ALBERT

Notes: The development of the Analytical Photogrammetry Compiler (APC) is traced and a detailed description is given of the component parts of the AP/C-4.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn retrace le developpement du restituteur analytique (APC) et on donne une description detaillée des composants du AP/C-4.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Skizzierung des Analytical Photogrammetry Compiler (APC) und detaillierte Beschreibung der Hauptbaugruppen der AP/C-4.

Notes: The fifth biennial symposium of the Photogrammetric Society was held at the University of Birmingham on 6th to 8th April. It has been decided to perpetuate the memory of E. H. Thompson by giving his name to the series of symposia which originated at Birmingham in 1971 Eight papers were delivered to the 1979 symposium. They covered a wide variety of topics which included, in addition to a review of Thompson's own contribution to analytical photogrammetry, a modern approach to the handling of parallax measurements; aspects of digitising; low cost automatic contouring; high energy roentgen photogrammetry; applications in anatomy; the photogrammetric operator's point of view; and cadastral surveys. The majority of the papers are published in this issue of The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe cinquième symposium biennal de la Société de Photogrammétrie s'est dérouléà l'université de Birmingham du 6 au 8 Avril. On décida de perpétuer le souvenir de E. H. Thompson en donnant son nom à la série de symposiums inaugurée à Birmingham en 1971 Huit communications ont été présentées au symposium de 1979. Elles concernaient une grande diversité de sujets qui comprenaient, en plus d'une revue de la contribution de Thompson à la photogrammétrie analytique, une methode moderne de mesure de parallaxe; des aspects de la transformation digitale; une visée automatique à bas prix; la photogrammétrie Roentgen à grande energie; des applications en anatomie; le point de vue de l'opérateur en photogrammétrie; et des cadastres. La majorité des communications sont publicées dans ce numéro de The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das 5. im Abstand von zwei Jahren von der Photogrammetric Society veranstaltete Symposium fand vom 6. bis 8. April an der Universität Birmingham statt. Es wurde beschlossen, in ehrendem Gedenken Prof. Thompsons seinen Namen dieser Serie von Symposien, die 1971 in Birmingham begonnen hat, zu geben.Auf dem Symposium 1979 wurden 8 Vorträge gehalten. Sie beinhalten ein breites Themenspektrum, darunter ergänzend zu einem äberblick über den Beitrag Thompsons zur analytischen Photogrammetrie, eine moderne Lösung zur Verarbeitung von Parallaxenmessungen, Aspekte der Digital-isierung, eine kostengünstige automatische Höhenlinienentwicklung, Röntgen-photogrammetrie, Anwendungen in der Anatomie, der Standpunkt des photogrammetrischen Auswerters und Katastermessungen. Die Mehrzahl der Beiträge wird in dieser Ausgabe des Photogrammetric Record veröffentlicht.

Notes: As part of his comprehensive analysis of cadastral surveys within the British Commonwealth (Dale, 1976), the author considered the contribution of aerial photography and photogrammetric surveys to this aspect of land administration. In this paper, he examines that contribution and underlines the limitations of photogrammetry as a cadastral survey method.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé L'auteur extrait de l'étude exhaustive qu'il a faite du levé cadastral dans le Commonwealth (Dale, 1976) tout ce qui a rapport à la photogrammétrie: contribution et limitations.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn seiner umfassenden Analyse von Katastermessungen (Dale, 1976) betrachtete der Autor den Beitrag der Aerophotogrammetrie und photo-grammetrischer Messungen für die Landeinrichtung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden diese Ausführungen überpruft und in diesem Zusammenhang die Grenzen der Photogrammetrie herausgearbeitet.

Notes: A simple method is described for calibrating cameras at object distances of less than 0·5 m.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une méthode simple pour calibrer les appareils de photographie pour des objets à des distances de moins de 0·5 m.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines einfachen Verfahrens zur Kammerkalibrierung für Aufnahmeentfernungen von weniger als 0·5 m.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:CHARTERED LAND SURVEYOR/CHARTERED MINERALS SURVEYOR, Volume 1, Number 1, Spring 1979. Edited by M. Hanson.STUDENT MAP PACK. Dissected highland area: Maesteg, South Wales (Educational Map Series No. 10A). Industrial area: Washington New Town (Educational Map Series No. 11A).PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, Volume 3. Edited by A. A. Newman.THE CAMERA AT WAR. By J. Lewinski.RECOGNITION OF TREE SPECIES ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. By L. Sayn-Wittgenstein.

Notes: Three investigations of the suitability of photogrammetry as a method of measurement are described, in the fields of marine, mechanical and structural engineering. Analytical solutions for a single model, a strip and a block of photographs are discussed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit trois tentatives de recours à la photogrammétrie en métrologie industrielle, dans les industries de la marine, de la mécanique, et des structures métalliques. On discute l'intérêt des solutions analytiques pour le couple, la bande ou le bloc de photos.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung von drei Untersuchungen bezüglich Eignung der Photogrammetrie als Messverfahren im Schiffbau, im Maschinenbau und im Bauwesen. Diskussion analytischer Lösungen für das Einzelmodell, die Bildreihe und den Block.

Notes: The concept of optimum interpolation is briefly explained. The use of polynomial and non-polynomial stepwise regression for obtaining optimum or near optimum interpolation is illustrated. Least squares collocation is presented as an advanced method for optimising stepwise regression whenever the latter does not achieve desired optimum interpolation for given terrain. A Fortran IV program, written to illustrate an optimum interpolation algorithm using stepwise regression and collocation, is found to produce better results than existing interpolation methods. Other applications of such an algorithm are also discussed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn expose brièvement le concept d'interpolation optimale, ainsi que les méthodes d'approximation polynomials ou autres qui permettent de la réaliser localement au mieux. On présente la collocation comme une méthode permettant de parachever l'interpolation; on a trouvé effectivement, avec un programme écrit en Fortran IV, que les résultats obtenus ainsi étaient meilleurs. On envisage aussi d'autre types d'applications de cet algorithme.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungKurze Erläuterung des Begriffs der optimalen Interpolation. Skizzierung der Anwendung von schrittweiser Regression mit Hilfe von Polynomen oder anderen Verfahren zur Ermittlung optimaler oder genähert optimaler Inter-polationen. Die Kollokation nach kleinsten Quadraten wird als verbesserte Methode zur Optimierung der schrittweisen Regression dargestellt, wenngleich letztere keine optimale Interpolation für ein gegebenes Gelände liefert. Ein Rechenprogramm in Fortran IV, das zur Veranschaulichung eines optimalen Interpolations-Algorithmus mit Hilfe der schrittweisen Regression und Kollokation geschrieben wurde, lieferte bessere Ergebnisse als vorhandene Interpolationsmethoden. Andere Anwendungen eines solchen Algorithmus werden ebenfalls erörtert.

Notes: A panel of speakers, knowledgeable in the problems of photogrammetry in the Third World, led a discussion which considered the place of sophisticated photogrammetric equipment in the Third World, problems of technician and management training, the desire for self reliance, and the needs of map revision.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne confrontation entre photogrammètres sur le sujet photogrammétrie et tiers-monde; équipement, instruction des techniciens, problèmes d'organisation, désir d'autonomie, révision des cartes.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Forum von Kennern der Probleme der Dritten Welt führte eine Diskussion über den Platz moderner Geräteausrüstungen in diesen Ländern, über Probleme der Ausbildung von Technikern und Führungskadern und erörterte den Wunsch nach Selbstbestätigung und die Notwendigkeit zur Laufendhaltung von Karten.

Notes: The problems associated with the depiction of a particular irrigation area by both line map and orthophotomap are described and the results compared.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméDes problèmes soulevés par la description d'une aire d'irrigation à l'aide d'une carte ou d'une ortho-photocarte: comparaison des résultats.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung der Probleme, die bei Auswahl sines Bewässerungsgebietes an Hand von Strich- und Orthophotokarten auftraten und Vergleich der Ergebnisse.

Notes: In 1981, a metric camera will be launched into space on a European Space Agency Spacelab mission. This paper examines the specification for this mission and the expected results. Other developments are also considered. These include the American large format camera and long focal length imaging systems.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméEn 1981, une chambre métrique sera lancée dans l'espace (mission Spacelab de l'organisation européenne spatiale). On examine ici les buts et les résultats attendus, ainsi que de futurs développements; chambre américaine à grand format, systèmes à longues focales.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Jahre 1981 soll sich an Bord des Europäischen Spacelab-Satelliten eine Messkammer befinden. Im Artikel werden die Anforderungen an dieses Projekt und die zu erwartenden Ergebnisse diskutiert. Desgleichen werden auch andere Entwicklungen, worunter sich die amerikanische Grossformat-Kammer und langbrennweitige Systeme befinden, erörtert.

Notes: Many attempts have been made to use various types of photography for traffic studies. The problems most frequently encountered are the expense involved in obtaining the photography and the time consuming and, hence, expensive operation of collecting the required data from the photography. This paper discusses the problems associated with various types of photography and describes a study which has been carried out to evaluate the potential of 16 mm and 35 mm time lapse photography taken from a helicopter. The accuracy of two dimensional co-ordinate transformation systems for collecting the required data from the photography is also described. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the most suitable type of photography and the most convenient and accurate transformation system to use when it is required to analyse the traffic flow data at complex urban and suburban intersections.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBeaucoup de tentatives ont déjàété faites pour étudier les problèmes de circulation par photographie: les difficultés sont le coût de la photographie, les délais d'obtention et le coût du dépouillement. On examine ici les possibilités offertes par divers types de photographies et on donne les résultats d'une étude entreprise pour évaluer l'intérêt de la solution; camera 16 mm ou 35 mm plus hélicoptère. On précise ici l'exactitude requise pour les transformations de coordonnées. On conclut par toute une série de recommandations.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs gibt sehr viele Versuche zur Verwendung verschiedener Arten der Photographie für Verkehrsstudien. Die am häufigsten auftretenden Probleme sind die Kosten und der Zeitaufwand der Photographie, wodurch die Datenerfassung aus Photos teuer wird. Im Artikel werden die Probleme beschrieben, die bei Anwendung verschiedener photographischer Aufnahmen auftraten. Ferner wird ein Versuch mit 16 mm und 35 mm Zeitrafferaufnahmen aus dem Hubschrauber erörtert. Beschreibung der Genauigkeit zweidimensionaler Koordinatentransformationen zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Daten aus Photos. Abschliessend werden Empfehlungen bezüglich der am besten geeigneten photographischen Methode und zur Transformation der Daten gegeben, wenn Verkehrsströme an komplexen Kreuzungen in Städten und Vororten analysiert werden sollen.

Notes: On 17th January, 1978, the Secretary of State for the Environment announced the establishment of a Committee, chaired by Sir David Serpell, with the following terms of reference: “Taking account of the views of users and other interested parties, in the context of national surveying and mapping needs, to consider and make recommendations about the longer term policies and activities of the Ordnance Survey and ways of financing them.” Interested organisations, among them The Photogrammetric Society, were invited to submit evidence to the Committee. The Society's submission is reproduced in full. The Secretary of State has asked the Committee to report, if possible, early in 1979.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SummaryAs has been stated the national survey, comprising as it does the horizontal and vertical control frameworks and the basic scales mapping based upon it, represents (assuming completion of the last named) a priceless national asset, but it is not “money in the bank”. It is an ephemeral and fragile asset which will have been frittered away unless it is constantly maintained, repaired and refurbished; even so it will not last forever. At one time or another the various components will all require replacement eventually. What must be avoided at all costs is a repetition of such culpable neglect that it all needs replacement at the same time. This summarises what is now, and must remain, the prime objective of the Ordnance Survey. Superimposed upon this are the needs to make the survey available, in various forms, to users; to produce small scale mapping; and to collect and disseminate various other forms of topographic data.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le 17 Janvier 1978, le secrétaire d'Etat à l'environnement anonçait la création d'une commission, présidée par Sir David Serpell: les objectifs étant précisés de la manière suivante; “Tenant compte des besoins des utilisateurs et des autres parties intéressées aux activités cartographiques, proposer une orientation à long terme de la politique de l'établissement et revoir les modes de financement de l'Ordnance Survey.”Les organisations concernées, et parmi elles la Photogrammetric Society, étaient invitées à entrer en relation avec la commission: on reproduit ici in extenso la déposition de la Photogrammetric Society. Le secrétaire d'Etat a demandéà la commission de remettre son rapport début 1979 si possible.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Am 17.1.1978 kündigte der Staatssekretär für Umweltfragen die Gründung eines Komitees unter Vorsitz von Sir David Serpell an, dasfolgende Aufgabe erfüllen soll: “Analyse der Ansichten von Nutzern und anderen interessierten Gruppen bezüglich der nationalen Anforderungen an Vermessungswesen und Kartographie, um daraus Empfehlungen für die längerfristigen Aktivitäten des Ordnance Survey und die Möglichkeiten zur Finanzitrung abzuleiten.” Interessierte Organisationen, darunter die Photogrammetric Society, wurden eingeladen, die Tätigkeit des Komitees zu unterstützen. Für Anfang 1979 soll ein Bericht vorgelegt werden.

Notes: Book review in this ArticleTHE UNITED KINGDOM FROM SPACE (2). By D. J. Carter and H. J. P. Arnold. Space Frontiers Ltd. Havant, Hampshire, 1977.SURVEYS FOR DEVELOPMENT. Edited by J. J. Nossin. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1977.REMOTE SENSING OF THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT. Edited by R. F. Peel, L. F. Curtis and E. C. Barrett. Butterworths, London, 1977.MAPPING FOR FIELD SCIENTISTS. By W. Ritchie, D. A. Tait, M. Wood and R. Wright. David and Charles, Newton Abbot, Devon, 1977.SURVEYING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY. COMPUTATION FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS. By D. E. Murchison. Newnes–Butterworths, London, 1977.RESOURCE SENSING FROM SPACE: PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Remote Sensing for Development. US National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1977.MISSION TO EARTH: LANDSAT VIEWS THE WORLD. By N. M. Short, P. D. Lowman, S. C. Freden and W. A. Finch. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 1976.REMOTE SENSING IN GEOMORPHOLOGY. By H. Th. Verstappen. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1977.

Notes: The availability of data in digital formats, the rapid evolution of computer systems and the increased demands for cartographic databases are causing photogrammetrists to consider ways of integrating photogrammetric, remote sensing and database technologies. Examples are presented involving the use of aerial photographs and satellite images in combination with geographical information systems and image processing techniques to assess soil erosion, growth of aquatic vegetation and to enhance satellite images for the compilation or revision of map products.

Notes: A new lightweight vertical camera rig which can be clamped to the front legs of the front seat of a light aircraft is described. In one version, a fixed transparent fairing is attached to the door, whereas in the second version the fairing is attached to the camera rig itself which can then be extended and retracted in flight. This rig has received C.A.A. (Civil Aviation Authority) Approval.

Notes: SPOT-1, launched on 22nd February, 1986, has provided the first opportunity to produce topographic maps from space on an operational basis. The use of SPOT imagery can be justified because of reduced costs and reduced lead times for map production. However SPOT imagery cannot be handled in the same way as conventional photography and it requires new procedures to be adopted, The two main reasons for this are the large area covered by each image and the dynamic form of sensing. The procedures discussed in this paper have been implemented in a working system for map compilation.

Notes: An algorithm for the generation of digital ground models is described. The algorithm is based on an approximate solution and uses data obtained with simple measuring equipment. Processing of the observations is carried out by an on line desk top computer and the results of some tests are given.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit un algorithme pour la génération de modèles de terrain digitaux. L'algorithme est basé sur une solution approximative et utilise des résultats obtenus avec un appareil de mesure simple. Les observations sont etudiées par une ordinateur de bureau lié directement et on donne les resultats de certains travaux.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines Algorithmus zur Erzeugung digitaler Geländemodelle. Dieser basiert auf einer Näherungslösung und verwendet Daten, die mit einfachen Messgeräten gewonnen wurden. Die Datenverarbeitung wird mit Hilfe eines Tischrechners ausgeführt, und es werden einige Testergebnisse mitgeteilt.

Notes: The author reviews procedures for obtaining stereomicrographs from binocular and monocular optical microscopes, from transmission and scanning electron microscopes and from an X-ray microscope. A description is given of the EMPD2 plotter for stereomicrographs and the advantages of various reconstruction techniques are considered, including a computer method used in the study of virus particles.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'auteur fait la revue des procédés qui permettent d'obtenir des stéréomicrographes à partir de microscopes optiques binoculaires et monoculaires, de microscopes electroniques transmetteurs et explorateurs et de microscopes radioscopiques. On donne une description de l'appareil de restituion EMPD2 pour les stéréomicrographes et on considère les avantages de diverses techniques de reconstruction, y compris d'une méthode avec ordinateur utilisée dans l'étude de particules de virus.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor gibt einen Überblick über Verfahren zur Aufnahme von Stereomikrofotos mit Hilfe binokularer und monokularer optischer Mikroskope, mit Hilfe von Durchstrahlungs- und Abtast-Elektronenmikroskopen sowie mit einem Röntgenmikroskop. Der EMPD 2 Plotter für Mikrostereofotos und die Vorteile verschiedener Rekonstruktionsmethoden, einschliesslich eines Rechnerverfahrens zur Untersuchung von Virus-Teilchen werden erörtert.

Notes: Problems are sometimes encountered during the relative orientation of close range photography which has a limited usable format and a large Z range. Computer simulations and practical tests with both a comparator and a plotting instrument are used to investigate the problems and possible inaccuracies. Systematic errors in the photogrammetric model are revealed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn rencontre souvent des difficultés lorsqu'on forme un modèle avec des clichés pris à courte distance, à format réduit et lorsque l'objet présente quelque profondeur. On a approfondi ces problèmes en utilisant conjointement simulations et essais pratiques; on a prouvé ainsi que les déformations du modèle étaient systématiques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungMitunter ergeben sich bei der relativen Orientierung von Nahbereischsbildern Probleme, weil das nutzbare Bildformat klein und der z-Bereich gross sind. Mit Hilfe von Computer-Simulationen und praktischer Tests mit einem Komparator bzw. einem Auswertegerät wurden die Probleme und mögliche Ungenauigkeiten untersucht. Dabei wurden systematische Fehler in dem photogrammetrischen Modell aufgedeckt.

Notes: Water currents in an hydraulic model have been determined by means of a photogrammetric method of detecting the movement of tethered buoys. Single vertical photographs, taken by a non-metric camera, have been analysed to produce the required differential measurements. The use of a non-metric camera is justified by an analysis of the errors involved and a consideration of the requisite type of measurements.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne méthode photogrammétrique a été mise au point pour déterminer par mesures différentielles sur un modèle hydraulique les mouvements de bouées en vue d'étudier les courants; seules des photos verticales isolées sont prises, avec une camera non métrique, ici largement suffisante pour l'exactitude requise.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBestimmung der Wasserströmungen in einem hydraulischen Modell durch photogrammetrische Ermittlung der Bewegung von verankerten Bojen. Einzeine Steilbilder, die mit einer Amateurkamera aufgenommen wurden, dienten zur Ableitung der geforderten Differenzen-Messungen. Die Verwendung einer Amateurkamera wird durch eine Analyse der auftretenden Fehler und eine Betrachtung der geforderten Messungswerte gerechtfertigt.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:THE GEOGRAPHER AS A MAP-MAKER. By A. Hodgkiss.ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By R. W. A. Dallas.BIBLIOGRAPHIA CARTOGRAPHICA Volume 4 (1977). Edited by L. Zögner.PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING. By J. G. Olliver and J. Clendinning.THE ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY FOR SURVEYORS. By J. B. Mackie.JOURNËE D'ËTUDE SUR LA STËRËO-ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHIE.THE NAZI CONNECTION. By F. W. Winterbotham.AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY. Edited by D. A. EDWARDS and C. R. Partridge.PHOTOGRAPHY BY INFRARED. ITS PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS. By H. Lou Gibson.

Notes: This article provides a brief description of the functions and capabilities of an image generating system developed by Linotype-Paul Limited for the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Cet article donne une courte description des fonctions et des possibilités d'un système generateur d'images developpé par Linotype-Paul Limited pour Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Kurze Beschreibung der Funktionen und Fähigkeiten eines bilderzeugenden Systems, das bei der Linotype-Paul Limited für das Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough entwickelt wurde.

Notes: This paper describes the production of stereopairs of shadow photographs to simulate X-ray pictures and demonstrates the possibility of determining analytically the precise position in the object space of foreign bodies using a digitiser as a monocomparator and projective transformation theory to dispense with the necessity of undertaking normal inner and relative orientation analytical procedures.A model is constructed and comparison accuracy tests are made using shadow and X-ray picture pairs. The paper also suggests that the use of projective transformation theory is more appropriate in short range photogrammetry than traditional topographic stereophotogrammetric theory.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCette communication décrit la production de couples stéréoscopiques de photographies d'ombre pour simuler des radiogrammes et démontre la possibilité de determiner analytiquement la position exacte dans l'espace de l'objet de corps étrangers en utilisant un transformateur digital comme mono comparateur et une théorie de transformation projective pour dispenser de la nécessité d'entreprendre les procédés normaux d'orientation analytique interieurs et relatifs.On construit un modèle et on fait des testes précis de comparaison en utilisant des couples de photographies d'ombre et de radiogrammes. La communication suggère aussi que l'utilisation de la théorie de transformation projective est plus appropriée pour la photogrammétrie à champs court que la théorie traditionnelle de stéréophotogrammétrie topographique.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird die Herstellung von Stereobildpaaren von Schatten-Fotos beschrieben, womit Röntgenbilder simuliert und die Möglichkeit der analytischen Bestimmung der präzisen Lage von Fremdkörpern im Objektraum gezeigt werden sollten. Dazu wurde ein Monokomparator als Digitalisiervorrichtung und die Theorie der projektiven Transformation angewendet, urn auf die sonst übliche analytische Bestimmung der inneren und relativen Orientierung verzichten zu können.Es wurden ein Modell konstruiert und vergleichende Genauigkeitstests für aus Schatten-Fotos bzw. Röntgenbildern bestehende Bildpaare durchgeführt. Im Beitrag wird die Meinung vertreten, dass die Theorie der projektiven Transformation bei der Nahphotogrammetrie günstiger ist, als die traditionelle Theorie der topographischen Stereophotogrammetrie.

Notes: Stimulated by promising overseas results with colour aerial photography and encouraged by its potential for solving local problems, the Forests Commission, Victoria, embarked on a series of trials with colour photography in 1965. Early results showed great promise and resulted in further work. This paper describes the methods and results of 70 mm and 35 mm trials concerned with the evaluation of various photographic films. An important aim of the study was to build up a working knowledge of the techniques of using aerial films other than conventional panchromatic black and white and to assess their value under Australian conditions.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Stimulés par les résultats obtenus outre-mer en matière de photo aérienne en couleur, et disposant d'un potentiel adéquat, le Forests Commission, Victoria a entrepris en 1965 une série d'essais, dès le départ très encourageants. On décrit ici les essais d'évaluation de différents types de film (70 mm et 35 mm); le but était de se familiariser avec la couleur et d'en étudier les conditions d'emploi sous les latitudes australiennes.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungAngeregt durch erfolgversprechende Ergebnisse mit Farbluftbildern in Übersee und ermutigt durch die Möglichkeiten zur Lösung lokaler Probleme unternahm die Forstkommission in Viktoria (Australien) eine Reihe von Versuchen mit Farbaufnahmen im Jahre 1965. Diese Versuche erwiesen sich vielversprechend und wurden fortgesetzt. Im Artikel werden die Verfahren und Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit 70 mm und 35 mm Aufnahmen zur Bewertung verschiedener photographischer Materialien beschrieben. Ein wichtiges Ziel der Untersuchung war das Erlangen von Kenntnissen über die Verfahren zur Verwendung nichtkonventioneller panchromatischer Schwarz-Weiss-Filme und deren Bewertung unter australischen Bedingungen.

Notes: A short review is given of photogrammetric methods in use for the test recording of petroglyphs and archaeological sites. Two simple field methods employed by archaeologists to record petroglyphs are also described in order to highlight the complexity of photogrammetric techniques and to query their validity.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBrève revue de méthodes photogrammétriques en usage pour enregistrer pétroglyphes et sites archéologiques. On décrit en sus deux méthodes employees par les archéologues dont la simplicité contraste avec la complexité des méthodes photogrammétriques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungKurzer Bericht über die photogrammetrischen Verfahren zur versuchs-weisen Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen und archäologischen Fundstätten. Zwei von Archäologen zur Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen verwendete einfache Feldverfahren werden ebenfalls beschrieben, um die Komplexität der photogrammetrischen Methoden zu beleuchten und ihre Richtigkeit zu überprüfen.

Notes: The CP1 plotter has been employed to produce, from low altitude aerial photography, a detailed map at a scale of 1: 1000 of a major landslide which occurred in an urban area of Hong Kong with extreme relief differences. Geomorphological features of the landslide could be interpreted easily from the aerial photographs and shown on the map which provided an accurate record of the disaster. Experiments with computer mapping of the landslide using a limited number of height points obtained by the CP1 plotter have also been carried out and the results indicated that useful data could be obtained rapidly to meet urgent needs for the preliminary stage of investigation and the planning of reconstruction works after the disaster.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméA partir d'une couverture aérienne à faible altitude, on a restitué au CP1 et à l'échelle du 1: 1000 une carte détaillée d'un important glissement de terrain survenu à Hong Kong et présentant d'extrêmes variations de relief. Les caractéristiques géomorphologiques du glissement aisément perçues sur les photos aériennes ont été reportées sur la carte. On a mené d'autre part des essais de cartographie numérique à partir de semis produits par le CP1, qui prouvent qu'on peut ainsi obtenir rapidement des données utiles aux enquêtes et mise sur pied des travaux de reconstruction.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer CP1 Plotter wurde zur Herstellung einer detaillierten Karte im Massstab 1: 1000 nach Luftbildern aus geringer Flughöhe verwendet, um einen grösseren Erdrutsch mit extremen Höhenunterschieden im Stadtgebiet von Honkong zu kartieren. Die geomorphologischen Erscheinungen des Erdrutsches konnten leicht an Hand der Luftbilder interpretiert und auf der Karte dargestellt werden, die eine genaue Aufzeichnung der Katastrophe vermittelte. Es wurden auch Versuche mit einer rechnergesteuerten Kartierung des Erdrutsches mit Hilfe einer begrenzten Menge von Höhenpunkten, die mit dem CP1 Plotter gemessen wurden, durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse besagten, dass dadurch wichtige Daten schnell ermittelt werden können, um dringende Anforderungen für eine vorläufige Einschätzung sowie die Planung des Wiederauf baus nach dem Unglück zu befriedigen.

Notes: A close range photogrammetric system, developed around a 35 mm Pentax camera fitted with a wide angle lens (f = 21 mm) and an early Zeiss wide angle multiplex, has proved useful for both instruction and research. Student exercises involve all phases of photogrammetry, from establishing ground control to plotting, and permit the integration of useful statistical routines for data analysis. Research applications have centred on the topographic mapping of microscale landforms at scales of 1: 1 to 1: 10 with accuracies of ± 1 mm to ± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn système mis au point pour la photogrammétrie à courte distance, et dont les éléments essentiels sont une chambre Pentax (f = 21 mm) et un Zeiss grand angle multiplex, a fait la preuve de son utilité tant pour l'instruction que pour la recherche. Les exercices proposés aux étudiants comportent toutes les phases réelles, depuis l'établissement d'un canevas d'appui jusqu'à la restitution. Les applications à la recherche sont centrées sur la cartographie des microreliefs à des échelles variant de 1: 1 à 1: 10 avec des exactitudes variant de ± 1 mm à± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Aufnahme- und Auswertesystem zur Nahphotogrammetrie, bestehend aus einer 35 mm Pentax Kamera, die mit einem Weitwinkelobjektiv (f= 21 mm) ausgerüstet war, und ein alter Weitwinkel-Multiplex von Zeiss haben sich bei der Ausbildung und Forschung als nützlich erwiesen. Bei den studentischen Übungen werden alle Phasen der Auswertung von der Passpunktbestimmung im Gelände bis zur Stereokartierung erfasst, wobei es auch möglich ist, statistische Tests zur Datenanalyse einzubeziehen. Die Forschungsarbeiten konzentrierten sich auf die Herstellung topographischer Karten von kleinmassstäbigen Geländeformen in den Massstäben 1: 1 bis 1: 10 mit Genauigkeiten von ± 1 mm bis ± 5 mm.

Notes: A model of a multiple box girder bridge, constructed at a scale of 1: 12, was subjected to an ultimate load test. Deformations were measured photogrammetrically using the method of false parallax. Modifications to the method are described which were necessary to accommodate the three dimensional object and to allow for the fact that the camera stations were not constant from one load stage photograph to the next. An accuracy of ± 0·2 mm in the measured deformations was achieved.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn modèle de boîte de vitesse à l'échelle 1: 12 est soumis à des essais de rupture; on mesure les déformations par photogrammétrie, en utilisant la méthode de la “pseudo-parallaxe”; des modifications ont dûêtre apportées à la méthode pour tenir compte du volume de l'objet et de la variation des points de vue entre les différents états de charge. On a obtenu une exactitude de ± 0·2 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Modell einer Hohlkasten-Balkenbrücke im Masstab 1: 12 wurde einem maximalen Belastungstest unterworfen. Die Deformationen wurden dabei photogrammetrisch mit Hilfe von Pseudoparallaxen gemessen. Beschreibung der Veränderungen der Methode, die wagen der Anpassung an das dreidimensionale Objekt notwendig waren und der Tatsache Rechnung trugen, dass die Kammerstandpunkte bei den Belastungen nicht konstant blieben. Die Deformationen konnten mit einer Genauigkeit von ± 0·2 mm bestimmt werden.

Notes: This paper describes the modification, calibration and testing of a non-metric Linhof Technika View camera for use in the stereophotogrammetric mapping and analysis of dental features. The importance of correcting for errors of convergence in very short range stereophotogrammetry is stressed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit les modification, étalonnage et test d'une chambre non métrique Linhof-Technika en vue de photogrammétrie dentaire; on insiste sur la nécessité qu'il y a de corriger l'erreur de convergence pour de telles études.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung des Umbaus, der Kalibrierung und der Testung einer nichtmetrischen Linhof-Technika-Kamera für die stereophotogrammetrische Kartierung und Analyse von Zahnstrukturen. Betonung der Bedeutung der Korrektur von Konvergenzfehlern bei der Nahphotogrammetrie mit sehr geringen Aufnahmeentfernungen.

Notes: In 1904, Dr. H. G. Fourcade compiled the first recorded topographic map made using analytical stereophotogrammetric methods. This paper describes how, in 1985, the stereophotography was repeated in very close proximity to Fourcade's original camera base using a modern metric camera. A new topographic map was compiled by computer graphics from stereoscopic observations made on a modern stereocomparator. A direct comparison of the two sets of interpolated contour lines demonstrates that Fourcade produced a highly accurate map covering part of Devil's Peak which is adjacent to Table Mountain near the city of Cape Town.

Notes: The effect on accuracy resulting from some changes to the conventional least squares matching method is investigated. Parallaxes computed automatically with matching methods have been compared with manual measurements made in a stereocomparator. Examples have been taken from both large and small scale aerial photographs and from close range images. Different linear geometric and radiometric parameters have been used as additional unknowns. The use of data snooping in digital matching with the least squares matching method has also been investigated. The results show that the introduction of additional affine parameters has a positive effect on the accuracy when the window size is larger than 30 × 30 pixels. The use of the data snooping technique is promising. The best precision obtained was between 10 pm and 15 μm, expressed as radial root mean square deviation, corresponding to approximately half a pixel. Gross error detection is possible to a large extent with photographs of good image quality.

Notes: The author continues the discussion of a Norwegian project to develop a stereoscopic instrument which will reduce the cost of analytical photogrammetry. Parts I and II of the project were presented at the 1984 Thompson Symposium; the objective at that stage was to build an image space plotter. This paper covers Part III of the project and the extended objective to develop an inexpensive analytical plotter which links with a modern microcomputer.

Notes: Previous assessments of the accuracy of parallax bar heighting were handicapped by small sample sizes. Numerical simulation was avoided due to the difficulty of obtaining co-ordinates for the conjugate principal points. This problem has been overcome, however, and all required photograph coordinates have been rigorously computed following the generation of fictitious data for ground points and exposure stations. The parallax bar heighting process has additionally been simulated in order to investigate both external factors, such as image errors, tilts and ground relief, and also influences intrinsic in the heighting process, for example estimation of flying height, baselining, control configuration and error surface model.

Notes: Book reviewed in this aticle:AERIAL PHOTO-INTERPRETATION IN TERRAIN ANALYSIS AND GEOMORPHOLOGIC MAPPING. By R. A. van Zuidam.REMOTE SENSING: METHODS AND APPLICATIONS. By R. M. Hord.FRENCH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ON SPOT, REMOTE SENSING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. By S. T. Dyson.REMOTE SENSING. PRINCIPLES AND INTERPRETATION. Second Edition. By F. F. Sabins.APPLIED REMOTE SENSING. By C. P. Lo.HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY. By L. Bagrow.REMOTE SENSING YEARBOOK 1987. Edited b A. P. Cracknell and L. W. B. Hayes.WINGS OVER ICE. By P. G. Mott.MANUAL OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. By R. W. Graham and R. E. Read.

Notes: The study has two major objectives. The first is to determine time trends in household wealth inequality in the U.S. over the 1962–83 period. Four concepts of wealth are analyzed: (i) total household wealth, defined as total household assets less liabilities; (ii) fungible wealth, defined as total household wealth less consumer durables and household inventories; (iii) financial wealth, defined as fungible wealth less equity in owner-occupied housing; and (iv) capital wealth, defined as financial wealth less currency, checking accounts, and time deposits. Relying on a variety of data sources, I find that wealth inequality remained relatively constant from about 1962 to 1973, fell sharply from about 1973 to about 1979, and then rose sharply between 1979 and 1983. Concentration in 1983 was greater than that in 1962 for financial and capital wealth but of similar magnitude for total and fungible wealth. The second, methodological in nature, is to analyze the effect on measured inequality of the alignment of raw survey data to national balance sheet totals. I find that the alignment process can significantly affect point estimates of household wealth distribution but does not generally affect the direction of inequality trends.

Notes: Social fields are areas of analysis in which one finds both market and non-market production and situations where indirect means of financing are used, in that expenditure is made by a third party rather than by the consumer.The borderline between these two spheres changes with time and from one country to another, but often when a system of third party paying is in practice, the difference is hardly noticeable for the beneficiary. On the other hand, the central framework of national accounts introduces a complete dichotomy of these two situations.In order to obviate this drawback, the national accounts have proposed two solutions. The first leads to having appear on the accounts of households only the expenditure made by them and not the figure of their consumption. Contrary to this is a second solution whereby the consumption account of households is extended to include the non-market services received directly, and a corresponding imputed income appears.This second solution makes possible a richer analysis. However, it calls for the use of fictitious circuits and this often creates problems in the choice of a recording time. Furthermore, the number of circuits chosen has to be limited if they are to he the object of international agreement.The French system of satellite accounts seems particularly well suited to a truly thorough description of these phenomena. In fact, the analysis is carried out from a tripartite point of view of the producer, the beneficiary and the financer (i.e. the third party who takes on the expenditure). In this system, the functional perspective based on the study of the beneficiary of the expenditure can be analysed in greater depth than in the central framework of national accounts.Thus satellite accounts represent a complementary solution for the processing of problems inherent to these fields.

Notes: This paper explores the imputed service price approach to the pricing of the services of consumer-owned-and-used durables in the construction of the consumer price index, using the services of owner-occupied housing as an illustration. A theoretical framework for analyzing this question is first developed. Certain practical problems are then discussed. The conceptual difficulty of constructing an appropriate rate of return on the basis of available data on interest rates and house prices, in the context of inflation, is explored. Two arguments are advanced that statistical agencies ought not to follow the imputed service price approach in pricing the services of owner-occupied dwellings and other consumer durables. On the one hand, nominal interest rates will, in any short period, reflect monetary policy and not any change in the money “rental” of owner-occupied houses. Second, movements in nominal interest rates will also reflect changes in the money price of pure consumption goods, as well as changes in the money price of houses. The argument is extended to other consumer durables and, in the limiting case, to monetary balances, and it is concluded that in all but trivial cases the application of the service price approach leads to price movements of little or no meaning.

Notes: This paper uses a variety of assumptions to produce calculations of worldwide income distributions from recent international data compilations. The variable quality of the source materials in these compilations along with the arbitrariness in the assumptions required are emphasized. A number of working hypotheses for the worldwide income distribution are offered until data and methods improve. It is suggested the top 1 percent of world population may receive 10–15 percent of world income, the top 10 percent from 45–65 percent, and the bottom 20 percent from 1–4 percent. These figures seem more unequal than those for domestic distributions even for more inegalitarian countries.

Notes: Income redistribution studies on the macro–economic level have been undertaken in Denmark for the years 1938–39, 1949, 1955, and 1963. By use of national accounts figures and all other available statistics, it was on certain assumptions possible to distribute public sector income and expenditure by income groups.A quite different approach is used in a Danish redistribution study on the micro-economic level for 1971, which relies solely on the comprehensive data from the family budget survey for that year. Unfortunately this study only relates to employee households.This paper deals with the 1963 and 1971 studies. First it describes and discusses the differences in methodology between the two studies and indicates some ideas for future studies in this field in Denmark. In the following sections some main results of the two studies are given, briefly for the 1963 study and more comprehensively for the 1971 study. The studies show the great and growing strength of the policy of redistribution through public sector income and expenditure in Denmark.It is the opinion of the authors that the appearance of redistribution studies based on comprehensive family budget surveys makes for a substantial improvement of redistribution figures, and that the purely micro-level frame of reference makes it possible to interpret the results in a more satisfactory way than before. Furthermore, the appearance of detailed input-output based national accounts data should bring about further improvements in redistribution figures through better data on indirect taxes and subsidies as well as supporting data which are necessary to link the micro and macro levels in a consistent way.

Notes: It is often discussed that inflation introduces a substantial, arbitrary and regressive redistribution of income and wealth under even mild inflation. But after a quarter century of experience with inflation in postwar Japan, very little is known about these costs of inflation on an empirical basis. Due to the complexity of the evaluation of the redistributional impact on Japan, the present paper analyzes the effects of inflation on individuals or groups as wage earners, debtors and creditors, taxpayers, and holders of real estate.The main results of the present investigation suggest that the Japanese inflation for 1955–75 did not seem to introduce much inequality in the income (flow) account in the economy, but that the inequality between households has appeared more in the wealth (stock) account, especially between the house-owner groups and non-house-owner groups. These observations are mainly derived from the following investigations; (i) the wage lag hypothesis about inflation, even if not wrong, does not seem acceptable when applied to the entire period (1955–75) as well as to each of the five sub-periods; (ii) there has been a substantial transfer of real purchasing power from households to non-financial corporations, and, to a lesser extent, to government entities in the debtor-creditor redistribution; (iii) among households, the most substantial redistribution takes place from the non-houseowners to houseowners with land, because of the huge amount of capital gains from the rapid increase in the price of real estate relative to the prices of other assets or the consumer price index, except for the last three years of rampaging inflation.

Notes: Preliminary estimates of the total incomes system of accounts (TISA) are provided for 1959 and 1969. They extend conventional accounts to include all consumption services produced by government and households as well as by enterprises, but define household purchases of durable and semi-durable goods as investment. Acquisitions of capital throughout the economy, intangible as well as tangible, and not only in the business sector, are included in capital accumulation along with, for tangible capital, net revaluations, that is capital gains net of increases in the general price level. Imputations are offered for non market consumption and capital accumulation, most prominently in unpaid household work and education. Much of government output, particularly police services and defense, is recalculated as intermediate, along with expenses related to work, while media services, treated by the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) as business purchases of intermediate product, enter into TISA consumption. Subsidies are included in the value of product, as are services of volunteers and imputations for the underpayment of military conscripts and of jurors. Separate accounts are offered for the national income and product, business, nonprofit institutions, government enterprises, government and households.The ratios of BEA to TISA Net National Product were 81.4 percent and 76.5 percent in 1959 and 1969, respectively. BEA national income was 74.1 percent of the corresponding TISA net national income in 1959 and 69.6 percent in 1969, reflecting a greater per annum rate of growth of TISA net national income, 7.49 percent, as against 6.82 percent for the corresponding BEA national income.BEA gross private domestic investment, restricted to business acquisitions of tangible capital at original cost, was estimated as only approximately 22 percent of comprehensive TISA gross domestic capital formation in 1959 and some 20 percent in 1969. The BEA net private domestic investment growth rate of 7.32 percent per annum from 1959 to 1969 may be compared with a TISA net domestic capital formation growth rate of 9.42 percent.

Notes: As is widely recognized both in the literature and by the practitioners, the treatment of financial intermediaries has been one of the most controversial issues in national accounting. This has been so largely because no one up to now has been able to define the output of banks and other financial intermediaries. In the present paper, a theory of services in general and of financial services in particular is used to demonstrate that financial intermediaries produce at least six commodity type services. Furthermore, it is argued that in order to solve the banking imputation problem it is necessary to separate the theory of interest rates from the theory of financial services and examine the interdependence between them. The gross interest rate must be unbundled because it contains three distinct components. These are, first, the pure interest rate, which reflects payment for a factor-type service; second, payments for six commodity-type services, which reflect the output of financial intermediaries; and, third, payments for unilateral transfers. The new unbundled approach is contrasted to the old bundle approach used and/or advocated by standard economic theory, the SNA, Sunga and the Ruggleses. Furthermore, it is recommended that payments for the pure interest rate be considered as part of income of the paying enterprise or sector while payments for financial services by enterprises to other enterprises should be considered as intermediate purchases.

Notes: The persistence of poverty and income inequality in less developed countries (LDCs) is a source of serious concern to development economists. To understand the structure of inequality, several researchers using a variety of methodologies have measured the importance of various contributory factors to overall income variability. The available literature—which now includes studies of Brazil, Mexico, Iran, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Pakistan, and Colombia-has been reviewed elsewhere (Fields, forthcoming). This paper presents additional evidence for urban Colombia, in the process raising some important methodological issues which bear on the design of future research studies.The data set used in this paper is described in Section I. The decomposition of Colombian inequality by functional income source is presented in Section 11 for micro data. Section I11 examines the robustness of source decomposition procedures to data aggregation. Section IV presents inequality decompositions by city, and Section V by other income-determining characteristics. Conclusions appear in Section VI.

Notes: Using a simple simulation model, this paper assesses the impact of relative movements in asset prices on the distribution of wealth during the 1969–75 period. Because of the strong negative correlation between wealth level and the ratio of debt to wealth, this particular inflation induced a substantial drop in the overall level of wealth inequality. Moreover, comparing the portfolios of different demographic groups, we found that middle-aged households gained relatively to younger and older ones, married couples gained relatively to singles, whites gained relatively to non-whites, and home-owners gained relatively to renters. The biggest gainers from this inflation were home-owners with large mortgages and the biggest losers the large stock holders.

Notes: Responding to a perceived growing interest in human wealth estimates, this paper offers a framework for measuring the aggregate stock of human capital and then implements the procedure for the United States male population age 14 to 75. Unlike previous estimates of human wealth that are based upon historical or resource costs, these estimates measure the capital stock as the discounted resent-value of expected lifetime returns. In the estimation, returns are equated with earnings data from the 1970 U.S. Census 15 percent Public Use Sample for out-of-school males, adjusted for employment and survival probabilities, adjusted for an assumed exogenous growth in future earnings, and discounted at 7.5 percent.We provide cross-sectional estimates of individual stocks of human capital by age and educational attainment, as well as expected lifetime wealth profiles for individuals by level of education. These individual profiles can be used to obtain direct estimates of age-specific depreciation which suggest human capital is subject to significant and prolonged appreciation before nearly straight-line depreciation begins around middle age. This finding is all the more significant since resource-cost estimates of human capital which must assume a depreciation pattern to obtain stocks have always imposed a much faster rate much sooner.Finally, an aggregate estimate of the stock of human capital for all males is supplied and its sensitivity to the choice of the discount rate, tax laws, and expected exogenous growth is analyzed. This seemingly-conservative stock estimate is then compared to a much lower resource-cost estimate offered recently by John Kendrick. A discount rate over 20 percent would be needed to equate the two measures. In trying to reconcile the two figures, we raise some new questions about the validity of both approaches for human capital accounting.

Notes: This study is concerned with an effort to analyze changes in costs and prices in the Australian economy by tracing the effects of changes in wages and import prices through the stages of production, using a disaggregated input-output model with lags. The object of constructing the model was to improve, by introducing lags, the accuracy of predictions of the effect of cost changes on prices, and to show the lag structures. Data problems encountered are discussed, and the need for integration of price statistics to enhance their usefulness for analyses such as this is emphasized. Concepts and sources of data are discussed in some detail in an appendix.

Notes: For some considerable time the interest in price statistics has mainly been focused on their use as “intermediate goods”. The requirements of a system of price index numbers which have to be established in this connection are largely in the field of statistical coordination (integration of statistics on quantities, values and prices).Recently the inflation problem has given rise to an increased interest in price statistics as “final goods”. A meaningful analysis of inflation will devote attention to the relation between input prices and output prices. In this article several versions of an analysis of prices of final demand categories based on an ordinary Leontief input-output scheme are presented and the needs for price statistics are discussed. In fact a self-contained system of price statistics emerges from the price analysis.There is a difference in the nature of the price index numbers required in compiling input-output tables in constant prices (Paasche) and that in the case of price analysis (Laspeyres). However the need for price observation runs largely parallel because in both cases the same detailed information on price developments will probably be used.Price analysis gives the possibility of a step-by-step approach in building up a system of price index numbers.

Notes: This paper is in 7 sections. Section 1 gives as background a chronological account of the steps taken in the United Kingdom, from 1974 to late 1977, towards the development of a new system of accounting in company reports which would allow for the effect of changing costs and prices on the measurement of profit and of capital employed in the business. Section 2 discusses the main features of the system, known as current cost accounting, as it is seen in the United Kingdom. Section 3 surveys the relationship between current cost accounting and the national income and expenditure statistics, and the likely implications of the introduction of current cost accounting upon the quality of macro-economic statistics, including estimates of national and sector balance sheets. Section 4 describes some of the problems of implementing current cost accounting, particularly in special situations, and outlines the solutions which were proposed in the “Exposure Draft” published in 1976 by the accountancy profession in the United Kingdom. Section 5 considers the definition of distributable profit in relation to the need to maintain capital, considering the concept of gain, the system of valuing assets and liabilities, and the enterprise's capacity to take on additional debt as a means of financing its assets. Section 6 briefly surveys the implications for taxation, price control and price setting. Section 7 concludes by surveying the scene at the end of 1977 and by looking at likely future developments.

Notes: This article explores the assumptions underlying present definitions of national income in its principal uses, and considers the alterations that would be needed to allow for the inclusion of environmental quality. A numerical example illustrates the impact of alternative measures. The discussion concludes that if we want national income to conform more closely to theoretical concepts of welfare indices, then we need to include a proxy for those environmental services that would not be completely free goods if it were possible to overcome their inherent non-marketability. The least unsatisfactory proxy would be the spending on environmental protection.

Notes: This paper examines the causes and consequences of the inflationary process in terms of its impact upon the national accounting flows, illustrated by the case of France during the period 1966–76. The first section of the paper discusses the apparent causes of inflation, and lays out the circuits through which inflation is propagated. The second section looks behind the apparent causes to examine more closely the reasons for the observed behavior. The final section considers the consequences of inflation in terms of factor allocation, and in turn its impact upon unemployment, the balance of payments, and the rate of growth.

Notes: In the June 1977 issue of the American Economic Review extraordinary attention was given to the statistical problem of measuring the effect on inequality in current income arising from differences associated with age. The method adopted by Paglin was severely criticized although everyone recognized the value of Paglin's unusual, if not original, emphasis on the importance of the underlying issue.This paper is not primarily concerned with the statistical problem of correcting data on current income distributions for income-age differences. It is concerned mainly with the lifetime income perspective itself-with ways of viewing the long-term path of persons and of ways of viewing inequalities in that path as they develop within and among different generations.The paper discusses issues of measurement on a birth-cohort or longitudinal basis, recent trends for selected cohorts, intra-and inter-cohort variances in lifetime income, and various policy issues, for example, the equity of the U.S. Social Security System viewed on a lifetime dimension.

Notes: New social concerns and priorities–beyond the economic growth paradigm–pose a challenge to the established statistical systems. The initial response of developing overall welfare measures and social indicators of the human quality of life had little impact on official statistics. Environment statistics, on the other hand, has become accepted as a new branch of applied statistics, maturing from exclusive pollution monitoring to cover various aspects of natural resources and the man-made environment. Still, a rather artificial separation between ecological monitoring and modeling and anthropocentric environmental statistics and accounting persists. The assessment of complex and interrelated socioeconomic and environmental concerns requires comparable inter-disciplinary information. The provision of such information should be facilitated by a flexible framework approach to statistical coordination and integration.

Notes: The evidence on economic inequality in nearly all developing countries is both seriously incomplete and of moderate to poor quality. In addition, information often corresponds to distributions which appear to be less revealing and useful than other ones; thus it can be argued that the frequently available distribution of income among households ranked by household income is less helpful than the seldom found distribution of consumption among persons ranked by per capita household consumption. Whether one's objective is to assess inequality in some absolute sense or (especially) to make comparisons across countries or evaluate trends over time, it is useful to know whether systematic relationships exist among various measures of inequality, in particular between those most commonly available and those conceptually most interesting. Illustrative comparisons of a variety of inequality indicators are presented. They suggest that in developing countries the concentration of income among persons (assuming equal distribution within the family) does not differ much from the concentration among households. They also suggest that the concentration of consumption is somewhat less unequal than that of income, the ratio of the respective Gini coefficients tending to cluster around 0.85 to 0.90.

Notes: In the future revision of the SNA the dual classification of flows in the national accounts will gain some importance with respect to consumption expenditures. It is likely that outlays of different institutions for consumption are added to form a new aggregate “individual consumption.” The question is whether this development requires an adjustment on the income side of the household accounts.In order to find an answer it is first necessary to scrutinize the concept of disposable income in its standard form, and in its different variations. The result is a distinction between “disposable income in the strict sense” and “income after distribution,” where the standard definition actually realizes the latter concept. It is then shown that the dual structure of the accounts does not permit the adding of individual consumption to saving of households so that the concept of enlarged income defeats its purpose.

Notes: The value-added model underlies current measures of aggregate productivity growth. Unbiased estimates result only if the economy is closed to trade in foreign-produced material inputs and all domestic intersectoral transactions are characterized by marginal cost pricing. Neither condition typically holds.This paper identifies these biases and proposes a delivery-to-final-demand framework, a modified form of that first introduced by Domar. The rate of aggregate productivity growth is decomposed into terms identifying the contributions of total factor productivity growth within individual sectors, the reallocation of the economy's primary inputs among sectors, and changes in the allocative efficiency of markets for intermediate goods. The adjustments necessary to remove biases from existing value-added estimates are derived.