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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (15,481)
  • American Physical Society  (9,032)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (12,634)
  • 1975-1979  (11,879)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (12,634)
  • 1978  (11,879)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (12,634)
  • 1975-1979  (11,879)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The analysis of circular dichroism spectra of natural DNAs using spectral components from synthetic DNAs (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 85-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have tested 21 different basis sets of synthetic DNA circular dichroism spectra and have slected one for use in spectral analyses of natural DNAs. This “standard” set consists of spectra of eight polymers: poly[d(A-A-T)·d(A-T-T)], poly[d(A-G-G)·d(C-C-T)], poly[d(A-T)·d(A-T)], poly[d(G-C)·d(G-C)], poly[d(A-G)·d(C-T)], poly[d(A-C)·d(G-T)], poly[d(A-T-C)·d(G-A-T)], and poly[d(A-G-C)·d(G-C-T)]. This basis set, applied according to the first-neighbor polymer procedure of Gray and Tinoco, allows a more uniformly accurate spectral analysis of six natural complex DNAs and eight (A+T)-rich satellite DNAs for base composition and first-neighbor frequencies than was previously possible. We find that spectra of poly[d(A)·d(T)] and/or poly[d(A-C-T-)·d(A-G-T)] are not generally required for good analysis results but we show in this and the following paper that these spectra are needed for the most accurate analyses of some satellite DNAs.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170107
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A semiempirical extension of polyelectrolyte theory to the treatment of oligoelectrolytes: Application to oligonucleotide helix-coil transitions (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of counterions with a suitably long, charged oligomer appears susceptible to treatment in the context of polyelectrolyte theory by the introduction of an end-effect parameter that reflects the reduced association of counterions with the terminal regions of the oligo-ion. Use of a physically reasonable value for the end-effect parameter provides excellent agreement between theory and the experimental data of Elson, Scheffler, and Baldwin [J. Mol. Biol. 54, 401-415 (1970)] on the dependences of melting temperature on salt concentration and chain length for a series of hairpin helices formed by d(TA) oligomers. The differences in behavior expected for hairpin, dimer, and oligomer-polymer helices are discussed. The salt dependence of the end-joining equilibrium investigated for λ DNA by Wang and Davidson [Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 33, 409-415 (1968)] is treated as an oligomer-polymer interconversion. The dependence of equilibrium constant for this reaction on counterion concentration is in good agreement with that predicted by theory for an end-region totalling 24 nucleotides, the known length of the λ ends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170112
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent denaturationThis paper is an expanded version of a paper dedicated to J. Sturtevant at the symposium held on March 25, 1977 in honor of his achievement of emeritus status at Yale University. (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 1305-1322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solvent denaturation is developed along thermodynamic lines rather than from multiple-binding theory. Almost all the relations derivable from site-binding theory have their counterparts in the thermodynamic formulation showing that the details of binding models may be sufficient but are not necessary for the general description of solvent denaturation. Equations are derived for the effect of denaturant concentration on stability at constant temperature and on tm. It is recommended that the thermodynamic treatment be used instead of binding models unless stoichiometric interactions are demonstrable experimentally.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170515
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Base stacking in A fluorescent dinucleoside monophosphate: εApεA (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 1361-1372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The optical properties of the 1,N6 - etheno derivative of ApA (εApεA) have been studied. Absorbance and CD measurements suggest that (1) neutral salts tend to unstack this molecule and (2) the stacking interaction is weaker than in ApA. εApεA is found to be quenched strongly with respect to the monomer. (εAMP); this quenching is solvent dependent (1M NaCl 〉 5M NaClo4〉40%glycerol) and increases with the ratio of temperature to viscosity (T/η) in each case. Fluorescence lifetime measurements also reveal a temperature- and solvent-dependent decay which is nonlinear on a semilog plot. In the presence of 95% glycerol, this decay return to linearity. These data have been considered from two points of view: (1) two-state pictures which are based on thermodynamic least-squares fit to quatum yield and CD curves, together with two exponential fits to the decay curves and (2) a dynamical model in which relatives fluorophore motion leads to deexcitation via intramolecular collision. A simple model of type (2) gives qualitative agreement with the observed behavior.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170519
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of receptor affinity heterogeneity by scatchard plots (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 1385-1386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170522
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170601
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition between native and monoacetylated polymyxin for charged adsorption sites (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 1513-1521 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The native antibiotic polymyxin B, carrying five positive charges, displaces the monoacetylated on from its adsorbed state at the interface between negatively charged lipid layers ans water. A simulation model for asdorption, governed by electrostatic forces, is presented. The model adequently representes the competitive adsorption kinetics and equilibria.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170610
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Comparison of conformation and antimicrobial activity of synthetic analogs of gramicidin S: Stereochemical consideration of the role of D-phenylalanine in the antibiotic (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 1549-1565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to study the role of D-amino acid residues in keeping the stable β-sheet conformation and in the antimicrobial activity of gramicidin S (GS), the four analogs of GS containing D-Ala, L-Ala, Gly, and Aib (α-aminoisobutyric acid) in place of D-Phe were synthesized. D-Ala-and Gly-containing analogs showed antimicrobial activity, while those containing L-Ala and Aib showed no activity. Conformation of these analogs and their derivatives were studied by comparison of ORD and CD spectra and by slective methylation method. It is concluded that the biologically active analogs have β-sheet conformation while inactive analogs have a much different conformation from that of GS. This indicates that D-Ala-Pro and Gly-Pro sequences favor taking a β-bend form but L-Ala-Pro and Aib-Pro sequences do not because the presence of L-side methyl group on the α-carbon atom of LAla and Aib residues destabilizes the β-bend form. This would explain why the inactive analogs which take a different conformation from that of the active ones result in the loss of activity.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170613
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dipole-dipole interaction and the relative stability of different types of aggregates of helical polypeptides (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 811-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170321
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  • 10
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    Electronic Resource
    Collagen fibrils and elastic fibers in rat-tail tendon: An electron microscopic investigation (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 843-855 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Earlier studies by the authors showed that the collagen fibrils in rat-tail tendon have a bi-modal distribution of fibril diameters from a time shortly after birth through to the onset of maturity at about 3-4 months. Present work has extended those observations for rats up to the age of 2 years. Histograms of the fibril diameter distributions for mature tail tendon and direct electron microscope observations show that the fibrils break down as the tendon ages. Further work on the constant diameter subfibrils of diameter 140 Å described previously, has confirmed that these are part of the elastic fibers present in tendon at all ages. It has been shown that there is relatively little variation in the collagen fibril diameter distribution as a function of the position of the specimen in the tail, and as the measured percentage of the area taken by the collagen fibrils present at any particular point. Estimation of the fibrillar collagen content of rat-tail tendon as a function of age indicates that it increases steadily from birth and reaches a maximum at the onset of maturity, beyond which the fibrillar collagen content appears to remain constant.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170404
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Packaging of DNA in bacteriophage Heads: Some considerations on energetics (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 785-794 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have made quantitative estimates of some of the energetic factors to be considered in packaging of double-stranded DNA in virus particles. Numerical calculations were made using parameters appropriate for T4 bacteriophage. The unfavorable factors, and the Gibbs free energies per mole virus at 20°C associated with them, are bending, 1.5 × 103 kcal/mol; conformational restriction upon condensation, 5.1 × 102 kcal/mol; polyelectrolyte repulsion, 2.1 × 105kcal/mol; and melting or kinking, 6.9 × 103 kcal/mol. These must be counterbalanced in the assembled phage by noncovalent bonding interactions between protein subunits in the phage-head shell; by interactions between the DNA and polyvalent cations, especially putrescine and spermidine; nad perhaps by repulsive excluded volume and electrostatic interaction between the DNA and acidic polypeptides. Indeed, a rough estimate of the standard free energey of interaction between T4 DNA and the putrescine and spermidine contained in the head is --2.1 × 105 kcal/mol. In the absence of the other two sources of stabilization, each head protein subunit must contribute about 210 kcal/mol of binding energy.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170317
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extrinsic cotton effect and helix-coil transition in a DNA-polycation complex (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 815-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170322
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Application of thin film dialysis to the determination of equilibrium constants (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 837-842 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theoretical basis for thin-film dialysis involving binding between a ligand and nondialyzing species is presented. A general differential equation that applies to the case of equivalent, noninteracting sites is derived relating [A]F, [A]T, [P]T, and K. Numerical solutions to this equation are used to develop a series of escape curves corresponding to specific values of the parameters [P]T, [A]i, K, and k0. A general method for determining an equilibrium binding constant from thin-film dialysis data is given. A comparison of thin-film dialysis results predicted by this theory with literature data shows essential agreement.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170403
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  • 14
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    The electronic structure of cytosine, 5-azacytosine, and 6-azacytosine (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 887-896 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The normal and vacuum uv spectra of cytosine, 5-azacytosine, and 6-azacytosine thin layers were determined. The spectra were resolved into a series of Gaussian bands and the experimental band positions and oscillator strengths were compared with the calculated values. The calculations were carried out with the PPP-SCF-CI method. The agreement of the calculations with those of others and with the experiment is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170407
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent accessibilities in the dimeric subunits of RNA and DNA (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 2503-2518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: To obtain information on the solvent-solute interactions in the dinucleoside monophosphates pertaining to the dimeric subunits of RNA and DNA, we have computed the accessibility of a water molecule to the oxygen atoms of the subunits following the method of Lee and Richards [J. Mol. Biol. 55, 379-400 (1971)]. The solute molecules (dimeric unit) is represented by a set of interlocking spheres of appropriate van der Waals radii assigned to each atom, a solvent (water) molecule is rolled along the envelope of the van der Waals surface, and the total surface accessible to the solvent molecule - and hence the solvent accessibility of various atoms of the solute molecule for different conformations - are computed. From the calculated atomic accessibilities, solvation maps in the (ω′,ω) space have been constructed, keeping ψ at 60°, 180°, and -60°. The C(3′)-endo sugar system in the case of DNA subunit have been considered. The solvation maps describing the solvatability of single and groups of atoms give significant information on the backbone conformational domains that are preferred for solvent interaction, thus adding knowledge to the relative stability of the various possible conformations. The B-DNA-type conformer exposes three polar atoms - namely, PO1, O(3′), and O(1′) - to external solvent, whereas the A-DNA- and C-DNA-type conformers expose only one polar atom - O(3′) and O(1′), respectively - to the solvent. The O(2′) atom of the furanose ring system in the RNA subunit could give added stability via solvent association or interunit hydrogen bonding with or without a bridging water. The superposition solvation maps describing the accessibility of a group of polar atoms help to interpret a good number of phosphodiester conformations observed in a energetically less favored conformational domains in the tRNAPhe crystal. Another intresting fact that results from this study is the prediction that the trans oriented of ω is the most favorable conformations of random-coil polynucleotides in solution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360171016
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Conformational properties of the N-terminal residues of S-peptide. II. The guanidine hydrochloride-water-trifluoroethanol system (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 2545-2559 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Conformational properties of synthetic S-peptide analogs, in which the residues in the N-terminal sequence 1-6 were progressively deleted or replaced with amino acids of lower helical propensity, were studied by CD. Increasing the concentration of guanidine hydrochloride and decreasing the temperature were found to produce progressive destruction of ordered conformations, in the parallel with the increasing solubility of the peptide unit, while increasing the concentration of trifluoroethanol and decreasing the temperature produced the opposite effect. The maximum helicity determined in the these sets of experiments is found equal to or greater than that determined in the formation of the ribonuclease S′ complexes. With some peptides the maximum value of predicted helical conformation is reached, and the tendency of tertiary structure to reduce the maximum possible helicity is evident. We discuss the validity of the procedure by which conformational information, drawn from measurements in helicogenic solvents, is related to the state in native protein.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360171103
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  • 17
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    Thermal perturbation techniques in characterizing ligand-macromolecule interactions: Theory and application to the proflavin-α-chymotryspin system (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 1773-1792 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A thermal perturbation curve (TPC) is defined to be the derivative of the fractional degree of saturation, f, with respect to temperature, considered as a function of the natural logarithm of free ligand concentration, y. The theoretical framework for the use of such curves in the thermodynamic analysis of ligand binding to macromolecules is presented. The thermal perturbation curve either provides or complements the information obtained from the derivative binding isotherm ∂f/∂y. For a single set of identical and independent sites the TPC is identical to the derivative binding isotherm. Analysis of such a curve directly yield ΔH0 and ΔG0 for the binding reaction. In actual experimental work, however, the TPC can only be approximated because of “self-buffering” effects relations between the parameter of the approximate curve and the thermodynamic quantities have been developed. This technique is applied to the proflavin-α-chymotryspin system to demonstrate its usefulness. The general features of thermal perturbation curves for cases of multiple sets of independent sites and cooperatively interacting sites have also been developed. The analysis of thermal perturbation curves in combination with other methods should provide a more powerful approach to the characterization of ligand-macromolecule interactions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170712
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  • 18
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    Conformational studies of sequential polypeptides containing lysine and tyrosine (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 1837-1848 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformation of three sequential copolypeptides, poly(L-tyrosyl-L-lysine), poly(L-tyrosyl-L-lysyl-L-lysine), and poly[L-tyrosyl-(L-lysyl)2-L-lysine] have been studied by a variety of techniques, including CD, ir spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, and x-ray diffraction. Depending upon the pH and sovent composition, poly(L-tyrosyl-Llysyl-L-lysine) and poly [L-tyrosyl-(Llysyl)2-L-lysine] can adopt either the α-helical or random-coil conformation, while poly(L-tyrosyl-L-lysine) forms either inter- or intramolecular β-structures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170803
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Proton magnetic relaxation in solid poly(L-alanine), poly(L-leucine), poly(L-valine), and polyglycine (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 1913-1925 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular motion in solid poly(L-alanine), Poly(L-leucine), poly(L-valine), and polyglycine has been investigated through measurement of the portion spin-lattice relaxation time at 30 and 60 MHz between 110 and 350°K. Rapid random reoriention of sied-chain methyl groups provides the dominent source of relaxation in the first three; activation energies are 10.5 ± 1 1, 8.5 ± 1 kJ/mol, respectively, significantly lower than in the monomeric crystals. Relaxation times in poyglycine are two orders of magnitude longer than in the monomeric crystals. Relaxation times in polyglycine, significantly lower than in the monomeric crystals. Relaxation times in polyglycine are two orders of magnitude longer and are attributed mainly to segmental motions of the polymer chains. Evidence of nonexponential recovery of nuclear magnetization was encountered in the first three homopolyamino acids but not in polylycine, and was attributed to the correlated time to characterize these motions gave quite good agreement with the data; some improvement was obtained for two polymers using a Cole-Davidson distribution of correlation times. For biopolymers using a Cole-Davidson distribution of correlation times. For biopolymers generally it is concluded that rapid methyl group reorientation is a common dynamical feature and an important source of nuclear magnetic relaxation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170808
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Measurement of the strongly held water of myoglobin by drying (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 1957-1972 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The karl Fischer reagent method has been used to study the drying of whale skeletal muscle myoglobin. Drying curves for metmyglobin were obtained by mechanical pumping (moderate vacuum) and diffusion pumping (high vacum) at 20, 10, 0, -10, and -20°C. Strongly held water is present in about the same amounts as were previously observed with lysozyme. Nearly all of this strongly held water is still present during the drying of acid denatured metmyoglobin. This suggest that a core structure containing strongly held water is still present at pH 4.0. Comparison of the drying of metmyoglobin, deoxymyoglobin, and oxymyoglobin indicates that the iron-coordinated water of methyoglobin is the second most strongly held water of the molocule.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170811
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  • 21
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    Some global β-sheet characterstics (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 2033-2037 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170817
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  • 22
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    Tail-fiber attachement in bacteriophage T4D studied by quasielastic light scattering-band electrophoresis (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 2015-2028 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mixtures of bacteriophage T4D particles with up to six tail fibres attached were seprated and analyzed in a quasielastic light scattering-band electrophoresis apparatus. The electrophoretic mobilities and diffusion coefficients of the seprated bands were determined during the same experiment. Species differing in mobility by 0.05 × 10-4 cm2/V sec were resolved. Henry's electropheresis theory for spheres indicates that each tail fiber contributes about 140 effective positive charges to the phage structure. Estimate of the charge using the permanent dipole moment and the electrophorectic mobility (Bontje et. al. (1977) Biopolymers 16, 551-572) gives an effective charge of + 230 to -250 per tail fiber. The charge distribution on the fiberless particles was estimated to be -3380 on the head and -290 on the tail if the dipole moment was assumed positive and -1400 on the head and -1000 on the tail for a negative dipole. Tail-fiber attachement does not proceed to completion in our invitro system, as substantial distributions as a function of tail-fiber input indicates the reaction is a random, noncooperative process.
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    Conformational properties of the N-terminal residues of S-peptide. I. The ribonuclease S′ system (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 2525-2543 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The contribution of the 1-6 N-terminal sequence to the conformational properties of the S-peptide (the 1-20 sequence of ribonuclease A) was assessed by determining in the ribonuclease S′ system the helical content and the binding capability of synthetic [Orn10]-S-peptide analogs, in which lysine1, glutamic2 and threonine3 were progressively deleted, alanine4 and alanine5were alternatively replaced by serine, and alanine6 was substituted by serine or proline. Both the deletion of the three N-terminal residues and the alanine6/proline replacement produces the loss of the helical structure up to lysine7. No or minor effects are found in all other cases. From the comparison of the binding data, the energy for the conformational stabilization of the N-terminal region was calculated to amount to 1.4 kcal/mol. The results are discussed in comparison with the known x-ray data of the enzyme, with some predictive rules of secondary structure which were applied to this region and with the known phylogenetic variance of the residues in this region.
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    Solvent effect in the stereoselective polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride and some considerations on the mechanism of stereoregulation (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 2561-2572 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the Polymerization of phenylalanine N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) in No2Oh initiated by MeNHBzl, L-,D-, and DL-NCA As were polymerized at the same rate, and no stereoselectivity was observed. When the same experiment was carried out in HCONEt2, however, L- and D-NCA were both polymerized at a rate which was about twice as large as that of DL-NCA. In this case, the polymerization is stereoselective, ascribable to a preferable reaction between the optical enantiomorphs of the terminal residue of the growing chain and the NCA of the same chirality. On the other hand, the polymerization initiated by SarNMe2 and MeNH(CH2)2CONMe2 were stereoselective in NO2Ph and HCONEt2, but they were not stereoselective in m-(MeO)2Ph. These findings indicate that the polymerizations initiated by a strong base in highly dipolar solvents are stereoselective. Apparently, the reaction between a chiral, cyclic terminal of growing chain and a chiral, cyclic activated NCA in the activated-NCA mechanism is highly stereoselective. In addition, from a kinetic investigation on on the copolymerization between L- and D-NCAs, the penultimate chiral centers were also suggested to contribute to the stereoselection. Stereoselection by the α-helical conformation of the growing chain and by a chiral, linear terminal amine have been considered so far, and the contribution from the present type of stereoselection must have been overlooked.
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    Transient electric birefringence of T-even bacteriophages. IV. T2L0 and T6 with extended tail fibers (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 2689-2702 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Transient electric birefringence measurements of the bacteriophages T2L0 and T6 were performed under such conditions that the tail fibers are extended. The data obtained are compared to previously reported data for T4B. For all T-even phages the degree of extension of the tail fibers is a function of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. For T4B, much higher ionic strengths are needed than for T2L0 and T6 to accomplish complete tail-fiber extension. The rotational diffusion coefficients of the phages with fully extended fibers are equal to 120 ± 3 sec-1, 132 ± 5 sec-1, 157 ± 4 sec-1 for T2L0, T4B, and T6, respectively. The respective optical anistropies are - (2.66 ± 0.05) × 10-4, and - (3.07 ± 0.15) × 10-4. The differences in the rotational diffusion coefficient and optical anisotropy arise because the conformation of the fully extended tail fibers is different for the three phages. The tail fibers of T2L0 project further into the solution (away from the head) than do those of T4B and T6. The apparent permanent dipole moments of T2L0 and T6 decrease with increasing ionic strength. This decrease is caused by the screening of the surface charges on the phage body by the counter-ions in the solution. The biological relevance of this decrease is illustrated by the fact that the adsorption rate of T6 phages to E. coli B bacteria shows a similar dependence of ionic strength. Evidence is pressented that the tail fibers may move more or less independently of the phage body when an electric field is applied to the suspension.
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    Reversion of the B to A transition of DNA induced by specific interaction with the oligopeptide distamycin A (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 823-831 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The effect of the DNA-binding oligopeptide distamycin A on the B to A transition of DNA in ethanol/water solutions has been studied by means of CD. (The overbars indicate that it does not matter which particular form of the corresponding families is considered.) The results show that increasing the concentration of distamycin A reverses the A conformation (in 82% ethanol) to the B conformation due to its strong binding and stabilization of the latter. In accordance with previous data for pure aqueous solutions, a site size of 3.5 base pairs is obtained from the studies in water/ethanolic solutions. From the data on the B to A transition in the presence of distamycin A, we estimated the length of the cooperativity ν0 = 10 base pairs.The results demonstrate that the oligopeptide systems of distamycin, as well as those of netropsin, are effective stabilizers of the DNA B-conformation.
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    NMR evidence for a type I β-turn in (Pro2)-tetrapeptides and interdependence of cis:Trans isomerism, ring flexibility, and backbone conformation (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 781-804 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tetrapeptides with proline in position 2, asparagine or leucine in position 3, and glycine in positions 1 and 4, with end groups free or blocked on the N-terminal side, were studied in their various ionic states in 2H2O and in Me2SO-d6 by 1H- and 13C-nmr. In order to clarify or refine some details, successive substitutions of the residues in these peptides with amino acids enriched to 85% in 13C, or to 85% 13C plus 97% 2H were carried out. The 1H and 13C chemical shifts as well as the 1H-1H, 13C-13C, and 13C-1H coupling constants and the signal intensities show strong similarity of behavior between the tetrapeptides of asparagine and leucine. The main conformational characteristics are (1) the almost total stabilization of the trans conformer in the type I β-turn structure when the peptide is in the zwitterion state dissolved in Me2SO. This is deduced from the 3JC3αH-N3H and the 3JC2′-H3α coupling constants, which both furnish a dihedral angle of φ3 = -90°, and from the positive value of the temperature coefficient of the glycine-4 amide protons, which suggests a type 4 → 1 hydrogen bond; (2) the evolution of cis and trans isomer fractions which change with the ionic state of the peptides in Me2SO, whereas they remain constant in aqueous solution; and (3) the conformation of the pyrrolidine ring as it follows the variations in cis:trans isomer populations together with the side-chain rotamer fractions of the residue in position 3. In the β-turn conformation the isomer cis is less abundant and the pyrrolidine ring is more flexible; this explains the perfect accommodation of the proline residue in position 2 of a bend. The interdependence of these phenomena where interactive forces play a predominant role underlines the importance of cooperative effects in the molecule. The results also suggest that the cis isomer of proline can adapt itself just as well as the trans isomer to position 2 of a type I β-turn.
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    Transport properties of particles with segmental flexibility. II. Decay of fluorescence polarization anisotropy from hinged macromolecules (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 913-930 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An algorithm is presented for the Monte Carlo simulation of the decay of fluorescence polarization from segmentally flexible molecules. Based on the random walk model of Brownian motion, the treatment explicitly follows the stochastic changes in the diffusion coefficients as the molecule bends. It includes the effects of a linear restoring force opposing the bending and the effects of hydrodynamic coupling between the translational, rotational, and bending motions. One application is presented: the simulation of anisotropy decay curves for hinged rods. A variety of decay curves are obtained, including single- and multiexponential behavior, and the following conclusions are reached: (1) increasing the flexibility is usually, but not always, accompanied by a more rapid rate of depolarization; (2) reducing the size of the fluorescent subunit will usually, but not always, increase the rate of depolarization; and (3) the complex interplay between the effects of molecular shape, relative sizes of the subunits, restoring force, and orientation of the transition dipoles renders it unlikely that any simple method can be used to interpret anisotrophy data without simulation. In particular, it is not possible to determine the extent of bending by fitting the data with the two-exponential approximation used by some investigators in the past.
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    13C-nmr spectroscopy of red algal galactans (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 977-990 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 13C-nmr spectra of red seaweed galactans, belonging to the agar and carrageenan groups or having the “intermediate” type of structure, were interpreted on the basis of 13C-nmr spectra of model compounds. Signal assignments have been made for most of the known extreme structures of such galactans. 13C-nmr spectroscopy was shown to be a rapid and convenient method of structural analysis, which permits one to determine the type of galactan structure, the absolute configurations of its constituents (galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose), and the positions of the sulfate and O-methyl groups in a polysaccharide molecule.
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    Dielectric changes in hyaluronate solutions at microwave frequencies as a function of concentration, system pH, and temperature (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 931-944 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dielectric response of human umbilical cord hyaluronic acid in various environments has been studied at microwave frquencies using a resonant microwave cavity as a probe. Both the real and imaginary parts of complex dielectric constant and the loss tangent for hyaluronate solutions are obtained by utilizing equations for perturbation of a resonant cavity. Dielectric changes at room temperature have been observed in aqueous solutions of hyaluronic acid as a function of concentration ranging from 0 to 350 mg/ml. The data indicate the existence of ordered phases in hyaluronate solutions at selective concentrations, that is, exhibiting lyotropic-type transitions. Hyaluronate solutions at 1.5 and 3 mg/ml concentrations have been studied at various pH in the range of 6-8 and at constant ionic strength 0.1. A temperature-dependent transition in hyaluronate solution of 120 mg/ml concentration has been observed at physiological temperature. It is shown that this temperature-dependent behavior can be related to the orientational polarizability term in the Debye theory of polar molecules in liquids.
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    A quantitative test of Zimm's model for the rotor-speed-department sedimentation of linear DNA molecules (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 945-964 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In 1974, Zimm described a theory which predicts that the sedimentation coefficient of high-molecular-weight DNA will decrease as the rotor speed of measurement increases. In 1979, this theory was revised, and the new formula predicts speed-dependence effects that are substantially smaller than the predictions of the original version. This report describes the results of subjecting both the original and the revised versions of the theory to quantitative tests using a well-defined sucrose-gradient system and a DNA of known molecular weight (T4c DNA). T4c bacteriophage is a mutant, whose DNA contains the unmodified base cytosine, instead of the glucosylated hydroxymethylcytosine characteristic of the T-even bacteriophages, and has a molecular weight of 115 ± 3 × 106. The DNA of the wild-type phage (T4D+) was also used in some experiments.In addition to the quantitative tests, the experiments test for an effect first observed by Rubenstein and Leighton, which showed that the sedimentation coefficient measured for T2 DNA depended on the composition of the centrifuge tube used for the measurement (tube composition effect). It can be inferred from this observation that an interaction occurs between particle and tube wall during sedimentation, and this leads to a reduction in sedimentation velocity independent of the reduction in S described by Zimm's theory.The results show that in the range of 25,000-50,000 rpm, the original but theoretically incorrect form of the theory quite accurately describes the sedimentation behavior of both T4c and T4D+ DNA, although T4D+ was a special case in some respects. The revised (corrected) form of the theory predicts much less of a speed-dependence effect than that actually observed. The discrepancy between corrected theory and observation suggests that other factors (perhaps arising from the use of the swinging bucket rotor geometry) are causing the additional observed reduction in S20,w. However, the experiments show that the tube composition effect does not seem to be one of these.
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    Proton NMR study of the interaction of cis-dichloro-diamine-platinum(II) with poly(I) and poly(I)·poly(C) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1299-1309 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fixation of cis (NH3)2Cl2Pt(II) to poly(I)·poly(C) leads to the formation of two complexed species. One involves coordination to a single base (accounting for about 70% of the total platinum bound over the rb range 0.07-0.25) and the other to two bases which are not adjacent to each other but may be on the same strand and separated by a loop. Reaction of the platinum compound with poly(I) gives in addition to the above two species a minor one (about 15%, independent of rb over the range 0.05-0.30) in which the platinum is bound to two adjacent bases. The availability of such coordination reduces the dominance of the 1:1 species, which, however, remains the major one (ca. 55%).
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    Heavy-atom effects associated with methylmercury (II) binding to rabbit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1329-1344 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The complex of CH3Hg(II) with the accessible cysteines of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD, EC 1.2.1.12) from rabbit muscle has been studied by phosphorescence and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy. The wavelength dependence of the phosphorescence decay kinetics has also been measured. Comparison of CH3Hg(II)-GAPD with GAPD by these methods shows that a specific optically resolved tryptophan site of GAPD is perturbed by the interaction with a nearby mercury atom. The perturbation on the luminescence and ODMR properties is typical of an external heavy-atom effect. Based on the x-ray diffraction structure of the lobster enzyme, it is proposed that the heavy-atom effect results from the interaction of tryptophan-310 with CH3Hg(II) bound to cysteine-281 in the rabbit muscle enzyme.
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    Interaction of spermine with different forms of DNA. A conformational study (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1415-1434 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The energy of interaction of a spermine molecule with the A- and B-forms of DNA has been calculated, assuming that the molecule of spermine is fixed in the narrow groove of the DNA helix with the formation of hydrogen bonds between the amino groups of spermine and the phosphate groups of DNA. The atom-atom potentials method was used. Optimal structures for the A-DNA-spermine and B-DNA-spermine complexes are suggested. It is shown that, in agreement with the experimental data, the interaction of the spermine molecule with the A-DNA is energetically more favorable than that with the B-DNA. Two main factors are responsible for this: (1) the distance between neighboring phosphates of the chain in A-DNA (which is about 1 Å less than that in B-DNA) corresponds better to the distance between the amino groups of the propyl part of spermine; and (2) the orientation of phosphate groups in A-DNA inside the groove is preferable for complex formation with spermine to the outside groove arrangement of the phosphates in B-DNA. These conclusions are further confirmed by the calculations for DNA-propane diamine complexes.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of isoleucinomycin, cyclo[-(D-Ile-Lac-Ile-D-Hyi)3-](C60H102N6O18) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1517-1534 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure of a synthetic analog of valinomycin, cyclo[-(D-Ile-Lac-Ile-D-Hyi)3-] (C60H102N6O18), has been determined by x-ray diffraction procedures. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with cell parameters a = 11.516, b = 15.705, c = 39.310 Å, and Z = 4. The atomic coordinates for the C, N, O atoms were refined in the anisotropic thermal motion approximation and for the H atoms in the isotropic approximation. Values of standard (R) and weighted (Rw) reliability factors after refinement are 0.073 and 0.056, respectively. The structure is completely asymmetric. The cyclic molecular backbone is stabilized by six intramolecular hydrogen bonds N—H…O=C, five bonds being of the 4→1 type and one being of the 5→1 type. The side chains are located on the molecular periphery. The conformational state of isoleucinomycin in the crystal is intermediate between the corresponding crystalline states of valinomycin and meso-valinomycin. The observed conformation suggests that complexation could proceed via entry of the ion at the face possessing the L-Lac residues, the less crowded face.
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    Conformational analysis of the milk oligosaccharides (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1555-1566 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Possible conformations of lacto-N-tetraose, lacto-N-neotetraose, related disaccharides, and other milk oligosaccharides have been studied by an energy-minimization procedure using empirical potential functions. Lacto-N-tetraose favors a “curved” conformation, while lacto-N-neotetraose favors an approximately “straight” conformation. These two conformations differ mainly in the position of the terminal galactose residue with respect to the rest of the molecule. This difference explains the greater strength of lacto-N-neotetraose compared with lacto-N-tetraose in its ability to inhibit the cross-reaction of blood group P1 fractions with Type XIV pneumococcal antipolysaccharide. Although the favored conformation of lacto-N-tetraose (inactive) agrees with the model proposed by the earlier workers, that for lacto-N-neotetraose (active) differs. The favored conformations for the disaccharides galactose-β(1-4)-N-acetylglucosamine, galactose-β(1-3)-N-acetylglucosamine, and lactose are similar in overall shape, differing only in the nature and orientation of the side groups. This explains their nearly equal inhibitory activity. These theoretical models also explain the increased activity of lacto-N-fucopentaose I over that of lacto-N-tetraose and the relative activities of the substituted lactoses. The present studies suggest that it is the overall shape of the molecule which is important for activity, rather than the terminal β(1-4)-linked galactose residue alone.
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    Influence of methanol on the rotational diffusion of poly(L-lysine) in the helix-coil transition (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1571-1585 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: 13C spin-lattice relaxation times of poly(L-lysine) have been obtained at 67.9 MHz in aqueous solution and in a mixed solvent (40% methanol/60% water). A concomitant determination of the conformation by CD permits the correlation of conformation and rotational diffusion of the polymer. The dependence on pH of the spin-lattice relaxation times of the 13Cα and the side-chain carbon resonances reflects the diffusional motion in the random-coil conformation, in the helix-coil transition, and in the conformation of the α-helix. In the mixed solvent the reorientational correlation time of the Cα-Hα vector increases from τ = 0.37 nsec (random coil) to τ = 12.0 nsec (α-helix). In aqueous solution the correlation time of this vector increases from τ = 0.33 nsec (random coil) to τ ≫ 11 nsec. The reorientation rates of the side-chain methylene groups in the two solvents are markedly different. The reorientation of all methylene groups is reduced in the mixed solvent.
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    Solid-state conformation of copolymers of β-benzyl-L-aspartate with L-alanine, L-leucine, L-valine, γ-benzyl-L-glutamate, or ∊-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1603-1615 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The solid-state conformation of copolymers of β-benzyl-L-aspartate [L-Asp(OBzl)] with L-leucine (L-Leu), L-alanine (L-Ala), L-valine (L-Val), γ-benzyl-L-glutamate [L-Glu(OBzl)], or ∊-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine (Cbz-L-Lys) has been studied by ir spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD). The ir spectra in the region of the amide I and II bands and in the region of 700-250 cm-1 have been determined. The results from the ir studies are in good agreement with data obtained by CD experiments. Incorporation of the amino acid residues mentioned above into poly[L-Asp(OBzl)] induces a change from the left-handed into the right-handed α-helix. This conformational change for the poly[L-Asp(OBzl)] copolymers was observed in the following composition ranges: L-Leu, 0-15 mol %; L-Ala, 0-32 mol %; L-Val, 0-8 mol %; L-Glu(OBzl), 3-10 mol %; and Cbz-L-Lys, 0-9 mol %.
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    Physical aging of dry elastin (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1667-1673 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dry purified ligamentum nuchae elastin has been investigated for physical aging. The samples were quenched from a temperature (197°C) close to the softening point to a number of measuring temperatures ranging from -20 to +180°C. At each temperature, the small-strain torsional creep properties were determined at a number of elapsed intervals after the quench. Aging effects were found over the whole temperature range, and the creep and aging behavior of elastin turned out to be very similar to that of synthetic polymers.
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    DNA backbone conformation in cis-syn pyrimidine[]pyrimidine cyclobutane dimersPresented at the American Society of Biological Chemists and Biophysical Society Meeting, June 1-5, 1980, New Orleans, Louisiana [(1980) Fed. Proc. 39, 1879]. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1695-1701 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 41
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    Toroidal elastic supercoiling of DNA (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1705-1713 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Covalently closed circular DNA can exist in different configurations known as circular, toroidal, and interwound. Changes among these forms can be made in several ways, including the insertion of dye molecules between adjacent base pairs, which tends to untwist the double-helical structure. The aim of this paper is to discuss these configurations, and the changes among them, in the context of classical elastomechanics. The concepts of twisting, linkage and writhing are explained. Simple experiments on a twisted linear-elastic rod are described, and it is shown that although the circular and interwound forms may be modeled in this way, the toroidal form does not occur, being mechanically unstable. Theoretical energy calculations by Levitt on bent and twisted DNA show that DNA exhibits a particular kind of nonlinear elasticity in which there is an unusual coupling between bending and twisting. The aim of the paper is to show qualitatively that this special kind of elasticity can stabilize the toroidal form of closed circular DNA.
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    Physicochemical investigation of k-carrageenan in the random state (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1357-1374 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Light-scattering, viscosity, and sedimentation experiments on aqueous solutions of k-carrageenan show that this sulfated polygalactose is an expanded flexible random coil. This expansion is due to long-range interactions that are predominantly electrostatic. Extrapolation of viscosity data to infinite ionic strength provided values for the intrinsic viscosity which were subjected to the Stockmayer-Fixman analysis, giving a value for the Mark-Houwink coefficient under theta-conditions, Kθ, of 0.27. The characteristic ratio, C∞, under these conditions is 7.8, and the conformation factor σ is 2. In a solution of 0.118 ionic strength, where a Mark-Houwink exponent aη of 0.86 is found, the radii of gyration calculated from viscosity data are lower than those found from the angular dependence of scattered light. On the other hand, the radius of gyration found from the sedimentation rate agrees well with the light-scattering radius. The relations between molecular parameters are corrected for the poly-dispersity of the sample.
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    An interaction of albumin with hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate: A study of affinity chromatography and circular dichroism (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1407-1414 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1980.360190801
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  • 45
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    The translational friction of toroids (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1475-1489 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An approximate analytic expression for the translational friction coefficient of a toroid modeled as a continuous shell of frictional elements is derived using the Kirkwood approximation. The accuracy of this expression was determined by comparing the friction coefficients predicted by it to those predicted by extrapolated shell-model calculations using the modified Oseen tensor. To show that these calculations do indeed yield the correct friction coefficients, actual translational friction coefficients were determined by observing settling rates of macroscopic model rings or toroids in a high-viscosity silicone fluid. Our conclusion is that the approximate expression yields friction coefficients that are about 1.5-3% low for finite rings. For thin rings, a comparison is also made with the exact result of Yamakawa and Yamaki [J. Chem. Phys. 57, 1572 (1972); 58, 2049 (1973)] for the translational friction of plane polygonal rings. This comparison shows that the approximate expression yields results which are low by 2-3% unless the rings are extremely thin, in which case the error is larger. In the limit of an infinitely thin ring the approximate expression reduces to the Kirkwood result [J. Polym. Sci. 12, 1 (1954)], which is low by 8.3%. We discuss briefly how this work may be useful in determining the structure of DNA compacted by various solvent-electrolyte systems and polyamines.
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    Dynamic light scattering studies of internal motions in DNA. II. Clean viral DNAs (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1451-1474 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Internal Brownian motions of clean φ29 and λ-DNAs have been studied using photon-correlation techniques at both visible (λ0 = 632.8 nm) and uv (λ0 = 363.8 nm) wavelengths. The present dynamic light scattering data, which extend to K2 = 19 × 1010 cm-2, can in every case be satisfactorily simulated by a Rouse-Zimm model polymer with an appropriate choice of the three model parameters. The effects of pH, salt concentration, single-strand breaks, and molecular weight on those model parameters have also been investigated. Intact clean DNAs exhibit surprisingly little variation with pH from 7.85 to 10.25, with salt concentration from 0.01 NaCl to 5.4M NH4Cl, or with molecular weight or GC content. The single-strand breaks have no effect at pH 9.46, but produce dramatic changes in the model parameters at pH 10.0 and 10.25, indicating the introduction of titratable joints at those pHs. The failure of either single-strand breaks or a large change in GC content to alter the model parameters in the neutral pH range is a strong indication that local denaturation is not required for those flexions and torsions that dominate the relaxation of fluctuations in the scattered light. The Langevin relaxation time for the slowest internal mode of a particular Rouse-Zimm model derived from the dynamic light scattering data is compared with pertinent literature data extrapolated to the same molecular weight. The present algorithm for determining model parameters from the light-scattering Dapp vs K2 curve actually yields a Langevin time in fairly good agreement with the literature value. For unknown reasons the light-scattering D0 values generally exceed those obtained from the molecular weight and sedimentation coefficient by about 20%.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy of polyribouridylic acid: Excitation profile of the hypochromism induced by order-disorder transition (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1507-1515 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Raman spectra of polyribouridylic acid excited in the uv region, from 363 to 290 nm, are reported. The conformational changes of the polymer from random coil to ordered structure with stacked bases at high and low temperature, respectively, are reflected by important changes in the Raman line intensities; this Raman hypochromism is itself a function of the excitation wavelength - its profile has been determined and shows negative values in the region of 290 nm (near resonance), i.e., hypochromism becomes hyperchromism. Thus the knowledge of the hypochromism excitation profile is important in following order-disorder transition of a polymer using resonance Raman spectroscopy. Theoretical attempts are proposed for explanation, involving not only the relative variations of the molar extinction coefficient on the order-disorder transition of the polymer, but also the damping factors of the vibronic levels. The theoretical curve is found to fit adequately the experimental data over the excitation range, using only the frequency of the O-O transition of uracil and a vibronic linewidth of 2200 cm-1.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Interaction of poly(α-L-glutamic acid) and sodium poly(α-L-glutamate) with solvent components in water-2-chloroethanol mixtures (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 2177-2190 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preferential interaction of sodium poly(α-L-glutamate) and poly(α-L-glutamic acid) with the solvent components in water/2-chloroethanol mixtures has been determined using density-increment measurements. The degree of preferential interaction was deduced from the density increments at constant molality of 2-chloroethanol and at constant chemical potential of 2-chloroethanol. Sodium poly(α-L-glutamate) and poly(α-L-glutamic acid) are both preferentially hydrated in the whole range of solvent composition. A dehydration process occurs during the 2-chloroethanol-induced coil-to-helix transition of sodium poly(α-L-glutamate). This dehydration process was attributed to the release of some moles of water from the neighborhood of the peptide bond during the nucleation of the helix. After the conformational transition, sodium poly(α-L-glutamate) is solvated by one 2-chloroethanol molecule. The location of water and 2-chloroethanol molecules in the different parts of the residue (more polar and less polar portions) is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Effects of pD on ring-stacking interactions between dinucleoside phosphates and tryptamine (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 2223-2245 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complex formation between tryptamine and mononucleotides and dinucleoside phosphates containing adenine and/or cytosine has been studied at five pD's ranging from 1.1 to 7.4 by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chemical shifts of base ring protons and the ribose anomeric proton in the nucleotides and indole ring protons in tryptamine were monitored and their changes with pD and intermolecular interactions interpreted qualitatively. Stacked complexes were found to exist at all pD's in the range studied. Complex geometries differ depending on pD. An electrostatic interaction between the tryptamine amino group and the nucleotide phosphate group contributes to complex formation above pD 4 but is not strong enough to shift the dinucleoside phosphate equilibrium towards the unstacked conformer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Conformational energy studies on N-methylated analogs of thyrotropin releasing hormone, enkephalin, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1943-1973 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Empirical conformational energy calculations have been carried out for N-methyl derivatives of alanine and phenylalanine dipeptide models and N-methyl-substituted active analogs of three biologically active peptides, namely thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), enkephalin (ENK), and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). The isoenergetic contour maps and the local dipeptide minima obtained, when the peptide bond (ω) preceding the N-methylated residue is in the trans configuration show that (1) N-methylation constricts the conformational freedom of both the ith and (i + 1)th residues; (2), the lowest energy position for both residues occurs around φ = -135° ± 5° and ψ = 75° ± 5°, and (3) the αL conformational state is the second lowest energy state for the (i + 1)th residue, whereas for the ith residue the C5 (extended) conformation is second lowest in energy. When the peptide bond (ωi) is in the cis configuration the ith residue is energetically forbidden in the range φ = 0° to 180° and ψ = -180° to +180°. Conformations of low energy for ωi = 0° are found to be similar to those obtained for the trans peptide bond. In all the model systems (irrespective of cis or trans), the αR conformational state is energetically very high. Significant deviations from planarity are found for the peptide bond when the amide hydrogen is replaced by a methyl group. Two low-energy conformers are found for [(N-Me)His2]TRH. These conformers differ only in the φ and ψ values at the (N-Me)His2 residue. Among the different low-energy conformers found for each of the ENK analogs [D-Ala2,(N-Me)Phe4, Met5]ENK amide and [D-Ala2,(N-Me)Met5]ENK amide, one low-energy conformer was found to be common for both analogs with respect to the side-chain orientations. The stability of the low-energy structures is discussed in the light of the activity of other analogs. Two low-energy conformers were found for [(N-Me)Leu7]LHRH. These conformations differ in the types of bend around the positions 6 and 7 of LHRH. One bend type is eliminated when the active analog [D-Ala6,(M-Me)Leu7]LHRH is considered.
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    Interactions of molecules with nucleic acids. III. Steric and electrostatic energy contours for the principal intercalation sites, prerequisites for binding, and the exclusion of essential metabolites from intercalation (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 2067-2089 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Based on steric and electrostatic considerations, the prerequisites for binding to DNA via the intercalation mechanism are proposed. Steric contour energy curves are presented to demonstrate the region inaccessible to an intercalant. They are calculated with a 6-n (n = 14) potential. This method is a soft potential analog of an excluded-volume approach. Electrostatic contours on the steric surface illustrate the relatively positive and negative regions of the binding site. The principal intercalation sites, predicted to fit into B-DNA via a tetramer-duplex unit, and the unconstrained dimer-duplex units, obtained in crystal structures, are examined. These contours illustrate the requirements of size, conformation, and net atomic charges necessary for intercalation and optimum binding. Based on the limited space available for intercalation by the presence of the backbone and the maximum base-pair separation of 8.25 Å, an Essential Metabolite Exclusion Hypothesis is presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    The chiroptical properties of proteins. II. Near-ultraviolet circular dichroism of lysozymeTaken in part from the Ph.D. dissertation of W. J. G. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 2191-2208 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of the near-uv CD spectrum of lysozyme was carried out in the presence and absence of the inhibitor tri-N-acetylglucosamine, and theoretical chiroptical calculations based on the tetragonal crystal structure of the enzyme and the enzyme-inhibitor complex were performed. The results of these calculations indicate that the near-uv CD spectrum of lysozyme can be adequately explained in terms of negative rotatory strengths arising from the tryptophan 1La (293-300 nm) and the disulfide n-σ* bands (250 rm), and positive rotatory strength contributions from the tryptophan 1Lb bands (291 nm) and the tyrosine 1Lb bands (275 nm). Contributions to the rotatory strength of each band were approximated in terms of specific interactions between chromophores. It was found that the rotatory strength of most of the near-uv transitions arises primarily from coupling interactions involving other side-chain chromophores and amide groups which are in close proximity. Changes which are observed in the lysozyme CD spectrum on binding of tri-N-acetylglucosamine may be explained in terms of changes in the rotatory strength which result from interactions of the 1La transitions of the active-site tryptophans with the acetamide groups of the inhibitor. The reasonable agreement which is found between the experimental and calculated rotatory strengths implies that the crystal conformation of lysozyme must resemble the solution conformation.
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    Relationship between conformation and physicochemical properties of polypeptides. I. Synthesis of homo- and co-oligopeptides by the liquid-phase method (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 173-187 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the following oligo- and co-oligopeptides by the liquid-phase method is described: (L-Met)15 (I), [L-Glu(OBzl)]20 (II), (L-Val)8-Gly (IV), (L-Ile)8-Gly (V), (L-Ile)4-Gly-(L-Ile)4 (VI), (L-Ile)4-Pro-(L-Ile)4 (VII), (L-Met)5-L-Pro-(L-Met)5 (VIII), [L-Glu(OBzl)]7-L-Pro-[L-Glu(OBzl)]7 (IX). The oligomers are covalently bound to bifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) and monofunctional PEG-M of Mr 5 × 103-2 × 104. Analytical controls were carried out after each step of synthesis in order to ensure quantitative coupling yields. All products could be obtained in high purity as indicated by amino acid analysis, thin-layer chromatography and chiroptical methods. The solubility of the oligomers was strongly enhanced by the presence of the C-terminal PEG group, enabling conformational investigations in a variety of solvents. A significant relationship between conformation and physicochemical properties of the oligopeptides was observed. Oligomers with tendencies to adopt α-helical (I, II) or unordered structures (VI-IX) showed no pronounced change in solubility or coupling kinetics during chain elongation, whereas the onset of a β-structure (IV, V) was paralleled by a drastic decrease in solubility and reactivity of the terminal amino groups. Most notably, the insertion of a proline or glycine in the middle of a β-forming peptide chain (VI, VII) resulted in a considerable increase in solubility compared to the corresponding homo-oligomers. The impact of the conformational properties of a peptide chain on strategic considerations of peptide synthesis in solution is delineated.
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    Circular dichroism and conformational analysis of the membrane-modifying peptide -N-t-Boc-(Aib-L-Ala)5-Gly-Ala-Aib-Pro-Ala-Aib-Aib-Glu-(OBzl)-Gln-OMe with respect to alamethicin (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 203-214 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformational analysis of the CD spectrum is reported for the synthetic and membrane-modifying nonadecapeptide analog of alamethicin N-t-Boc-(Aib-L-Ala)5-Gly-Ala-Aib-Pro-Ala-Aib-Aib-Glu(OBzl)- Gln-OMe. The CD data are evaluated according to three different methods and are discussed with respect to those obtained from natural alamethicin and suitable models such as N-t-Boc-(Aib-L-Ala)7-OPOE, fragments of the synthetic nonadecapeptide, and the hexadecapeptide N-t-Boc-(Aib-L-Ala)5-Pro-Ala-Aib-Aib-Glu(OBzl)-Gln-OMe. The synthetic nonadecapeptide with the longer helical region exhibits membrane activities comparable to those of alamethicin, whereas the hexadecapeptide with the shorter helix is inactive.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1980.360190201
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    Dynamic light scattering in a flow - a new method of particle anisotropy investigation (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 231-240 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper deals with the light scattering from particles rotating in a flow with a transverse velocity gradient. It is theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved that the scattered light spectrum contains reliable information of the particle configuration and dimensions. The proposed technique may prove also very promising for the analysis of particle polydispersion.
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    Poly(ε-L-lysine): Synthesis and conformationPart of this work was presented at the International Symposium on Biomolecular Structure held in Madras, India, in January 1978. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 219-229 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of poly(ε-L-lysine) is described. This is a poly(ε-amino acid) in which the ε-amino group of lysine is condensed with the α-carboxyl group to produce a chain backbone that is a variant of the usual one seen in proteins and the side chain is the α-amino group. Conformational studies of poly(ε-L-lysine) and its t-butyloxycarbonyl derivative suggest the likelihood of a chain order that is formally similar to the antiparallel pleated-sheet conformation of proteins.
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    Contribution of electrodiffusion to the dynamics of electrically stimulated changes in mechanical properties of collagen membranesPresented at the Third International Congress of Biorheology, August 28-September 1, 1978, La Jolla, California. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 241-262 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have studied the kinetics of oscillatory tensile forces in collagen membranes. These forces were generated by sinusoidal electric fields applied across the membrane. Both the magnitude and phase of the measured force changed with frequency over a three-decade range. The membrane-separated electrolyte baths had different ionic strength but identical non-isoelectric pH. Changes in intramembrane ionic strength due to the electric field were calculated over the same frequency range via an electrodiffusion model that was generalized to include convection and electrokinetic coupling. A comparison of the experimental and theoretical phases and amplitudes versus frequency suggests that electrodiffusion is the dominant rate-limiting process in this electromechanochemical transduction. These results are relevant to electrostatic interactions in connective tissues and to membrane-based filtration devices in which membrane permeability may be actively varied and controlled by an applied electric field.
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    Heat capacity changes and partial molal heat capacities of some di- and tripeptides in water (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 263-272 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Integral enthalpies of solution of several dipeptides and tripeptides in water at low concentrations have been determined at 25 and 35°C. These data have been used to derive the changes in heat capacity on dissolution at infinite dilution ΔCp0 at 30°C. Limiting partial molal heat capacities ΔCp20 have been determined by combining ΔCp0 with Cp2 (heat capacity of pure solid peptides). Using the data on ω-amino acids and these peptides, the partial molal heat capacity of a peptide group —CONH— was semiquantitatively estimated.
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    Heat capacities of transfer of some amino acids and peptides from water to aqueous urea solution (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 273-284 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Integral enthalpies of solution at low concentrations of several amino acids and peptides in 2 and 6M urea solutions have been determined at 25 and 35°C. These data have been used to derive the enthalpies of transfer (at 25 and 35°C) and heat capacities of transfer (at 30°C) of these amino acids and peptides from water to aqueous urea solutions. Furthermore, the enthalpies of transfer and heat capacities of transfer per CH2 group and per peptide group —CONH— have also been estimated. These results show that while the enthalpies and heat capacities of transfer per CH2 group are positive and negative, respectively, the reverse is true for —CONH— group. The implications of these results in the mechanism of the denaturation of proteins by urea are discussed.
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    Studies on transfer ribonucleic acids and related compounds. XXVI.Paper XXV: Ohtsuka, E., Miyake, T. & Ikehara, M. (1979) Chem. Pharm. Bull. 27, 341-345. Circular dichroic properties of cyclic oligoribonucleotides and their linear counterparts (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 285-296 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The CD spectra of cUpUp, cCpCp, and cGpGp derived from DCC-catalyzed polymerization of the relevant protected ribonucleoside 3′-phosphates are described. Similar studies on Up, U 〉 p, and cUp, as well as cUpUpUp and cUpUpUpUp, are presented. The spectral properties of the cyclic oligomers are compared with those of the corresponding linear oligomers with terminal 3′-phosphates so as to demonstrate that disruption of normal right-handed base stacking is considerable in these RNA loops.
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    Chemical synthesis of (1 → 2)-α-D-mannopyranan (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 297-309 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of 1,2-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-β-D-mannopyranose proceeds in the presence of Lewis acids, cationic coordination catalysts, and strong bases. Debenzylation of the products yields oligomeric saccharides or low polymers. Polymerization in toluene by means of potassium alkoxide complexed with crown ethers leads to essentially stereoregular (1 → 2)-α-D-mannopyranan. The original derivatives have been characterized by optical rotation, viscosity, molecular weight, gel permeation chromatography, and spectrometry. The free polysaccharides have been characterized by optical rotation, molecular weight, and 1H- and 13C-nmr spectrometry and compared to yeast mannan hydrolysate oligomers.
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    Physical association of two simple alkylators to some DNA sequences (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 311-324 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular mechanics calculations have been used to determine the preferred physical association sites of the known alkylating agent dimethyl aziridinium ion (Az+) and a CH3+ prototype test probe with B-form, tetrameric DNA sequences. Electrostatic interactions are most important in determining these preferential physical association sites. In turn, the intermolecular energy minima depend on the charge distribution assigned to the DNA sequence. However, for three reported DNA charge distributions, only two distinct sets of energy minima were obtained for the CH3+-like ion interacting with (G-C)4, (A-T)4, and [(G-C)·(A-T)]2 deoxyribonucleic acids. These minima correspond to physical association geometries in which the CH3+-like ion is near known alkylation sites. The results of the Az+ … [(G-C)·(A-T)]2 interaction are virtually identical to those found for the CH3+-like ion. Aqueous solvation energetics have little effect on the physical association of Az+ with [(G-C)·(A-T)]2.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Chemical reactivity of protonated aziridine with nucleophilic centers of DNA bases (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 325-340 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of molecular orbital calculations, using MINDO/3 and CNDO/2L methods, have been used to characterize the chemical reaction of protonated aziridine with DNA nucleophilic base sites. The N-7 atom of guanine is found to be the preferred alkylation site only when the O-6 atom of guanine is involved in base-pair hydrogen bonding. Otherwise O-6 is the predicted major site of alkylation. This indirectly suggests that protonated aziridine alkylation processes involve base-paired DNA structures, since N-7 guanine is the observed major site of alkylation. Alkylation of N-3 adenine is predicted to be more favorable than chemical attack of the N-7 adenine position. Both of these sites, however, are predicted to be less reactive than N-7 of guanine. These chemical reactivity studies resolve alkylation specifically not achieved in the DNA-alkylator physical association calculations reported in the preceding paper.
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    Conformational analysis of somatostatin and selected analogs in oriented polyoxyethylene by infrared dichroism (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 341-352 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Infrared dichroic studies and deuterium exchange measurements of somatostatin and some of its analogs incorporated in uniaxially oriented polyoxyethylene are described. Band positions and dichroic ratios in the N-H stretching and amide I and II regions are similar to those of flexible and nonordered peptides like valinomycin and poly[Glu(ONa)]. This information, together with fast deuterium exchange rates, suggests that somatostatin exists in a flexible nonordered conformation in polyoxyethylene. One analog, di-S3,14-acetamidomethyl dihydrosomatostatin, was found to exist in both nonordered and β-like conformations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Monte carlo simulation of the solvent structure in crystals of a hydrated cyclic peptide (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 395-418 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Monte Carlo simulation of the structure of the 16 ordered and disordered waters in the unit cell of crystals of the cyclic peptide cyclo(-L-Ala-L-Pro-D-Phe)2 is reported. The water structure has been characterized in terms of the statistically averaged positions of the individual molecules, their root-mean-square movements about these positions, the probability of finding a water in a given spatial position in the crystal (probability maps), and examination of individual configurations of the system. In this way a picture is obtained of the water structure, including water orientations (hydrogen positions), the hydrogen-bonding network, and fluctuations in these structural features, to a degree hitherto unavailable either from experimental or theoretical studies. In addition, the variation in water structure in various peptide environments was studied and correlated with the energetics of the individual water molecules. Variations in the crystalline environment of different water molecules lead to energy differences of as much as 4-5 kcal/mol in their average energies. Similarly, differences are observed in the water-peptide and water-water components of the energy. Two different water potentials were tested. The results were compared with experimental data in terms of mean positions, root-mean-square movements, and the Fourier transform of the simulated water structure. The agreement factor (R factor) calculated from the theoretical water probability distribution was 18.8% compared to the x-ray value of 14.5%, and the value of 28% when the water is omitted.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1980.360190301
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    Polymeric model system for protein-bilirubin interaction (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 445-448 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1980.360190217
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    Conformational flexibility of peptides containing α,β-unsaturated amino acid residues. I. Conformational analysis of N-acetyl-N′-methylamides of dehydroalanine and N-methyldehydroalanine (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 469-475 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conformational energy calculations on the N-acetyl-N′-methylamides of dehydroalanine and N-methyldehydroalanine indicate that their conformational behavior is very different from that of the corresponding saturated compounds. The conformational data in the literature from x-ray and nmr investigations on peptides containing α,β-unsaturated residues are discussed on the basis of these theoretical results.
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    Synthesis and ordered structure of amphipatic block copolymers with a saccharide and a peptide block (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 493-507 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Amphipatic block copolymers (OβEb) with a hydrophilic saccharide block and a hydrophobic polypeptide block were synthesized. In these copolymers the saccharide block is the glyco-amino acid Oβ from ovomucoid and the peptide block (Eb) is a poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) block. Copolymers OβEb exhibit, in the solid state and in Me2SO concentrated solutions, mesomorphic lamellar structures where the polypeptide chains are in an α-helical conformation. Depending on the molecular weight of the polypeptide block, three types of lamellar structures are obtained, and they differ by the mode of organization of the polypeptide chains in their lamellae and by the T or Y conformation of the saccharide block.
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    Spectroscopic and equilibrium dialysis studies of poly(α-L-glutamic acid)-Cu(II) complexes in the pH range 4-7For the preceding paper of the Macromolecule-Metal Ion Complex series, see Macromolecules 12 (1979) in press. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 477-491 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The formation of complex between the Cu2+ ion and poly(α-L-glutamic acid) [poly(Glu)] in 150 mM NaCl solutions was studied by uv-visible absorption and equilibrium dialysis methods at the mixing ratios of Glu residues to Cu2+, R, of 32, 16, and 8 and in the pH range 4-7. The results showed that more than 90% of Cu2+ ions bind to the poly(Glu) at pH 〉 4.9, but the bound Cu(II) begins to dissociate with a decrease in pH. The absorption spectra of bound Cu(II) varied with pH and R in a complicated manner. Three different component spectra were disclosed from the analysis of the pH dependence of the bound spectra. We concluded that poly(Glu)-Cu(II) complexes fall into three classes in the pH range 4-7, with the proportions of these complexes varying with both pH and R. The three complexes predominate either in the helix or extended-coil region, in the helix-coil transition region, or in the helix-aggregate region. The stability constant and binding mode of each Cu(II)-Glu complex were estimated from the dialysis data. With these results, the possible structure of each complex is discussed.
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    Nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor effects in the proton NMR spectra of the oligoribonucleotides ApGpX and CpApX (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 557-573 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The variable-temperature proton nmr spectra of the oligoribonucleotides in the series CpApX and the series ApGpX, X = A, G, C, U, together with the parent dimers CpA and ApG have been measured. A complete analysis of all the nonexchangeable base proton resonances and ribose H-1′ proton resonances was made. The presence of trends in the shielding abilities of the various bases at both the nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor positions were identified. The observed shieldings could be used to predict the chemical shifts of protons in related systems. Based on the empirical results from ribodinucleoside monophosphates, the temperature-dependent behavior of the J1′2′ coupling constants of the triribonucleotides suggested that the compounds in the CpApX series stacked from the 5′-end to the 3′-end, while those in the ApGpX series stacked from the 3′-end to the 5′-end.
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    Monte carlo computation of the supercoiling energy, the sedimentation constant, and the radius of gyration of unknotted and knotted circular DNA (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 619-637 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Closed random Gaussian polygonal chains of N (6 〈 N 〈 150) bonds of equal length b and thickness d have been generated on a computer. The knot type, the writhing number w, the radius of gyration, and the average of the inverse of the distance between two apices have been determined for each chain. For all the studied knot types - 0, 31, 41, 51, and 52 - the probability density of finding a given w is Gaussian. The Gaussian is centered about 0 for the amphichiral knots. Therefore, for long circular DNAs, the contribution to the supercoiling energy, which depends on w only, may be considered as purely entropic and may be expressed as ARTw2/N, in agreement with previous semiempirical considerations. The parameter A increases with chain thickness, it decreases as N gets larger but rapidly reaches a plateau. Comparison with experimental data from the literature would suggest that the ratio of the writhing to the constraint increases with ionic strength. The ratio of sedimentation constant of the supercoiled DNA to the sedimentation constant of the nicked DNA varies as N1/4 (w/N)2, and therefore depends on the writhing density and on the length of the DNA.
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    Application of band centrifugation to the study of the assembly of alfalfa mosaic virus (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 575-595 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A band-centrifugation method for the analysis of an assembly reaction of a simple virus from its RNA and protein is described. The experiment was carried out by sedimenting a band of viral RNA through a solution of depolymerized coat protein. The resulting radial distribution of the reaction products, followed as a function of time, was analyzed by a computer simulation of the series of reaction. This method is based on a numerical solution of the continuity equation for the sedimentation-diffusion process [Claverie, J.-M., Dreux, H. & Cohen, R. (1975) Biopolymers 14, 1685-1700; Cohen, R. & Claverie, J.-M. (1975) Biopolymers 14, 1701-1716]. A numerical method for the simulation of the chemical reaction is derived. From the simulated reaction series, equilibrium constants emerge for the successive addition of protein subunits to the growing nucleoprotein particle.The method is applied to the assembly of alfalfa mosaic virus. If the reaction between RNA and protein is carried out in 0.32M CsCl, pH 7.0, two stages during particle growth are resolved, each characterized by an equilibrium constant K. The determined values for K range from 5 × 105 to 3 × 106 l. mol-1. The existence of these two stages may have a structural implication in the assembly, as they likely represent an elongation and a termination stage. If the reaction is carried out under more favorable conditions (0.25M CsCl, pH 7.0), a kinetic constant of at least 105 l. mol-1 sec-1 is derived for each reaction step. Under these conditions the assembly appears to be completed within 1 min, which is too fast to detect distinct stages by band sedimentation.
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    Characterization of molecular motions in 13C-labeled aortic elastin by 13C-1H magnetic double resonance (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 597-617 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Purified insoluble elastin samples labeled with [1-13C]valine, [1-13C]alanine, and [1-13C]-lysine were prepared from chick aorta in culture. The molecular mobility at the labeled sites was investigated using 13C-1H magnetic double-resonance spectroscopy. Linewidths, T1, and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) values of the labeled carbons alone were obtained from dipolar decoupled difference spectra. Analysis of these parameters together with signal intensity measurements showed that essentially all the valyl residues, ca. 75% of the alanyl residues, and ca. 60% of the lysyl residues were characterized by rapid backbone motions having τ = 65 nsec. Resonances due to the remaining alanyl and lysyl residues were detected in cross-polarization experiments, which enhance the signals of motionally restricted carbons. Since lysyl and alanyl residues are found in the crosslink regions of elastin, whereas valyl residues are not, we conclude that crosslinks rather than secondary structures in the extensible region of the protein are the main source of motional restrictions in the protein. Elastin chain mobility was monitored by linewidth measurements over the range -90 to +70°C. When the swelling solvent (0.15M NaCl) was fixed at 0.6 g/g of elastin, a rapid monotonic reduction in chain mobility was observed as the temperature was lowered from 50 to 5°C. Liquidlike mobility was completely lost at 5°C. In contrast, the same sample in contact with excess solvent retained its liquidlike molecular mobility until -13°C, where it abruptly became rigid. The molecular mobility of this sample was temperature insensitive in the physiologically interesting range, 20-40°C, as a consequence of the opposing influences of temperature and swelling. Taken together these nmr data indicate that under physiological conditions, elastin is a network of mobile chains whose motions are strongly influenced by protein-solvent interactions.
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    Measurement of preferential solvation of some glucans in mixed solvent systems by gel-permeation chromatography (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 639-653 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preferential solvation of the glucans amylose, pullulan, and dextran in binary dimethyl-sulfoxide/water (DMSO/H2O) solvent mixtures has been measured using gel-permeation chromatography. The preferential solvation behavior of the three glucans in DMSO/H2O solvent mixtures is indistinguishable in the experiments reported. In solvent mixtures with mol ratio DMSO/H2O less than 1:2, all three glucans are solvated preferentially by H2O. The maximum extent of preferential solvation by H2O is about 2.5 mol H2O/mol of glucose residues. When the DMSO/H2O mol ratio exceeds 1:2, DMSO solvates the glucans preferentially to a maximum extent of about 1 mol DMSO/mol of glucose residues. An interpretation of the change in preferential solvation with mixed solvent composition is suggested in terms of the known characteristics of the binary solvent system, and the relationship of preferential solvation, reported here, to the absolute solvation of the glucan chains is discussed.
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    Electrical conductivity of single crystals of lysozyme (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 669-679 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dc electrical conductivity of large single crystals of hen egg-white lysozyme has been measured. The samples were grown from aqueous solution and dried in air with silica gel. The temperature dependence of the conductivity obeyed the relation σ = σ0 exp(- ΔE/kT), with ΔE = 1.2 eV. The ΔE value agreed with most of the previous results for various proteins in the form of lyophilized powder. On the other hand, log σ0, being between 7 and 11, was much larger than the previously reported values and differed among the samples. An irreversible decrease in σ0, without affecting ΔE, was observed on heating the samples above 85°C. It was shown that the set of results can be explained if the charge carriers responsible for the observed conduction are regarded as protons, originating from residual water molecules. Photoresponse of the samples to uv radiation below 305-315 nm was also observed. Reproducible and reliable results were obtained relatively easily in the present experiments, which is thought to be the main advantage of using single-crystalline samples.
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    Transport properties and hydrodynamic centers of rigid macromolecules with arbitrary shapes (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 751-766 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general formalism, which includes translation-rotation coupling, is proposed for calculating translational and rotational transport properties, as well as intrinsic viscosities, of rigid macromolecules with an arbitrary shape. This formalism is based on Brenner's theory of translational-rotational dynamics and on methods for the calculation of hydrodynamic properties that have been already presented, and can be regarded as a generalization of the one proposed by Nakajima and Wada. The calculated transport properties depend on the origin as predicted by Brenner's theory, but in a disagreement with him, the center of resistance and the center of diffusion do not coincide. As one can define several hydrodynamic centers, which in practice turn out to be located at different points, the influence of the choice of the center on the calculated transport properties is discussed. An analysis of the translation-rotation coupling effects in translational diffusion reveals that they arise exclusively from hydrodynamic interactions and are rather small in some cases of interest. Finally, we present a study of the rotational diffusion of rigid bent rods with a fixed length-to-diameter ratio. The diffusion coefficients obtained can be useful to estimate changes with respect to a straight rod.
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    Die Chemie der Feuerwerkskörper (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. 12-22 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120103
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    Konstitution und Lichtabsorption organischer Farbstoffe (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. 1-11 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Vektorielle Biokatalyse (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. 33-40 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120202
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    Masthead (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978) 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120301
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  • 83
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    Electronic Resource
    mini-chiuz (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. A4 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120107
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  • 84
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    Electronic Resource
    Atomorbitale (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. 23-26 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120104
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  • 85
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    Chronik (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. 32-32 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120106
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  • 86
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    Electronic Resource
    Das Portrait: Rudolf Criegee (1902-1975) (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. 49-55 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120204
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  • 87
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    Der feste Zustand - Eine Einführung in die Festkörperchemie anhand sieben ausgewählter Beispiele. Von W. J. Moore. Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsges. mbH, Braunschweig 1977. VIII, 164 S., 76 Abb., brosch. DM 22,80 (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. 64-64 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120208
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  • 88
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    Behandlung hochradioaktiver Abfälle (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. 82-88 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120304
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  • 89
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    mini-chiuz (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. A32 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120307
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  • 90
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    Wie schmutzig ist der Rhein?? (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. 111-122 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Rheinanliegerstaaten haben im gemeinsamen Bemühen um die Qualität des Rheinwassers schon 1963 die „Internationale Kommission zum Schutze des Rheins gegen Verunreinigung“ (IKSR) ins Leben gerufen. Die IKSR überwacht die Wasserqualität und gibt einen jährlichen Bericht mit Analysendaten heraus. Außerdem erarbeitet sie Vorschläge für Maßnahmen zum Schutze des Stroms. In Ergänzung der jeweiligen nationalen Gewässerschutzmaßnahmen haben die Rheinanliegerstaaten 1976 das Übereinkommen zum Schutze des Rheins gegen chemische Verunreinigung (Chemieabkommen) abgeschlossen. Das Chemieakbkommen, durch das die Ableitung bestimmter gefährlicher Stoffe aus den Stoffgruppen und -familien: Queck-silber- und Cadmiumverbindungen, organische Halogen-, Phosphor- und Zinnverbin-dungen, cancerogene Stoffe so weit wie möglich verhindert und aus weiteren Stoffgruppen und -familien, darunter den meisten Metallen, streng überwacht und eingeschränkt werden soll, hat einen langfristigen präventiven Charakter. Das Chloridabkommen soll dagegen sofort zu Maßnahmen führen. Zu diesen Abkommen der Rheinanliegerstaaten treten eine Reihe weiterer internationaler Abkommen und Vereinbarungen mit Auswirkungen auf den Rhein, verschiedene Richtlinien der Europäischen Gemeinschaft, ein geplantes Abkommen der Länder im Europarat, ein Abkommen zum Schutze der Nordsee und des Nordatlantiks gegen die Verschmutzung vom Lande aus.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120403
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  • 91
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    „Senföle“ (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. 182-188 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120603
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Lorenz Crell und das erste chemische Periodicum 1778 (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 12 (1978), S. 199-200 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19780120605
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Integriertes Organisches Praktikum. Von S. Hünig, G. Märkl und J. Sauer. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1979. XL VIII, 744 S., Abb. u. Tab., brosch. DM 59,- (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 14 (1980), S. 72-72 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19800140207
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  • 94
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    Flüssiger Schwefel - ein Rohstoff komplizierter Zusammensetzung (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 14 (1980), S. 73-81 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19800140302
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  • 95
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    Kleben und Klebstoffe (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 14 (1980), S. 124-133 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19800140404
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Methoden chemisch-kinetischer Berechnungen. Von H.-J. Bittrich, D. Haberland, G. Just. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1979. 217 S., 59 Abbildungen, 13 Tabellen, kart. DM 39, - (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 14 (1980), S. 134-134 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19800140406
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  • 97
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    Chronik (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 14 (1980), S. 176-176 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19800140506
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  • 98
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    Ethische Ziele und natur-wissenschaftliche Entwicklung. Probleme einer vernachlässigten Beziehung (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 14 (1980), S. 168-175 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19800140505
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  • 99
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    Bioaktive Siliciumverbindungen (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 14 (1980), S. 197-207 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19800140605
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  • 100
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    Organische Chemie. Von A. Streitwieser und C. H. Heathcock. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Deerfield Beach, Basel 1980. XXXI, 1490 S., 411 Abb., 132 Tab., geb. DM 98, - (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 14 (1980), S. 209-209 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19800140607
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