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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (816)
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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (252)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 1
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    Wind estimates from cloud motions: Result of an in situ aircraft verification experiment (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2009-11-16
    Beschreibung: A world wide system of 5 geostationary satellites is being established with a primary objective: the estimation of winds from cloud motions. A series of aircraft experiments were carried out to perform an in situ verification of the satellite cloud winds, under undisturbed to moderately disturbed oceanic weather regimes.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 235-239
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  • 2
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    Flow phenomena peculiar to calculation of compressible turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Calculation procedures for compressible turbulent boundary layers were based upon techniques, modeling constants, etc., developed originally for the low speed case. Significant differences and new or altered physics which occur in the compressible case were considered, as compared with the low speed situation. Possible pitfalls and sources of inaccuracy in the calculations were indicated.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 9-46
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  • 3
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    A summary of monthly mean simulation experiments with the GISS model (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The statistical results of 8 monthly mean simulation experiments with the GISS general circulation model are summarized for the Northern Hemisphere in terms of the fields of sea-level pressure, 500-mb. height, and 850-mb. temperature.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 323-327
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  • 4
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    Sampling analysis for the earth radiation budget satellite system mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A study was conducted to identify problems related to sampling the Earth's radiant energy budget and to define a satellite system with sufficient sampling to satisfy science requirements on global, zonal, and regional scales.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 153-157
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  • 5
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    A simple algorithm for inferring the vertical ozone profile from satellite measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A general methodology for establishing and testing remote sensing inversion procedures has yielded a simple procedure for inverting BUV radiances.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 129-133
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  • 6
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    A statistical method for time-continuous assimilation of remote sounding temperatures (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A time-continuous statistical method is presented for the four-dimensional assimilation of remote sounding temperatures based on radiometric measurements from polar-orbiting satellites. This method is applied to DST-6 data from the NOAA-4 and Nimbus-6 satellites. Experiments are reported in which the state of the atmosphere throughout the test period was determined using a varying amount of satellite data and in which different methods were used for their assimilation. Data from the NOAA-4 satellite only, from Nimbus-6 only, and from both satellites together were used; the methods tested include different variations of the statistical method as well as more traditional methods. The conclusions are that: (1) satellite-derived temperature data can have a modest, but statistically significant positive impact on numerical weather prediction in the two-to-three day range; (2) this impact is highly sensitive to the quantity of data available; and (3) the assimilation method plays a major role in the magnitude of the impact for the same data.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 93-103
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  • 7
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    Profiling of atmospheric water vapor with microwave radiometry (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Weighting functions were developed which express the water vapor information content of microwave radiometric measurements. Retrievals of water vapor profiles are performed using these weighting functions.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 81-85
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  • 8
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    The evaluation by numerical simulation of the design for a Microwave Pressure Sounder (MPS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The potential accuracy of an active multifrequency millimeter-wave technique for the remote measurement of atmospheric pressure at the Earth's surface was investigated by numerical simulation.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 71-75
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  • 9
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    Cloud temperatures and prediction of hurricane intensity (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Equivalent black body temperatures of clouds around tropical cyclones are used in a statistical technique to forecast changes in maximum winds for 24 hours in advance.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 41-45
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  • 10
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    A real-time subsynoptic, meso, and microscale severe storm forecast system (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A system of differential equations is integrated numerically in space and time over several different matrices in an effort to simulate the atmospheric wave structures which organize severe local storms. Preliminary results with case studies indicate that dynamical fields produced by the numerical simulations can be translated into very fine scale space and time zones where severe storm forecast indices can be developed. These fine scale indices are now available in real-time when run on Langley's STAR 100 computer system.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 29-33
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  • 11
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    Detection of severe storms through a tropospheric-ionospheric coupling mechanism (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Acoustic-gravity waves were detected by a ground-based ionospheric sounding array, and the location of the wave generation source was determined by a reverse group ray path computation. Computed sources of these waves were located near locations where tornadoes touched down from 2 to 4 hours later. It is suggested that the overshooting and ensuing collapse of convective turrets may be responsible for generating the acoustic-gravity waves observed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 11-15
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  • 12
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    Three dimensional cloud top changes related to thunderstorm severity (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Digital infrared data from a geostationary satellite are used to study thunderstorm top growth rates and other parameters in relation to the occurrence of severe weather on the ground. Both the rate of upward growth of the thunderstorm top and the maximum height reached are shown to be useful parameters in the detection of severe thunderstorms.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 7-10
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  • 13
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    Climatological features revealed by ESMR derived oceanic rainfall maps (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Several new climatological patterns become apparent from the analysis of satellite-derived global oceanic rainfall maps. Five interesting features are briefly discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 135-139
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  • 14
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    The effect of sea ice extent on the climatology of the Giss general circulation model (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Two model simulations were calculated with the GISS general circulation model corresponding to hypothetical maximum and minimum January sea ice conditions in the north and south polar regions. Results indicate that there were large differences in the Northern Hemisphere circulation between maximum and minimum ice conditions in zonally averaged temperature, vertically averaged eddy sensible heat flux, and mean 500 mb geopotential height. The calculated differences are found to be greater than the inherent variability of the model.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 105-109
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  • 15
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    Operation Aurorozone: An experiment in sun/weather (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Operation Aurorozone was a highly coordinated sequence of 33 rocket flights launched from Poker Flat, Alaska, in September 1976. The effects of aurorally produced X-rays on stratospheric neutral and electrical parameters was studied. The sun/weather coupling between upper and lower regions of the atmosphere is thought to be related to these middle atmospheric parameters. The results show a consistent depletion of ozone above 1 mb during three independent auroral events, with magnitudes in excess of those expected from the measured energy radiation sources. Simultaneously, enhanced conductivity changes were observed to occur in accord with the measured ionizing radiations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 121-125
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  • 16
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    Design and testing of a new planetary boundary layer parameterization (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A new planetary boundary layer parameterization was developed. Tests included forecasting experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 117-120
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  • 17
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    Numerical simulation of flow near steep mountains with a potential enstrophy conserving scheme for the shallow water equations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Numerical experiments show that use of a potential enstrophy conserving scheme drastically improves numerical simulation of flow near steep mountains.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 111-115
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  • 18
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    Remote sensing of the boundary layer (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Limited information about the boundary layer stratification is obtained from remote infrared spectral measurements in the water vapor window region. A global map of the average strength of the water vapor spectral lines in the 9 micron window region derived from Nimbus 4 IRIS data is presented to indicate this boundary layer information. Presence of deep convective layer in the intertropical convergence zone and trade wind inversion over the subtropical oceanic high pressure systems are appropriately revealed in this map.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 77-80
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  • 19
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    Wind speed and aerosol optical thickness estimates from aircraft observations of sea flitter (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Aircraft observed radiances were used to measure surface wind speed and aerosol thickness. Results show that the surface wind speed is related to the width of the glitter pattern.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 67-70
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  • 20
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    Objective tropical cyclone analysis and forecasting technique using conventional and Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The ADAPT empirical analysis programs, based on finding an optimal representation of the data in the Karhunen-Loeve sense, were applied to 120 observations of twenty-nine 1973 and 1974 Pacific tropical cyclones. Each observation consists of NIMBUS-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) radiation measurements at 267 grid points covering and surrounding the tropical cyclone plus nine other non-satellite derived descriptors. Analysis and forecast algorithms to estimate storm motion and intensity were developed for times ranging from the observation time up to 72 hours later. The 24 hr wind speed forecasts with an accuracy of 11.7 knots and position forecasts with accuracies 15% better than persistence were demonstrated using independent tests.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 47-50
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  • 21
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    Latent heat calculations and their relationship to tropical cyclone intensity (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Data from the Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) were used to calculate total storm latent heat release (LHR) and other precipitation parameters for over 100 satellite observations of Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones. The data are useful in determining the rainfall characteristics of these storms and appear to be potentially useful in monitoring them.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 35-39
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  • 22
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    Severe storms and their interaction with the environment (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A brief description is given of significant research accomplishments and of planned research on atmospheric variability and the interaction of severe storms with their environment using atmospheric variability experiments data. Use of the results for the assessment of satellite capabilities are described briefly.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 23-27
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  • 23
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    Summary of calculation procedures for nonsimilar two- and three-dimensional compressible turbulent boundary layers (finite difference, finite element and weighted residual methods), appendix (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: This numerical prediction summary indicates the wide variety of such procedures which are available. Most procedures have detailed user manuals, and in many cases the codes are available. Many of the special effects treated by various methods (such as nonequilibrium or equilibrium chemistry, transition, roughness etc.) are indicated.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 69-78
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  • 24
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    Calculation of three-dimensional compressible turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: From comparisons of high speed data with low speed closure procedures using variable mean density, there does not appear to be any appreciable influence of compressibility upon turbulent shear stress modeling in compressible turbulent boundary layers, even for extreme cases such as Mach 14 to 20 with a change in density across the layer of up to a factor of 100. Other evidence of apparent lack of compressibility caused new physics which may alter the shear stress for the compressible boundary layer cases including: (1) fluctuation Mach number was generally less than 1; (2) the shear stress distribution through the boundary layer was not a function of Mach number for zero pressure gradient flows; (3) the Morkovin hypothesis was valid up to Mach 5 (based on fluctuation data); (4) profile N power was not a function of Mach number, at least up to Mach 10; and (5) the nondimensional burst period was approximately the same as that for low speed.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 47-68
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  • 25
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    Equations and closure methods (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Basic differential equations governing compressible turbulent boundary layer flow are reviewed, including conservation of mass and energy, momentum equations derived from Navier-Stokes equations, and equations of state. Closure procedures were broken down into: (1) simple or zeroth-order methods, (2) first-order or mean field closure methods, and (3) second-order or mean turbulence field methods.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 6-8
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  • 26
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    Simulation study of a method for analyzing wide field of view radiometer measurements from satellites and some analysis of ESSA 7 data (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Method of relating wide field of view radiometer measurements from satellites to the Earth longwave flux field is simulated and is used to obtain zonal and global averages of longwave (LW) flux for ESSA 7.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 305-309
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  • 27
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    Comparison of the last two winter season monthly zonal cloud fractions as derived from Nimbus-6 ERB data (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Monthly zonal albedo determinations made by Nimbus-6 ERB were used to form monthly zonal cloud fractions. The Fall-Winter-Spring seasons of 1975-76 are compared with the same seasons 1976-77.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 289-293
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  • 28
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    A summary of Nimbus-6 temperature retrieval accuracy statistics for DST-5 and DST-6 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Statistics compiled from Nimbus-6 temperature retrievals processed during the 18 August-4 September 1975 DST-5, and the 1 February-4 March 1976 DST-6 are addressed. All statistics were compiled from samples of colocated satellite sounding and radiosonde measurements. The colocation window is 222 km in space and 6 hours in time.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 271-276
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  • 29
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    Mesoscale convergence proceding thunderstorm development determined from cloud motions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Convergence was determined from wind vectors derived from cloudtracking on 5 minute interval SMS-2 data using the AOIPS.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 247-251
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  • 30
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    Equations for the dynamics of gust fronts and shock waves (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Equations are presented for the growth or decay rates of moving and deforming vortex sheets (gust fronts) and shock waves. The equations exhibit a cross-coupling between these two types of surface discontinuity.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 225-227
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  • 31
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    Stereographic cloud heights from SMS/goes imagery (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Stereographic pairs of SMS/GOES images, generated simultaneously by the spin-scan cameras of each of two geostationary satellites (SMS 1 and SMS2), separated by 32 degrees of longitude on February 1, 1975, were analyzed photogrametrically to yield cloud heights with a two-sigma uncertainty of 500 meters. These cloud heights compare favorably with heights of the same clouds measured by radar and IR methods. The same SMS image pairs were used to measure mountaintop heights with a mean deviation of 0.24 km from cartographic values.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 229-233
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  • 32
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    Spectral energetics and predictability studies (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: One and two-dimensional spectral analyses were performed on the GISS general circulation model. The one-dimensional results imply that low eddy kinetic energy is caused by low conversions from the zonal mean kinetic energy. The two-dimensional results confirm that low wave number spectral coefficients approach the predictability limit slower than high wave number coefficients and suggest ways of estimating the rate of approach to the predictability limit.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 329-333
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  • 33
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    ERBSS scanner performance in the presence of radiation directional model errors (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Simulation studies of the ERBSS scanner were performed to determine the sensitivity of the inferred flux at the top of the atmosphere to radiation directional model errors for candidate scan plane orientations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 311-315
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  • 34
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    Commercial aircraft derived high resolution wind and temperature data from the tropics for FGGE: Implications for NASA (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Two programs involving over 100 commercial aircraft were initiated to provide global high resolution in-situ windfield and temperature data during the FGGE. The concepts developed for these programs could have important implications for both meteorology and aviation in the near term.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev; p 265-270
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    The data systems test-dress rehearsal for FGGE (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A series of Data Systems Tests conducted by NASA as a precursor to the First GARP Global Experiment is described. Included is a description of the global data sets acquired and the influence the tests had on the observing system, the data processing plans and research activities of the Global Experiment itself.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 259-263
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    An error analysis of tropical cyclone divergence and vorticity fields derived from satellite cloud winds on the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System (AOIPS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: An advanced Man-Interactive image and data processing system (AOIPS) was developed to extract basic meteorological parameters from satellite data and to perform further analyses. The errors in the satellite derived cloud wind fields for tropical cyclones are investigated. The propagation of these errors through the AOIPS system and their effects on the analysis of horizontal divergence and relative vorticity are evaluated.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 241-245
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    General solutions for the movement of storms (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Diagnostic solutions are presented for the displacement velocity of a storm vortex and the velocity of the centroid of the storm's convection.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 219-223
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    Molecular model of ice nucleation (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Two complementary techniques, semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculations and empirical central field pair potential calculations were used in developing a model of the interaction of water with simple surfaces.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 203-206
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    Fast but accurate techniques for calculating radiative terms in numerical atmospheric models and in remote sensing applications (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Methods were developed for calculating radiative terms with relatively high accuracy but with sufficient speed, so that they can be used in numerical atmospheric models or in high volume processing of satellite measured radiances for remote sensing of atmospheric and surface parameters. Comparison with commonly used methods in both types of applications indicate improvements in calculating transmittances of factors between two and three, and in calculating radiances and cooling rates of factors between two and seven.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 195-200
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    Mount Agung eruption provides test of a global climate perturbation (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The Mt. Agung volcanic eruption in 1963 is used as a test case to examine the climatic response to a global-scale radiative perturbation of the earth's atmosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 165-169
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  • 41
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    On the interannual variability of the ocean atmospheric system (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Several feedback mechanisms between ocean and atmosphere are discussed, which seem to have a decisive influence on the interannual variability of the atmosphere, and on climatic fluctuations of a time scale of 10 to 50 years. Satellite requirements to monitor these feedback processes are outlined briefly.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 141-146
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  • 42
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    Nimbus 6 ERB scanner studies for development of Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The Nimbus 6 ERB scanner data were conducted to support the development of the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System project. The ERB data were processed in terms of Earth targets and angular bins and used to evaluate currently available directional radiation models for the longwave and shortwave spectral ranges. Results indicate that available longwave models are adequate for the most part while available shortwave models are inadequate. An effort was initiated to develop improved shortwave models for various cloud conditions and various surface types for cloud free conditions.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 147-151
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    Advances in the remote sensing of atmospheric temperature profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Clear-column temperature profiles with a vertical resolution of 2 km in the troposphere and an accuracy of 1.5 K are obtained in the presence of multiple layers of broken clouds using narrow band-pass measurements carefully selected in the 4.18 and 15 micron regions of the CO2 bands.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 87-91
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    Advances in local area, mesoscale modeling (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A two-layer, mesoscale boundary layer model is being developed and validated against San Francisco Bay Area observational data.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 55-59
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    Remote sensing of hurricane waves (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A program was undertaken to obtain data on wind generated ocean waves in hurricanes by remote sensing techniques. The sensor, a synthetic aperture radar, has collected the first data ever on the directional wave climate throughout a hurricane. This information was found to have inconsistencies with present hurricane wave generation models.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 51-53
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    Observations of the microclimate of a lake under cold air advective conditions (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The moderating effects of Lake Apopka, Florida, on downwind surface temperatures were evaluated under cold air advective conditions. Point temperature measurements north and south of the lake and data obtained from the NOAA satellite and a thermal scanner flown at 1.6 km, indicate that, under conditions of moderate winds (approximately 4m/sec), surface temperatures directly downwind may be higher than surrounding surface temperatures by as much as 5 C. With surface wind speed less than 1m/sec, no substantial temperature effects were observed. Results of this study are being used in land use planning, lake level control and in agriculture for selecting planting sites.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 61-65
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    Mesoanalysis of record Chicago rainstorm using radar, satellite, and rain-gage data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Comparison of cloud-top topography and rainfall rates at the surface revealed that the areas of heavy rain are located where there are depressions at the anvil top. It was also found that the Z-R relationships show a large scatter when vertical and/or horizontal air currents are strong. Results of this research led to Project NIMROD proposed to begin in May 1978.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 17-21
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  • 48
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    Dry air entrainment into convective clouds (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A systematic approach to the study of atmospheric turbulent motion is discussed in terms of weather modification. The background of cloud physics, and the mixing process are described. A zero-g study is proposed to enable the basic experimental data to be collected so that theory may be developed to generalize results for practical applications.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 1-6
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    Geophysical fluid flow model experiments in spherical geometry (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: An experimental and theoretical program was undertaken to assist in the design of geophysical fluid flow model experiments for Spacelab. Two new nonintrusive measurement techniques were developed. A theoretical calculation was carried out to guide the design of a proposed atmospheric general circulation model experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 177-181
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    Cloud cover modeling (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Results from two investigations in modeling cloud cover are presented. These are a univariate model and a multivariate model for cloud cover.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 317-321
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    Deconvolution of Earth radiation budget data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The theory of deconvolution of wide field of view Earth radiation measurements is applied to Nimbus 6 ERB data. Results with a 15 deg resolution are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 299-303
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    Electrochemical concentration cell ozonesonde performance evaluation (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A large number of electrochemical concentration cell (EDD) ozonesondes were calibrated relative to ultraviolet photometric absorption (254 nm) to determine their precision and accuracy. The average agreement with UV photometry was found to be good, but with considerable variation from one ECC ozonesonde to another. Applying individual calibrations to vertical ozone profiles reduced the systematic differences between ECC ozonesonde total ozone values and Dobson spectrophotometric determinations of the same quantity, but did not improve random differences.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 295-297
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    Microwave radiometric measurements of sea-surface parameters (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A technique to remotely measure sea-surface temperature and salinity (for concentrations greater than 5 parts-per-thousand) with accuracies of 1 C and 1 part-per-thousand, respectively, was demonstrated with a two-frequency microwave radiometer system.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 277-281
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    High resolution tropical cyclone wind fields determined from cloud motions (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Full resolution rapid scan infrared and visible images from the VISSR sensor on board SMS-2/GEOS-1 satellite have made it possible to maximize the number of tropical cyclone upper and lower tropospheric wind vectors by a factor of 6(2) over that of the images taken at 30 minute (15 minute) intervals. These full resolution rapid scan visible images have also made it possible to derive low level winds near the center of tropical cyclones.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 253-257
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    Mechanisms of thunderstorm related to motion and severity (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A research program was conducted to better understand the relation of vertical shear of the horizontal wind in the environment and of momentum exchange to thunderstorm motion and intensity.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 213-217
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    Atmospheric Variability Experiments (AVE) and mesoscale structure (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Information is presented on accuracy and resolution of AVE data sets.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 207-211
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    Preliminary test of a coarse resolution GCM for climate application (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Preliminary steps were taken to develop a climate model adequate for seasonal and interannual simulations. Tests of the model against the observed seasonal cycle of key climate properties indicate an encouraging capability for climate applications.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 183-187
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    An investigation of surface albedo variations during the recent Sahel drought (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Applications Technology Satellite 3 data are used to measure surface albedoes in the African Sahel during the 1967 to 1974 drought.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 171-175
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    Stratospheric aerosols and climatic change (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The effect of stratospheric aerosols on climate is considered using an aerosol model and a radiative convective 1-D climate model.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 159-163
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    Path- and area-integrated rainfall measurement by microwave attenuation in the 1-3 cm band (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: At a wavelength of about 0.9 cm, microwave attenuation is demonstrated to be linearly related to rainfall rate and independent of drop size distribution and temperature. In addition, practical methods for measuring path- and area-averaged rainfall rate are reviewed. A compromise between maximum path-averaged rainfall rate sensitivity and minimum sensing errors may be achieved by the use of one-way methods between the transmitter and the receiver, with a wavelength of 1.5 to 2.0 cm. Corrections for nonspherical drops and for multiple scattering are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Dec. 197
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    Temporal variations in atmospheric water vapor and aerosol optical depth determined by remote sensing (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: By automatically tracking the sun, a four-channel solar radiometer was used to continuously measure optical depth and atmospheric water vapor. The design of this simple autotracking solar radiometer is presented. A technique for calculating the precipitable water from the ratio of a water band to a nearby nonabsorbing band is discussed. Studies of the temporal variability of precipitable water and atmospheric optical depth at 0.610, 0.8730 and 1.04 microns are presented. There was good correlation between the optical depth measured using the autotracker and visibility determined from National Weather Service Station data. However, much more temporal structure was evident in the autotracker data than in the visibility data. Cirrus clouds caused large changes in optical depth over short time periods. They appear to be the largest deleterious atmospheric effect over agricultural areas that are remote from urban pollution sources.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Dec. 197
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    A satellite technique for quantitatively mapping rainfall rates over the oceans (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A theoretical model for calculating microwave radiative transfer in raining atmospheres is developed. These calculations are compared with microwave brightness temperatures at a wavelength of 1.55 cm measured by the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) on the Nimbus-5 satellite and rain rates derived from WSR-57 meteorological radar measurements. A specially designed ground-based verification experiment was also performed, wherein upward-viewing microwave brightness temperature measurements at wavelengths of 1.55 and 0.81 cm were compared with directly measured rain rates. It is shown that, over ocean areas, brightness temperature measurements from ESMR may be interpreted in terms of rain rate with about an accuracy of a factor of 2 over the range 1 to 25 mm/hr rain rate.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; May 1977
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    Clear air turbulence - Detection by infrared observations of water vapor (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: 'Forward-looking' infrared measurements of water vapor from the C-141A Kuiper Airborne Observatory of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center show large, distinctly identifiable, signal anomalies from 4 to 10 minutes in advance of subsequent encounters with clear air turbulence (CAT). These anomalies are characteristically different from the signals not followed by CAT encounters. Results of airborne field trials in which the infrared radiometer was used indicate that, out of 51 situations, 80 percent were CAT alerts followed by CAT encounters, 12 percent were 'false alarms' (CAT alerts not followed by CAT encounters), and 8 percent were CAT encounters not preceded by an infrared signal anomaly or CAT alert.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Science; 196; June 3
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    Three-dimensional low Reynolds number flows with a free surface (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The two-dimensional leveling problem (Degani, Gutfinger, 1976) is extended to three dimensions in the case where the flow Re number is very low and attention is paid to the free surface boundary condition with surface tension effects included. The no-slip boundary condition on the wall is observed. The numerical solution falls back on the Marker and Cell (MAC) method (Harlow and Welch, 1965) with the computation region divided into a finite number of stationary rectangular cells (or boxes in the 3-D case) and fluid flow traverses the cells (or boxes).
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Journal of Computational Physics; 24; May 1977
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    NOAA-5 views dust storm (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: American Meteorological Society; vol. 58
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    Towards a theory of stochastic vorticity-augmentation (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A new hypothesis to account for the formation of tornadoes is presented. An elementary one-dimensional theory is formulated for vorticity transfer between an ambient sheared wind and a transverse penetrating jet. The theory points out the relevant quantities to be determined in describing the present stochastic mode of vorticity augmentation.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Nature; 266; Apr. 28
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    Updating prediction models by dynamical relaxation - An examination of the technique (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A dynamical relaxation technique for updating prediction models is analyzed with the help of the linear and nonlinear barotropic primitive equations. It is assumed that a complete four-dimensional time history of some prescribed subset of the meteorological variables is known. The rate of adaptation of the flow variables toward the true state is determined for a linearized f-model, and for mid-latitude and equatorial beta-plane models. The results of the analysis are corroborated by numerical experiments with the nonlinear shallow-water equations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Royal Meteorological Society; vol. 103
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    The effect of pulse interval statistics on the spectrum of radiation from lightning (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: An analysis of atmospheric radio noise originally appearing in the literature to describe the VLF structure of atmospherics is repeated here, keeping a term discarded in the previous work and extending the results to include all frequencies and some simple effects of amplitude variations. It is shown that at high frequencies, atmospheric radiation appears to be the result of incoherent sources, whereas at low frequencies the sferics appear to originate from coherent sources. These conclusions are valid with only weak restrictions, regardless of the actual statistical model assumed for the process. An implication of these results is that at high frequencies the magnitude of the spectrum of the received signal can be related to the spectrum of the source current, a means for the study of lightning current wave forms thus possibly being provided.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Apr. 20
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    NASA's atmospheric variability experiments /AVE/ (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A series of seven mesoscale experiments were conducted under the NASA program, Atmospheric Variability Experiments (AVE). Rawinsonde, satellite, aircraft, and ground observations were recorded during specially selected meteorological periods lasting from 1 to 3 days. Details are presented for each AVE relative to observation times, experiment size and location, and significant weather. Some research results based on the use of these AVE data are referenced. These include contributions to regional numerical prediction; relations between wind shears, instability, and thunderstorm motion and development; relations between moisture and temperature and the probability of convection; retrieval of tropospheric temperature profiles from cloud-contaminated satellite data; variation of convection intensity as a result of atmospheric variability; and effects of cloud rotation on their trajectories.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: American Meteorological Society; vol. 58
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  • 70
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    The July climate and a comparison of the January and July climates simulated by the GISS general circulation model (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Results are presented for a study directed to evaluate the ability of the global general circulation model of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in simulating seasonal differences as related to an experiment simulating the July climatology which parallels the January simulation presented by Somerville et al. (1974). The July and January simulations are compared with each other and with climatological data on seasonal changes, mainly for the Northern Hemisphere troposphere. The comparison shows that the model-generated energy cycle, distribution of winds, temperature, humidity and pressure, dynamical transports, diabatic heating, evaporation, precipitation and cloud cover are all realistic for the Northern Hemisphere troposphere in July. The model's simulation of seasonal differences is generally quite realistic since the systematic quantitative errors do not affect the simulation of relative changes, to first order. Defects that could seriously bias the model's performance in particular climate experiments are identified and discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review; 105; Feb. 197
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  • 71
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    Wind estimates from cloud motions - Results from Phases I, II and III of an in situ aircraft verification experiment (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: An experiment is in progress to verify geostationary-satellite-derived cloud-motion wind estimates by in-situ aircraft wind-velocity measurements. One or more low-level aircraft equipped with Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) were used to define the vertical extent and horizontal motion of a cloud and to measure the ambient wind field. A high-level aircraft, also equipped with an INS, took photographs to describe the horizontal extent of the cloud field and to measure cloud motion. To date the experiment has been conducted over tropical oceans and in the western Gulf of Mexico. A total of 60 h have been spent tracking some 40 tropical cumulus and five cirrus clouds. Results for tropical cumulus clouds indicate excellent agreement between the cloud motion and the wind at cloud base. The magnitude of the vector difference between the cloud motion and the cloud-base wind is less than 1.3 m/s for 67% of the cases with track lengths of 1 h or longer. Similarly, the vector differences between the cloud motion and the wind at sub-cloud (150 m), mid-cloud, and cloud-top levels are 1.5, 3.6 and 7.0 m/s, respectively. The cirrus cloud motions agreed best with the mean wind in the cloud layer with a vector difference of about 1.6 m/s.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 72
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    Satellite-observed latent heat release in a tropical cyclone (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The latent heat release (LHR) and the distribution of rainfall rate of a tropical cyclone as it grows from a tropical disturbance to a typhoon were determined from Nimbus 5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer data. The LHR (calculated over a circular area of 4 deg latitude radius) increased during the development and intensification of the storm from a magnitude of 2.7 x 10 to the fourteenth W (in the disturbance stage) to 8.8 x 10 to the fourteenth W (typhoon stage). The latter value corresponds to a mean rainfall rate of 2.0 mm/h. The more intense the cyclone and the greater the LHR, the greater the percentage contribution of the larger rainfall rates to the LHR. As a cyclone intensifies, the higher rainfall rates tend to concentrate toward the center of the circulation.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review; 105; Aug. 197
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  • 73
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    Kinetic theory analysis of rarefied gas flow through finite length slots (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A kinetic-theory analysis is made of the flow of a rarefied monatomic gas through a two-dimensional slot connecting two reservoirs. Numerical solutions are obtained by the moment and discrete-ordinate methods. The former method portrays the transition-regime characteristics well but has limitations in the free-molecule regime. The latter method gives accurate results in the free-molecule and slip regimes and bolsters confidence in the accuracy of the transition-regime results. The numerical solution for the mass flux through the slot agrees well with an approximate analytical solution of the moment equations for length-to-width ratios from 6 to 0.5, pressure ratios from 0.8 to 0.1, and Knudsen numbers from 5 to 0.5.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Physics of Fluids; 20; June 197
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  • 74
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    The effect of clear-air turbulence on a model of the general circulation of the atmosphere (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Mixing coefficients due to clear-air turbulence are estimated from turbulence observations from aircraft, and from large-scale dissipation estimates from the large-scale energy budgets. Maximum coefficients occur near middle-latitude jet streams, and eddy viscosity there is of order of 10 sq m/sec; eddy conductivity is estimated to be about ten times smaller. These coefficients are introduced into the 12-layer general circulation model of the National Center of Atmospheric Research. They produce an apparently significant, though small reduction in maximum speed of the jet, and a reduction in eddy energy. Further, the stratospheric polar-night jet is produced at about the correct location with about the correct intensity.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 75
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    A three-D circulation model study of the radiative-dynamic coupling within the stratosphere (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The role of radiative transfer processes in the general circulation of the stratosphere was studied by comparing the thermal and dynamical structure of the stratosphere as simulated by two controlled numerical experiments performed with the aid of a spectral 3-dimensional quasi-geostrophic circulation model. In the first experiment, a detailed radiative transfer model is employed to treat the longwave radiative transfer in the stratosphere. In the second experiment, longwave radiative transfer is accounted for by employing the Newtonian cooling approximation. It is found that the exchange of longwave radiation between the troposphere and lower stratosphere has a net heating effect on the lower stratosphere. It is shown that this heating effect contributes partly to the maintenance of the warm high-latitude belt in the lower stratosphere during winter and spring seasons. The strong temperature dependence of the Newtonian cooling coefficient plays an important role in determining the zonal temperatures and has a significant influence on the transmissivity of stratosphere to propagating planetary scale waves.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 76
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    Some new approaches in hail suppression experiments (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: It is suggested that progress in hail suppression research requires simultaneous improvements in methods of evaluating seeding effects and in monitoring the physical structure of the hailstorm and the hail growth processes. On this basis a case is made for the extensive use of multiple Doppler radar and chemical tracer techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Apr. 197
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  • 77
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    Statement of Robert S. Cooper, Director, Goddard Space Flight Center (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Comm. on Commerce, Sci. and Transportation Natl. Climate Program Act; p 35-38
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  • 78
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    Atmospheric transformation of solar radiation reflected from the ocean (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Airborne measurements of the brightness spectrum of the Atlantic Ocean in the wavelength region from 0.4 to 0.7 micron are analyzed. These measurements were made over a tropical region of the Atlantic from an aircraft at heights of 0.3 and 10.5 km during the TROPEX-72 experiment. The results are used to estimate the contribution of the atmosphere to the overall brightness of the ocean-atmosphere system. It is concluded that: (1) the atmosphere decreases the absolute brightness of the ocean by a factor of 5 to 10 and also strongly affects the spectral behavior of solar radiation reflected from the ocean surface; (2) the atmospheric contribution to overall brightness may vary considerably under real conditions; (3) finely dispersed particles and Rayleigh scattering affect the spectral distribution of solar radiation; and (4) the spectral composition of ocean-atmosphere brightness may be completely governed by the atmosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 79
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    Effect of compliant wall motion on turbulent boundary layers (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A critical analysis of available compliant wall data which indicated drag reduction under turbulent boundary layers is presented. Detailed structural dynamic calculations suggest that the surfaces responded in a resonant, rather than a compliant, manner. Alternate explanations are given for drag reductions observed in two classes of experiments: (1) flexible pipe flows and (2) water-backed membranes in air. Analysis indicates that the wall motion for the remaining data is typified by short wavelengths in agreement with the requirements of a possible compliant wall drag reduction mechanism recently suggested by Langley.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 80
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    An implicit-iterative solution of the heat conduction equation with a radiation boundary condition (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: For the problem of predicting one-dimensional heat transfer between conducting and radiating mediums by an implicit finite difference method, four different formulations were used to approximate the surface radiation boundary condition while retaining an implicit formulation for the interior temperature nodes. These formulations are an explicit boundary condition, a linearized boundary condition, an iterative boundary condition, and a semi-iterative boundary method. The results of these methods in predicting surface temperature on the space shuttle orbiter thermal protection system model under a variety of heating rates were compared. The iterative technique caused the surface temperature to be bounded at each step. While the linearized and explicit methods were generally more efficient, the iterative and semi-iterative techniques provided a realistic surface temperature response without requiring step size control techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering; 11; 10, 1; 1977
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  • 81
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    Strain gage barometric transmitter (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A strain gage barometric transmitter for measuring the atmospheric pressure in severe environmental conditions is described. This equipment specifications are presented and its performance assessed. It is shown that this barometric sensor can measure the atmospheric pressure with a precision of 0.5 mb during a 6 month period.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Instr. and Methods of Observation; p 74-77
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  • 82
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    Numerical turbulence modeling (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-05-19
    Beschreibung: The underlying bases and developments in two techniques of detailed turbulence modeling are described where the flow is treated in the Eulerian sense, and one technique where the Lagrangian motions of vortices are followed. First, a technique is described for solving the single-point statistically averaged conservation equations. The Reynolds stresses that appear in these equations are evaluated by solving supplemental differential equations which contain terms that are modeled. A sequence of increasingly complex, but also increasingly general, modeling equations is described and computations based on these equations are compared with experimental data. The hierarchy of models described terminates with equations for the individual components of the Reynolds stress tensor. The second Eulerian technique approach to turbulence modeling is the direct numerical simulation of turbulent fields. In this approach, all three dimensional eddies between a predetermined range of sizes are computed in time within a specified volume of flow. Present day computers require a tradeoff between the size of the volume that can be considered and the degree of resolution of the turbulent eddies. Techniques of modeling the smallest eddies are described that permit enlarging the volume, or Reynolds number, that can be considered.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: AGARD Computational Fluid Dyn.; 37 p
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  • 83
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    The 4th order GISS model of the global atmosphere (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The new GISS 4th order model of the global atmosphere is described. It is based on 4th order quadratically conservative differences with the periodic application of a 16th order filter on the sea level pressure and potential temperature equations, a combination which is approximately enstrophy conserving. Several short range forecasts indicate a significant improvement over 2nd order forecasts with the same resolution (approximately 400 km). However the 4th order forecasts are somewhat inferior to 2nd order forecasts with double resolution. This is probably due to the presence of short waves in the range between 1000 km and 2000 km, which are computed more accurately by the 2nd order high resolution model. An operation count of the schemes indicates that with similar code optimization, the 4th order model will require approximately the same amount of computer time as the 2nd order model with the same resolution. It is estimated that the 4th order model with a grid size of 200 km provides enough accuracy to make horizontal truncation errors negligible over a period of a week for all synoptic scales (waves longer than 1000 km).
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 84
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    The tropospheric-stratospheric polar vortex breakdown of January 1977 (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: An extraordinary warming of the stratosphere in December-January 1976-77 was followed by tropospheric warming in the polar region and cooling in middle latitudes. During January 10-20, the associated polar anticyclone extended from the surface to 10 mb. Antecedents of the polar vortex breakdown are reviewed with the aid of results of zonal-harmonic analyses of planetary waves, for heights of the pressure surfaces (700-10 mb), temperature, and mean stratospheric temperature (the latter determined from satellite radiation measurements). Wave 1 in height and temperature played a dominant role in the stratosphere, attaining amplitudes of 1600 gpm and 25 C, respectively, at 10 mb. On the other hand, superposition of retrogressing wave 1 and quasi-stationary wave 2 in the height of the 300-mb surface, with individual amplitudes exceeding 300 gpm, is judged to have been an important factor in the overall development.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Apr. 197
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  • 85
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    Prediction of outer layer mixing lengths in turbulent boundary layers (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Predictions of mixing length by Pletcher's (1976) method (using a two-layer eddy viscosity model for a turbulent boundary layer at low Reynolds numbers) are compared to some values derived from turbulent boundary-layer profiles by other authors. The model is incorporated into a finite-difference scheme, to accurately predict low Reynolds number skin friction in supersonic flow.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 15; Apr. 197
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  • 86
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    Comparison of results obtained by solving the radiative transfer equation with an iterative method and a spherical harmonics method (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Fluxes and intensities of light scattered by a model atmosphere are computed by a spherical harmonics approximation and by an iterative method of solving the radiative transfer equation and are compared. The large differences in the net fluxes and intensities reported by Dave and Armstrong (1974) for the two methods are reduced here by making a few changes in the iterative routine. Decreasing the polar angle increment from 2 to 1 deg in the iterative method of computing the source function does not improve the results as suggested by Dave and Armstrong.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 34; Mar. 197
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  • 87
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    Hot-wire anemometry in transonic flow (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The use of hot-wire anemometry for obtaining fluctuating data in transonic flows has been evaluated. From hot-wire heat loss correlations based on previous transonic data, the sensitivity coefficients for velocity, density, and total temperature fluctuations have been calculated for a wide range of test conditions and sensor parameters. For sensor Reynolds number greater than 20 and high sensor overheat ratios, the velocity sensitivity remains independent of Mach number and equal to the density sensitivity. These conditions were verified by comparisons of predicted sensitivities with those from recent direct calibrations in transonic flows. Based on these results, techniques are presented to obtain meaningful measurements of fluctuating velocity, density, and Reynolds shear stress using hot-wire and hot-film anemometers. Example of these measurements are presented for two transonic boundary layers.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 15; Mar. 197
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  • 88
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    Characteristics of southern hemisphere 200-mbar flow as determined from satellite data (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Characteristics of southern hemisphere (SH) 200-mbar flow are examined by using geopotential height fields constructed with the aid of a satellite-based thermal structure. Similar northern hemisphere (NH) satellite-based fields are developed in order to make interhemispheric comparisons. Results indicate that both zonal and meridional components of the SH eddy kinetic energy are as large as their NH counterparts. The SH flow is in general more dependent on transient eddies, especially with regard to the meridional flow. In winter the difference in standing eddy magnitude is apparent only in the north-south component. In summer both zonal and meridional components have smaller standing eddy contributions in the SH. The meridional spectra show a preference for intermediate size (k = 4, 5) transient waves. Ratios of zonal to meridional energies indicate that, especially at intermediate wavelengths, the SH waves are 'more meridional' than those in the NH.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 20
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  • 89
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    Sources of low-level wind shear around airports (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Some potential sources of low-level wind shear in and around airports and their likely effects are probed and analyzed. Wind shear over flat terrain with near-homogeneous surface properties (roughness, specific heat), the turning layer, shear flows over inhomogeneous terrain (airport + urban areas), thunderstorms, turbulent flowfields over bluff bodies (individual buildings), and recirculating wake flow downstream of three-dimensional block bodies are among the topics covered. Overshoot or undershoot of runways, and induced moments (pitch, roll, yaw) in takeoff and landing, and other potential hazards traceable to wind shear patterns at low heights are discussed, with emphasis on mean flow or steady-state wind shear (time-averaged, say 2-min averaged, wind fields). Wind tunnel studies and V/STOL operations are included in the study.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft; 14; Jan. 197
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  • 90
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    A block iterative finite element algorithm for numerical solution of the steady-state, compressible Navier-Stokes equations (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: An iterative method for numerically solving the time independent Navier-Stokes equations for viscous compressible flows is presented. The method is based upon partial application of the Gauss-Seidel principle in block form to the systems of the nonlinear algebraic equations which arise in construction of finite element (Galerkin) models approximating solutions of fluid dynamic problems. The continuous cubic element on triangles is employed for function approximation. Computational results for a free shear flow at Re = 1000 indicate significant achievement of economy in iterative convergence rate over finite element and finite difference models which employ the customary time dependent equations and symptotic time marching procedure to steady solution. Numerical results are in excellent agreement with those obtained for the same test problem employing time marching finite element and finite difference solution techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering; 11; 12, 1; 1977
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  • 91
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    Condensation heat transfer in rotating heat pipes in the presence of a non-condensable gas (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: An analysis of condensation problems in rotating heat pipes containing vapors with different concentrations of non-condensable gases is given. In situations such as this, temperature and concentration gradients are set up in the vapor-gas mixture. There is a transport of mass due to temperature gradients accompanied by an energy transport phenomena due to a concentration gradient. A Nusselt type analysis is not suited to this type of problem; however, a boundary layer type approach has successfully been used to analyze stationary condensation systems with non-condensable gases present. The present boundary layer analysis is presented for condensation processes on the inside of a rotating heat pipe in the presence of non-condensable gases.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Revue Roumaine des Sciences Techniques; vol. 22
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  • 92
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    On the effect of surface emissivity on temperature retrievals (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper is concerned with errors in temperature retrieval caused by incorrectly assuming that surface emissivity is equal to unity. An error equation that applies to present-day atmospheric temperature sounders is derived, and the bias errors resulting from various emissivity discrepancies are calculated. A model of downward flux is presented and used to determine the effective downward flux. In the 3.7-micron region of the spectrum, emissivities of 0.6 to 0.9 have been observed over land. At a surface temperature of 290 K, if the true emissivity is 0.6 and unit emissivity is assumed, the error would be approximately 11 C. In the 11-micron region, the maximum deviation of the surface emissivity from unity was 0.05.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review; 105; Dec. 197
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  • 93
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    Water vapor in the lower stratosphere measured from aircraft flight (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Water vapor in the lower stratosphere was measured in situ by two aluminum oxide hygrometers mounted on the nose of an RB57 aircraft. Data were taken nearly continuously from January to May 1974 from an altitude of approximately 11-19 km as the aircraft flew between 70 deg N and 50 deg S over the land areas in the Western Hemisphere. Pseudomeridional cross sections of water vapor and temperature were derived from the flight data and show mixing ratios predominantly between 2 and 4 microg/g with an extreme range of 1-8 microg/g. Measurement precision was estimated by comparing the simultaneously measured values from the two flight hygrometer systems. Accuracy was estimated to be about + or - 40% at 19 km. A height-averaged latitudinal cross section of water vapor indicates symmetry of wet and dry zones. This cross section is compared with other aircraft measurements and relates to meridional circulation models.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Nov. 20
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  • 94
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    Revised international representations for the viscosity of water and steam and new representations for the surface tension of water (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 95
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    Models for some aspects of atmospheric vortices (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A frictionless adiabatic model is used to study the growth of random vortices in an atmosphere with buoyant instability and vertical wind shear, taking account of the effects of axial drag, heat transfer and precipitation-induced downdrafts. It is found that downdrafts of tornadic magnitude may occur in negatively buoyant columns. The radial-inflow velocity required to maintain a given maximum tangential velocity in a tornado is determined by using a turbulent vortex model. A tornado model which involves a rotating parent cloud as well as buoyancy and precipitation effects is also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 34; Oct. 197
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Sampling errors in the measurement of rain and hail parameters (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Attention is given to a general derivation of the fractional standard deviation (FSD) of any integrated property X such that X(D) = cD to the n. This work extends that of Joss and Waldvogel (1969). The equation is applicable to measuring integrated properties of cloud, rain or hail populations (such as water content, precipitation rate, kinetic energy, or radar reflectivity) which are subject to statistical sampling errors due to the Poisson distributed fluctuations of particles sampled in each particle size interval and the weighted sum of the associated variances in proportion to their contribution to the integral parameter to be measured. Universal curves are presented which are applicable to the exponential size distribution permitting FSD estimation of any parameters from n = 0 to n = 6. The equations and curves also permit corrections for finite upper limits in the size spectrum and a realistic fall speed law.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Oct. 20
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
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    Atmospheric transformation of solar radiation reflected from the ocean (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: (For abstract see issue 13, p. 2231, Accession no. A77-31332)
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    Monte Carlo turbulence simulation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper describes turbulence simulation experiments based on the principles of control system theory, that is, the construction of a system characterized by a system function such that upon exciting the system with prescribed noise processes the output of the system is a realization of a random processing the desired statistical attributes of turbulence. An experimental autocorrelation of Jimsphere measurements of wind velocity was approximated to simulate turbulent wind. From the approximate autocorrelation function, the required system function is obtained, and a discrete time system is designed. Another method of simulation is to solve the convolution integral by filter techniques. Other methods include discrete Fourier simulation and self-similar simulation.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
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    Turbulence processes and simple closure schemes (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The problem of closure in turbulence in the case of two-point correlations resides in the existence of two unknowns E and W, the energy spectrum function and the transfer function, respectively, in the spectrum equation. In the case of weak turbulence, W is negligible. In case of higher correlations, closure can be effective by neglecting the inertia term in the highest order term used. Specifying a certain number of spectra at an initial time is also a way of getting around the closure problem. A simple case of turbulent shear flow is then considered, where two-point correlation equations are used and the velocity is broken into mean and fluctuating components. This yields a differential equation for the energy spectrum, the three terms of which are the energy spectrum, production term and dissipation term. They are plotted for a particular time. Similar analyses and comparisons with experiment are made for pipe and boundary layer flows.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Cloud effects on middle ultraviolet global radiation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: An Eppley radiometer and a Robertson-Berger sunburn meter are employed along with an all-sky camera setup to study cloud effects on middle ultraviolet global radiation at the ground level. Semiempirical equations to allow for cloud effects presented in previous work are compared with the experimental data. The study suggests a means of defining eigenvectors of cloud patterns and correlating them with the radiation at the ground level.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Acta Geophysica Polonica; 25; 4, 19; 1977
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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