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  • Engineering  (1,466)
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  • 1980-1984  (770)
  • 1975-1979  (435)
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  • 101
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2253-2281 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A total Lagrangian finite element formulation for the geometrically nonlinear analysis (large displacement/large rotations) of shells is presented. Explicit expressions of all relevant finite element matrices are obtained by means of the definition of a local co-ordinate system, based on the shell principal curvature directions, for the evaluation of strains and stresses. A series of examples of nonlinear analysis of shell and plate structures is given.
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  • 102
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2283-2301 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A combined iterative method is formulated for the partial solution of the eigenproblem Ax = λBx that arises from the application of the finite element method. The method is a combination of the conjugate gradient (CG) method and the symmetric successive co-ordinate overrelaxation (SSCOR) method. Both of these methods belong to the same family of iterative methods which retain their vectorial form and approach the solution by seeking stationary points of the Rayleigh quotient. The formulation consists in splitting a characteristic matrix into the sum of two matrices, one of which corresponds to the SSCOR matrix, and then accelerating the associated iteration using the CG. The behaviour of the method is illustrated for five test cases and comparisons are made with other iterative methods. The influence of the relaxation parameter ω on the computational efficiency of the methods is also studied.
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  • 103
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2303-2309 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Part 1 of this paper1 presents a very general single step algorithm SSpj for the numerical integration of first and second order time dependent differential equations. In Part 2 we present and discuss results of the accuracy and stability analysis for SS11, SS21, SS31, SS22 and SS32. There is also a detailed comparison of SS22 and the Newmark algorithm.
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  • 104
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2325-2325 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 105
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 11-33 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The discretization of the media at all spatial co-ordinates but one is presented here. This partial discretization leads to continuous finite elements as opposed to fully discrete ones and the problem resolves, for the cases presented here, into a set of linear differential equations rather than algebraic equations. The general problem of first derivative functionals in elastostatics is considered and it is shown, in general, how the continuous finite elements required for the solution may be obtained. Plane states, axisymmetric and three-dimensional continuous elements are obtained to illustrate application to particular cases.Different methods of solution for the set of differential equations are discussed and it is shown that several existing and widely used finite element related techniques are particular cases of this local partial discretization. Three numerical examples are solved to demonstrate the good comparison obtained between the numerical and the exact solutions. The semi-infinite examples included also illustrate the treatment of these types of problems without the use of fictitious boundaries.
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  • 106
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 67-76 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For a wide calss of finite element matrices integrated numerically rather than exactly, a definable number of sampling points is found to be sufficient for keeping their theoretical properties unchanged. A systematic criterion limiting the number of possible point configurations for numerical quadrature formulas on triangles is established. Some new high order formulas are presented. Tables containing optional formulas with respect to minimum number of sampling points and required degrees of accuracy are given. They are arranged so as to assist with selection of suitable quadrature formulas for finite element computer programming.
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  • 107
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 115-127 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the finite element method of the analysis of tidal flow. Assuming that tidal flow is periodic, the Galerkin approach is employed as the numerical integration procedure in time using a trigonometric function as the interpolation function. The present method has shown to be suitable for computation especially from the point of computing time and numerical stability.
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  • 108
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The visco-plastic model is used in the context of large displacement (geometrically non-linear) analysis. As the process now involves in numerical computation an updating of relevant stiffness matrices, formulation which is stable and computtionally more efficient. The applications shown demonstrate the applicability of the process to large displacement elasto-plastic shell analysis as well as to problems of creep buckling.
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  • 109
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 185-186 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 110
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 194-194 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 111
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The approximation of normal derivatives along a curved boundary becomes a major difficulty in obtaining finite difference solutions for irregular regions. A number of authors (for-example, Allen,1 Fox,2 Greenspan3 and Parker and Ma4) have suggested various solutions to this problem. However, most of these suggested methods are fairly cumbersome to use since they require the use of different formulas for various combinations of mesh and boundary geometries. This note shows a different way to approximate a quite general boundary condition along curved boundaries. The method uses a uniformly spaced mesh, is simple, general, relatively easy to program and appears to give accurate results.
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  • 112
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 267-278 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In many systems it is known a priori, that some states are ony weakly coupled with others. If such systems are solved on parallel processor it is possible to partition the states in such a way that one set of states is assigned to one processor and the other set of weakly coupled states to another. Computations can then be done in parallel. Because of the weak coupling it may not be necessary for information from the two sets to be communicated to each other for many integration steps. This can result in significant cost savings. In this paper, a partitined Runge - Kutta scheme is formulated for use on weakly coupleld systems of ordinary differential equations. An error expression is derived which provides a means for predicting the number of step sizes over which the partitioned formulas can be used in terms of a prespecified error tolerance. Numerical examples are presented both to verify the error expressions and to compare solutions using partitioned and unpartitioned schemes.
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  • 113
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 319-329 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The diferential equations governing two-phase flow through a porous medium are derived and the space discretization is carried out by the Galerkin finite element method. An examination of the eigenvalues of the resulting system follows in order to decide on a suitable stability criterion to be satisfied by the time-stepping algorithm. A class of time-stepping schemes is introduced and their behaviour when applied to a specific problem is analyzed. The aim is to achieve an adequate modelling of the water-oil interface and to preserve reasonable values of the capillary pressure. A technique to clustering the mesh around the interface is used to improved the modelling, and a boundary condition based on the relative mobilities of the two fiuids is imposed to enable the program to calculate the water-oil ratio after breakthrough. The effect of lumping the mass matrix is then examined with a view to reducting the surge in the values obtained for the capillary pressure. Finally an optimum method is suggested for use as a starting algorithm for more sophisticated time-stepping schemes.
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  • 114
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 384-384 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 115
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 415-428 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Finite Element Method using rectangular elements is applied to solve Burgers' non-linear equation in one space dimension. The non-linear algebraic equations thus obtained are solved by an iteration which is equivalent to the generalized Newton method. Numerical experiments indicate that the order of accuracy is equal to 2. In two space dimensions, the method is more efficient than other methods we have tested.
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  • 116
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 471-477 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A global variational method (GVM) not requiring the boundary conditions to be incorporated in the trial functions is described. The method is outlined for a linear differential equation and the extensions necessary to handle the non-linear problem of the indirect design of a compressible fluid channel described. The method requires a suitable estimate of a parameter, but the results obtained for the non-linear problem indicate that the actual value of this parameter is not critical (provided that a sufficeintly large number of trial functions is used). Comparisons are made with the results from an alternative GVM approach described in Davies and Hendry.1
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  • 117
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 479-486 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of confined seepage of water under a hydraulic structure, through a porous medium, is considered in an appropriate abstract space. Existence and uniqueness of the solution are proved. The numerical solution is derived by means of the finite element method. An error estimate is given. A sample problems in included.
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  • 118
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1485-1486 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 119
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1487-1488 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 120
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 121
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1491-1491 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 122
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1492-1492 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 123
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1493-1506 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An iterative algorithm is presented: it builds a continuous stress and displacement solution starting from the solution of a classical displacement finite element analysis. The modified solution satisfies the virtual work principle, and is much better than the starting solution. The algorithm is very easily included in existing programs. A number of examples shows the efficiency of the method.
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  • 124
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1507-1541 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the stressed-skin analysis of metal structures it is vital to have a simple yet accurate treatment of the shear deformation of profiled metal sheeting. A suitable theory is developed in this paper for the two important cases of sheeting fastened to the supporting structure through every and alternate troughs of the corrugations. Various practical factors are taken into account. The results of an extensive series of numerical investigations are presented as a simple equation and a set of tables.
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  • 125
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1677-1696 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a classification of mathematical commonly encountered in connection with solution of non-linear finite element problems. The principal methods for numerical solution of the non-linear equations are surveyed and discussed. Special emphasis is placed upon the description of an automatic load incrementation procedure with equilibrium iterations. It is shown how this algorithm can be adapted for solving problems involving instabilities, snap-through and snap-back. A simple scalar quantity denoted the current stiffness parameter is suggested; this parameter is used to characterize the overall behaviour of non-linear problems. It can also be used as a steering parameter in the solution process. The use of the present technique is illustrated by several examples.
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  • 126
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1705-1715 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new and efficient method of dynamic condensation is presented. It reduces the order of dynamic matrices without intoroducing further approximation by representing the passive co-ordinates in terms of the active ones exactly. The resulting frequency dependent eigenvalue problem is solved by a combined technique of Sturm sequence and subspace iteration. Examples are given for a space frame and a substructure problem. Results are compared to the complete solution.
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  • 127
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1841-1851 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A common method for numerically approximating two-point parabolic boundary value problems of the form ut = L[u]+f(u) defined of the semi-infinite strip S = [0, 1]×[0, ∞] is to first discretize the spatial operator in the differential equation and then solve for the time evolution. Such an approach typically involves solving a system of algebriaic equations at a sequence of time steps. In this paper we take a different approach and subdivide S into a collection of semi-infinite substrips Si = [xi, xi+1]×[0, ∞], and use blending function techniques to derive finite parameter functions ei(x, t) defined on Si. Spectral matching methods are used in deriving ei to ensure that (u - ei) can be made small on Si. Galerkin's method, with associated integration sover the entire space-time domain S, is then used to generate approximations to u(x, t) based upon the so defined infinite element (ei, Si). Approximations are hence found for all (x, t) in S by solving one well structed system of algebraic equations. We apply the method to several linear and non-linear problms.
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  • 128
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1873-1878 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new and a simple algorithm for approximate calculation of optimal output-constrained feedback regulators is presented. computational simplicity is achieved by using properties of weakly coupled linear systems. The algorithm has been shown to be very effective in solving high dimensional control problems.
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1879-1882 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 130
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1853-1871 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper a technique previously developed for the analysis of rigid-plastic structural frames is adapted to provide a formal procedure for finding the limit load of any structure formed from rigid blocks. In this procedure the load factor is maximized subject to the euilibrium equations of the structure and linear constraints imposed by criteria of failure at the block interfaces.In part I of the paper it is assumed that the limiting shear force associated with sliding at a block interface is independent of the normal component of force across the interface. This assumption means that the normality rule is satisfied, so that the upper- and lower-bound theorems of classical limit analysis apply. This part includes a description of computer program for the collapse analysis of masonry arches with joints incapable of carrying tension.In part II the limit on the Shear force at a block interface is assumed to be that associated with Coulomb friction. It is not difficult to extend the computational algorithm described in part I to deal with this situation. However, the failure mechanism computed by the algorithm will not necessarily satisfy the normality rule. The corresponding limit load may therefore be an over-estimate of the true failure load, even though it is computed by a lower-bound (equilibrium) approach. A criterion is established for testing the validity of a failure load computed in these circumstances.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1897-1897 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper presents an introduction to two general approaches used in the soluation of coupled structures and fluid systems in which effects of large scale flow are excluded. In the first approach, the Lagrangian, the fluid is simply treated as a ‘solid’ with a negligible shear modulus. In the second method, Eulerian, a single pressure variable is used in the fluid.The numerical problems posed, discretization methods used and possible simplifications are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 17-33 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The fluid forces acting on a uniform cylinder with an infinitely long axis, heaving in the free surface or an infinite ideal fluid, are described in terms of its ‘added mass’ and ‘damping coefficient’. The techniques of multipole expansion and multiparameter conformal transformation are adopted for such calculations and applied to shapes which cannot be adequately represented by the conventional, and more rudimentary, ‘Lewis form fit’. The shapes referred to are both relevant to ship bows, one being a ‘fine section’ and the other a ‘bulbous section’. The parameters which influence the accuracy of the solution are examined. Results for these two sections are computed and compared with results based on (a) the ‘Lewis form approximation’ and (b) the ‘Frank's close fit method’ which employs a singularity representation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 35-48 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The hydrodynamic mass matrix for a vibrating ship is evaluated using a three-dimensional finite element discretization of the surrounding water. For the important case of vertical vibrations of the ship, values of the added masses obtained in this way are compared with those given by the conventional semi-empirical formulas currently in use in the shipbuilding industry. A numerical example is presented. It is concluded that conventional two-dimensional methods, the usefulness of which is confirmed when the first few modes of the hull girder only are sought, do not apply to higher modes, for which significant deformation of the cross-section may occur. On the other hand, a finite element approach has the advantage of its generality as well as flexibility. Suggestions for future research are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 49-72 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computer program, originally developed to predict wave loads on large-diameter fixed offshore structures, has been modified to compute added masses, damping coefficients and response motions of free-floating and moored rigid systems. It is now being extended to predict multi-degree-of-freedom responses of articulated structures, particularly wave energy absorbing devices. The structure is modelled by surface singularities (point sources) in potential flow. The boundary conditions, fluid and structure equations of motion are linearized. Engineering applications here include the predictions, fluid and structure equations of motion are linearized. Engineering applications here include the prediction of wave loads on a gravity platform, response motions of a moored barge, and comparisons with laboratory data on the mooring loads and response of a tethered buoyant platform, and on the wave loading, response and efficiency of two wave energy absorbing devices.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 73-92 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the development of transfer functions for the dynamic response of multidegree-of-freedom offshore structures, excited by sinusoidal waves. The problem is formulated in terms of the principal modes of the structure vibrating freely in vacuo. The hydrodynamic analysis is performed through use of a distribution of wave sources on the submerged surface of the structure, which leads to an approximate solution satisfying the boundary condition on the fluid-structure interface at a discrete set of points. Generalized forces are obtained corresponding both to excitation by waves and to the hydrodynamic reactions induced by motions of the structure: the latter are expressed in terms of added mass and damping matrices. Results are given for simple geometries to illustrate the approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 93-107 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A method of fluid-structure connection is presented for solutions which mainly involve the calculation of the dynamic response of structures by using the method of modal analysis. This connection method is based upon finite element structural and fluid representation and is efficiently employed when used with the inverse iteration procedure for eigenvalue, eigenvector evaluation. The inverse iteration procedure is described in conjunction with the connection method. Also a method of non-linear structural analysis and a method of frequency domain analysis are discussed with reference to the presented fluid-structure connection procedure.Applications are considered for both model and prototype situations. Efficient use of the mini computer for solving dynamic problems by the proposed method is also considered.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 123-138 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper presents a numerical technique for the linear dynamic analysis of a finite elastic structure immersed in an infinite homogeneous acoustic medium. It is required to determine the vibrational motion of the structure and also the associated acoustic field in the fluid, when the structure is either subjected to internal applied forces or is acting as a scatterer of an incident acoustic wave. A finite element analysis of the structure is matched at the structure-fluid interface with an integral equation representation of the exterior acoustic field, leading to a coupled system of equations which may be cast in either acoustic or structural from. The former approach is preferred here for which numerical results are presented when the method is applied to plane wave scattering by thick and thin elastic spherical shells.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 109-122 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A finite element method is presented for predicting the coupled structural-acoustic response of a flexible cylinder, which contains an acoustic medium and is excited by mechanical forces. The cylinder is represented by an existing axisymmetric, cylindrical shell element. The acoustic space inside the cylinder is modelled using a new axisymmetric, acoustic ring element. The cross-secton of the ring takes the form of an eight node, isoparametric element. The coupled equations of motion for the cylinder and acoustic field are solved using modal analysis techniques. The numerical results obtained are compared with results from an experimental investigation which is also described.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 139-150 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A variational principle in terms of displacements in the fluid and the structure with a penalty for irrotationality of displacement in the fluid is developed for the analysis of harmonic vibrations of ideal compressible fluid and elastic structure systems. Its Discretization by the finite element method leads to an algebraic eigenvalue problem with a positive definite symmetric banded matrix. Numerical examples obtained for pure acoustic cases and coupled cases show the efficiency of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 151-164 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A theory is developed whereby acoustic and structural modes are coupled by means of geometrical distortions in a circular cylindrical shell filled with liqued.The prediction is that a circularly symmetric discrete frequency acoustic wave in the liquid will excite in the shell not only a circular symmetric ‘breathing mode’ (which would be the only one present in an undistorted shell) but also short wavelength flexural waves at the excitation frequency. It is possible, even for quite small distortions, for the displacement amplitude of some of these flexural waves to exceed that of the ‘breathing mode’.The results of calculations for a particular shell are shown to be consistent with experimental results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 165-180 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The motion of a terthered buoyant platform (TBP) in a regular train is investigated numerically using the Zienkiewicz four-time-level scheme.5 Wave forces are calculated using Morison's equation7 and linear wave theory. Results are presented for the theoretical response to the periodic forcing function for an optimized method,6 Wood, A.,6 Wilson θ =1.412 and Houbolt13 and compared with the actual computed behaviour of the TBP.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 197-201 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 181-196 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The seismic behaviour of an offshore pipeline, which may be totally or partially in contact with the sea-bed, is characterized by the confluence of structural dynamics, hydrodynamics and soil mechanics and also the possible dynamic interactions between these aspects. This paper contains a study dealing with the seismic response analysis of such a pipeline including pressure drag effects. A numerical analysis basesd on the assumption that the pipe behaves linearly elastically and that pipe deffection is elastoplastically related, without loss, to sea-bed resistance shows that pipe response in significantly attenuated by contact, as aspected, the amount of attenuation depending upon contact length and the parameters defining idealized sea-bed behaviour.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 229-246 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Prestressed concrete members, because of the use of high strength materials and the efficient disposition of tensile forces, need considerably less material. This and other advantages, however, are offset by the high unit costs of materials and the associated specialized labour. Thus, it is important to make the most of the savings in materials through the application of optimum design procedure. Among the available optimization techniques, generalized geometric progamming (GGP) is ideally suited because the design equations of prestressed concrete members are expressible in the form of polynomials. Using the GGP, in this study, a set of minimum prestress force designs are obtained for various depths of one-way slab. From the data thus obtained a minimum cost design procedure is explained. Moreover, the need for supplementary non-prestressed reinforcement to obtain economical designs for depths of slab beyond a certain depth is also shown.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 311-336 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper treats shape optimal design of two-dimensional structures. Sensitivity of cost and constraint functions to changes in the shape of the structure are obtained by applying theorems from the calculus of variations and by using consistent first-order approximations of functions arising in an optimal design problem. A generalized steepest descent algorithm is presented for determination of the optimum shape. The method is applied to a load carrying shear plate that models a component of the high pressure seal in a gun launched high velocity projectile.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 373-384 
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    Notes: Derivation of an optimality criterion for finite element structural representations using constant-moment plate-bending triangular elements ispresented. Numerical examples of minimum-mass design of both simply-supported and clamped elastic plates for concentrated and distributed loading conditions under a single displacement constraint serve to illustrate the suggested procedure. Interpretation of the solution obtained and difficulties involved are discussed in the light of recent application of optimal control theory to structural optimization.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 241-253 
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    Notes: Recently developed computer aided design systems for the design and modification of complex physical solids using interactive computer graphics offer the exciting possibility of an integrated design/analysis system. Called geometric modellers, these systems build complex solids from primitive solids (cubes, cylinders, spheres, etc.) and macro solids (combinations of primitives). To provide an effective finite element analysis capability for these systems, methods must be devised to ease the burden of discretizing the solid geometry into a user controlled finite element mesh. In this paper we describe a new class of transitional blended finite elements which make substantially simpler the task of finite element mesh generation and local mesh refinement. Computational experience indicates that numerical accuracy is not compromised by use of these flexible elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 297-304 
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    Notes: A non-iterative method is presented for solving a system of algebraic equations forming a banded matrix with each diagonal submatrix being tridiagonal and all other submatrices being diagonal. A recursion relation is assumed between successive elements of the solution vector. This relation is determined by equating a linearly combined form of it with the original set of equations also being linearly combined. The solution vector is determined by back-substitution of elements in the recursion relation. Since the method takes advantage of the banded structure of the matrix, it is more efficient than the conventional methods. A FORTRAN program that incorporates the present method is included.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 305-313 
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    Notes: A finite element model that is suitable for the analysis of shells of revolution with arbitrary local deviations is presented. The model employs three types of shell elements: rotational, general and transitional. The rotational shell elements, which are most efficient, are used in the region where the shell is axisymmetric. The general shell elements, which can simulate almost any shell geometry, are used in the local region of the deviation. The transitional shell elements connect these two distinctively different types of elements and make it possible to combine them in a single analysis.The form of the global stiffness matrix is somewhat unique in the new model. Non-zero terms are not confined to a narrow band along the diagonal, but occur throughout the matrix. This is due to the following: (1) two different types of nodes, ring nodes and point nodes, are combined in a single analysis; and (2) a locally non-axisymmetric geometry creates a coupling of the Fourier harmonic coefficients of the rotational elements. Yet, the matrix still contains many scattered zero terms that should be considered for numerical efficiency. In this paper an efficient solution procedure that is effective for this situation is developed. The steps include the use of a substructuring technique and separate partial harmonic analysis. A numerical example is presented and compared with existing solutions to demonstrate the capabilities and the efficiency of the new model.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 369-383 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 353-367 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A Ritz finite element approach is used here to study the large amplitude free flexural vibrations of beams with immovable ends. The formulation is based on Lagrange's equation of motion with the definition of the time function at an instant corresponding to the point of reversal. The element displacement vector is chosen as a combination of inplane and transverse displacements. The nonlinear stiffness is written as a combination of the bending-membrane interaction and bending stiffness. The solution for nonlinear equations is sought by using an algorithm - the direct iteration technique - suitably modified for eigenvalue problems. Convergence is checked using the displacement norms on eigen-modes, and frequency norms for eigenvalues.The nonlinear frequencies, and modeshapes for transverse and longitudinal displacements, are determined for the simply-supported, clamped-clamped and simply-supported-clamped beams. Results are presented in the form of tables. In almost all the cases the nonlinear frequency values are found to be the lower bound like the earlier Galerkin finite element method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 665-680 
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    Notes: An algorithm, for use on a digital computer, is explained for cutting multiply connected regions in three-dimensional space. The algorithm is suitable for complex electromagnetic field problems where a magnetic scalar potential, affected by current loops, is to be calculated in a multiply connected region. Problems in fluid dynamics with vorticity affecting a scalar potential, could also be attacked with this algorithm. Since finite element methods are ubiquitous in field calculations, the cuts of the space constructed by the algorithm should ideally correspond to the given discretization; this can be arranged by an application of the Lebesgue Covering Theorem, for which a second algorithm is provided.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 681-688 
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    Notes: This paper deals with the application of the finite element method to the solution of propagation problems in elliptical and parabolic waveguides. Mode classification in empty waveguides is discussed, followed by extensions of the method to problems where metallic ridges lie along either major or minor axes.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 697-713 
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    Notes: This work presents an optimality criteria method which accurately and efficiently solves the structural optimization problem of trusses subject to deflection and stress constraints. The method is based upon the Newton-Raphson method and a first-order approximation both for deflection and stress constraints using the method of virtual work. It solves the problem rigorously and no serious difficulties have yet been encountered in spite of the drawbacks inherent in the Newton-Raphson method. Worked examples show its superiority to other methods and its ability to cope with trusses with many members and subject to multiple constraints.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 715-732 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 733-743 
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    Notes: A simple element numbering algorithm is described which yields near-minimal frontwidths for two- and three-dimensional finite element assemblies. Renumbering of E elements requires an immediate-access computer memory size which is proportional to the square root of E in two-dimensional problems, and to the two-thirds power of E in three dimensions. This very small memory requirement allows processing of large problems in minicomputers. When used in large computers, page-swapping operations are minimized.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 757-771 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 689-695 
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    Notes: This paper investigates the use of shape-preserving interpolants based on Bernstein polynomials for the numerical solution of differential equations. A simple and accurate algorithm is presented for the integration of the initial value ordinary differential equation, as well as for the partial differential equation of the Burger type.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 745-756 
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    Notes: Two general algorithms for refining triangular computational meshes based on the bisection of triangles by the longest side are presented and discussed. The algorithms can be applied globally or locally for selective refinement of any conforming triangulation and always generate a new conforming triangulation after a finite number of interactions even when locally used. The algorithms also ensure that all angles in subsequent refined triangulations are greater than or equal to half the smallest angle in the original triangulation; the shape regularity of all triangles is maintained and the transition between small and large triangles is smooth in a natural way. Proofs of the above properties are presented. The second algorithm is a simpler, improved version of the first which retains most of the properties of the latter. The algorithms can be used either for constructing irregular computational meshes or for locally refining any given triangulation. In this sense they can be adequately combined with adaptive and/or multigrid techniques for solving finite element systems. Examples of the application of the algorithms are given and two possible generalizations are pointed out.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 773-777 
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    Notes: The Hellinger-Reissner generalized variational principle is used to deduce further principles directed especially towards formulation of high integrity finite elements for plates and curved shells in polynomial parametric representation. Assumed stresses in these principles are derived from displacements and supplemented with stresses derived from stress functions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 778-779 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 783-786 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 981-982 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 999-1008 
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    Notes: A set of path independent integrals is constructed for the calculation of the generalized stress intensity factors occurring in elastic plates having sharp re-entrant corners or notches with stress-free faces and subjected to Mode I, II or III type loading. The Mode I integral is then demonstrated to enjoy a reasonable degree of numerical path independence in a finite element analysis of a test problem having an exact solution. Finally, this integral is used on the same problem in conjunction with a regularizing, finite element, procedure or superposition method. The results indicate that sufficiently accurate estimates of these stress intensity factors for engineering purposes can be achieved with little computational effort.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1009-1017 
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    Notes: This paper looks at some well-known methods for the numerical integration of the vibration equation from the point of view of various groupings of the independent equations involved. New forms are given of the general three-parameter method introduced by Zienkiewicz.1 Some new one-step methods are introduced; these are of great practical importance because of the ease with which the size of time step can be changed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1019-1024 
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    Notes: A very effective numerical formulation is proposed to solve approximately the problem of steady, fully developed laminar flows of incompressible fluids in straight ducts of arbitrary, simply connected cross-sections. The method is an application of the discrete singularity technique, with a finite number of singularities located outside the domain concerned. To illustrate the usefulness of the method, some examples of computations are also presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1025-1037 
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    Notes: It is well known that the analysis of a horizontally layered elastic material can be considerably simplified by the introduction of a Fourier or Hankel transform and the application of the finite layer approach. The conventional finite layer (and finite element) stiffness approach breaks down when applied to incompressible materials. In this paper these difficulties are overcome by the introduction of an exact finite layer flexibility matrix. This flexibility matrix can be assembled in much the same way as the stiffness matrix and does not suffer from the disadvantage of becoming infinite for an incompressible material. The method is illustrated by a series of examples drawn from the geotechnical area, where it is observed that many natural and man-made deposits are horizontally layered and where it is necessary to consider incompressible behaviour for undrained conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1057-1066 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A finite difference solution for the transient nonlinear heat conduction equation in a finite slab with a radiation boundary condition is proposed. An implicit finite difference approximation is used which enables accurate estimation of the surface temperature as well as prevention of oscillation of computed values at the surfaces. A two-time level implicit method is used, while Taylor's forward projection method is employed for taking account of the nonlinearities. An iterative method is described which predicts unknown surface conditions. An example is illustrated which is typical of those that arise in practical applications. The results demonstrate that the method is remarkable in its stability to predict surface conditions without debilitation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1067-1084 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A linear model for the solidification of a dilute binary alloy is presented. In this model the solidus and liquidus curves are linear. As a consequence internal energy depends linearly upon temperature and concentration. The formulation is a generalization of the well-known enthalpy method to treat a phase change problem involving coupled heat and mass transfer. Both analytic and numerical formulations are given. Results from the latter are presented and compared with an explicit solution of Rubinstein for a Stefan-like problem posed in a semi-infinite slab. Some remarks on the behaviour of the explicit solution are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1039-1055 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The paper describes an algorithm for generating maximum entropy distributions for probabilistic data. The central moments of the data form constraint equations developed from Jaynes' formalism, which are solved by mathematical programming. Criteria are presented for selecting starting points and scaling parameters, upon which the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm depends. Results are given of tests in which maximum entropy distributions are generated from the moment information of numerous analytical distributions. They show that four moments are generally required to produce good agreement and that maximum entropy distributions can represent most data populations very well. The notation used in the paper is defined in Appendix I.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1175-1175 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1176-1177 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1233-1246 
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    Notes: A constructive approach for the treatment of Stummel's examples to the patch test is presented, together with generalizations of these examples. The strange convergence phenomenon of nonconforming approximations is discussed in detail, and a kind of modified variational equation for remedying these defects is introduced. Our variational equation uses a combination of hybrid and penalty methods that define a convergent procedure with optimal order of convergence to the exact solution with respect to a mesh-dependent norm.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1211-1231 
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    Notes: A wide variety of methods have been proposed for solving implicit second-order systems of differential equations such as arise in structural and mechanical vibration analyses. Here we discuss a class of methods, based on second derivative formulae, some of which have previously been used by Enright.1 We show them to have desirable analytic and implementation properties. We relate these methods to others recently proposed by Brusa and Nigro and by Serbin, showing that we obtain algorithms which have all the desirable properties of their methods and which can also be extended to classes of practical problems which were not considered by these other authors. Since implicit first-order systems are also important in practice, for example in finite element analyses of heat conduction problems, we demonstrate the efficient implementation of the second derivative formulae in this case too.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1247-1260 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A general finite difference scheme has been proposed along with a three-dimensional co-ordinate transformation procedure for the prediction of three-dimensional fully elliptic flows. This numerical scheme has been successfully employed for the calculations of the three-dimensional turbulent separated flow in a rectangular diffuser. The complexity of the phenomena is seen to increase tremendously for the three-dimensional flows of this class.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1261-1271 
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    Notes: Analytical comparative solutions are often needed to assess the accuracy of proposed elements or proposed iterative schemes for potential flow numerical calculations. Traditionally, the flow over a circular cylinder, placed in a wind tunnel, has served for such a test and the results compared to what is thought to be an exact solution. We point out here that there is no exact solution for the flow over a circular cylinder in a wind tunnel, for practical values of wind tunnel height to cylinder radius, but that an exact solution can only be found for the flow over an oval cylinder. We derive that exact solution and provide numerical comparisons, using triangular elements, with both the stream function and the velocity potential for the incompressible case. In addition, numerical results for compressible flows up to critical Mach number are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1291-1306 
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    Notes: A numerical method of solution is proposed for optimization problems of distributed parameter systems. Two model problems from continuum mechanics are investigated by means of constructing the problems as the steady-state optimal control problems governed by elliptic partial differential equations.The basis of the suggested method of solution lies in the space discretization of the necessary conditions for optimality by the boundary element method, and the minimization of the performance indices by the conjugate gradient method of optimization.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1273-1289 
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    Notes: Generalized Petrov-Galerkin methods are applied in two different ways for the numerical solution of Burgers' equation. In the first place, it is used to produce upwinding in the way described by Mitchell and Griffiths.9,10 The main objective of this paper is in the second place to use it as a moving finite element method. In particular, it is shown that the methods of Miller and co-workers4-6 and Herbst et al.7,8 can be incorporated in the more general approach presented in this paper. Several choices for the test functions are discussed and numerical results are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1307-1322 
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    Notes: We discuss properties of methods proposed recently by Gellert1 and by Brusa and Nigro2 for solving systems of second-order ordinary differential equations. In both cases, we extend the derivations to obtain whole families of methods with improved stability properties (roughly equivalent to L-stability for first-order systems) and we show that obtaining improvement in stability properties results in a deterioration in accuracy and/or implementation properties. Also we bring out the relationship (and in some cases equivalence) of these methods to others proposed in the literature. In particular, we show that the methods proposed by the above authors are essentially equivalent to well-known methods of long standing, namely Padé approximant methods for equivalent first-order systems of ordinary differential equations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1349-1360 
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    Notes: A general iterative method is presented to design Kármán-Trefftz and Joukowsky airfoils of specified thickness and camber ratios and the location of the maximum thickness point. The method has been programmed for a digital computer and results of some applications are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1361-1365 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1529-1552 
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    Notes: A general algorithm for a single step time marching scheme for use in dynamic or diffusion equations is presented. This algorithm is easily programmed in its universal form for all orders of approximation and covers most of the currently used schemes as well as presenting many new possibilities. In many cases it presents a computationally advantageous form over conventional procedures - this is particularly so when compared with the Newmark algorighm and its variants.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1521-1528 
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    Notes: The paper presents results obtained by the implementation of a new method of Laplace transformation and inversion developed by the authors. Test functions are used to show that basic accuracy is comparable to that obtainable by uniform sampling along the Bromwich contour. The advantage of the new method is seen to be that it generally requires far fewer samples of F(s). It is clarified that the new method does have certain limitations so far as general application is concerned. However, given results indicate that very satisfactory performance may be expected whenever the method is specifically applied to the calculation of transient responses of damped physical systems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1562-1563 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1555-1561 
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    Notes: A solution technique for indefinite systems of symmetric linear, simultaneous equations, via the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, is presented. The method utilizes symmetry of the global matrix and its expected real eigenvalues. Premultiplication of the global matrix with itself renders a positive definite matrix, hence enabling the use of any standard equation solver for a positive definite system and requiring only about twice the memory requirement for the original set of equations. Two subroutines, MULT and MULTIP, which are compatible with the sky-line technique, are also listed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1567-1573 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A new method of performing the shakedown analysis of structures subjected to variable repeated loads and temperature fields is presented. The method employs the standard incremental elastic-plastic finite element algorithm and is based upon a cyclic repetition of piecewise-proportional paths that contain all the vertices of the load-temperature variation domain. A numerical example illustrates the approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1575-1580 
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    Notes: The receptance matrix of a system after a modification of rank k 〈 n to system matrices (of ordern) may be derived from the receptance matrix of the original system by solution of a system of linear equations of order k. In this paper it is shown that it is desirable to impose a much more conservative condition on the system of equations than simple solvability. The possible consequences of breaching this conservative condition are developed and discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1599-1612 
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    Notes: A local interpolation method for an irregular mesh of nodal points is proposed. The method is based on a Taylor expansion of the unknown function combined with the minimization of errors. Some numerical tests as well as a computer program are presented. Applicability and stability of the method are shown. By the appropirate definition of weighting coefficients, this method may be viewed as an interpolation or approximation in the sense of minimum deviation from given values. Applications in finite element and finite difference methods are shown.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2051-2064 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A conceptually simple, general method is described for the finite element simulation of multi-stage construction and excavation processes, including recognition of nonlinear material behaviour. Anomalous results reported in the literature for simulation of excavation of elastic media are examined, and shown to result from the inconsistent determination of nodal excavation forces from element boundary stresses.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2033-2050 
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    Notes: This paper is concerned with the development of a numerical model which is based on the direct integral balance of internal energy over an a priori defined subdomain, associated with any nodal point, and on the piecewise temperature and geometrical interpolation inherent in the isoparametric finite element concept. This discretization procedure, also called the conservative finite element method (CFEM), ensures local and global energy conservation, in spite of discretization errors, and preserves the major feature of the finite element technique, i.e. the versatility of its algorithm.The CFEM equations are first developed and then some features of the CFEM matrices and solutions are compared with relevant features of the finite element method based on the Galerkin orthogonalization process (GFEM).To confirm better accuracy of the numerical procedure thus developed, four examples of a comparative nature, dealing with simple configurations, are solved.Furthermore, the stability and oscillation characteristics of the CFEM and GFEM solutions are established by means of the von Neumann approach, in order to show less stringent stability requirements for the CFEM model.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2077-2092 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The nonlinear system of equations and inequalities relating to the large displacement behaviour of elasto-plastic structures can be transformed by the method of perturbations into an infinite sequence of recursive linear complementarity problems (LCP). Each such LCP can be solved by a simple variant of the simplex algorithm of linear programming. Special consideration is given to describing those steps of the algorithm that are needed for detecting and controlling the phenomena of plastic straining, unstressing and branching.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2093-2105 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: An implementation of a solution to the problem of a penny-shaped crack in an infinite elastic solid with arbitrary normal and shear loads is described, and is used to generate the stresses corresponding to some simple crack loads. The program described is fast and stable, and is shown to give accurate results even if the crack loads are not of the desired polynomial form. Stress intensity factors are obtained directly from combinations of load constants.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2107-2112 
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    Notes: A procedure is presented for the application of linear multipoint constraints. The procedure employs the transformation approach for constraint application which reduces the number of equations to be solved by the number of constraints. However, the matrix operations implied by the approach are avoided by the proper construction of the constraint equations. A specific procedure for carrying out the constraint application process as part of the assembly of the global stiffness matrix is given.
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