other than cluster-entrenched firms, and in particular peak national industry bodies. The hypothesis finds partial support. A discussion of the findings is presented along with future research directions.
    Print ISSN: 0167-4544
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0697
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 13
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    Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Value: Disaggregating the Effects on Cash Flow, Risk and Growth (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: This paper investigates the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on firm value and seeks to identify the source of that value, by disaggregating the effects on forecasted profitability, long-term growth and the cost of capital. The study explores the possible risk (reducing) effects of CSR and their implications for financial measures of performance. For individual dimensions of CSR, in general strengths are positively valued and concerns are negatively valued, although the effect is not universal across all dimensions of CSR. We show that these valuation effects are principally driven by CSR performance associated with better long run growth prospects, with an additional minor contribution made by a lower cost of equity capital.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0697
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 14
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    Teaching Business Ethics Through Strategically Integrated Micro-Insertions (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: This article identifies an integrated teaching strategy that was originally developed for engineers, the so-called ‘micro-insertion’ approach, as a practical and effective means to teach ethics at business schools. It is argued that instructors can incorporate not only generic or thematic learning objectives for students into this method (i.e., the intended content of what is being taught: in our case, an underlying ethical base for doing business), but also do so via a strategically integrated approach regarding the appropriate mix and timing of these micro-insertions. With this in mind, we propose a qualitative and example-based approach that endeavors to provide a versatile way for business teachers to incorporate ethics into their general business classes. We also present a conceptual and theoretical framework that underpins this method, and we further provide a set of specific examples and a practical table that show how business instructors might integrate ethics-oriented micro-insertions into their teaching.
    Print ISSN: 0167-4544
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 15
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    Bags for Life: The Embedding of Ethical Consumerism (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: The aim of this paper is to understand why some ethical behaviours fail to embed, and importantly what can be done about it. We address this by looking at an example where ethical behaviour has not become the norm, i.e. the widespread, habitual, use of ‘bags for life’. This is an interesting case because whilst a consistent message of ‘saving the environment’ has been the basis of the promotion of ‘bags for life’ in the United Kingdom for many years, their uptake has only recently become more widespread and still remains at low levels. Through an exploratory study, we unpack some of the contextual barriers which may influence ethical consumerism. We do this by examining the attitudes which influenced people to start using ‘bags for life’, and how people persuade others to use ‘bags for life’. We use a case study analysis to try and understand why ethical behaviour change has stalled and not become sustained. We find that both individuals and institutions play a significant interaction role in encouraging a sustained behavioural change towards ethical consumerism.
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 16
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    How CSR Leads to Corporate Brand Equity: Mediating Mechanisms of Corporate Brand Credibility and Reputation (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among corporate social responsibility (CSR), corporate brand credibility, corporate brand equity, and corporate reputation. Structural equation modeling analysis provided support for the hypotheses from a sample of 867 consumers in South Korea. The results showed that CSR has a direct positive effect on corporate brand credibility and corporate reputation. In addition, the results indicate that corporate brand credibility mediates the relationship between CSR and corporate reputation. Moreover, corporate brand credibility mediates the relationship between CSR and corporate reputation. Finally, the relationship between CSR and corporate brand equity is sequentially and fully mediated by corporate brand credibility and corporate reputation. The theoretical and managerial implications of the results and limitations are discussed, and future research directions are suggested.
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 17
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    Numbers and Everything (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: I begin by drawing a parallel between the intuitionistic understanding of quantification over all natural numbers and the generality relativist understanding of quantification over absolutely everything. I then argue that adoption of an intuitionistic reading of relativism not only provides an immediate reply to the absolutist's charge of incoherence but it also throws a new light on the debates surrounding absolute generality.
    Print ISSN: 0031-8019
    Electronic ISSN: 1744-6406
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 18
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    Dianoia Left and Right (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: In Plato's Phaedrus , Socrates offers two speeches, the first portraying madness as mere disease, the second celebrating madness as divine inspiration. Each speech is correct, says Socrates, though neither is complete. The two kinds of madness are like the left and right sides of a living body: no account that focuses on just one half can be adequate. In a recent paper, Hugh Benson gives a left-handed speech about a psychic condition endemic among mathematicians: dianoia . Benson acknowledges that his account is one-sided, but only hints at the virtues of right-handed dianoia . This note sketches a somewhat fuller picture.
    Print ISSN: 0031-8019
    Electronic ISSN: 1744-6406
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 19
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    On the Application of the Honeycomb Conjecture to the Bee's Honeycomb (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: In a recent paper, Aidan Lyon and Mark Colyvan have proposed an explanation of the structure of the bee's honeycomb based on the mathematical Honeycomb Conjecture. This explanation has instantly become one of the standard examples in the philosophical debate on mathematical explanations of physical phenomena. In this critical note, I argue that the explanation is not scientifically adequate. The reason for this is that the explanation fails to do justice to the essentially three-dimensional structure of the bee's honeycomb.
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 20
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    Hilary Putnam's Consistency Objection against Wittgenstein's Conventionalism in Mathematics (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: Hilary Putnam first published the consistency objection against Ludwig Wittgenstein’s account of mathematics in 1979. In 1983, Putnam and Benacerraf raised this objection against all conventionalist accounts of mathematics. I discuss the 1979 version and the scenario argument, which supports the key premise of the objection. The wide applicability of this objection is not apparent; I thus raise it against an imaginary axiomatic theory T similar to Peano arithmetic in all relevant aspects. I argue that a conventionalist can explain the consistency of T and suggest that an analogous explanation can be provided for the consistency of Peano arithmetic.
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 21
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    Deconstructing a Topological Sorites (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: In this paper I examine some difficulties with the argument presented as a topological sorites in Z. Weber and M. Colyvan, ‘A topological sorites’, Journal of Philosophy 107, 311–325. In particular, I suggest that the argument may be used to support the claim that sorites-type paradoxes cannot arise in a cohesive environment.
    Print ISSN: 0031-8019
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 22
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    PENELOPE MADDY. Defending the Axioms: On the Philosophical Foundations of Set Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-959618-8 (hbk); 978-0-19-967148-9 (pbk). Pp. x + 150 (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 23
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    SEBASTIEN GANDON. Russell's Unknown Logicism: A Study in the History and Philosophy of Mathematics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. ISBN 978-0-230-57699-5. Pp. xiv + 266 (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 24
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    BERNARD LINSKY. The Evolution of Principia Mathematica: Bertrand Russell's Manuscripts and Notes for the Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-107-00327-9. Pp. vii + 407 (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Print ISSN: 0031-8019
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 25
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    That We See That Some Diagrammatic Proofs Are Perfectly Rigorous (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: Mistaken reasons for thinking diagrammatic proofs aren't rigorous are explored. The main result is that a confusion between the contents of a proof procedure (what's expressed by the referential elements in a proof procedure) and the unarticulated mathematical aspects of a proof procedure (how that proof procedure is enabled) gives the impression that diagrammatic proofs are less rigorous than language proofs. An additional (and independent) factor is treating the impossibility of naturally generalizing a diagrammatic proof procedure as an indication of lack of rigor.
    Print ISSN: 0031-8019
    Electronic ISSN: 1744-6406
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 26
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    GORDON BELOT. Geometric Possibility. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-959532-7. Pp. x + 219 (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Print ISSN: 0031-8019
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 27
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    ALBERT LAUTMAN. Mathematics, Ideas and the Physical Real. Simon B. Duffy, trans. London and New York: Continuum, 2011. 978-1-4411-2344-2 (pbk); 978-1-44114656-4 (hbk); 978-1-44114433-1 (pdf e-bk); 978-1-44114654-0 (epub e-bk). Pp. xlii + 310 (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
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  • 28
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    Second-Order Arithmetic Sans Sets (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: This paper examines the ontological commitments of the second-order language of arithmetic and argues that they do not extend beyond the first-order language. Then, building on an argument by George Boolos, we develop a Tarski-style definition of a truth predicate for the second-order language of arithmetic that does not involve the assignment of sets to second-order variables but rather uses the same class of assignments standardly used in a definition for the first-order language.
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  • 29
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    MARK VAN ATTEN, PASCAL BOLDINI, MICHEL BOURDEAU, and GERHARD HEINZMANN, eds., One Hundred Years of Intuitionism (1907-2007): The Cerisy Conference. Basel, Boston, Berlin: Birkhauser, 2008. ISBN 978-3-7643-8652-8. Pp. xiii + 422 (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
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    APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS and BARRY MAZUR, eds. Circles Disturbed: The Interplay of Mathematics and Narrative (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Print ISSN: 0031-8019
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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    CHRISTOPHER PINCOCK. Mathematics and Scientific Representation. Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-975710-7. Pp. xv + 330 (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
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    GUILLERMO E. ROSADO HADDOCK, Against the Current: Selected Philosophical Papers (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
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    WILLIAM DEMOPOULOS. Logicism and its Philosophical Legacy (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
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    In Defense of Bertrand: The Non-Restrictiveness of Reasoning by Example (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: This note has three goals. First, we discuss a presentation of Bertrand's paradox in a recent issue of Philosophia Mathematica , which we believe to be a subtle but important misinterpretation of the problem. We compare claims made about Bertrand with his 1889 Calcul des Probabilités . Second, we use this source to understand Bertrand's true intention in describing what we now call his paradox, comparing it both to another problem he describes in the same section and to a modern treatment. Finally, we briefly consider the importance of knowing when a specific example represents a general case.
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    MIRCEA PITICI, ed. The Best Writing on Mathematics 2012 (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
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    One Justice or Two? A Model of Reconciliation of Normative Justice Theories and Empirical Research on Organizational Justice (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-10
    Description: Management scholars and social scientists investigate dynamics of subjective fairness perceptions in the workplace under the umbrella term “organizational justice.” Philosophers and ethicists, on the other hand, think of justice as a normative requirement in societal relationships with conflicting interests. Both ways of looking at justice have neither remained fully separated nor been clearly integrated. It seems that much could be gained and learned by more closely integrating the ethical and the empirical fields of justice. On the other hand, it may simply not be possible to bridge the divide between the subjective empirical and the normative prescriptive justice as both fields pose different questions and rely on different assumptions and methods. In this paper, we propose a “reconciliation” model, as a third way of considering justice in the workplace, taking into account normative and psychological issues pertaining to justice. Through applying a reconciliation model, we provide a new way of looking at the interconnections between justice philosophy and organizational justice that could advance future research in both fields. Our model also implies that justice researchers can and should be concerned with the moral implications of their own subject of research.
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    Biomaterials in the nano-era (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: This article is a brief summary of my plenary talk at the World Biomaterials Congress in Chengdu, Sichuan, China, June 1–5, 2012. It highlights the trend to design and develop biomaterial implants and devices that are more compact and more efficient, as they “shrink” from the macro- to the micro- and down to the nano-scale.
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    Corporate Environmental Responsibility in Polluting Industries: Does Religion Matter? (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Using a sample of Chinese listed firms in polluting industries for the period of 2008–2010, we empirically investigate whether and how Buddhism, China’s most influential religion, affects corporate environmental responsibility (CER). In this study, we measure Buddhist variables as the number of Buddhist monasteries within a certain radius around Chinese listed firms’ registered addresses. In addition, we hand-collect corporate environmental disclosure scores based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) sustainability reporting guidelines. Using hand-collected Buddhism data and corporate environmental disclosure scores, we provide strong and robust evidence that Buddhism is significantly positively associated with CER. This finding is consistent with the following view: Buddhism can serve as social norms to evoke the consciousness of social responsibility, and thereof strengthen CER. Our findings also reveal that the positive association between Buddhism and CER is attenuated for firms with higher law enforcement index. The results are robust to various measures of Buddhism and a variety of sensitivity tests.
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    Environmental Mutual Funds: Financial Performance and Managerial Abilities (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: This article analyzes the financial performance and managerial abilities of a sample of US and European socially responsible (SR) mutual funds. The period analyzed commences from January 1994 and concludes in January 2013 and yields 18 US and 89 European green funds. The results obtained for green fund managers are compared with those achieved for conventional and other forms of SR mutual fund managers. We control for the mutual fund investment objective (distinguishing between domestic and global portfolios) and for the effect of crisis market periods. For US SR funds, partitioning the data into crisis and normal periods reveals that SR funds obtain statistically insignificant performance in crisis periods but underperform relative to the market in normal periods. Furthermore, the findings indicate that green funds do not perform worse than other forms of SR mutual funds. For European SR funds partitioning the data into crisis and normal periods reveals that SR funds obtain statistically insignificant performance irrespective of market conditions. Similar to the US findings, green Europe SR funds do not perform worse than other forms of SR mutual funds. Managerial abilities are not evident in the findings though unsuccessful timing of the market is revealed for both Europe and US global green funds. When analyzing managerial abilities in crisis and non-crisis market periods, US green fund managers achieve better results in crisis market periods and the opposite occurs for green fund managers in European market.
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    Ethical Climate and Purchasing Social Responsibility: A Benevolence Focus (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-24
    Description: Using a sample of multinational firms in Germany, we develop and empirically examine a model to test the effects of ethical climate and its antecedents on purchasing social responsibility (PSR). Our results show different effects of benevolence dimensions of ethical climate on PSR: employee-focused climate has no effect, but community-focused climate is a significant driver of PSR. The results also show that top management ethical norms and code of conduct implementation impact PSR directly as well as indirectly through ethical climate.
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    The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior: Linear or Curvilinear Effects? (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-24
    Description: In this study, we examine the nature of the relationship between ethical leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB), defined as unethical behavior conducted by employees with the aim of benefiting their organization, and whether the strength of the relationship differs between subordinates experiencing high and low identification with supervisor. Based on three-wave survey data obtained from 239 public sector employees in China, we find that ethical leadership has an inverted u-shaped (curvilinear) relationship with UPB. As the level of ethical leadership increases from low to moderate, UPB increases; as the level of ethical leadership increases from moderate to high, UPB decreases. Further, we find that the strength of this inverted u-curve relationship differs between subordinates with high and low identification with supervisor. That is to say, the inverted u-shaped relationship between ethical leadership and UPB was stronger when subordinates experienced high levels of identification with supervisor. The theoretical and managerial implications of our findings for understanding how to manage UPB in an organizational context are discussed.
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    Falling or Not Falling into Temptation? Multiple Faces of Temptation, Monetary Intelligence, and Unethical Intentions Across Gender (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-24
    Description: We develop a theoretical model, explore the relationship between temptation (both reflective and formative) and unethical intentions by treating monetary intelligence (MI) as a mediator, and examine the direct (temptation to unethical intentions) and indirect (temptation to MI to unethical intentions) paths simultaneously based on multiple-wave panel data collected from 340 part-time employees and university (business) students. The positive indirect path suggested that yielding to temptation (e.g., high cognitive impairment and lack of self-control) led to poor MI (low stewardship behavior, but high cognitive meaning) that, in turn, led to high unethical intentions (theft, corruption, and deception). Our counterintuitive negative direct path revealed that those who controlled their temptation had high unethical intentions. Due to the multiple faces of temptation (the suppression effect), maliciously controlled temptation (low cognitive impairment and high self control) led to deviant intentions. Subsequent multi-group analysis across gender (a moderator) reformulated the mystery of temptation: a negative direct path for males, but a positive indirect path for females. For males, the negative direct path generated a dark impact on unethical intentions; for females, the positive indirect path did not, but offered great implications for consumer behavior. Both falling “and” not falling into temptation led to unethical intentions which varied across gender. Our counterintuitive, novel, and original theoretical, empirical, and practical contributions may spark curiosity and add new vocabulary to the conversation regarding temptation, money attitudes, consumer psychology, and business ethics.
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    Work Values Ethic, GNP Per Capita and Country of Birth Relationships (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-24
    Description: Workplaces around the world have experienced extraordinary changes to the composition of their workforces and the nature of work. Few studies have explored workers from multiple countries of birth, with multiple religious orientations, working together within a single country of residence. Building on and extending the Work Values Ethic (WVE) literature, we examine 1,382 responses from employees working in three manufacturing companies. Differences were found in the mean WVE scores of groups of respondents from 42 countries of birth. Their WVE scores were strongly associated with their birth countries’ per capita Gross National Product (GNP), and the means of these scores did not change with variations in the respondents’ length of residence in a different country. These results have implications for developing cross-cultural management practices and for improving relationships with employees, with opportunities for increased commitment and, potentially, productivity.
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    Does It Make Sense to Be a Loyal Employee? (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-24
    Description: Loyalty is a much-discussed topic among business ethicists, but this discussion seems to have issued in very few clear conclusions. This article builds on the existing literature on the subject and attempts to ground a definite conclusion on a limited topic: whether, and under what conditions, it makes sense for an employee to offer loyalty to his employer. The main ways in which loyalty to one’s employer can contribute to human flourishing are that it makes the employee more trustworthy and therefore more valuable as an employee; makes it easier to form authentic relationships in other areas of the employee’s life; expands the employee’s field of interests and gives her or him a richer identity; provides greater motivation for the employee’s work; makes it possible to have a greater unity in the employee’s life; improves the performance of the organization for which the employee works; contributes to the protection of valuable social institutions; and, in so far as many employees share an attitude of loyalty towards the organization which employs them, it becomes possible for this organization to become a true community. Last, but not the least, loyal relationships have an inherent value. The article also reviews the main arguments that have been offered against employee loyalty and concludes that none of them offers a reason why it would be inappropriate in all cases for an employee to be loyal to her or his employer. The force of these arguments depends on the specific attributes of the organization for which the employee works. The main conclusion of the article is that while being a loyal employee involves risk, it has the potential to contribute significantly to the employee’s fulfilment. The main challenge for employees is to identify employers who are worthy of being loyal to.
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    The Relationships of Empathy, Moral Identity and Cynicism with Consumers’ Ethical Beliefs: The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: This study examines the relationships of empathy, moral identity and cynicism with the following dimensions of consumer ethics: the passive dimension (passively benefiting at the expense of the seller), the active/legal dimension (benefiting from questionable but legal actions), the ‘no harm, no foul’ dimension (actions that do not harm anyone directly but are considered unethical by some) and the ‘doing-good’/recycling dimension (pro-social actions). A survey of six hundred Australian consumers revealed that both empathy and moral identity were related to negative beliefs regarding the passive and the active/legal dimensions of consumer ethics and were related to positive beliefs regarding the ‘doing-good’/recycling dimension. Cynicism was related to positive beliefs regarding the passive dimension of consumer ethics and was related to negative beliefs regarding the ‘doing-good’/recycling dimension. The role of moral disengagement in mediating these relationships was examined. Empathy and moral identity were only indirectly negatively related to the ‘no harm, no foul’ dimension of consumer ethics through moral disengagement, while cynicism was indirectly positively related to this dimension through moral disengagement. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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    Is the Red Dragon Green? An Examination of the Antecedents and Consequences of Environmental Proactivity in China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: China is the world’s second largest economy and the largest emitter of carbon dioxide, yet we know little about environmental proactivity in the most populated country in the world. We address this gap through a survey of 161 Chinese companies with two respondents per firm ( N  = 322), where we seek to identify the antecedents and consequences of environmental proactivity. We identify two categorizations of environmental proactivity: Environmental operational improvements and environmental reporting. We find that ecological motivations and regulatory stakeholder pressure are positively related to both types of environmental proactivity, and external stakeholder pressure is negatively related to environmental reporting. Furthermore, we find that (1) if a firm is environmentally proactive (as it relates to either measure) and they are ecologically motivated, there is a positive and significant cost advantage, and (2) if a firm makes use of environmental operational improvement and they are competitively motivated, there is a positive and significant reputation advantage. Implications for researchers, managers, and policy-makers in China are discussed.
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    A Conceptual Framework for Constructing a Corruption Diffusion Index (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework for constructing a diffusion index of changes in overall perceptions with respect to corruption. The corruption diffusion index we construct lies between 0 (the greatest overall deterioration in corruption perceptions) and 100 (the greatest overall improvement in corruption perceptions) with 50 (no change in corruption perceptions) as the critical reference. The proposed methodology is applied to the 2010/2011 global corruption barometer survey data. Possible refinements of the proposed methodology to capture the potentially multi-dimensional nature of corruption and the practical challenges associated with the empirical implementation are discussed.
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    Nanotechnologies and Green Knowledge Creation: Paradox or Enhancer of Sustainable Solutions? (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: By exploring whether nanotechnologies have the potential to generate green innovations, we consider the paradox between the negative and positive side-effects that could come with the development of nanotechnologies. Starting from the conceptual framework of green product innovation, the potential green innovation activity of more than 14,000 firms of the nanotech sector is investigated. Using a query-search method, their patenting activity is explored. Results first show that there is an increasing trend toward the creation of fundamental green knowledge by firms involved in nanotechnologies; second, they demonstrate that energy efficiency is the main driver of green knowledge creation in the sector and third they reveal the main characteristics of nanotech firms creating green knowledge. Beyond their contribution to the debate between positive and negative outcomes of nanotechnology developments, these results also enrich the conceptual framework of green product innovation—a key route to achieving sustainability at the same time as growth.
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    Simulating Propellant Reorientation of Vehicle Upper Stage in Microgravity Environment (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: The computational and experimental studies have been performed to investigate the hydrodynamic process of liquid propellant reorientation for the launch vehicle series fuel tanks in microgravity environment. The VOF method was used to simulate the free surface flow of gas-liquid. The process of the liquid propellant reorientation started from initially curved interface at low Bond number. The propellant reorientation flow procedure at high Bond number was obtained from numerical simulation and scale model experiment in drop tower. The numerical results agreed well with the experiments. The results can be used to adjust the engineering reorientation parameters.
    Print ISSN: 0938-0108
    Electronic ISSN: 1875-0494
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Natural Sciences in General , Technology
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    Interfacial Temperature Discontinuities in a Thin Liquid Layer during Evaporation (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-30
    Description: Recent measurements of the temperature profiles across the liquid-vapor interface of a steady evaporating liquid were performed in a thin planar liquid layer subjected to externally imposed horizontal temperature differences when the interface was open to air. Temperature discontinuities have been found to exist at the interface with an growing tendency as the imposed horizontal temperature difference increasing. Under the co-influence of thermocapillary convection and evaporation effect, a thin layer of 0.5 mm thick with approximate uniform temperature was found just below the liquid-vapor interface. Repeated experiments and further comparisons of the interfacial temperature profiles for different spatial positions along the streamwise center line and varying depths of the liquid layer were also carried out. And the temperature discontinuity was found related to the temperature in liquid phase, which was strongly influenced by the coupling of thermocapillary convection and evaporation effect.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Natural Sciences in General , Technology
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    Corporate Governance Quality and CSR Disclosures (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-30
    Description: Given the increasing importance attached to both corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate governance, this study investigates the association between these two complimentary mechanisms used by companies to enhance relations with stakeholders. Consistent with both legitimacy and stakeholder theory and controlling for industry profile, firm size, stockholder power/dispersion, creditor power/leverage, and economic performance, our analysis of the annual reports for a sample of 222 listed companies suggests that firms providing more CSR information: have better corporate governance ratings; are larger; belong to higher profile industries; and are more highly leveraged. Our findings support the limited prior research suggesting a link between corporate governance quality and CSR disclosure in company annual reports and suggest that, rather than mandating specific disclosures, regulators might be better served focussing on corporate governance quality as a way of increasing CSR disclosures.
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    Preparation of composite adsorbent with high performance of heat and mass transfer (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-03
    Description: To develop a new composite adsorbent with high performance, fir sawdust and CaCl 2 are selected as raw materials. The mass transfer is enhanced by carbonizing and activating the sawdust and heat transfer is enhanced by adding expanded graphite into the adsorbent. The effect of the preparation temperature and the expanded graphite content on the adsorption performance is investigated. The results show that the new adsorbent exhibits a high adsorption performance due to its high porosity, uniform distribution and high content of CaCl 2 and high thermal conductivity. Also, the experimental results indicate that the rate of ammonia adsorption on the adsorbent depends on the expanded graphite content and the carbonization and activation temperature. The adsorbent prepared at 500°C and with the expanded graphite content of 30% has the best performance in terms of the adsorption refrigeration, which adsorbs ammonia as high as 0.37 g g −1 at 10 min.
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    Effect of TMGa flux on GaN films deposited on Ti coated on glass substrates at low temperature (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-03
    Description: Highly c -axis-oriented GaN films were deposited on Ti coated glass substrates using low temperature electron cyclotron resonance plasma enhanced metal organic chemical vapor deposition system (ECR-PEMOCVD) with trimethyl gallium (TMGa) as gallium source. The influence of TMGa flux on the properties of GaN films were systematically investigated by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman scattering. The GaN film with small surface roughness and high c -axis preferred orientation was successfully achieved at the optimized TMGa flux of 1.0 sccm. The ohmic contact characteristic between GaN and Ti layer was clearly demonstrated by the near-linear current-voltage ( I–V ) curve. The GaN/Ti/glass structure has great potential to dramatically improve the scalability and reduce the cost of solid-state lighting light emitting diodes.
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    Effect of microstructure and surface chemistry in liquid-phase adsorptive nicotine by almond-shell-based activated carbon (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-03
    Description: The effect of microstructure and surface chemistry on nicotine adsorption capacity of almond-shell-based activated carbon was studied. Almond-shell-based activated carbon was reactivated or modified with steam, ZnCl 2 and NaHSO 4 separately. The surface area and pore structure parameters of activated carbon were determined from the adsorption-desorption isotherm of nitrogen at 77 K. Boehm titration and FTIR were explored to determine the surface oxygen groups. The results revealed that nicotine adsorption from solution on carbons depend on the micropores and phenolic groups. A strong correlation between the amounts of adsorbed nicotine and the phenolic groups was observed, whereas the higher amounts of carboxylic groups decrease the nicotine adsorption capacity on activated carbons.
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    Money, Emotions, and Ethics Across Individuals and Countries (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-05
    Description: This article presents two separate but closely related studies. We used a first sample to investigate the relationships among individuals’ reports of their income and their subjective well-being, and their approval of unethical behavior in 27 countries and a second sample to investigate the relationship between corruption in 55 countries and their populace’s aggregated feelings of subjective well-being (happiness). Analysis of data from 27,762 working professionals showed that, although reported feelings of subjective well-being were negatively related to their approval of unethical behaviors, income was positively related to their approval of unethical behaviors. In addition, the effects for feelings of subjective well-being were particularly strong for high-income people. Analyses also showed that, after controlling for economic development and other country-level factors, corruption was negatively related to a country’s feelings of happiness. These findings suggest that feelings of subjective well-being may lead to more ethical, less corrupt behavior and that the tolerance of unethical, corrupt behavior may lead to less collective happiness and subjective well-being.
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    Ethics Trumps Culture? A Cross-National Study of Business Leader Responsibility for Downsizing and CSR Perceptions (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-05
    Description: Downsizing remains a topic of great interest to both academics and practitioners. Yet, the impact of layoff decisions on perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has hardly been studied. We examine the impact of responsibility of business leaders making these layoff decisions, and characteristics of the downsizing implementation on convergence and divergence in (1) CSR perceptions, (2) victims’ perceptions of fairness, and (3) survivor commitment, in four countries. Using an experimental design, sixteen scenarios were distributed to (1) 163 managers in Estonia, (2) 152 MBA students in India and 125 MBA students in France, and (3) 186 (non-traditional) undergraduate students in the USA. Results suggest that when top managers are attributed with the responsibility for downsizing, the resulting perceptions of CSR are negative. A similar pattern of results is obtained for victims’ perceptions of fairness and survivor commitment. In addition, although there are differences in effect-size based on differences in power distance, these results hold good (are similar) across the four countries, from four different society clusters. We discuss implications, limitations, and future research directions.
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    Managing CSR Stakeholder Engagement: A New Conceptual Framework (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-05
    Description: As concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) continue to evolve, the predicament facing CSR managers when attempting to balance the differing interests of various stakeholders remains a persistent management challenge. A review of the extensive literature in this field reveals that the conceptualisation of corporate approaches to responsible stakeholder management remains underdeveloped. In particular, CSR practices within the specific context of the pharmaceutical industry, a sector which particularly dramatically depicts the stakeholder management dilemmas faced by business managers, has been under-researched. To address this gap, this paper utilises qualitative, exploratory data, obtained via multiple research methods, to investigate the CSR practices of major pharmaceutical companies in the UK and Germany. The data are employed to critically re-examine and revise a previously published explanatory framework which identifies the management steps involved in CSR stakeholder engagement. The resulting revised explanatory framework is the main contribution of this paper. By abstracting those factors which influence CSR practice, it provides an analytical tool which is designed to be of practical use for business decision-makers when managing their stakeholder engagement activities. Given that the research addresses values and ideals and prescribes practical recommendations for practitioners, it is essentially applied and normative in nature. Ultimately, the framework proposes a set of steps for developing CSR strategies which could help CSR professionals to make a ‘mindset transition’ from a narrower ‘traditional’ approach to CSR to a more innovative way of thinking.
    Print ISSN: 0167-4544
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0697
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    The Harmonization and Convergence of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting Standards (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-05
    Description: The goal of this article is to evaluate the future of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting in terms of the harmonization of reporting standards. The evolution and convergence of financial reporting standards are compared to that of CSR reporting standards. In addition, four globally recognized CSR reporting standards are evaluated. The content of each standard is reviewed, a representative from each standard organization is interviewed, and the standards are evaluated for decision usefulness. This research suggests that the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) would be the best standard to provide decision useful information. This analysis is reinforced by recent events in the transformation of CSR reporting standards and provides insight into the possible future development of CSR reporting standards.
    Print ISSN: 0167-4544
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0697
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    Co-seismic response of groundwater level in the Three Gorges well network and its relationship to aquifer parameters (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: The 12 May 2008 M s 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake caused notable changes in the water levels of wells in the Three Gorges area. This work examines the relationship between these co-seismic changes in water level and the changes in aquifer parameters. Three wells in the area with good responses to earth tide were chosen for analysis. Water-level data from February to June 2008 were used to calculate the aquifer transmissivity, permeability and specific storage of the rocks, and analyze the relationship between the co-seismic responses of the wells and their aquifer parameters. The results show that the Wenchuan earthquake changed these parameters considerably, thereby controlling co- and post-seismic variations of water level. The values of these parameters prior to the earthquake are linearly related with the amplitudes of co-seismic variations in water level. The larger the aquifer transmissivity, the more remarkable the co-seismic change in water level. During the earthquake, changes in aquifer parameters were found to be associated with co-seismic variations in water level, with the larger changes occurring when the co-seismic variation in water level was larger. The tectonic setting has a certain degree of influence on the co- and post-seismic changes in water level. The permeability structures of the fault zone appear to determine the manner of co-seismic variation in water level. Moreover, it seems that the water level in wells where groundwater converges more easily can recover faster following an earthquake. Insight from this study helps to improve understanding of the characteristics of water-level changes caused by earthquakes.
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Cellular fluorescent high-throughput screening assays of the ATP-gated P2X 7 receptor (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: The P2X 7 receptor (P2X 7 R) is an important member of the P2X family of ligand-gated ion channels that respond to ATP as the endogenous agonist. Studies suggest that P2X 7 R plays a potentially pivotal role in a variety of physiological functions, including peripheral and central neuronal transmission, smooth muscle contraction, and inflammation. Thus, P2X 7 R may be a potential target for drug development. Here, we used a FlexStation to examine the function of recombinant P2X 7 R stably expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and to compare three high-throughput screening assays: a membrane potential assay, an ethidium bromide uptake assay, and a calcium influx assay. We found that all three assays were suitable for the analysis of P2X 7 R, but the calcium influx assay was the most robust and is the best choice as a first high-throughput screening assay when embarking on a P2X 7 R drug discovery project.
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Surface wetting processing on BNNT films by selective plasma modes (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: The wettability of boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) films was modified using a combination of pulsed and continuous wave (CW) mode plasma. The combined mode effectively modified the wettability of BNNT films and kept the nanostructures intact. The BNNT films changed from superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic after combined mode treatment at 600 W min. In contrast, the contact angle controllable decreased linearly in a controllable way with increasing energy input before eventually becoming superhydrophilic after 1000 W min of CW mode treatment. A high concentration of graft functional groups formed, along with point defects. More point defects formed when using combined modes and higher energy input. Mainly amine functional groups were grafted by combined mode plasma, while the CW mode plasma led to more formation of amide and imine on the BNNTs. Research into controllable wettability and selection of grafted functional groups should enable promising applications of BNNTs in composites and biology in the future.
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    The Media Impact of Board Member Appointments in Spanish-Listed Companies: A Gender Perspective (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-09
    Description: Recent corporate governance literature on gender diversity within boards has linked the effect of an increase in gender diversity to the firm’s corporate reputation. This paper analyzes the media impact of appointing new directors of Spanish companies at a particularly significant moment, during the period from 2007 to 2010, just a year before and 3 years after the Gender Equality Act was passed. By analyzing female and male board nominations in Spanish IBEX-35 companies, the paper examines whether appointing a female does have greater visibility than appointing a male, and thus a potential signaling effect for corporate stakeholders and an effect on the firm’s reputation. Results indicate that the effect on press visibility of appointing a female versus a male is negligible, although there is significant media visibility for new executive directors, in particular for the case of the only woman nominated as an executive director during the period. The paper contributes to the existing literature on gender diversity in corporate governance, specifically its effect on corporate reputation. The paper also offers information relevant to policy making and in particular to the current debate over quotas for women on boards.
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    Microscopy in this issue (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Print ISSN: 0022-0744
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-9986
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Electron Microscopy Society.
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    Yeast and fungal cell-wall polysaccharides can self-assemble in vitro into an ultrastructure resembling in vivo yeast cell walls (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: Polysaccharides account for more than 90% of the content of fungal cell walls, but the mechanism underlying the formation of the architecture of the cell walls, which consist of microfibrils embedded in an amorphous wall matrix, remains unknown. We used electron microscopy to investigate ten different fungal cell-wall polysaccharides to determine whether they could self-assemble into the fibrillar or amorphous component of fungal cell walls in a test tube without enzymes. The ultrastructures formed by precipitating β-1,3-glucan and β-1,6-glucan are different depending on the existence of branching in the molecule. Linear β-1,3-glucan and linear β-1,6-glucan precipitate into a fibrillar ultrastructure. Branched β-1,6-glucan, mannan and glycogen precipitates are amorphous. Branched β-1,3-glucan forms a fibrillar plus amorphous ultrastructure. Self-assembly among combinations of different linear and branched cell-wall polysaccharides results in an ultrastructure that resembles that of a yeast cell wall, which suggests that self-assembly of polysaccharides may participate in the development of the three-dimensional architecture of the yeast cell wall.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Standard molar enthalpy of formation of uniform CdMoO 4 nano-octahedra (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Controllable synthesis of uniform and single-crystalline CdMoO 4 nano-octahedra has been successfully realized at large-scale by a facile reverse-microemulsion route at room temperature. The structures, compositions and morphologies of the as-prepared products were characterized in detail by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. According to the thermochemical cycle, the relationship between the standard molar enthalpy of formation of nano-CdMoO 4 and bulk CdMoO 4 was proposed for the first time. In combination with micro-calorimetry, the standard molar enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K of as-ynthesized CdMoO 4 nano-octahedra were obtained.
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    Natural selection through survival alone, and the possibility of Gaia (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: Here I advance two related evolutionary propositions. (1) Natural selection is most often considered to require competition between reproducing “individuals” , sometimes quite broadly conceived, as in cases of clonal, species or multispecies-community selection. But differential survival of non-competing and non-reproducing individuals will also result in increasing frequencies of survival-promoting “adaptations” among survivors, and thus is also a kind of natural selection. (2) Darwinists have challenged the view that the Earth’s biosphere is an evolved global homeostatic system. Since there is only one biosphere, reproductive competition cannot have been involved in selection for such survival-promoting adaptations, they claim. But natural selection through survival could reconcile Gaia with evolutionary theory.
    Print ISSN: 0169-3867
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-8404
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Endocytic mechanism of transferrin-conjugated nanoparticles and the effects of their size and ligand number on the efficiency of drug delivery (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: When considering drug delivery, the amount of drug that can be carried at a particular time and how the drug is incorporated efficiently into cells are important parameters. Transferrin (Tf)-conjugated nanocarriers have been used for the targeted delivery of drugs to cancer cells due to the availability of receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent endocytosis. In general, however, endocytosis seems to differ according to the size and shape of carriers. Large substances are generally internalized into cells by phagocytosis. We studied the internalization mechanism of Tf-conjugated nanoparticles (diameter, 522 nm). Tf-conjugated polystyrene particles were incorporated into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis with large clathrin-coated vesicles even though their diameter was 〉500 nm and despite that fact that clathrin-coated vesicles have a diameter of 100 nm. This finding suggests that signals for internalization generated by stimulated Tf receptors (TfRs) activate clathrin-mediated endocytosis preferentially. Whether these larger particles could deliver drugs more efficiently than smaller particles was then examined. The toxicity of larger Tf-conjugated biodegradable nanoparticles (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) encapsulating doxorubicin (diameter, 216 ± 38 nm) was appreciably dependent on the number of Tf molecules conjugated on a particle and the number of TfRs expressed on the cell membrane. Larger Tf-conjugated particles delivered drugs to cancer cells expressing many TfRs more selectively than their smaller counterparts (diameter, 56 ± 9 nm) if they were decorated with an appropriate number of Tf molecules.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Imaging and diffraction of protein crystallization using TEM (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: Structural biology relies on good-quality protein crystals in order for structure determination. Many factors affect the growth process of a protein crystal including the way it nucleates and the types of damage and contamination during its growth. Although the nucleation process and quality of a crystal is vital to structure determination, they are both under-studied areas of research. Our research begins to explore ways of measuring the quality of protein crystals, using TEM, thus overcoming the problems associated with viewing wet specimens in a vacuum. Our current understanding of nucleation is that it is a two-step mechanism involving the formation of nuclei from dense liquid clusters; however; it is still unclear whether nuclei first start as amorphous aggregates or as crystalline lattices. Potentially, electron diffraction may be capable of uncovering this process. Using TEM imaging and diffraction of lysozyme as a model protein crystal, we report the internal two-dimensional strain and the density of crystallites in a protein crystal, at a resolution never seen before. The TEM diffraction shows unique features of crystal mosaicity that can be directly correlated to TEM images.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Human embryonic stem cells-derived endothelial cell therapy facilitates kidney regeneration by stimulating renal resident stem cell proliferation in acute kidney injury (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-07
    Description: Endothelial cell therapy has been implicated to enhance tissue regeneration and vascularization in ischemic kidney. However, no published study has yet examined direct effects of endothelial cell treatment in kidney recovery. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of endothelial cells in a mouse model with acute kidney injury (AKI). Thus, human embryonic stem cells-derived endothelial cells (hESC-ECs) labeled with a reporter system encoding a double fusion reporter gene for firefly luciferase (Fluc) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were characterized by Fluc imaging and immunofluoresence staining. Cultured hESC-ECs (1×10 6 ) were injected into ischemic kidney shortly after AKI. Survival of the transplanted hESC-ECs was monitored in vivo from day 1 to 14 after endothelial cell transplantation and potential impact of hESC-EC treatment on renal regeneration was assessed by histological analyses. We report that a substantial level of bioluminescence activity was detected 24 h after hESC-EC injection followed by a gradual decline from 1 to 14 d. Human ESC-ECs markedly accelerated kidney cell proliferation in response to ischaemia-induced damage, indicated by an elevated number of BrdU + cells. Co-expression of Sca-1, a kidney stem cell proliferation marker, and BrdU further suggested that the observed stimulation in renal cell regeneration was, at least in part, due to increased proliferation of renal resident stem cells especially within the medullary cords and arteriole. Differentiation of hESC-ECs to smooth muscle cells was also observed at an early stage of kidney recovery. In summary, our results suggest that endothelial cell therapy facilitates kidney recovery by promoting vascularization, trans-differentiation and endogenous renal stem cell proliferation in AKI.
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    3D DNA origami designed with caDNAno (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: For about three decades, DNA-based nanotechnology has been undergoing development as an assembly method for nanostructured materials. The DNA origami method pioneered by Rothemund paved the way for the formation of 3D structures using DNA self assembly. The origami approach uses a long scaffold strand as the input for the self assembly of a few hundred staple strands into desired shapes. Herein, we present a 3D origami “roller” (75 nm in length) designed using caDNAno software. This has the potential to be used as a template to assemble nanoparticles into different pre-defined shapes. The “roller” was characterized with agarose gel electrophoresis, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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    Effects of no mating on the female adults and embryonic development of Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: The newly emerged adult females of Schistocerca gregaria were separated and kept in the rearing conditions without males to examine the detailed developmental characteristic of the no mating females and carefully observed the developmental progress of non-fertilised eggs laid by virgin females. The results showed that the females kept without males survived in average 43 d, i.e. 58% of the life span of mated controls, and laid correspondingly fewer egg pods. The size of egg batches, the weight of eggs, and their content of ecdysteroids were normal but the hatch rate was reduced to 18.27%. Blocks of early embryogenesis (58.43%) and hatching failures (23.29%) were the major causes of death. Moreover, most of the hatched insects died during the postembryonic development and only a few females reached the adult stage. All insects that developed until the penultimate or last larval instar or reached the adult stage were females.
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    Deleting a marked state in quantum database in a duality computing mode (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: In this article, we present a deletion algorithm in the duality computer that deletes a marked state from an even superposition of all basis-states with certainty. This duality computer deletion algorithm requires a single query, and this achieves exponential speedup over classical algorithm. Using a duality mode and recycling quantum computing, we provide a realization of this duality computer deletion algorithm in quantum computer.
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    Nano-opto-electronics for biomedicine (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Nano-opto-electronics for biomedicine is a developing interdisciplinary field. Related areas of this field are tried to be classified and outlined herein. Progresses in the different areas were reviewed based on the research development of the invited experts. Prospects of nano-opto-electronics for biomedicine are discussed.
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    A new long-acting GLP-1 derivative KTP ameliorates hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia and improves pancreas and fatty liver in db / db mice (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a polypeptide incretin hormone that glucose-dependently promotes the secretion and synthesis of insulin. However, its half-life is extremely short. To enhance its half-life, we developed a long-acting GLP-1 derivative KTP with controlled release, designed on the basis of another GLP-1 derivative GP62. The kinetics and bioactivity of KTP were evaluated in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Long-term treatment of KTP was performed in db / db mice. Mice were treated twice daily with subcutaneous injections of KTP (1.2 mg/kg body weight), Exendin-4 (0.1 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle (phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4) for 60 days. KTP had a longer half-life, as well as further increasing the secretion and production of insulin and reducing blood glucose concentrations, than GP62. Long-term treatment with KTP also induced anorexia, decreased water and food intake, decreased weight gain, improved blood glucose and blood lipid and ameliorated pancreatic damage and fatty liver in db / db mice.
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    Properties and the Interpretation of Second-Order Logic (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-11
    Description: This paper defends a deflationary conception of properties, according to which a property exists if and only if there could be a predicate with appropriate satisfaction conditions. I argue that purely general properties and relations necessarily exist and discuss the bearing of this conception of properties on the interpretation of higher-order logic and on Quine's charge that higher-order logic is ‘set theory in sheep's clothing’. On my approach, the usual semantics involves a false assimilation of the logic to set theory. I conclude with remarks about implications for the programme of founding mathematical theories in higher-order logic plus abstraction principles.
    Print ISSN: 0031-8019
    Electronic ISSN: 1744-6406
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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    Introduction: Logicism Today (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-11
    Print ISSN: 0031-8019
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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    Zermelo and Russell's Paradox: Is There a Universal set? (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-11
    Description: Zermelo once wrote that he had anticipated Russell's contradiction of the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Is this sufficient for having anticipated Russell's Paradox — the paradox that revealed the untenability of the logical notion of a set as an extension? This paper argues that it is not sufficient and offers criteria that are necessary and sufficient for having discovered Russell's Paradox. It is shown that there is ample evidence that Russell satisfied the criteria and that Zermelo did not.
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    Variable, Structure, and Restricted Generality (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-11
    Description: From 1905–1908 onward, Russell thought that his new ‘substitutional theory’ provided him with the right framework to resolve the set-theoretic paradoxes. Even if he did not finally retain this resolution, the substitutional strategy was instrumental in the development of his thought. The aim of this paper is not historical, however. It is to show that Russell's substitutional insight can shed new light on current issues in philosophy of mathematics. After having briefly expounded Russell's key notion of a ‘structured variable’, I connect it to two ongoing discussions: the Caesar problem, and absolute generality.
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    MIRCEA PITICI, ed. The Best Writing on Mathematics 2011 (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-11
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    DAVID HILBERT. David Hilbert's lectures on the foundations of geometry, 1891-1902. Michael Hallett and Ulrich Majer, eds. David Hilbert's Foundational Lectures; 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2004. ISBN 3-540-64373-7. Pp. xxviii + 661 (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-11
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    Enlarging One's Stall or How Did All of These Sets Get in Here? (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-11
    Description: Following historical developments, this article traces two basic motives for employing sets within a physical setting and discusses whether they truly pose a problem for ‘mathematical naturalism’.
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    Structured Variables (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-11
    Description: Drawing on Russell's substitutional theory, this paper examines the notion of ‘structured variable’, in order to compare Russell's and Tarski's conceptions of variables. The framework of syntactic fibrations, coming from categorical logic, is used as a common setting. The main objective of this paper is to make sense of the notion of structured variable beyond the context of Russell's theory, to question the Tarskian way of understanding what it is to be a possible value for a variable, and to bring out semantically structured variables as a renewed and fruitful way of conceiving of logical structure.
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    The Relationship of Derivations in Artificial Languages to Ordinary Rigorous Mathematical Proof (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-11
    Description: The relationship is explored between formal derivations, which occur in artificial languages, and mathematical proof, which occurs in natural languages. The suggestion that ordinary mathematical proofs are abbreviations or sketches of formal derivations is presumed false. The alternative suggestion that the existence of appropriate derivations in formal logical languages is a norm for ordinary rigorous mathematical proof is explored and rejected.
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    Micro-CT observations of the 3D distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in cotyledons during maturation and germination in Lotus miyakojimae seeds (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: The cotyledon of legume seeds is a storage organ that provides nutrients for seed germination and seedling growth. The spatial and temporal control of the degradation processes within cotyledons has not been elucidated. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals, a common calcium deposit in plants, have often been reported to be present in legume seeds. In this study, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was employed at the SPring-8 facility to examine the three-dimensional distribution of crystals inside cotyledons during seed maturation and germination of Lotus miyakojimae (previously Lotus japonicus accession Miyakojima MG-20). Using this technique, we could detect the outline of the embryo, void spaces in seeds and the cotyledon venation pattern. We found several sites that strongly inhibited X-ray transmission within the cotyledons. Light and polarizing microscopy confirmed that these areas corresponded to CaOx crystals. Three-dimensional observations of dry seeds indicated that the CaOx crystals in the L. miyakojimae cotyledons were distributed along lateral veins; however, their distribution was limited to the abaxial side of the procambium. The CaOx crystals appeared at stage II (seed-filling stage) of seed development, and their number increased in dry seeds. The number of crystals in cotyledons was high during germination, suggesting that CaOx crystals are not degraded for their calcium supply. Evidence for the conservation of CaOx crystals in cotyledons during the L. miyakojimae germination process was also supported by the biochemical measurement of oxalic acid levels.
    Print ISSN: 0022-0744
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Optimal accelerating voltage for HRTEM imaging of zeolite (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: The electron irradiation damage of MFI-type zeolite was estimated under various accelerating voltages of 100, 200 and 300 kV from successively captured high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images. To determine the optimal accelerating voltage for HRTEM imaging of electron-sensitive MFI zeolite, the critical dose was estimated from the disappearance of a specific fast Fourier transform spot calculated from experimental images. Based only on the electron dose, a higher voltage was more advantageous. However, taking into account the minimum dose for imaging with a CCD camera, the optimal accelerating voltage for imaging MFI zeolite was 200 kV. The minimum dose for image detection with a CCD camera was surmised from the output/input signal ratio dependence on the accelerating voltage and the contrast range in simulated HRTEM images.
    Print ISSN: 0022-0744
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-9986
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Electron holography of magnetic field generated by a magnetic recording head (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: The magnetic field generated by a magnetic recording head is evaluated using electron holography. A magnetic recording head, which is connected to an electric current source, is set on the specimen holder of a transmission electron microscope. Reconstructed phase images of the region around the magnetic pole show the change in the magnetic field distribution corresponding to the electric current applied to the coil of the head. A simulation of the magnetic field, which is conducted using the finite element method, reveals good agreement with the experimental observations.
    Print ISSN: 0022-0744
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A new grating X-ray spectrometer for 2-4 keV enabling a separate observation of In-L{beta} and Sn-L{alpha} emissions of indium tin oxide (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: A new multilayer-coated varied line-spaced grating, JS4000, was fabricated and tested for extending the upper limit of a grating X-ray spectrometer for electron microscopy. This grating was designed for 2–3.8 keV at a grazing incidence angle of 1.35°. It was revealed that this new multilayer structure enables us to take soft-X-ray emission spectra continuously from 1.5 to 4.3 keV at the same optical setting. The full-width at half maximum of Te-L α1,2 (3.8 keV) emission peak was 27 eV. This spectrometer was applied to indium tin oxide particles and clearly resolved Sn-L α (3444 eV) and In-L β1 (3487 eV) peaks, which could not be resolved by a widely used energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer.
    Print ISSN: 0022-0744
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
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    Coupled elasto-plasticity damage constitutive models for concrete (2013)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: The paper is to design and construct a coupled elasto-plasticity damage constitutive model for concrete. Based on the energy dissipation principle, the Hsieh-Ting-Chen four-parameter yield function is used. The model can reflect different strength characteristics of concrete in tension and compression, and reduce the limitation and lacuna of the traditional damage constitutive models for concrete. Furthermore, numerical test for concrete stress-strain relation under uniaxial tension and compression is given. Moreover, the damage process of concrete gravity dam is calculated and analyzed in seismic load. Compared with other damage constitutive models, the proposed model contains only one unknown parameter and the other parameters can be found in the Hsieh-Ting-Chen four-parameter yield function. The same damage evolution law, which is used for tension and compression, is good for determining stress-strain constitutive and damage characteristics in complex stress state. This coupled damage constitutive models can be applied in analyzing damage of concrete gravity dam and arch dam.
    Print ISSN: 1673-565X
    Electronic ISSN: 1862-1775
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 89
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    Investigation of the hydro-mechanical behaviour of fouled ballast (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: In this study, a fouled ballast taken from the site of Sénissiat, France, was investigated. For the hydraulic behaviour, a large-scale cell was developed allowing drainage and evaporation tests to be carried out with monitoring of both suction and volumetric water content at various positions of the sample. It was observed that the hydraulic conductivity of fouled ballast is decreasing with suction increase, as for common unsaturated soils. The effect of fines content was found to be negligible. For the mechanical behaviour, both monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were carried out using a large-scale triaxial cell. Various water contents were considered. The results were interpreted in terms of shear strength and permanent axial strain. It appeared that the water content is an important factor to be accounted for since any increase of water content or degree of saturation significantly decreases the shear strength and increases the permanent strain. Constitutive modelling has been attempted based on the experimental results. The model in its current state is capable of describing the effects of stress level, cycle number and water content.
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 90
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    Collisionless tool orientation smoothing above blade stream surface using NURBS envelope (2013)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: In five-axis machining, tool orientation above a blade stream surface may lead to tool collision and a decrease in workpiece rigidity. Hence, collisionless tool orientation smoothing (TOS) becomes an important issue. On the basis of a constant scallop height tool path, the triangular facets in the faces, vertices format are constructed from cutter contact (CC) using the Voronoi incremental algorithm. The cutter location (CL) points candidate set is represented by an oblique elliptic cone whose vertex lies at CC using NURBS envelope. Whether the CL point is above its CC is judged by the dot product between the normal vector and the point on triangulation nearest to the CL point. The curvatures at CC are obtained by fitting a moving least square (MLS) quadratic patch to the local neighborhood of a vertex and calculating eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix. Triangular surface elastic energy is employed as the weight in selection from the NURBS envelope. The collision is judged by NURBS surface intersection. TOS can then be expressed by selecting a CL point for each CC point and converted into a numerical control (NC) code automatically according to the postprocessor type of the machine center. The proposed method is verified by finishing of a cryogenic turboexpander impeller of air separation equipment.
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Modeling pollutant transport in overland flow over non-planar and non-homogenous infiltrating surfaces (2013)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: Pollutant transport in overland flow over surfaces with spatially varying microtopography, roughness, and infiltration was investigated using the diffusion wave equation and transport rate-based equation. The finite volume method in space and an implicit backward difference scheme in time were employed in the numerical solution of the 2D governing equations. The developed model was first tested against an analytical solution and an experimental study involving overland flow and the associated pollutant transport, subsequently a series of numerical tests were carried out. Non-point source pollution was investigated under spatially varying microtopography, roughness, and infiltration. The simulation results showed that microtopography and roughness were the dominant factors causing significant spatial variations in solute concentration. When the spatially varying microtopography was replaced by a smooth surface, the result was an overestimation of the solute rate at the outlet of the upland. On the other hand, when the spatially varying roughness was replaced by the average roughness and spatially varying infiltration rate by the average infiltration rate, the pollutant discharge at the outlet of the upland was not significantly affected. The numerical results further showed that one cannot ignore the spatial variations of slope and roughness when investigating the local pollutant concentration distribution.
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Study of Edge Effect to Stop Liquid Spillage for Microgravity Application (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: The ability of a micro-groove to prevent the spreading of HFE-7100 fluid (C 4 F 9 OCH 3 ) having low surface tension (γ = 13.6 mN/m) on a surface is studied. In this study, micro-grooves were made around square openings of a plate made of either polycarbonate or 316 stainless steel. To verify effectiveness of micro-grooves to stop the spread of HFE-7100, experiments were done under non-saturated and saturated conditions. Under non-saturated conditions the micro-grooves on both materials confined the liquid up to apparent angle of 55 ± 5° due to the edge effect. Saturated gas-vapor mixture with vapor mass fraction of w v = 88% and w v = 97% did not significantly influence the confinement of the liquid by the micro-groove. This result is promising for application of micro-grooved plates in CIMEX experiment planned for ISS.
    Print ISSN: 0938-0108
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    Analysis of the Thermal Performance of SODI Instrument for DCMIX Configuration (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: There exists an instrument SODI (Selected Optical Diagnostic Instrument) on the ISS where series of the DCMIX (Diffusion Coefficients in Mixtures) experiments are conducted by members of the ESA Topical Team. The study is addressed to the performance of thermal design of SODI instrument for DCMIX configuration. We report the results on the temperature fields which were measured interferometrically both in two ground setups (one thermally optimized; the other one, the engineering model of the ISS SODI-DCMIX experiment: non optimized) and in the ISS experiment itself with the respective numerical simulations. Even though monitoring of the cell with binary mixture $THN-nC_{12}$ employs only an interferometer with one wave length instead of two for other cells with ternary mixtures, it gives valuable information about the instrument performance. Temperature and concentration fields observed during the tests in the engineering model are compared with those obtained in laboratory experiments with the same liquid, with numerical simulations and with first results from the ISS in Run #16. The thermal design of the microgravity cell, being not optimized for ground experiments, exhibits a promising performance in the weightlessness condition.
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    Relation Between Motility, Accelerated Aging and Gene Expression in Selected Drosophila Strains under Hypergravity Conditions (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: Motility and aging in Drosophila have proven to be highly modified under altered gravity conditions (both in space and ground simulation facilities). In order to find out how closely connected they are, five strains with altered geotactic response or survival rates were selected and exposed to an altered gravity environment of 2 g . By analysing the different motile and behavioural patterns and the median survival rates, we show that altered gravity leads to changes in motility, which will have a negative impact on the flies’ survival. Previous results show a differential gene expression between sessile samples and adults and confirm that environmentally-conditioned behavioural patterns constrain flies’ gene expression and life span. Therefore, hypergravity is considered an environmental stress factor and strains that do not respond to this new environment experience an increment in motility, which is the major cause for the observed increased mortality also under microgravity conditions. The neutral-geotaxis selected strain (strain M) showed the most severe phenotype, unable to respond to variations in the gravitational field. Alternatively, the opposite phenotype was observed in positive-geotaxis and long-life selected flies (strains B and L, respectively), suggesting that these populations are less sensitive to alterations in the gravitational load. We conclude that the behavioural response has a greater contribution to aging than the modified energy consumption in altered gravity environments.
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    Influence of Oxygen in the Cultivation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Simulated Microgravity: An Explorative Study (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: Previous studies indicated that human Adipose Tissue-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AT-MSCs) cultured in simulated microgravity (sim-μg) in standard laboratory incubators alter their proliferation and differentiation. Recent studies on the stem cell (SC) niches and the influence of oxygen on SC proliferation, senescence, and differentiation point to oxygen level as one of the key regulators of SC fate. Here we present the results of a study that focussed at the evaluation of the influence of oxygen level in the cultivation of AT-MSCs in sim-μg. In detail, cells were cultured for 14 days in sim-μg using the Random Positioning Machine (RPM) and two different oxygen concentrations: 5 % and 20 %. The results were compared with those obtained at 1g in the same conditions. Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST array and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis were performed. The results confirmed that in all of the sim-μg experiments oxygen concentration modulates cell signalling and adhesion, in line with the knowledge that sim-μg affects cell shape and cytoskeletal organization.
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    Liquid Rivulets Moved by Shear Stress of Gas Flow at Altered Levels of Gravity (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: Experiments with gas shear-driven rivulet flows in a minichannel of height 1.4 mm and of width 30 mm were conducted during several parabolic flights campaigns organized by the European Space Agency (ESA). Rivulet flow is defined as a particular case of liquid film flow when the film occupies only a part of the substrate without touching to the lateral walls of the channel. A high frequency schlieren technique has been used for visualization of the two-phase flows. It is shown that surface tension becomes the dominating force with decreasing of the gravity level, which results in reducing of the rivulet width. The width increases with the gravity level and with the liquid flow rate growth and reduces with the gas flow rate growth.
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    Effect of Hypergravity and Phytohormones on Isoflavonoid Accumulation in Soybean ( Glycine max. L.) Callus (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: The objective of this study was to explore the potential interaction between gravity and growth hormones on isoflavonoid accumulation. Soybean callus ( Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. ‘Acme’) was grown in the dark for 16 days at 22 °C in a growth medium supplemented with four different combinations of phytohormones and subjected to 4- g and 8- g forces simulated in a centrifuge and 1- g in an adjacent stationary control. Isoflavonoid aglycones and their glycoside concentrations (daidzein, genistein, daidzin, 6″-O-malonyl-7-O-glucosyl daidzein, genistin, 6″-O-malonyl-7-O-glucosyl genistein) were determined in the resulting tissues. Although gravity had no significant impact on callus growth, increasing gravity reduced isoflavonoid accumulation in three out of the four phytohormone-supplemented culture media. The ratio of the auxin naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) to the cytokinin benzylaminopurine (BAP) was found to have profound effect on both callus growth and isoflavonoid accumulation. The cytokinin BAP promoted callus tissue growth, but reduced callus isoflavonoid suggesting the isoflavonoid accumulation was not keeping pace with the cell growth in the elevated concentration of BAP. On the other hand, NAA had little or no effect on callus growth, but greatly enhanced isoflavonoid accumulation. Interactive effects of gravity and hormone on isoflavonoid accumulation were evident and its implication to the mechanism by which gravity exerts the effect on plant secondary metabolites is discussed.
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    Effect of IR Laser on Myoblasts: Prospects of Application for Counteracting Microgravity-Induced Muscle Atrophy (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: Microgravity-induced muscle atrophy is a problem of utmost importance for the impact it may have on the health and performance of astronauts. Therefore, appropriate countermeasures are needed to prevent disuse atrophy and favour muscle recovery. Muscle atrophy is characterized by loss of muscle mass and strength, and a shift in substrate utilization from fat to glucose, that leads to a reduced metabolic efficiency and enhanced fatigability. Laser therapy is already used in physical medicine and rehabilitation to accelerate muscle recovery and in sports medicine to prevent damages produced by metabolic disturbances and inflammatory reactions after heavy exercise. The aim of the research we present was to get insights on possible benefits deriving from the application of an advanced infrared laser system to counteract deficits of muscle energy metabolism and stimulate the recovery of the hypotrophic tissue. The source used was a Multiwave Locked System (MLS) laser, which combines continuous and pulsed emissions at 808 nm and 905 nm, respectively. We studied the effect of MLS treatment on morphology and energy metabolism of C2C12 cells, a widely accepted myoblast model, previously exposed to microgravity conditions modelled by a Random Positioning Machine. The MLS laser treatment was able to restore basal levels of serine/threonine protein phosphatase activity and to counteract cytoskeletal alterations and increase in glycolytic enzymes activity that occurred following the exposure to modelled microgravity. In conclusion, the results provide interesting insights for the application of infrared laser in the treatment of muscle atrophy.
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    Microscopy in this issue (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-02
    Print ISSN: 0022-0744
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Microscopy Hacks: development of various techniques to assist quantitative nanoanalysis and advanced electron microscopy (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-02
    Description: For development of advanced materials, characterization using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) including analysis via X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry and electron energy-loss spectrometry is essential. Recent advances in aberration-corrected instruments have offered large-scale data acquisition at a high resolution for limited acquisition times both in imaging and in analysis. Further advanced procedures are required to analyze such large-scale datasets more efficiently including quantification. In addition, more simplified tuning procedures are crucial to the best possible resolution in the latest aberration-corrected instruments. In this review article, several approaches to perform advanced electron microscopy, which the author has been developing with his colleague, are described as ‘Microscopy Hacks’. These are (i) quantification and elemental/chemical-imaging procedures, (ii) advanced statistical approaches to handle large-scale datasets and (iii) instrument characterization and tuning procedures including the latest development of an ad hoc autotuning procedure for aberration-corrected STEM imaging.
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