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  • Articles  (1,916)
  • Chemistry  (1,916)
  • 1975-1979  (1,916)
  • 1978  (1,002)
  • 1977  (914)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (1,916)
  • Geosciences
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  • Articles  (1,916)
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  • 1975-1979  (1,916)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-soluble polymers as retention aids in a model papermaking system. I. Polyacrylamides (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of polyacrylamides covering a wide molecular weight range were synthesized and employed as retention aids in a model papermaking system of cellulose fibers and titanium dioxide. The ability of the polymer to increase the proportion of added titanium dioxide that is retained in the formed paper sheet is strongly dependent on molecular weight, but not on pH. Adsorption isotherms on both pigment and fibers are strongly molecular weight dependent. Polyacrylamides have no more than a weak flocculating effect on fiber suspensions and stabilize dispersions of titanium dioxide. However, with mixed dispersions of fibers and pigment, in the same ratio (10:1) as in paper formation, strong coflocculation is evidenced by the higher molecular weight polyacrylamides. In this model system pigment retention is a consequence of a heteroflocculation by adsorbed polymer bridging between the particles of titanium dioxide and cellulose fibers, possibly augmented by improved filtration in the forming sheet. Electrostatic effects appear to be unimportant in the system under study.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure and physical properties of copolymers of lactams (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 65-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Copolymers of caprolactam with caprylolactam and laurolactam were prepared by activated anionic copolymerization under adiabatic conditions, at an initial polymerization temperature of T0 = 130°C. The drop of the crystalline phase content and changes of the copolymer morphological structure depending on the content of comonomers result in increasing toughness and deformability due to enhanced yielding ability. The dependences of the copolymer structure and properties on the concentration of comonomers are different for the two series of copolymers. This results from different courses of the polymerization and crystallization history as a consequence of a large difference between polymerization rates of caprylolactam and laurolactam.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transitions in phenolic polymer (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solid-state properties of a highly crosslinked amorphous resole-type phenolic polymer have been studied by compressibility and torsional braid analysis measurements. Three secondary transitions were found over the temperature range of 123° to 623° K the largest of which occurs at about 393°K. These results confirm previously made electrical resistivity and specific heat measurements. These transitions are discussed in relation to the structure of this polymer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210111
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polysulfone hollow fibers. II. Morphology (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 165-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of porous polysulfone hollow fibers which were spun by the dry-wet spinning process is discussed. It was demonstrated that a relatively moderate quenching medium should be employed in the bore of the nascent fiber in order to produce an isotropic fiber free of macrovoids and intrusion cells. A rather delicate quantitative balance between the internal precipitant and the spinning solution has to be maintained, especially when low-viscosity polymeric solutions are employed. Scanning electron micrographs of fiber cross sections display highly porous, spongestructured walls which in some instances exhibit a rather dense interface skin. However, control of the extrusion/coagulation procedure allows the formation of skinned, porous skinned, and nonskinned fibers.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210115
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase separation phenomena during the formation of asymmetric membranes (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 199-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The formation of membranes from two systems has been studied. In the system polyurethane-dimethylformamide-water, the mechanism for the formation of the sponge-like structure proves to be a liquid-liquid phase separation with nucleation and growth of the diluted phase. This mechanism has been confirmed for the system modified polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene/o-dichlorobenzene/(methanol-water). Crystallization and gelation is discussed. The membranes prepared showed hyperfiltration activity. The mechanism proposed here is believed to be valid for other systems, too.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210118
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bimodal character of polyester-solvent interactions. II. Evaluation of the chemical structures of the aromatic and aliphatic ester residues of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 249-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chemical structures of the aromatic (A) and the aliphatic ester (B) residues of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, are evaluated from a comparison of their Hansen solubility parameters, as determined experimentally, and with those calculated for the various residues of PET. From such a comparison it is proposed that the structures of residues A and B are best represented by “hybrid” structures which may be taken as linear combinations of two or more structures rather than by single chemical structures. That is, the 1,4-carbonyl group which separates the benzene ring of the aromatic residue and the ethylene group of the aliphatic ester residue effectively acts as a common plane between the two residues and is “shared” by the benzene ring and the ethylene glycol group. It is proposed that the extent to which the 1,4-carbonyl group is “shared” by residues A and B is 0.33 and 0.67, respectively, which is consistent with the most probable molecular conformation of the 1,4-benzenoid residue of PET as calculated from the data of Tonelli23 and Daunbeny et al.21 and which gives support to the view that the bond connecting the benzene ring and the carbonyl group is not rigid, but free to rotate as proposed earlier by Flory27 and by Tonelli23
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210121
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of glass reinforcement on burning rates of poly(methyl methacrylate) composite candles (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 303-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Burning rates of glass-reinforced poly(methyl methacrylate) candles were measured under limiting conditions using an oxygen index apparatus modified to allow weighing of the candle as it burns. The limiting oxygen index was found to increase slightly with increasing concentration of glass in the candle for all samples tested. Burning rates were found to be a function of both glass concentration and orientation with respect to the propagating flame front. The burning rates of candles constructed from randomly oriented glass mats were found to increase with mat concentration by a factor of nearly 3 as mat content was increased to 70% by volume. The burning rates of candles constructed with unidirectionally oriented fibers, parallel to the flame propagation direction, were found to decrease by a factor of 2 as the glass concentration increased to 40% by volume. Erratic burning rates were observed for candles constructed with oriented fibers perpendicular to the flame propagation direction. These results are correlated by extension of existing thermally thin flame spread theories through consideration of composite solid-state energetics and the relative tendencies of the glass reinforcements to act as wicks for supplying the flame with degraded polymer liquid.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210201
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The absorption of direct dyes by crosslinked cellulose. I. The equilibrium of dyeingThis paper is based on the thesis of E. Chianakwalam Ibe submitted in May 1970 to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 371-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the degree of chemical crosslinking of cellulose with two bifunctional crosslinking agents dimethylol ethylene are (DMEU) and bis (hydroxyethyl) sulfur (BHES), on the equilibrium absorption of the direct dyes Chlorazol Sky Blue FF (C.I. Direct Blue 1) and Chrysophenine G (C.I. Direct Yellow 12) has been reported. The results show the increasing reduction of equilibrium dye absorption with increasing crosslink density. However, the maximum loss of absorption is about less than half of the amount absorbed by uncrosslinked cellulose. The results have been interpreted by reference to the parameters affecting the free energy of dyeing and the relevant models (pore model and gel model) available for explaining the fine structure of swollen cellulose.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210206
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft polymerization of styrene onto starch by simultaneous cobalt-60 irradiation (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 425-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Starch-g-polystyrene copolymers have been prepared by the simultaneous 60Co-irradiation of starch-styrene mixtures, and copolymers have been characterized with respect to weight per cent polystyrene (% add-on) and also the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of polystyrene grafts. In a typical polymerization, 4 g each of starch and styrene were blended with 1 ml water and 1.5 ml of an organic solvent; the resulting semisolid paste was irradiated to a total dose of 1 Mrad. With ethylene glycol, acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, acetone, and dimethylformamide as the organic solvent, values for % add-on ranged from 24% to 29%. The highest % add-on (43%) and the highest conversion of styrene to grafted polymer (76%) were obtained when the organic solvent was omitted, and water alone was used. When water was also omitted, polymerization of styrene was negligible; however, graft copolymer was formed in the absence of water when either ethylene glycol or ethanol was added. Attempts were unsuccessful to achieve a % add-on greater than 43% by doubling the amount of styrene in the polymerization recipe. Mixtures of equal weights of starch and styrene are relatively nonvicious, but these mixtures thicken when either water or ethylene glycol is blended in. Reasons for this thickening action and the possible influence of thickening on the graft polymerization reaction were explored.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210209
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion of radioactively tagged penetrants through random and block styrene-butadiene copolymers and filled cis-polybutadiene (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 467-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion of radioactively tagged n-hexadecane in trace amounts has been studied in 22 random styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymers with different styrene contents and butadiene microstructures; in several SBR block copolymers with different average block lengths (also diffusion of tagged 1,1-diphenyl ethane); in a triblock SBR copolymer cast from different solvents and also molded at elevated temperature; and in cis-polybutadiene filled to different extents with carbon black, calcium carbonate, and microglass spheres. The diffusion coefficient in random SBR copolymers decreased with increasing content of styrene and/or vinyl configuration and could be correlated with fractional free volume on the basis of linear additivity of the cis, trans, vinyl, and styrene moieties. In SBR block copolymers, the diffusion coefficient increased with increasing average block sequence length. For the triblock copolymer, the diffusion coefficient was approximately the same for samples molded or cast from solvents which are good for polybutadiene, but was far smaller for a sample cast from ethyl acetate, in which the polystyrene domains are probably lamellar. The effect of fillers on diffusion in cis-polybutadiene was compared with calculations on the basis of several theoretical models.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210213
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