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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (2,049)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (2,090)
  • 1975-1979  (1,976)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 21-36 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: GRAM ; Tucker ; Unfold ; NBRA ; Second-order ; Three-way ; PARAFAC ; Trilinear ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: If an analytical instrument or instrumental method gives a response matrix when analyzing a pure analyte, the instrument or instrumental method is called a second-order method. Second-order methods that generate a response matrix for a pure analyte of rank one are called rank-one second-order methods. If the response matrix of a pure analyte is not rank one, essentially two cases exist: medium rank (between two and five) and high rank (greater than five). Subsequently, medium- and high-rank second-order calibration tries to use medium- and high-rank second-order methods to analyze for analytes of interest in a mixture. A particular advantage of second-order methods is the ability to analyze for analytes of interest in a mixture which contains unknown interferences. Keeping this advantage is the challenge on moving away from rank-one second-order calibration methods. In this paper a medium-rank second-order calibration method is proposed based on least-squares restricted Tucker models. With this method the second-order advantage is retained.
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  • 2
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 101-101 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Taguchi ; Robust design ; Design of experiments ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper is intended to convey the essence of Taguchi's design approach to chemists and others with an interest in chemometrics. Although most Taguchi-style applications worldwide have been in electronics and in elaborately transformed manufactures, examples are increasingly found in chemical processes and in the food industry.Foremost among Taguchi's contributions is the concept of designing processes and products to be robust to the uncontrollable environmental influences which they experience during their operation or lifetime. This concept is explained with a worked example.
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  • 4
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 127-145 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Compression ; Multivariate analysis ; B-splines ; FT-IR spectra ; Second-order ; Two-dimensional ; Hyphenated methods ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to improve the storage and CPU time in the numerical analysis of large two-dimensional (hyphenated, second-order) infrared spectra, a data-preprocessing technique (compression) is presented which is based on B-splines. B-splines have been chosen as the compression method since they are wellsuited to model smooth curves. There are two primary goals of compression: a reduction of file size and a reduction of computation when analyzing the compressed representation. The compressed representation of the spectra is used as a substitute for the original representation. For the particular example used here, approximately 0.16 bit per data element was required for the compressed representation in contrast with 16 bits per data element in the uncompressed representation. The compressed representation was further analysed using principal component analysis and compared with a similar analysis on the original data set. The results shows that the principal compotent model of the compressed representation is directly comparable with the principal component model of the original data.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 6
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. i 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 7
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 181-203 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: RAFA ; GRAM ; Eigenvalues ; Bias ; Variance ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rank annihilation factor analysis (RAFA) is a method for multicomponent calibration using two data matrices simultaneously, one for the unknown and one for the calibration sample. In its most general form, the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM), an eigenvalue problem has to be solved. In this second paper expressions are derived for predicting the bias and variance in the eigenvalues of GRAM. These expressions are built on the analogies between a reformulation of the eigenvalue problem and the prediction equations of univariate and multivariate calibration. The error analysis will also be performed for Lorber's formulation of RAFA. It will be demonstrated that, depending on the size of the eigenvalue, large differences in performance must be expected. A bias correction technique is proposed that effectively eliminates the bias if the error in the bias estimate is not too large. The derived expressions are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown that the predictions are satisfactory up to the limit of detection. The results are not sensitive to an incorrect choice of the dimension of the factor space.
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  • 8
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 243-243 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Fitting ; Non-linear ; Least squares ; Refinement ; Constraints ; MSE ; Confidence ; C ls ; XPS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A non-linear least squares iterative refinement has been implemented which shows high performance on a multiple-peak spectrum including baseline or background. Constraints as well as links within a range are introduced to drive the mathematical optimization: each peak parameter (i.e. height, position, Gaussian/Lorentzian mixing ratio and HWHM on both left and right sides) has assigned to it an allowed range of variation and can be strained to be correlated with other parameters belonging either to the same peak (symmetrical peaks) or to other peaks (doublets, triplets, etc.). Peak shapes typical of XP spectra are used and applications in the field of XPS are discussed. Through emulated curves with Poisson distributed noise, the accuracy and precision of back-calculated (refined) parameters have been estimated. Moreover, a confidence level calculated from X2 and degrees of freedom has been suggested to check the overall fitting of experimental curves where the signal-to-noise ratio is a priori unknown. An application to real C ls XP spectra is described as an example and a list of suggestions is given to match operator requirements. Finally, features of NLLSRC are discussed with respect to other approaches.
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  • 10
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 263-272 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Molecular descriptors ; Principal component analysis ; Chemometrics ; Pattern recognition ; Total surface area ; PCDD PCDF ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New theoretical molecular indices are defined. They contain information about the whole molecular structure in terms of size, shape, symmetry and atom distribution. These indices are calcualted from the (x, y, z) co-ordinates of a molecule within different weighting schemes in a straightforward manner and represent a very general approach to describe molecules, molecular fragments, macromolecules and molecular conformations in a unitary conceptual framework. Their interpretability is quite evident and is defined by the same mathematical properties as the algorithm used for their calculation. Examples on the total surface area, toxicity of PCDD and PCDF and reaction rate of catalysed reactions show a high modelling power of these indices.
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  • 11
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 301-302 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 12
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 333-347 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS ; ATR ; Paper ; Resolution ; Infrared ; FTIR ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR) has been used to determine the amount of styrene-butadiene latex on the surface of coated papers and to predict the composition of the polymer. Spectrum recording was performed on the sample in its usual form without any modification.For quantitative analysis, partial least squares (PLS) regression, principal component regression (PCR) and multi-linear regression (MLR) were used to calculate models for prediction. The best result is obtained with PLS.We analysed two series of paper samples. The first analysis concerns the measurement of the quantity of latex of a constant quality on the coating surface. For 15 samples the concentration varied between 5 and 25 parts (grams per 100g of mineral pigments). We compared the predictive results at various resolutions. We obtained a relative error of 0.15 parts in latex at 4 cm-1 resolution. The second analysis concerns the measurement of the styrene/butadiene ratio in various types of latex. We obtained a relative error of 0.156 parts for styrene determination and 0.161 parts for butadiene determination.
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  • 13
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 375-376 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 14
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 391-407 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Neural networks ; Non-linear multivariate regression ; Pattern classification ; Kalman filter ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Finding methods for the optimization of weights in feedforward neural networks has become an ongoing developmental process in connectionist research. The current focus on finding new methods for the optimization of weights is mostly the result of the slow and unreliable convergence properties of the gradient descent optimization used in the original back-propagation algorithm. More accurate and computationally expensive second-order gradient methods have displaced earlier first-order gradient optimization of the network connection weights. The global, extended Kalman filter is among the most accurate and computationally expensive of these second-order weight optimization methods. The iterative, second-order nature of the filter results in a large number of calculations for each sweep of the training set. This can increase the training time dramatically when training is conducted with data sets that contain large numbers of training patterns. In this paper an adaptive variant of the global, extended Kalman filter that exhibits substantially improved convergence properties is presented and discussed. The adaptive mechanism permits more rapid convergence of network training by identifying data that contain redundant information and avoiding calculations based on this redundant information.
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  • 15
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 439-443 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Pattern recognition ; Principal component analysis ; Inverse mapping ; Optimization ; Material design ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An inverse mapping method called PCB (principal component backing), in which the point representing an unknown sample from a low-dimensional principal component subspace is back-projected to the high-dimensional original feature space, is proposed. Two sorts of boundary conditions, non-linear inverse mapping and linear inverse mapping, are used to obtain an accurate solution in the PCB method. The method is applied to the material design of high-Tc superconductors, predicting the composition and process conditions for the synthesis of F-doped Bi-based materials. Samples in the ‘optimal’ region with the highest Tc of the Bi-based ceramics have been predicted.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 17
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Bootstrap ; Confidence interval ; Non-linear regression ; Monte Carlo methods ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Non-linear regression models describing the toxicity of a mixture of rotenone and pyrethrins as an insecticide, the catalytic dehydration of n-hexyl alcohol and the Michaelis-Menten model for characterizing reaction rates in enzyme systems will be used to illustrate the accuracy of bootstrap methods in non-linear regression. Classical and bootstrap confidence intervals for the parameter estimates will be presented.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 19
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 102-102 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 20
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 111-125 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS regression algorithm ; Kernel ; Many-variable data sets ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A fast PLS regression algorithm dealing with large data matrices with many variables (K) and fewer objects (N) is presented For such data matrices the classical algorithm is computer-intensive and memory-demanding. Recently, Lindgren et al. (J. Chemometrics, 7, 45-49 (1993)) developed a quick and efficient kernel algorithm for the case with many objects and few variables. The present paper is focused on the opposite case, i.e. many variables and fewer objects. A kernel algorithm is presented based on eigenvectors to the ‘kernel’ matrix XX TYYT, which is a square, non-symmetric matrix of size N × N, where N is the number of objects. Using the kernel matrix and the association matrices XXT (N × N) and YYT (N × N), it is possible to calculate all score and loading vectors and hence conduct a complete PLS regression including diagnostics such as R2. This is done without returning to the original data matrices X and Y. The algorithm is presented in equation form, with proofs of some new properties and as MATLAB code.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Kernel algorithm ; PLS ; SVD ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lindgren et al. (J. Chemometrics, 7, 45-49 (1993)) published a so-called kernel algorithm for PLS regression of Y against X when the number of objects is very large. The algorithm is based solely on deflation of the cross-product matrices XTX, YTY and XTY. The algorithm is now described in a shorter and more transparent way and compared with a similar algorithm for the singular value decomposition of XTY.
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  • 22
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 23
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 241-241 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 24
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 273-285 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: GRAM ; Least-squares problem ; Eigenvalue problem ; NIPALS ; Performance index ; Condition number ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper we discuss the practical implementation of the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM). The practical implementation comes down to developing a computer program where two critical steps can be distinguished: the construction of the factor space and the oblique rotation of the factors. The construction of the factor space is a least-squares (LS) problem solved by singular value decomposition (SVD), whereas the rotation of the factors is brought about by solving an eigenvalue problem. In the past several formulations for GRAM have been published. The differences essentially come down to solving either a standard eigenvalue problem or a generalized eigenvalue problem. The first objective of this paper is to discuss the numerical stability of the algorithms resulting from these formulations. It is found that the generalized eigenvalue problem is only to be preferred if the construction of the factor space is not performed with maximum precision. This is demonstrated for the case where the dominant factors are calculated by the non-linear iterative partial least-squares (NIPALS) algorithm. Several performance measures are proposed to investigate the numerical accuracy of the computed solution. The previously derived bias and variance are proposed to estimate the number of physically significant digits in the computed solution. The second objective of this paper is to discuss the relevance of theoretical considerations for application of GRAM in the presence of model errors.
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  • 25
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 299-301 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 26
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. i 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 27
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 349-363 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Variable selection ; PLS ; Calibration ; Modelling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A modified PLS algorithm is introduced with the goal of achieving improved prediction ability. The method, denoted IVS-PLS, is based on dimension-wise selective reweighting of single elements in the PLS weight vector w. Cross-validation, a criterion for the estimation of predictive quality, is used for guiding the selection procedure in the modelling stage. A threshold that controls the size of the selected values in w is put inside a cross-validation loop. This loop is repeated for each dimension and the results are interpreted graphically. The manipulation of w leads to rotation of the classical PLS solution. The results of IVS-PLS are different from simply selecting X-variables prior to modelling. The theory is explained and the algorithm is demonstrated for a simulated data set with 200 variables and 40 objects, representing a typical spectral calibration situation with four analytes. Improvements of up to 70% in external PRESS over the classical PLS algorithm are shown to be possible.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. i 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 29
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 409-421 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Deconvolution ; FT-IR spectroscopy ; Protein conformations ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In a variety of spectroscopic techniques the fundamental problem exists of determination of the individual spectral components, intrinsically overlapped in the measured spectrum. This is a typical deconvolution problem and several methods and techniques have been proposed for its solution in the technical literature, but suggestions of new approaches are still of interest. A new deconvolution procedure is presented here based on the use of the conjugate gradient minimization algorithm with the addition of sutiable constraints directly obtained by the application to the measured spectrum of the second-derivative operator or more sophisticated resolution enhancement procedures. Since in the examined case deconvolution essentially requires the minimization of a non-convex function, the use of such constraints is extremely important to supply suitable input parameters to the conjugate gradient algorithm to avoid obtaining minimum points which have no physical meaning. In our case each spectral compoent used for deconvolution has been assumed to have a Gaussian analytical definition fully identified by three parameters (amplitude, central frequency, spectral bandwidth), so that the input values required to start the deconvolution process are the number M of Gaussian components and 3M suitable initial approximations of the parameters above. It is shown that all this information can be obtained from the measured data. The deconvolution procedure was implemented by a FORTRAN Microsoft Version 5.1 program and experimental results relative to spectroscopic data obtained by FT-IR analysis of human serum albumin are reported. The results are discussed and compared with data obtained by the use of other techniques.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 31
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. i 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 32
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Discriminant analysis ; Least squares ; Prediction ; Regression ; Relationship ; Structure ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Twenty-two contrasting statistical methods are reviewed for their applicability to QSAR studies and similar prediction-oriented fields. Each method is concisely specified prior to explanatory or critical comment.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 65-79 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Genetic algorithms ; Full validation ; Feature selection ; Outlier detection ; Multivariate analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Genetic algorithms have been proved to be a very efficient method in the feature selection problem. However, as for every other method, if the validation of the results is performed in an incomplete way, erroneous conclusions can be drawn. In this paper a development of a previous genetic algorithm is presented so that a full validation of the results can be obtained. Furthermore, this algorithm has been shown to perform very well also as an outlier detector, allowing easy identification of the presence of outliers even in cases where the ‘classical’ techniques fail.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 81-93 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Sensory evaluation ; Cumulative ranks ; Assessor variation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A graphical method of assessing differences between sets of rankings based on cumulative ranks is developed. The method can be used to identify rankings that differ over all or just part of the range of objects ranked. The method is applied to an example of sensory evaluation of green peas in which ten assessors scored six attributes on each of 60 samples.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. i 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 36
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 305-331 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Pyrolysis ; Mass spectroscopy ; Multivariate analysis ; Biological material identification ; Convexity ; Cones ; Subspaces ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This work addresses the classification of high-dimensional time-dependent pyrolysis mass spectra of biological samples. The aim was the detection and classification of biological agents, and the developed approach resembles mixture analysis. The data were projected on to a low-dimensional subspace using singular value decomposition. Then a convex cone was formed on this subspace, showing as its corners physically meaningful components of the sample. This technique enabled separation of a biological material signal largely independent of the absolute amount of sample. The detection of the presence of any biological material could be accomplished based on the convex cone alone, without other reference to the mass spectra. Automated clustering of samples was successfully carried out using a minimal spanning tree.
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 38
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 377-389 
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    Keywords: Kernel PLS regression ; Cross-validation ; Model dimensionality ; Multivariate image regression ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Multivariate images are very large data structures and any type of regression for their analysis is very computer-intensive. Kernel-based partial least squares (PLS) regression, presented in an earlier paper, makes the calculation phase more rapid and less demanding in computer memory. The present paper is a direct continuation of the first paper. In this study the kernel PLS algorithm is extended to include cross-validation for determination of the optimal model dimensionality. To show the applicability of the kernel algorithm, two examples from multivariate image analysis are used. The first example is an image from an airborne scanner of size 9 × 512 × 512. It consists of nine images which are regressed against a constructed dependent image to test the accuracy of the kernel algorithm when used on large data structures. The second example is a satellite image of size 7 × 512 × 512. Several different regression models are presented together with a comparison of their predictive capabilities. The regression models are also used as examples for showing the use of cross-validation.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 99-100 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. i 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 41
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 147-154 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: RAFA ; GRAM ; Eigenvalue problem ; Complex solution ; Degenerate solution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rank annihilation factor analysis (RAFA) is a method for multicomponent calibration using two data matrices simultaneously, one for the unknown and one for the calibration sample. In its most general form, the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM), an eigenvalue problem has to be solved. In this first paper different formulations of GRAM are compared and a slightly different eigenvalue problem will be derived. The eigenvectors of this specific eigenvalue problem constitute the transformation matrix that rotates the abstract factors from principal component analysis (PCA) into their physical counterparts. This reformulation of GRAM facilitates a comparison with other PCA-based methods for curve resolution and calibration. Furthermore, we will discuss two characteristics common to all formulations of GRAM, i.e. the distinct possibility of a complex and degenerate solution. It will be shown that a complex solution-contrary to degeneracy-should not arise for components present in both samples for model data.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 179-180 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Rank annihilation ; Principal components ; Procrustes rotation ; Multivariate analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that the DATa ANalysis (DATAN) algorithm can be expressed in terms of rank annihilation factor analysis (RAFA). Subsequent advances in RAFA are applied to DATAN to eliminate the problems and restrictions associated with DATAN. The extension of DATAN in terms of the trilinear decomposition algorithm is discussed.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 365-370 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Censored data ; ECM and EM algorithms ; Incomplete data ; Maximum likehhood ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The purpose of this short communication is to illustrate the use of conditional maximization (CM) in chemometric applications. The CM algorithm is useful in reducing the computational complexity when a high-dimensional and complicated maximization problem arises from fitting chemometric models. It can also be efficiently combined with the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for handling incomplete data, a problem that sometimes arises when only a part of the intended data can be collected. Three models from fluorescence spectroscopy are used for illustration.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 49
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 423-437 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Resolvability ; Evolutionary factor analysis ; Variable selection ; Window factor analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method for selecting variables in the non-sequential direction of a two-way data matrix (e.g. wavelength in diode array HPLC) is described. Composition 1 and 2 resolvability indices are calculated according to the size of eigenvalues of uncentred data matrices as a window is moved along the sequential direction. A double-window technique is then performed where resolvability indices are calculated as a window is moved along the non-sequential direction. Some regions have higher resolvability indices and hence are more useful for resolution. Variables are ranked according to resolvability. Two simulations are analysed and it is shown that it is possible to obtain good resolution on a small subset of the original variables.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. i 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 45-63 
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    Keywords: GRAM ; GSVD ; Propagation of errorS ; Correlated noise ; Uncorrelated noise ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of correlated and uncorrelated random errors on the precision of predicted quantitative and qualitative information obtained by analysis with the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM) are shown. These are discussed in terms of propagation of errors through the algorithm. The effects of colinearity, noise level and noise distribution are compared and discussed.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 97-98 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 155-168 
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    Keywords: Trilinear models ; Tensorial resolution ; PARAFAC ; Swamps ; Two-factor degeneracy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The alternating least squares PARAFAC algorithm is a useful tool for resolving trilinear three-way data arrays. Occasionally, however, it becomes bogged down for many iterations in the vicinity of a poor quality resolution before moving on to a much superior optimum fit. We investigate this behavior in a simulation study and suggest ways of overcoming the obstacles it presents.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 205-219 
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    Keywords: Fractional factorial design ; Significant effects ; ANOVA ; Probability plotting ; Bayes plot ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper presents a method for identifying significant effects in fractional factorial designs. The method is based on comparing functions of the estimated effects with a scale invariant reference distribution. The method is illustrated and compared with alternative techniques on a dataset from processed cheese production. The method corresponded well to other methods (probability plotting and Bayes plot) that do not make use of error estimates. These methods were better than F-tests with few (two or four) degrees of freedom for error.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 245-261 
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    Keywords: Factor analysis ; Spectral resolution ; Two-dimensional luminescence ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A factor analysis algorithm that estimates the spectra of mixture components using the set of most dissimilar rows and/or columns is described and illustrated. This algorithm uses the distance as a measure of spectral similarity and is suitable for application to a variety of the bilinear matrix-formatted data types produced by hyphenated and multidimensional analytical techniqes. The algorithm requires that the data matrix contain at least one row or column that corresponds to the pure spectrum of each component to effect accurate spectral resolution. The performance of the method is illustrated using the resolution of excitation and emission spectra of up to four components from experimental fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs). In the case of the EEM, characteristic bands in an emission spectrum effect resolution of the excitation spectrum of the corresponding component, while characteristic bands in an excitation spectrum lead to resolution of the corresponding emission spectrum. The use of the set of most dissimilar rows and columns to evaluate the degree of overlap in the component spectra and compare the quality of row and column solutions is also described.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 293-294 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 295-296 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 303-303 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 373-373 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 445-446 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Basic methodology to effect the separation of complex samples by gas chromatography is discussed from an experimental point of view. Several possibilities are presented which are commonly used to enhance the information content of a gas chromatographic run. These include incorporation of more than one set of retention data, multiple detectors, and special column switching techniques. These and other techniques have sometimes been labeled “multidimensional” in the literature. An attempt is made to define the term “two-dimensional chromatography”.The review is divided into sections which point out the different directions which have been taken to deconvolute chromatographically unresolved components. Particular emphasis is placed on technology which is capable of dealing with samples of extreme complexity, and instrumentation for trace- and ultratrace analysis is dicussed with specific examples. The future of two-dimensional techniques in gas chromatography is looked into.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 92-92 
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    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Plugs for static coating procedure ; Advantages over sodium silicate setting plugs ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 93-94 
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    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Static coating, apolar gums ; Pentane better than methylene chloride, ready in 8 hours ; (20 m, 0.3 mm i.d.) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 94-95 
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    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Quantitative analysis of unsaturated fatty methyl esters ; Remarkable systematic errors of cis/trans determination ; Errors depend on phases chosen ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 97-97 
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    Keywords: Liquid Chromatography ; Structure and relation of polyhalogenated aromatics ; discussed ; Silica gel/aluminium oxide compared ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Selective derivatization reagent for HPLC, HPTLC, TLC ; Fluorescence introducing phenanthreneboronic acid ; Stability of chromatographic derivatives studies. ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 100-101 
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    Keywords: Liquid Chromatography HPLC ; Trace determination of Histamine in wine at 0.2 ng/I level ; DANS derivatization ; Selective, no interference by amino acids etc ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 98-99 
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    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Quantitative analysis of higher alcohols ; Direct injection of beverages, liqueurs etc ; Inner standard dioxan, inlet modification ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 101-102 
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    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Glass capillary drawing machine ; Improvements for constant inner diameter production ; 0.3 mm i.d. at least ± 1.5% precision ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 103-104 
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    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Fittings, remaining elastic till 300°C ; Important details of proper handling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 105-106 
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    Keywords: Thin Layer Chromatography, HPTLC ; Quantitative analysis of anticonvulsant drugs extracted from plasma ; Sample volume needed equals 2 microliter plasma ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 106-108 
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    Keywords: Thin Layer Chromatography HPTLC ; Quantitative analysis of feedstuff ingredients ; Comparison HPTLC-TLC layer materials ; HPTLC has advantages over TLC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 111-111 
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    Keywords: gas chromatography ; stationary phases ; properties ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 113-114 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 115-120 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 137-137 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 139-142 
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    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Hydrocarbon cut, optimized separation ; Capillary preparation for ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Techniques have been developed for the rapid separation (about 20 minutes) of the 39 compounds in crude petroleums, or petroleum distillates, which boil between 28 and 114°C. A 300 meter glass column (0.25 mm i.d.) which is etched, coated with a mixture of normal hexadecane and Kel-F10157 is utilized to perform this separation at room temperature. The separations obtained with this non-polar liquid mixture and the «inert» glass surface are much more rapid than those previously obtained with stainless steel capillary columns.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 143-148 
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    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary glass ; Tailor-made by graphitized carbon black precoating ; Application to pesticides, terpenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, free fatty acids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The performance of graphitized glass capillary columns obtained by precoating the inner glass walls with graphitized carbon black has been evaluated. It has been shown that according to the amount of stationary phase coated such columns can operate in gas-liquid-solid chromatography and in gas-liquid chromatography so that tailor-made columns for specific separations can be prepared. The versatility of these columns is shown in the separation of various mixtures (terpenes, pesticides, isomeric species and others) of analytical importance.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 156-160 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin Layer Chromatography, TLC and HPTLC ; Quantitative evaluation ; Errors, systematic and statistical, error propagation by graphical methods ; Peak height gives better results (slow scanning) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The paper discusses errors and error propagation in respect of graphic methods in quantitative in situ measurements in TLC. An error of 0.3% is possible by measuring only peak height if optimal conditions are chosen. This is in good agreement with analysis done practically which gives errors in the order of 0.3-0.6%. If the peak area is evaluated using the approximation peak height × half width, the error is in the order of 0.6%, but in real experiments only 1.5% had been found. Systematic errors in determining peak heights are introduced by the time constant of the amplifiers and the recorder.
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  • 82
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Preparation of apolar columns ; Ba CO3 procedure optimized for thermostability acid/base behaviour and efficiency ; New, quantitative testing procedure ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As an extension of previous reports, the barium carbonate procedure has been optimized in detail for the preparation of apolar columns. The aim was to produce optimum overall column characteristics, and to maintain them unchanged under the prolonged influence of the highest possible temperature. The main parameters under optimization were glass variety, leaching of glass surface with aqueous HCl, and amount of barium carbonate deposited, while deactivation and coating were kept constant. The basic column characteristics were adsorption properties and thermostability of deactivation, acid/base behaviour and separation efficiency. They were determined by a new, quantitative testing procedure. Intense leaching was able to eliminate almost totally the differences between glass varieties and to create a well-defined glass surface. While untreated glass, leached glass, and barium carbonate treated glass showed specific weak points in the respective column quality, the combination of leaching and barium carbonate treatment yielded the highest and most stable quality. Some technical modifications of the preparation procedure are described, including deactivation in the gas phase, and use of pentane as a solvent for static coating.
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  • 83
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 277-277 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 84
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 275-276 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary ; Splitless injection ; Theoretical basis for reconcetration by solvent effects ; Guidelines for an effective solvent effect, in literature citation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 85
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 306-307 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; calculation of sample size ; simplest formula ; any type of GC column used ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 86
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 307-308 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; capillary, glass, diagnosis of damage ; repair by partial washing ; partial reimpregnation/deactivation ; repair test ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 87
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 309-310 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin Layer Chromatography, TLC ; Reversed phase, chemically bonded C18/CH3OH, H2O, NaCl ; quantitative caffein densitometry at the 7% CV level, 1.2 microgram ; 12-70 min development time ; Aspirin, caffein, phenacetin separated ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 311-312 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-Layer Chromatography, HPTLC ; Linoleic acid ; Lipid peroxidation ; Malondialdehyde ; Thiobarbituric acid test ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Peroxidised linoleic acid reacts with acidified thiobarbituric acid to give a chromogen absorbing maximally at 532 nm. This TBA reactant is chromatographically identical to the TBA-MDA adduct formed from linolenic acid and a pure MDA standard. Considerably less MDA is produced by peroxidised linoleic acid compared to that formed from linolenic acid. In this respect the type of acid used for the colour reaction appears to be important.
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  • 89
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 313-313 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin Layer Chromatography, TLC ; Ion exchange resin plates/tert. butyl alcohol, H2O, Na2HPO4, NaCl ; Nebramicin, components, qualitative analysis ; 7 hours development time ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A thin-layer chromatographic method on chromatoplates coated with Dowex 50 × 8 ion-exchange resin, suitable for the separation of 5 nebramycin components, was developed.
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  • 90
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 314-314 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin Layer Chromatography, TLC ; Silicagel/org. solvents mixture ; semiquantiative determination of Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, Au ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 91
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 315-317 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin Layer Chromatography, HPTLC ; Quantitation, fully instrumentalized, automated, in-situ ; Mechanical precision required for positioning of plate center ; circulare miniaturized technique, standard deviation s = ± 1.1-1.8% of 100 ng benzodiazepines ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 319-320 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 93
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 321-326 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC, instrumental details ; Column terminator ; Efficient intermediate preparative liquid chromatography ; Packing of angular silica 5μ and 2-10μ ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A comparison is made between a flat bottom column terminator and a cone terminator on. 1.27 cm O.D. and 2.54 cm O.D. columns. The cone terminator results in a doubling of the column efficiency, is simple and inexpensive, and is universally adaptable to any diameter column.
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  • 95
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 327-329 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 96
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 161-163 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin Layer Chromatography, HPTLC ; Qualitative evaluation ; Precise Rf determination by U-chamber, technique, ±1% ; Comparison of calculated and measured values ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Correlation between chemical structure and Rf-values was studied in the case of aniline and its derivatives using high performance TLC and a U-chamber. The characteristic group constants referring to each substituent were determined by chromatographing derivatives with one substituent and aniline in toluene and dibutyl ether respectively. On the basis of these constants the RM and Rf values of derivatives with more substituents were calculated. Comparing the calculated and measured values good agreement was found.
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  • 97
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 169-170 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 98
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 164-168 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin Layer Chromatography, HPTLC ; Fastest possible analytical mode: Anticircular separation ; First principal analytical details ; Most economical TLC/HPTLC technique, quantitative comparison with linear and circular mode ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The principal analytical details for the third of three possible modes in high performance thin-layer chromatography are given, namely the anticircular mode. Separation is achieved by allowing the mobile phase to enter the plate layer on a precise outer circle line, from where it flows towards the centre with nearly constant speed. This technique is theoretically and practically the fastest of all three possible in HPTLC. It permits maximum sample capacity with a minimum of time, layer and mobile phase consumption. It is therefore the most economical HPTLC technique.A new carrier-free mobile phase transfer principle is used. The conditions for qualitative and quantitative analysis are good: repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy of routine TLC analyses are superior to those achieved by the classical trough technique. The specially narrow spot-path in anticircular HPTLC facilitates automated quantitation. Compared with the linear and circular modes, the anticircular mode shows better separation and significantly increased sensitivity at higher Rf-values. The drawback, however, is that the separation power (expressed by the separation number) is lower compared with the other two modes.
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  • 99
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 171-172 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chromatography, LLC ; High speed, high resolution by toroidal distribution in two phase polymer systems ; Separation of cells and cell organelles ; NaCl gradient for E. coli separations ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 100
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 173-174 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Instrumentation in GC ; Pressure regulators in capillary GC ; Diffusion free, optimal with 0.03 mm thick steel foil ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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