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  • Articles  (4,807)
  • Springer  (2,521)
  • Wiley  (2,286)
  • 1975-1979  (4,807)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1978  (2,355)
  • 1977  (2,452)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (4,807)
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  • Articles  (4,807)
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  • 1975-1979  (4,807)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 23 (1977), S. 219-219 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Three cases of anomalies of the skull in a 12 month old female roe deer are described and illustrated by two photographs: 1. Retardation of the linear expansion of the ossa nasalia; 2. Hypertrophy of the tubera frontalia; 3. Malformation of the rami mandibularum and their processi coronoidei.
    Abstract: Résumé Trois cas d'irrégularités du crâne chez un Chevreuil femelle d'un an sont décrits et illustrés à l'aide de deux photos. En détail il s'agit d'une 1. retention de la croissance des ossa nasalia; 2. hypertrophie des tubera frontalia; 3. malformation des rami mandibularum et ses processi coronoidei.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über Regelwidrigkeiten am Schädel eines 12 Monate alten Rickenkitzes berichtet. Die durch zwei Fotos belegten Anomalien sind folgende: 1. Verkürzung der Nasenbeine; 2. Hypertrophie der Stirnwülste; 3. Deformierung des Unterkieferastes, insbesondere Verbiegung des Muskelfortsatzes.
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  • 3
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By “single food diet” is meant a mixture which contains all the nutritive substances, minerals and vitamins required for body mainternance and growth, with a balanced proportion of energy units. Especially for the feeding of ruminant cloven-hoofed game animals, such a food has great nutritional and physiological advantages over a conventional concentrate of other foods such as cereals, beet, hay or straw since all the components are taken simultaneously by the game animal. In this way it is possible to avoid an unbalanced food intake which, in the case of ruminants, may easily lead to damage to the rumen flora and may therefore be an important cause of illness. Silages have proved themselves to be particularly good in the feeding of ruminant cloven-hoofed game animals. In what is by now an 8-year study in three forest administrative areas of the north-west Eifel, a single food silage has been introduced and tested. Apple cores, sugar beet leaves, minerals and vitamins form the basic components along with hay or straw. Production is made easier with a power food chopper. A structured feed like this is ideal for ruminants; it is readily eaten by the animals and ad-lib intake meets maintenance needs. Costs are in the region of 90 to 100 DM per 1000 kg. In order to cut the daily production costs, 29 self-feeder troughs have so far been set up successfully; through these a permanent supply of food is available to the animals. These troughs have the advantage that failures in the food supply do not occur.
    Abstract: Résumé Par aliment complet on entend un composé comprenant toutes les matières nutritives, actives et énergétiques nécessaires au maintien et aux performances d'un animal. En ce qui concerne plus particulièrement l'alimentation des Ongulés-gibier, une telle nourriture présente, par rapport aux concentrés usels ou par rapport à d'autres aliments tels que céréales, betteraves, foins ou pailles, de gros avantages sur le plan physiologique, tous les ingrédients prévus étant absorbés simultanément. On évite de la sorte une alimentation trop exclusive qui, chez les ruminants, peut causer des dommages à la flore stomacale et ètre à l'origine de maladies. Pour l'affouragement des Ongulés-gibier ruminants, l'ensilage s'est avéré particulièrement probant. Voici maintenant huit années qu'un aliment complet sous forme d'ensilage est fabriqué et fait l'objet d'essais dans trois régions forestières du Nord-Ouest de l'Eifel. Comme composants de base sont utilisés le marc de pommes, la feuille de betteraves sucrières, des vitamines, des éléments minéraux de même que de la paille ou du foin. Pour la fabrication de l'ensilage on se sert d'une hacheuse soufflante. Un tel aliment structuré est destiné à être aussitôt ruminé, est appété par les animaux et couvre, lorsqu'il est distribué ad libitum, les besoins du métabolisme de maintien. Le prix de revient se situe aux environs de 90 à 100 DM par kg. Afin de réduire les frais d'acheminement quotidien de la nourriture, 29 distributeurs automatiques ont d'ores et déjà été installés avec succès, excluant par la même occasion les déficiences liées à un approvisionnement journalier.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter einem „Alleinfutter” ist eine Futtermischung zu verstehen, in der alle für die Erhaltung und Leistung erforderlichen Nähr-, Mineral- und Wirkstoffe mit einem entsprechenden Energieanteil enthalten sind. Speziell für die Fütterung des wiederkäuenden Schalenwildes bildet eine solche Äsung gegenüber einem üblichen Kraftfutter und sonstigen Futterstoffen, wie z. B. Getreide, Rüben, Heu oder Stroh große ernährungsphysiologische Vorteile, da alle vorgesehenen Inhaltstoffe gleichzeitig vom Wild aufgenommen werden. Auf diese Weise kann eine einseitige Futteraufnahme verhindert werden, die bei Wiederkäuern leicht zu Schädigungen der Pansenflora führt und damit wesentliche Ursache für das Auftreten von Erkrankungen ist. Besonders bewährt haben sich zur Verfütterung an wiederkäuendes Schalenwild Silagen. In nunmehr über 8 Jahre durchgeführten Versuchen in 3 Forstverwaltungen der nordwestlichen Eifel ist eine Alleinfutter-Silage hergestellt und erprobt worden. Als Grundkomponenten dienen Apfeltrester, Zuckerrübenblatt, Mineral- und Wirkstoffe sowie Heu oder Stroh. Die Herstellung erfolgt mit Hilfe eines Gebläsehäckslers. Ein solch strukturiertes Futter ist wiederkäuergercht, wird von den Tieren gerne aufgenommen und deckt bei ad libitum-Aufnahme den Erhaltungsbedarf. Die Kosten betragen etwa 90–100 DM/1000 kg. Um die täglichen Ausbringungskosten zu vermindern, sind bisher 29 Selbstfütterungen mit gutem Erfolg eingesetzt worden, durch die dem Wild ständige Äsung zur Verfügung steht und somit Fütterungsfehler dieser Art entfallen
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  • 4
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 182-186 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper presents the findings of a study by the district veterinary office in Kleve, which deals with geese losses on the Lower Rhine in N. Rhine Westphalia in connection with a winter thunderstorm. The report suggests lightning strikes, damage by hail, collision with aircraft (bird strikes), and the effects of pressure differences in nose diving from flying at high altitudes as possible causes of death.
    Abstract: Résumé Les pertes observées dans le Bas-Rhin (Rhénanie-Westphalie) par les services vétérinaires de Kleve en liaison avec une perturbation atmosphérique au cours de l'hiver font l'objet d'une discussion. Dans la présente communication, on fait état des causes possibles suivantes: foudre, grèle, collision avec des avions de même que l'effet de variations de pressions atmosphériques lorsque les oiseaux quittent brusquement les hautes altitudes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Diskussion gestellt wird der Untersuchungsbefund aus dem Kreisveterinäramt Kleve, der sich mit Gänseverlusten am Niederrhein in Nordrhein-Westfalen in Zusammenhang mit einem Wintergewitter befaßt. Erörtert werden als mögliche Ursachen in der vorliegenden Mitteilung Blitzschlag, Hagelschlag, Zusammenstoß mit Flugzeugen (Vogelschlag) und die Auswirkung von Druckunterschieden bei sturzflugartigem Verlassen großer Flughöhen.
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  • 5
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 207-211 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 18-21 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of feeding an irradiated diet on the activities of some blood serum enzymes in rats have been studied. This study revealed some significant changes of SGOT due to sex differences. The results obtained failed to show any significant changes in the enzyme activities of SGPT and serum LDH neither in relation to sex nor to the irradiation doses studied.
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  • 7
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of vitamin C or carotene either from authentic or natural sources on absorption of lysine, glycine and methionine was evaluated. Results revealed that maximum absorption of these amino acids was reached at different intervals from the orally given dose. Addition of ascorbic acid enhanced amino acid absorption and this effect was maximum in case of methionine. Carotene brought about variable effect to the three amino acids tested. Pepper, parsley, or orange juices did not affect the extent of intestinal lysine absorption. Pepper juice enhanced absorption of methionine in contrast to orange and parsley. Glycine absorption was markedly enhanced by addition of orange juice. Ascorbic acid suppelementation to dietary constituents is recommended for better utilization of proteins.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study, diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of dithizone. In dithizonised diabetic animals, the levels of serum zinc, iron, and potassium were found to be higher than normal, while those of serum calcium and sodium were lower. Copper and magnesium levels were unchanged. After treatment with insulin, most of these serum levels approached the normal, except for serum potassium and magnesium.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A field study about the nutritional status was made in school classes with boys 6 to 19 years old in different regions of Saudi-Arabia. It is reported about 341 pupils in regard to weight, height, skinfold-thickness, circumferences and other body-size measurements. In comparison with anthropometric measurements of comparable surveys in other countries, the Saudi-Arabian school boys were found to be smaller and leaner than boys from the USA, Europe, other Arabian countries and well-to-do Indian boys.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In verschiedenen Gebieten Saudi-Arabiens wurden anthropometrische Untersuchungen an 6- bis 19jährigen Schülern innerhalb einer Studie zur Bestimmung des Ernährungsstatus und der Ermittlung der Nährstoffzufuhr vorgenommen. Gemessen wurden Körpergewicht, Körperlänge, Hautfaltendicken an Bizeps, Trizeps, Subskapula und Abdomen sowie die Umfänge an Oberarm, Bauch und Wade. Mit Hilfe dieser Daten wurden dann Körperoberfläche, Grundumsatz und Körperzusammensetzung berechnet. Bei einer Gegenüberstellung dieser Ergebnisse mit Meßwerten aus Erhebungen in anderen Ländern zeigt sich, daß die Werte der saudi-arabischen Probanden weit unter denen vergleichbarer Altersgruppen aus den USA und Europa und unter denen aus arabischen Ländern und Indien mit Ausnahme von indischen Jungen aus armen sozio-ökonomischen Schichten liegen.
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  • 10
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A number of 21 diabetic juveniles and 20 controls comprised the material of this study. Serum total proteins and their electrophoretic separated fractions were estimated. Serum free amino acids were also investigated. Results showed that serum proteins were within normal range. An average increase of 49.5% in total free amino acids was reported. In general, the data for all the detected amino acids showed an average increase when compared with normal values. The significance of these findings in relation to the normal values were discussed.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of carbon disulphide intoxication on amino acid pattern was studied. Five groups of rats were treated with carbon disulphide through intramuscular injection of 0.05 ml CS2 in 0.2 ml olive oil/rat/day. A number of rats were sacrified after receiving 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 injections. As a result of intoxication, a state of hypoaminoacidemia and hyperaminoacidurea affected all the amino acids investigated, but to variable extent. Of value to add that stoppage of carbon disulphide leads to improvement of the amino-acid pattern in group six, compared to the other groups.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In alloxan diabetes, serum zinc, copper, iron and magnesium were significantly higher than in normal rats, while the level of serum calcium, sodium, and potassium was lower than normal. Treatment with daonil or insulin led to a normalization, as expected of the level of serum glucose and most of the other elements, except for iron and potassium. When lycanol was used for treatment, the level of all elements returned to the normal except for blood glucose, zinc and potassium.
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  • 14
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 72-72 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 15
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Twenty patients, divided in two groups to ten were undergoing a fasting period for 14 days. One group received 80 mEq potassium per day. Despite of identical loss of body-weight, the application of potassium showed the following advantages: 1) The body is able to keep acid-base-balance. 2) The important loss of potassium, induced by starvation can be reduced to a minimum.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Je 2mal 10 Patienten wurden einer 14tägigen Fastenperiode unterzogen, wobei einer Gruppe zusätzlich 80 mval Kalium verabreicht wurden. Bei identischer Gewichtsabnahme in beiden Gruppen kommt es unter Kaliumzulage zu einer Zunahme der Natriumausscheidung auf das Dreifache und einer Verminderung der Kaliumausscheidung um 1/3.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Under the effect of carbon-disulphide intoxication on the experimental animals, a significant decrease in serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels was observed. The decrease was aggravated with prolongation of carbon disulphide intoxication due to loss of appetite, formation of chelating compounds with carbon disulphide metabolites and increased loss of copper in urine. However, reinvestigated at 20 days after stoppage of dosage, most of these derangements started to be alleviated.
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  • 17
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 92-97 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The thermal inactivation of lipase out of Geotrichum candidum and of lipoxigenase out of soybeans was investigated in phosphate buffer solution. Comparable to peroxidase, a sharp bend was observed in the inactivation curves of both enzymes. The z-value of 19 °C for lipase out of Geotrichum candidum was higher than the values indicated in the pertinent literature for pancreas lipase and milk lipase. The z-value for soy lipoxigenase was found to be 9.8 °C.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die thermische Inaktivierung von Lipase aus Geotrichum candidum und von Lipoxigenase aus Sojabohnen wurde in Phosphatpufferlösung untersucht. Ähnlich wie bei Peroxidase wurde ein Knickpunkt bei den Inaktivierungskurven beider Enzyme beobachtet. Dabei ergab Lipase aus Geotrichum candidum einen z-Wert von 19 °C, der größer war als die in der Literatur angegebenen Werte für Pankreaslipase und Milchlipase. Für die Sojalipoxigenase wurde ein z-Wert von 9,8 °C ermittelt.
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  • 18
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The thermal inactivation and storage behaviour for horseradish and spinach peroxidases were investigated in defined systems, in spinach also within its natural environment. The inactivation curves of either enzyme show a sharp bend which is clearly visible at low, but not at higher temperatures. The D-values were taken from the inactivation curves. z-values resulting from the D-values were 25.5 °C for horseradish peroxidase, 13 °C for isolated peroxidase and 18 °C for peroxidase in spinach extract. Horseradish peroxidase was relatively heat-resistent at pH 6.0, spinach peroxidase at pH 5.0–6.0; both enzymes were found to be highly susceptible to heat at pH 4.0. Peroxidase isolated from spinach responded differently to heating than the enzyme in spinach extract or suspension. This discrepancy indicates that certain model experiments cannot be transferred to foods. Heated peroxidase from horseradish and spinach were found to regenerate during storage; the extent of regeneration depended on the pH.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die thermische Inaktivierung und das Lagerungsverhalten von Peroxidase aus Meerrettich und Spinat wurden in definierten Systemen, bei Spinat auch innerhalb des natürlichen Verbandes, untersucht. Die Inaktivierungskurven wiesen bei beiden Enzymen einen Knickpunkt auf, der bei niedrigen Temperaturen deutlich, bei höheren Temperaturen dagegen nicht mehr erkennbar war. Aus den Inaktivierungskurven wurdenD-Werte ermittelt, aus denen sich z-Werte von 25,5 °C für Meerrettich-Peroxidase, von 13 °C für isolierte Peroxidase und von 18 °C für Peroxidase im Spinatextrakt ergaben. Meerrettich-Peroxidase war bei pH 6,0 und Spinat-Peroxidase zwischen pH 5,0 und 6,0 besonders hitzeresistent; bei pH 4,0 waren beide sehr hitzelabil. Die aus Spinat isolierte Peroxidase verhielt sich beim Erhitzen anders als das Enzym in Spinat-Extrakt oder -Suspension. Die beobachtete Diskrepanz deutet die Nichtübertragbarkeit gewisser Modelluntersuchungen auf Lebensmittel an. Erhitzte Peroxidasen aus Meerrettich und Spinat zeigten eine Regenerierung während der Lagerung, die vom pH-Wert abhängig war.
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  • 19
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 107-114 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The thermal reaction of a lipid-acyl-hydrolase which seems to be important for the quality preservation of vegetable foods, was investigated in spinach. The authors applied a simple in-situ method using thin-layer chromatography which had been developed for the enzyme determination, to follow the thermal inactivation of the lipid-acyl-hydrolase by measuring the decomposition of lecithine, mono- und digalactosyl diglycerides. According to the incactivation curves, the enzyme is relatively little resistant to heat. Since the D- and z-values resulting from the inactivation curves for phospholipase, mono- and digalactolipase activities are almost the same, it can be assumed that the lipid-acyl-hydrolase is a multi-function enzyme in spinach.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das thermische Verhalten einer Lipid-Acyl-Hydrolase, die für die Qualitätserhaltung pflanzlicher Lebensmittel wichtig erscheint, wurde im Falle von Spinat näher untersucht. Zur Enzymbestimmung wurde eine einfache dünnschichtchromatographische „In situ“-Methode entwickelt und mit deren Hilfe die thermische Inaktivierung der Lipid-Acyl-Hydrolase durch Messung des Abbaus von Lecithin, Mono- und Digalaktosyldiglycerid verfolgt. Nach Ausweis der Inaktivierungskurven besitzt das Enzym eine relativ geringe Hitzestabilität. Da die aus den Inaktivierungskurven für Phospholipase-, Mono- und Digalaktolipase-Aktivitäten ermittelten D- und z-Werte nahezu gleich sind, wird angenommen, daß die Lipid-Acyl-Hydrolase im Spinat ein multifunktionelles Enzym ist.
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  • 20
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 98-106 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of milieu factors on the thermal inactivation of peroxidase and lipoxigenase was investigated. Cationogenic, anionogenic, non-ionogenic and amphoteric tensides were more or less effective in inactivating horseradish peroxidase. Most effective in this respect were lecithine and monoglyceride, both capable of swelling in water. In presence of lecithine, peroxidase was inactivated already at 0 °C and pH 4.0. Linoleic acid was more efficient in an oxygen stream than in presence of nitrogen, in a stream of nitrogen its influence was comparable to oleic acid. This suggests an additional effect by lipid peroxides which are formed of linoleic acid under the heating process. Tensides prevented the regeneration of the heated peroxidase. In the case of lipoxigenase, the authors investigated the influence of lecithine and various fatty acids on the thermal inactivation at 60 ° and pH 7.0. Lecithine accelerated the inactivation less distinctly than with peroxidase. The accelerated the inactivation less distinctly than with peroxidase. The accelerating effect of the fatty acids decreased in the order oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and stearic acid.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Milieufaktoren auf die thermische Inaktivierung von Peroxidase und Lipoxigenase wurde untersucht. Kationogene, anionogene, nichtionogene und amphotere Tenside hatten einen mehr oder weniger großen Effekt auf die Inaktivierung der Meerrettich-Peroxidase. Dabei wirkten die in Wasser quellenden Stoffe Lecithin und Monoglycerid am stärksten. Peroxidase wurde in Anwesenheit von Lecithin schon bei 0 °C und pH 4,0 stark inaktiviert. Linolsäure hatte im Sauerstoffstrom einen größeren Einfluß auf die Peroxidaseinaktivierung als in Anwesenheit von Stickstoff, im Stickstoffstrom aber einen ähnlichen Einfluß wie Ölsäure. Daraus ist auf einen zusätzlichen Effekt von Lipidperoxiden zu schließen, die während der Erhitzung aus Linolsäure entstehen. Die Regenerierung der erhitzten Peroxidase wurde durch die Anwesenheit von Tensiden verhindert. Im Falle der Lipoxigenase wurde der Einfluß des Lecithins und verschiedener Fettsäuren auf die thermische Inaktivierung bei 60 °C und pH 7 untersucht. Lecithin beschleunigte die Inaktivierung weniger stark, als dies bei Peroxidase der Fall war. Die beschleunigende Wirkung der Fettsäuren nahm in der Reihenfolge Ölsäure, Linolsäure, Palmitinsäure, Myristinsäure, Stearinsäure ab.
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  • 21
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 115-119 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mongolische Gerbils bilden Cholesterolgallensteine, wenn sie mit einer Diät gefüttert werden, der Cholesterol und Cholinsäure zugefügt sind. Die Veränderung der Gallenzusammensetzung, die die Gallensteinbildung begleitet, besteht aus einer Steigerung der Cholesterolfraktion auf Kosten der Gallensäurefraktion der Summe von Gallensäuren und -lipiden. Die fünf Tiermodelle für Gallensteinbildung, über welche man jetzt zuverlässige Auskünfte hat, wurden verglichen. Alle fünf Modelle zeigten dieselbe Veränderung. Die Phospholipidfraktion zeigte eine Tendenz zu höheren Werten. In allen fünf Tiermodellen sank die Gallensäuren-/Phospholipid-Quote, wenn Gallensteine sich entwickelten.
    Notes: Summary Mongolian gerbils form cholesterol gallstones when fed with chow supplemented with cholesterol and cholic acid. The change in bile composition accompanying gallstone formation was found to consist of an increase of the cholesterol fraction at the expense of the bile acid fraction of the total sum of bile acids and lipids. The five animals models for gallstone formation on which reliable information regarding bile composition is now available, were compared. A similar change was found in all five models while the phospholipid fraction showed a tendency to higher values. In all five models the bile acid/phospholipid ratio decreases when gallstones are induced.
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  • 22
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Under the effect of carbon-disulfide intoxication on serum levels of zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium of albino rats, five groups of rats were injected with daily doses of carbon disulfide over a period of 50 days. The extent of regression of the developed biochemical derangement was also studied. A significant decrease was observed in the levels of serum zinc, iron, calcium, and magnesium, while a slight elevation in the level of serum potassium. No definite correlation could be found between the level of serum sodium in control and carbon-disulfide intoxicated rats. By stoppage of dosage at 20 days, most of these derangements started to be normal.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 158-162 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vitamin content, namely vitamin C, carotene, riboflavin and nicotinic acid, of some popular vegetables and fruits was determined. It was found that the green parts of the plants were the most rich in these four vitamins. Trigonella foenum-graecum (Helba) was the richest of all vegetables and fruits in vitamin C (207 mg%). Scandicium stellatum (Shabat contains the highest value for carotene (57.3 mg%). Solanum tuberosum (Batatis) was the richest in riboflavin (0.3 mg%) and Pisum sativum (Busselah) in niacin (1.8 mg%).
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 124-127 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 129-139 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Since most of the drugs are taken orally via the gastrointestinal tract, interactions with food ingredients may lead to alterations in the intake of essential dietary factors. With regard to vitamins the following effects have been demonstrated: early decomposition resp. inactivation, decreased absorption or a qualitatively and quantitatively modified metabolism. Examples of such changes are given with regard to water- and lipid-soluble vitamins.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Arzneimittel werden meistens peroral, d. h. über den Magen-Darm-Kanal, zugeführt. Damit besteht die Möglichkeit einer Interaktion mit Nahrungsinhaltsstoffen, die aber dann bedeutsam sein dürfte, wenn essentielle Nahrungsfaktoren wie z. B. Vitamine betroffen sind. Für die Vitamine können sich dann folgende Auswirkungen ergeben: eine vorzeitige Zerstörung bzw. Inaktivierung, eine gehemmte Resorption aus dem Magen-Darm-Kanal oder eine quantitativ und qualitativ veränderte Metabolisierung. Anhand von Beispielen werden derartige Auswirkungen von Arzneimitteln auf wasserlösliche und fettlösliche Vitamine aufgezeigt.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 112-123 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Mould cultures are used for the manufacture of soft and blue cheese. The report deals with the present stage of knowledge of the question of mycotoxin-producers in mould cultures used for cheesemaking. The PR-toxin was isolated repeatedly fromPenicillium roqueforti strains which were incubated on special media, but also from P. roqueforti cultures used for cheese manufacture. However, cheese ripening conditions do not favow the production of this toxin. Other catabolites from P. roqueforti such als roquefortine and isofumigaclavine have been found in cheese, but there is not much known about their toxic effect. No cancerogenic mycotoxins have been discovered in these types of cheese, except aflatoxin M1 which might however originate from contaminated milk. It must be concluded that the occurrence of tumors after feeding of a pureP. camemberti var. candidum culture is due to the effect of mycotoxins. On the other hand, further animal experiments with various mould culture strains used for cheesemaking have not confirmed these findings. On the basis of the literature consulted it may be said that the use of mould cultures for cheesemaking does not involve any risk for human health, that means it is toxicologically harmless.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schimmelpilzkulturen werden bei der Herstellung von Weißschimmel— und Blauschimmelkäse verwendet. Es wird über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Kenntnisse zur Frage von Mykotoxinbildnern in Schimmelpilzkulturen der Käsefabrikation berichtet. Verschiedentlich wurde ausPenicillium roqueforti-Stämmen, die auf speziellen Medien bebrütet wurden, das PR-Toxin isoliert, auch aus P. roqueforti-Kulturen, die zur Käseherstellung verwendet werden. Doch sind die Bedingungen der Käsereifung für eine Produktion dieses Toxins nicht geeignet. Weitere Stoffwechselprodukte von P. roqueforti wie Roquefortin und Isofumigaclavin konnten in Käse aufgefunden werden, doch ist über deren toxische Wirkung wenig bekannt. Kanzerogen wirkende Mykotoxine konnten in Schimmelkäsen nicht gefunden werden, außer Aflatoxin M1, das jedoch aus der kontaminierten Milch stammen dürfte. Das Auftreten von Tumoren nach Verfütterung einer Reinkultur vonP. camemberti var. candidum ließ auf eine Mykotoxinwirkung schließen. Doch haben weitere Tierversuche mit verschiedenen, bei der Käsefabrikation verwendeten Schimmelpilzstämmen diesen Befund nicht bestätigt. Es läßt sich aufgrund der gesichteten Literatur sagen, daß der Einsatz von Schimmelpilzkulturen in der Käsefabrikation kein Risiko für den Menschen darstellt, also toxikologisch unbedenklich ist.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After the 24 hours preoperative infusion period 0.37% glucose, 0.05% fruc tose and 1.28%xylitol of the infused amount were excreted in the urine. Postoperatively fructose was the best metabolized energy donator before xylitol and glucose. As a sign of an undisturbed hepatic synthesis of lipoproteins the triglycerides rose up to the 5th postoperative day. During the parenteral nutrition and the additional surgical intervention the cholesterol fell from 192.3 to 128.5 mg/100 ml on the first postoperative day. The infusion solutions caused a rise of the insulin concentration from 23.2 to 46.3 U/1 on the operation day. There is a positive nitrogen balance of 3.5 g/24 h on the operation day. The slight negative balance of −1.15 g/24 h on the first postoperative day is reduced to − 0.61 g/24 h on the postoperative day. The changes of the enzymes LDH, GOT and AP were at normal range. The postoperative changes were due to the surgical intervention. Without a simultaneous change of enzymes, 5 patients had a rise of bilirubin up to 1.1 mg/100 ml. To avoid a too great loos of phosphate during a long-term parenteral nutrition period, it is important to put up a balance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach 24stündiger präoperativer Infusionsperiode werden von der infundierten Menge 0,37% Glukose, 0,05% Fruktose und 1,28% Xylit im 24-h-Urin ausgeschieden. Postoperativ erweist sich Fruktose vor Xylit und Glukose als der am besten verwertete Energieträger. Als Zeichen einer ungestörten hepatischen Lipoproteinsynthese steigen die Triglyzeride bis zum 5. postoperativen Tag an. Unter der parenteralen Ernährung und durch den zusätzlichen operativen Eingriff erfolgt ein starker Cholesterinabfall von 192,3 auf 128,5 g/100 ml am 1. postoperativen Tag. Durch die Infusionslösungen steigt die Insulinkonzentration von 23,2 auf 46,3 U/1 am Operationstag an. Postoperativ werden erhöhte Insulinwerte gemessen. Die Harnsäurekonzentration fällt bis zum unteren Normbereich ab. Am Operationstag besteht eine positive N-Bilanz von 3,5 g/24 h. Die leicht negative Bilanz von −1,15 g/24 h am 1. postoperativen Tag geht bis zum 4. postoperativen Tag auf −0,61 g/24 h zurück. Die Veränderungen der gemessenen Enzyme LDH, GOT und AP bewegen sich im Normbereich. Die postoperativen Veränderungen sind auf den operativen Eingriff zurückzuführen. Ohne entsprechende Enzymveränderungen erfolgt bei 5 Patienten ein Anstieg der Bilirubinkonzentration auf 1,25 mg/100 ml. Um zu große endogene Phosphatverluste bei längerfristiger parenteraler Ernährung zu vermeiden, ist es notwendig, eine Bilanz aufzustellen.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 52-57 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new enzymatic method for simultaneous estimation of radioactivity of 1-14C-glucose and 1-14C-fructose is described. It is based on the isomerisation of 1-14C-fructose to 1-14C-glucose by phosphoglucoseisomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) and on its enzymatic removal as ribulose-5-phosphate and14CO2. The method is specific, reproducible, and gives over 97 % recoveries of glucose and fructose concentrations up to 11 mmol/l in aquos and biological solutions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird eine neue enzymatische Methode zur gleichzeitigen Radioaktivitätsbestimmung von 1-14C-Glukose und 1-14C-Fruktose. Prinzip ist die Umwandlung von 1-14C-Fruktose in 1-14C-Glukose mit Phosphoglukoseisomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) und anschließende Umwandlung der gebildeten 1-14C-Glukose in Ribulose-5-phosphat und14CO2. Das Verfahren ist spezifisch, gut reproduzierbar und ergibt Wiederfindungsraten in wäßrigen und biologischen Flüssigkeiten von 97 % bis zu Glukose- und Fruktose-Konzentrationen von 11 mmol/l.
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    Notes: Summary In maturity onset diabetes the blood levels of total blood keto acids in terms of pyruvic, serum citric, calcium are significantly higher than in normal adults, while there is a decrease in reduced-blood glutathione, serum zinc, potassium and sodium levels. There were no significant differences between diabetes and normal adults in the serum levels of copper, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, iron and magnesium.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 150-152 
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    Notes: Summary A comparison of serum protein fractions (electrophoretic separation) between control and mild alloxan-diabetic rats examined 10 days after alloxan indicates a decrease in total protein, a decrease in percentage albumin accompanied by a decrease in A/G ratio. In servere diabetic rats examined 48 hours after the administration of alloxan, there were no changes in total protein or in serum-protein fractions. The changes in the serum protein and serum albumin in mild diabetic cases are not the result of the degree of diabetes only. But they are rather explained by the longer time interval of the uncontrolled diabetic state. ATP administered to mild diabetic rats produced the following changes: two injections of 5 mg per rat exhibit a lowering effect on the blood glucose, with a decrease in liver fat. ATP resulted also in a significant increase in serum albumin and a decrease inβ-globulin with a consequent increase in the A/G ratio. Comparison of the different protein fractions of male and female control rats did not show any significant difference. ATP administered to control animals did not alter the normal electrophoretic pattern.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 140-149 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of various gums on the intestinal absorption of glucose and maltose was investigated in the experimental animal. The alterations in the concentrations of sodium and potassium were determined additionally. The following gums were used: alginate (sodium, potassium, calcium salts), Carrageenan, guaran, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose. The absorption of glucose (concentration: 5% = 278 mmol/l) and maltose (concentration: 5%=139 mmol/l) was not influenced by the addition of gums (concentration: 1%–2%). The hydrolysis of maltose was not inhibited also. Sodium was absorbed from the intestinal lumen if the concentration was higher than 120–150 mmol/l, otherwise sodium was excreted into the lumen. Potassium was absorbed if the potassium concentration was raised above 6–10 mmol/l, otherwise potassium was excreted into the lumen. The neutral gums did not influence the alterations in ion concentration. The gums tested do not influence the digestion and absorption of maltose or glucose. The acid gums are present in the small intestine in the form of their sodium salts. In the large intestine, sodium is exchanged for potassium.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Tierversuch wurde der Einfluß von verschiedenen Hydrokolloiden (Quellstoffen) auf die intestinale Resorption von Glukose und von Maltose untersucht. Parallel wurden die Veränderungen der Konzentrationen von Natrium und von Kalium bestimmt. Untersucht wurden Alginate (Natrium, Kalium, Calcium), Carrageenan, Guar, Methylzellulose und Carboxymethylzellulose. Die Resorption von Glukose (Konz.: 5%=278 mmol/l) und von Maltose (Konz.: 5%=139 mmol/l) wurde durch den Zusatz von Hydrokolloiden (Konz.: 1%–2%) nicht beeinflußt. Offenbar wurde auch die Hydrolyse von Maltose nicht verändert. Natrium wurde lediglich dann resorbiert, wenn die Konzentration im Darm höher als 120–150 mmol/l war, anderenfalls wurde Natrium in das Darmlumen ausgeschieden. Kalium wurde aus dem Darmlumen resorbiert, sofern die Kaliumkonzentration im Darmlumen höher als 6–10 mmol/l war, anderenfalls wurde Kalium in das Darmlumen ausgeschieden. Infolgedessen wurden Kaliumsalze der Hydrokolloide im Dünndarm zu Natriumsalzen umgewandelt. Die neutralen Hydrokolloide hatten keinen Einfluß auf die Ionenänderungen. Die Hydrokolloide hatte demnach keinerlei Einfluß auf Verdauung und Resorption von Maltose und Glukose. Die sauren Hydrokolloide wurden im Dünndarm zu Natriumsalzen übergeführt, im Dickdarm wurde Natrium gegen Kalium ausgetauscht.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 163-166 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study is aiming to assess whether there are variations in the activities of the enzymes glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children suffering from protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). In this respect, serum and CSF activities of GOT and LDH were assayed in thirteen cases suffering from kwashiorkor and ten normal cases serving as controls. Increased activities of both enzymes in sera and CSF of PEM children compared with normals were observed. The significance of these variations was discussed.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 167-175 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurden viele Ergebnisse über Veränderungen von Proteinen in Lebensmitteln durch Gefrieren und ihre Beziehungen zu Qualitätsveränderungen erhalten. Neuerdings hat speziell der ernährungsphysiologische Gesichtspunkt dieser Veränderungen besonderes Interesse gefunden. Im vorliegenden Bericht wird der Versuch gemacht, einige Aspekte dieser Veränderungen zu umreißen, die gewöhnlich als „Gefrierdenaturierung“ bezeichnet werden. Nach einer Beschreibung der beobachteten Kriterien und ihrer Messung wird auf die Ursachen eingegangen, die vermutlich für die „Denaturierung“ der Fischmuskelproteine durch Gefrieren verantwortlich sind. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des molekularen Bereichs kann gesagt werden, daß im allgemeinen Aggregationsphänomene vorherrschen und daß die beteiligten Moleküle oder ein Teil von ihnen noch nativ sein können oder vor oder während der Aggregation in ihrer Konformation mehr oder weniger verändert sind. Eine verläßliche Beurteilung der ernährungsphysiologischen Eigenschaften der Proteine in gefrorenen Lebensmitteln wird erst möglich sein, wenn überzeugende Ergebnisse von Fütterungsversuchen vorliegen.
    Notes: Summary In the past decades many results on changes of food proteins caused by-freezing and their relation to quality changes were found. Recently especially the nutrition physiological viewpoint of these alterations has aroused considerable interest. In the present paper the attempt is made to outline some aspects of these changes which are usually referred to as “denaturation” caused by freezing. After a description of the phenomena observed and their measurement, a survey of the main causes presumed for the “denaturation” of fish muscle proteins by freezing is given. With special consideration of the molecular range it can be said that generally aggregation phenomena prevail and that the participating molecules, or part of them, may still be native or more or less changed in their conformation before or during aggregation. Definite judgement of the nutritional properties of the altered proteins in frozen foods is possible only when convincing results of feeding experiments will be available.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 176-183 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intravenous injection of zinc chloride immediately before and fifteen minutes after alloxan or dithizone prevented the usual hyperglycaemia observed 24 hours after induction of diabetes. This is supported by histological examination which showed that the itslets of those animals which were injected with zinc were intact and their beta cells stained normally. The intravenous injection of manganese chloride prevented any marked rise of blood glucose, without protecting the islets. Chromium and cobalt chloride lowered the blood-glucose level to a certain extent. ATP given before alloxan could prevent any marked rise in blood sugar. ATP resulted also in a significant reduction in the fat and significant increase in the glycogen content of the liver in female rats examined on the 10th day after induction of alloxan diabetes. It is suggested that ATP as well as zinc, manganese, chromium, and cobalt ions seem to be essential for both insulin secretion as well as glucose utilization by various tissues.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In field surveys in 13 schools in different regions of Saudi-Arabia, energy-expenditure, food consumption, and nutrient intake were studied. Cereal products, especially bread, have the greatest significance in nutrition. Many students do not eat other foodstuffs regularly. A certain dependency of food consumption from the region was found in regard to the schools. The frequency of foodstuffs was generally low, but lowest in remote villages. In some age groups, the sufficient energy intake leaves much to be desired, 70% do not reach recommended dietary allowances of animal protein and 100% in fat. Intake of carbohydrates was too high, while intake of linoleic acid, minerals and vitamins is tooo low of nearly all test persons. To secure regularly a sufficient intake of essential nutrients, a school lunch program for the Saudi-Arabian boys is to be recommended.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Untersuchungen in 13 Schulen an verschiedenen geographischen Standorten in Saudi-Arabien wurden Energieumsatz, Lebensmittelverbrauch und Nährstoffzufuhr von 306 Schülern erhoben. Die größte Bedeutung im Nahrungsverbrauch kommt den Getreideprodukten, insbesondere Brot, zu. Zahlreiche Schüler weisen keinen regelmäßigen Konsum an anderen Lebensmitteln auf. Nach Schulen gegliedert zeigt der Lebensmittelkonsum eine gewisse Abhängigkeit vom Standort. Die Lebensmittelfrequenz ist allgemein sehr gering, am niedrigsten in abgelegenen Dörfern. In einigen Altersgruppen läßt die ausreichende Energiebedarfsdeckung sehr zu wünschen übrig. 70% erreichen nicht die empfehlenswerte Höhe an tierischem Protein und 100% an Fett. Die Kohlenhydratzufuhr ist als überhöht zu bezeichnen, während die Versorgung mit Linolsäure, Mineralstoffen und Vitaminen bei nahezu allen Probanden unzureichend ist. Um die empfehlenswerte Höhe der Zufuhr der Schüler an lebenswichtigen Nährstoffen zu sichern, ist ein Schülerverpflegungsprogramm sehr zu empfehlen.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 216-216 
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 211-215 
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 198-210 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Situationen, in denen die orale Nahrungszufuhr erschwert oder nicht möglich ist, bietet sich der Weg der parenteralen Ernährung (p. E.) an. Der Sinn dieser Therapie ist es, den Organismus ausreichend mit Nährsustanzen zu versorgen und Strukturerhaltung sowie Wachstum zu gewährleisten. Voraussetzung dazu ist die ausreichende kalorische Versorgung in einer optimalen Mischung aus Wasser, Protein, Kohlenhydraten, Fetten, Mineralien, Vitaminen und Spurenelementen. Die Grundlagen der p. E. werden in einzelnen Abschnitten dargelegt und Bedarfszahlen für Nährstoffe, Mineralien, Spurenelemente und Vitamine angegeben. Ein bedarfsadaptiertes Aminosäurenmuster, konzipiert für die Pädiatrie, wird vorgestellt, und neue Ergebnisse im Rahmen der p. E. werden diskutiert. Die weiteren Abschnitte befassen sich mit den Indikationen zur p. E., der Technik und Durchführung des Infusioisprogramms, den klinischen und Laborkontrollen zur Überwachung der totalen p. E. sowie mit den Komplikationen und deren Prophylaxe während der p. E. Bei Beachtung von Dosierung, Infusionsgeschwindigkeit, Kontraindikationen und den hier besprochenen Richtlinien ist man dem Ziel einer besseren Durchführung der t. p. E. näher gekommen. Eine weitere Verbesserung der Infusionsernährung wird uns aber auch in Zukunft noch zu beschäftigen haben.
    Notes: Summary Parenteral nutrition (p.N.) is indicated whenever oral food intake is partly or completely disturbed. The objective of this type of treatments is to provide the organism with sufficient nutrients and maintain the structure and growth. The supply of an optimum mixture of water, protein, carbahydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins and trace elements is a prerequisite for this. In the following parts of this study the indications for p.N., the technique and requirements for different nutrients, minerals, trace elements and vitamins are presented. A type of amino acid mixture especially prepared for pediatric use is prevented and new results of t.p.N. are discussed. In the following parts of this study the indications for p.N., the tecnique and practice of the infusion programme, the clinical and laboratory investigation of t.p.N., the complications and their prophylaxis during the p.N. are discussed. The goal of better total parenteral nutrition is approached when dosage, infusion rate, contraindications and the guidelines discussed here are observed. We will, however, continue the work for a further improvement of intravenous nutrition.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 217-222 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study deals with investigations on the general features of protein and iron metabolism under several conditions of chronic and acute liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride. Data revealed a drop in the levels of serum total protein and albumin. The levels of alpha1, alpha2 and beta globulins were found to be increased. Gamma fraction was found to be proportionate with dosage accumulation and to varying extent. There were changes in haematocrit and haemoglobin values in all groups of chronic and acute carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Also, there were no changes in reticulocyte count, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity levels in chronic intoxicated animals. However, in acute carbon tetrachloride plasma iron and total iron-binding capacity were significantly elevated.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 227-230 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study deals with investigations in diabetic disorders. Experiments were carried out on alloxan-induced diabetes in albino rats. Blood glucose, keto acids, and glutathione were determined before and after induction of alloxan diabetes. Blood glucose and keto acids showed an increase after administration of alloxan. Glutathione showed a drop after 1/2 hour, then began to increase till it reached its normal level after 48 hours from the beginning of the diabetic state. The results are discussed.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 223-226 
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    Notes: Summary Serum total proteins as well as its electrophoretic separated fractions were determined in alloxan-diabetic rats. The total and individual serum amino acids were estimated. Certain abnormalities, with no specific pattern, for total and individual fractions were observed in alloxan-diabetic rats. Most of the free serum amino acids showed low values which was attributed to direct reaction of alloxan with amino acids, urinary loss of amino acids and/or diverse hormonal and metabolic changes.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 140-144 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 230 pregnant women of low socio-economic standard were studied regarding the nutritional status and state of calcium and bone mineralization, social, environmental, dietary and biological factors of the women were also investigated to determine their possible role in such state. Results revealed a low nutritional status associated with biochemical abnormality denoting an impaired calcium state and defective bone mineralization. The low intake of available calcium and lack or inefficient supplements are suggested to be the main factors in causing the low state of calcium.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 145-152 
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    Notes: Summary Whole saliva protein as well as the separated protein components were estimated in normal and malnourished Egyptian infants and young children. In normal, 8 protein components (Albumin,α 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin,β 2-lipoprotein, transferrin, IgA, IgM and IgG) were detected, while in PCM cases two more components (prealbumin andα 2-macroglobulin) were found. The results also showed that the level of salivary protein components are markedly increased in edematous cases. In non-edeomatous ones, the level of these constituents are slightly increased in 3rd marasmus, but diminished in 2nd grade. It is concluded that the elevation of protein components in saliva of edematous cases could be a result of severe glandular tissue involvement as compared to controls and non-edematous cases. The value of IgA immunoglobulin as specific antibody originated from blood plasma and/or salivary glands may be used to reflect the extent of tissue affection in salivary glands of malnourished cases.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 169-179 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In quality tests on traded sea-fish, 30 fresh fish- and 20 quick-frozen fish specimens were tested for their TVB-N content, TMA-N content, as well as for TMAO-N, and were subjected to a sensorial test. Equal portions of codfish- and perch fillets were tested. According to the chemical analytic data, 13 specimens of the fresh fillets proved to be unobjectionable commercial merchandise 17 specimen had to be eliminated as being spoiled, since part of the above values for TVB-N and TMA-N had been considerable exceeded. The results differ enormously between the two species of fish. The perch fillets showed a significant better quality condition than the specimens of codfish. In the sensorial test the objective total result was confirmed in the main. On the basis of the chemical findings one specimen of codfish out of the deep-frozen fillets had to be objected. 16 fillet-specimens could sensorially be approved as being commercially marketable, 4 were tested not for sale. With codfish showing considerable better results than perch.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Qualitätsuntersuchungen von handelsüblichem Seefisch wurden 30 Frischfisch- und 20 Tiefgefrierfischproben auf ihren Gehalt an TVB-N, TMA-N sowie TMAO-N geprüft und einer sensorischen Beurteilung unterzogen. Untersucht wurden Filets der Arten Kabeljau und Rotbarsch je zu gleichen Anteilen. Nach den chemisch-analytischen Daten erwiesen sich 13 Proben der Frischfischfilets als einwandfreie, handelsfähige Ware. 17 Proben waren als verdorben zu beurteilen, da die jeweiligen Grenzwerte für TVB-N und TMA-N, z. T. beträchtlich, überschritten wurden. Die Ergebnisse differieren zwischen beiden Fischarten erheblich. Die Rotbarschfilets zeigten einen signifikant besseren Qualitätszustand als die Kabeljauproben. Bei der sensorischen Beurteilung wurde das objektive Gesamtergebnis im wesentlichen bestätigt. Von den tiefgefrorenen Filets war aufgrund der chemischen Befunde eine Kabeljauprobe zu beanstanden. Sensorisch wurden 16 Filetproben als handelsfähig, 4 als unverkäuflich bewertet. Dabei wies Kabeljau deutlich bessere Resultate auf als Rotbarsch.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 188-189 
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 180-187 
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    Notes: Summary The influence of phenobarbitone and propionyl-promazine given in ten repeated doses together with small doses of CCl4 on serum protein pattern and fat content of the liver was investigated in albino rats. The data revealed a marked increase of the fat content of the liver under the influence of CCl4. However, when phenobarbitone was administered together with CCl4 it resulted in a significant reduction in the fat content of the liver. Nevertheless, in comparison with the control experiments it was found that under the influence of phenobarbitone whether it was administered alone or together with CCl4, the fat content of the liver was significantly higher than that of the control. Concerning the changes in the total protein and its fractions, a state of hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia was observed in rats with severe CCl4 intoxication. While the globulin fractions increased, the A/G ratio was therefore significantly decreased. However, when phenobarbitone was administered together with CCl4 there was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of the different protein fractions nor in the A/G ratio as compared with the control group. Propionyl-promazine when was administered alone or together with CCl4 has no effect on the fat content of the liver and serum protein pattern. It is concluded that under the present experimental conditions, the main protective effect of phenobarbitone seems to be due to an antagonistic action of phenobarbitone in CCl4 induced decomposition at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 191-196 
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    Notes: Summary Total proteins and their major fractions were determined in the serum of 135 males and females of Fayoumi chickens, 65 were used as controls and 70 were treated with excess iodine in the form of KI. Serum proteins increased significantly with the increase in age till the 90th day in normals, then decreased gradually. Excess iodine supplement decreased body weight, serum total proteins, α2- and β-globulins in most of males, while in females the decrease was pronounced till the 90 days old. Albumin increased in females than in males in normals, while in the treated groups it decreased in all females and in some of males. A/G ratio decreased with maturation in normals, but in the treated groups it increased in males and decreased in most of females than those of controls.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 206-209 
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    Notes: Summary Liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase and transaminases (GPT & GOT) were studied in cases of protein-depleted rats. Alkaline phosphatase activities were determined with and without Mg addition to the incumedia, since it is the essential metal for this enzyme. The liver transaminases were also determined before and after pyridoxine injection, which is the coenzyme for this group. Both liver alkaline phosphatase and transaminases activities were increased on protein depletion. The study indicates that the increased activities of liver alkaline phosphatase in protein-depleted animals is suggestive of increased enzyme protein synthesis. On the contrary, high activities of liver transaminases are suggestive to be a result of some regulation mechanisms between the enzyme protein and its coenzyme.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 224-239 
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 197-205 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In experiments with growing and adult Wistar-rats, the influence of date-seed flour on growth, food intake/utilization and lipid metabolism was studied. Cellulose powder was used as control substance. Unlike cellulose the date-seed flour increased the food intake and the gained body weights of the animals. The food utilization impaired after supplying both date-seed flour and cellulose. Date-seed flour as source of crude fibers in the diet caused a higher increase of weight and volume of the faeces than equivalent amounts of cellulose. Cellulose fed animals showed a higher crude fiber content of the faeces. The crude fiber of date seeds is supposed to consist of compounds more easily digested than cellulose such as hemicelluloses. Date-seed flour led to a significant increase of serum total lipids and serum cholesterol of growing rats. In the liver of adult rats the neutral fats and total lipids were increased too. A clear fatty infiltration in the liver of growing rats was detected. Cellulose did not significantly influence the lipid metabolism of both growing and adult rats. There must be a certain compound in the date seeds causing this lipid anabolic effect, which is not compensated by their relatively high crude fiber-content.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An wachsenden und ausgewachsenen Ratten wurde die Wirkung von Dattelkernmehl auf Wachstum, Futterverwertung und Fettstoffwechselparameter untersucht. Als Vergleichssubstanz diente Cellulosepulver. Das Dattelkernmehl bewirkte im Gegensatz zu Cellulose eine Steigerung der Nahrungsaufnahme und der Gewichtszunahmen. Die Futterverwertung verschlechterte sich bei Verabreichung beider Ballaststoffträger. Dattelkernmehl bewirkte eine größere Erhöhung des Kotgewichts und -volumens als Cellulose; der Gehalt an Rohfaser im Kot stieg jedoch bei mit Cellulose ernährten Tieren stärker an. Vermutlich besteht die Rohfaser des Dattelkernmehls aus leichter spaltbaren Verbindungen wie z. B. Hemicellulosen. Dattelkernmehl verursachte bei wachsenden Ratten eine Zunahme der Serumgesamtlipide und des Serumcholesterins. Der Neutral- und Gesamtfettgehalt in der Leber stieg bei ausgewachsenen Ratten ebenfalls an. Bei den jüngeren Tieren wurde histologisch eine verstärkte Einlagerung von Triglyzeriden in der Leber nachgewiesen. Cellulose beeinflußte bei Ratten beider Altersgruppen den Lipidstoffwechsel nur geringfügig. Dattelkernmehl enthält eine Komponente, die eine lipidanabole Wirkung hervorruft. Sein hoher Ballaststoffgehalt kann diesen Einfluß nicht kompensieren.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 240-247 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vergleichende Daten über Glutathionperoxidase (GSH-Px)-Aktivität der Erythrozyten, Serum-Cholesterin und Serum-Fettsäuremuster von indischen Emigranten und Dänen werden dargestellt. Die GSH-Px-Aktivität in Erythrozyten indischer Emigranten wurde im Vergleich zu der von Dänen, bei Verwendung von t-Butylhydroperoxid als Substrat, signifikant erhöht. Auch bei Verwendung dreier Peroxide, nämlich Wasserstoffperoxid, Cumenhydroperoxid sowie t-Butylhydroperoxid, wurde eine signifikante Korrelation (R 0,9) in der indischen Gruppe gefunden. Eine solche Korrelation konnte jedoch bei der dänischen Gruppe nicht festgestellt werden. Der Serum-Cholesteringehalt lag bei der indischen Gruppe signifikant niedriger als bei der dänischen Gruppe. Auch die Gesamtfettsäuren-Muster des Serums beider Gruppen unterschieden sich beträchtlich.
    Notes: Summary A comparative data on erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, serum cholesterol and serum fatty acid pattern between Indian immigrants and Danes have been presented. The erythrocyte GSH-Px activity in the Indian immigrants has been found to be significantly increased as compared to that in the Danish group when t-buthylhydroperoxide was used as a substrate. Also a significant correlation (R ≤ 0.9) was found in the GSH-Px activities in the Indian group with the three peroxides, viz., hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide and t-butylhydroperoxide, used. This correlation was, however, missing in the Danish group. Serum cholesterol was found to be significantly lower in the Indian group as compared to the Danes. Also total serum fatty acid patterns between the two groups differed considerably.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 210-223 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The side effects of high dosed infusions of glucose and glucose substitutes (fructose, sorbitol, xylitol) in metabolically healthy volunteers have been studied. Infusions of glucose or fructose in high dose cause an increase in blood lactate levels. This effect, to a lesser degree, is observed with sorbitol. No effect, however, was seen with xylitol. Following the termination of the glucose infusions the lactate levels remain elevated, whereas after termination of the fructose infusions the lactate concentration is normalized within a short time. A decrease in the serum phosphate levels was observed for all the substances used. The most active were glucose and xylitol, followed by fructose and sorbitol, respectively. Similarly, all these substances cause an elevation of the serum bilirubin levels, though enzyme activities in serum remain unaffected. Xylitol had the greatest effect on bilirubin levels, however, glucose was also effective. The only side effect caused by the glucose substitutes was the stimulation of uric acid synthesis. In this respect xylitol was most effective. Some of metabolic effects of glucose and glucose substitutes are not yet clearly understood. However, even at very high doses these effects are not to be regarded as true “side-effects”.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei stoffwechselgesunden freiwilligen Versuchspersonen wurde mittels vierstündiger hochdosierter Infusionen von Glukose oder von Glukoseaustauschstoffen (Fruktose, Sorbit, Xylit) überprüft, ob Reaktionen eintreten, welche als Nebenwirkungen bezeichnet werden könnten. Hochdosierte Infusionen von Glukose oder von Fruktose führen zu einem maßigen Anstieg der Laktatkonzentration im Blut. Bei Sorbit ist diese Wirkung geringer als bei Fruktose, bei Xylit fehlt sie vollständig. Auch nach Beendigung der hochdosierten Glukoseinfusionen bleibt die Laktatkonzentration noch deutlich erhöht, während sie sich nach Fruktoseinfusionen rasch normalisiert. Alle verwendeten Substanzen verursachen eine Abnahme der Serumphosphatkonzentration. Die Effekte von Glukose und von Xylit sind am stärksten, Fruktose und Sorbit sind diesbezüglich deutlich weniger wirksam. Alle Substanzen rufen einen nicht zu erklärenden Anstieg der Bilirubinkonzentration im Serum hervor, ohne einen Einfluß auf die Serumenzymaktivität auszuüben. Hierbei ist Xylit am wirksamsten, doch hat auch Glukose einen deutlichen Effekt. Die einzige „Nebenwirkung“, welche lediglich von Glukoseaustauschstoffen hervorgerufen wird, ist eine Steigerung der Harnsäuresynthese. Auch dabei hat Xylit den stärksten Effekt, Fruktose war bei dieser Versuchsserie nur bei den höheren Dosierungen entsprechend wirksam. Glukose und Glukoseaustauschstoffe haben somit bei vierstündiger intravenöser Applikation an stoffwechselgesunden Probanden Stoffwechselwirkungen, welche teilweise noch nicht vollständig erklärt werden können. Doch selbst bei stark überhöhten Dosierungen werden diese Wirkungen nicht zu echten Nebenwirkungen.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 262-269 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter Verwendung einer Mischung aus Sojaprotein, Pektin und Weizenkleie läßt sich bei gesunden Personen die Cholesterinkonzentration von 190±31 auf 160±28 mg innerhalb von 14 Tagen senken. Die cholesterinsenkende Eigenschaft wird auf das Sojaprotein und das Pektin bezogen. Gleichzeitig kommt es unter dieser Diät zu einem mittleren Stuhlgewicht von 143±62 g/24 Std., das hohe Stuhlgewicht wird auf die wasserbindende Eigenschaft der Weizenkleie zurückgeführt.
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    Notes: Summary In vitro human platelet prostaglandin synthesis has been studied from added radioactive arachidonic acid (i) as function of substrate concentration, (ii) as function of platelet concentration and (iii) as function of pH. Platelets, as in platelet rich plasma when labelled with arachidonic acid, washed and treated with thrombin, released radioactivity mainly from phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. The released radioactivity was mostly accounted for by the formation of the previously identified oxygenation products of arachidonic acid. Platelet utilization of arachidonic acid was also studied in presence of linoleic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids, the two essential fatty acids known for antithrombotic effect. At its high concentrations linoleic acid decreased platelet cyclo-oxygenase activity as seen by a decreased formation of endoperoxides from arachidonic acid. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid was found to be a mutually competitive substrate with arachidonic acid for the platelet prostaglandin synthetase thus causing reduced utilization of arachidonic acid as shown by measuring the various oxygenation products of arachidonic acid. These two acids were utilized differently by platelet prostaglandin synthetase.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 270-272 
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 128-139 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effect of addition of different carbohydrates (starch, glucose, fructose) to the feed was investigated using the experimental animal. Additionally, the admixture of cholesterol and of cholesterol plus cholic acid was tested. Fructose (70% of the feed) causes a slight increase in serum triglyceride concentration and a very slight increase in triglyceride concentration in the liver. Fructose and to a lesser degree glucose cause an increase in pyruvate kinase activity in the liver. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is increased slightly following high-dosed glucose, whereas the increase is very pronounced following fructose-rich feed. The admixture of cholesterol (with cholic acid) causes a decrease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity up to 70%. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase is decreased also following cholesterol admixture. A fructose-rich diet causes a slight degree of hyperlipemia with a metabolic situation similar to a latent diabetic state. This effect is greatly intensified by the addition of cholesterol and cholic acid to the diet of the rats. Especially striking was the increase in serum-free-fatty-acid concentrations in all groups of animals. This is speculated to be a sign of insulin deficiency. The so-called “carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia” is obviously intensified within a short period by the admixture of cholesterol plus cholic acid to the experimental diet.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Tierversuch wurde der Einfluß von verschiedenen Kohlenhydratzusätzen (Stärke, Glukose, Fruktose) zum Futter auf das Verhalten von Stoffwechselparametern im Serum und in der Leber sowie auf verschiedene Leberenzymaktivitäten geprüft. Ferner wurde die Wirkung eines Zusatzes von Cholesterin mit Gallensäuren zum Futter untersucht. Lediglich Fruktose (70% des Futters) führt zu einer mäßigen Erhöhung der Triglyceridkonzentration im Serum und zu einem geringen Anstieg in der Leber. Bei Verwendung von Glukose (70% des Futters) und — stärker ausgeprägt — bei Fruktose erfolgt gegenüber Stärke ein Anstieg der Pyruvatkinaseaktivität als Ausdruck einer gesteigerten Pyruvatsynthese in der Leber. Auch die Aktivität der Glukose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase ist bei Glukosezusatz leicht, bei Fruktosezusatz sehr stark erhöht. Cholesterin (gemeinsam mit Cholsäure) in der Nahrung führt zu einer teilweise sehr starken Einschränkung der Glukose-6-phosphataktivität um mehr als 70%. Auch die Aktivität der Glutamatdehydrogenase ist bei Cholesterinzusatz vermindert. Insgesamt gesehen wurde durch Fruktose eine leichte Hypertriglyceridämie ausgelöst bei einer Tendenz zu einer latent diabetischen Stoffwechsellage. Der Zusatz von Cholesterin und Gallensäuren verstärkt diesen Effekt, besonders auffallend ist die in allen Gruppen festzustellende wesentliche Erhöhung der Konzentration der Freien Fettsäuren im Serum (rel. Insulinmangel?) unter diesen Bedingungen. Die „kohlenhydratinduzierte“ Hypertriglyceridämie wird also innerhalb kurzer Zeit deutlich begünstigt durch eine hohe Cholesterinzufuhr mit der Nahrung.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 231-234 
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    Notes: Summary The present study was carried out in order to assess the value of serum LDH in cases suffering from PEM. In this respect, total serum LDH and its isoenzyme pattern in conjunction with serum GPT, GOT, CPK, and HBDH were assayed in cases suffering from PEM and compared with normal control group. The study revealed that increased activities of total serum LDH in PEM are neither of cardiac nor of hepatic origins. The activities and significance of other enzymes studied suggested that skeletal muscles are the main sources for these increased activities of serum LDH in PEM. The study offered a strong evidence for discrimination of liver cirrhosis in PEM.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 241-247 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of feeding a low-protein diet (1 %) and its duration (4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks) on the protein content and amino-acid pattern of hair were studied. These changes were compared with control groups fed an adequate protein diet (16 %). Protein content of hair was diminished in the protein-deficient rats after four weeks followed by a gradual decrease till the end of the experiment. Sulphur-containing amino acids, cystine and cysteine, were significantly reduced in the hair of the protein-deficient rats when compared with the normal controls. The amino-acid pattern showed significant differences from controls by the end of the whole experimental period.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 235-240 
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    Notes: Summary In alloxan diabetes, serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin were significantly-increased compared to normal rats, while the level of serum alkaline phosphatale was decreased. Treatment with insulin led to lowering of serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin while serum alkaline phosphatase remained low. Then lycanol or daonil were used for treatment, serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin were changes towards normalization, while ceruloplasmin returned to normal values. Serum-alkaline phosphatase increased after 7 and 14 days from treatment with oral hypolgylcaemic drugs. In dithizonized diabetic animals, the levels of serum GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase were found to be higher than normal, while ceruloplasmin levels were unchanged. After treatment with insulin all serum enzyme activities were normalized.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 256-261 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of carbon-tetrachloride poisoning and the protection caused by AMP were studied. A single dose of CCl4 has resulted in a rapid development of a fatty liver, a considerable increase in serum enzymes, glutamic oxalacetic and pyruvic transaminases as well as serum-alkaline phosphatase. Total serum protein showed a tendency to decrease accompanied by a decrease in A/G ratio. Administration of adenosine-5-monophosphate prevented the increase in serum-alkaline phosphatase and increased the A/G ratio. There was, however, a slight but significant decrease in serum GOT and GPT within the 24-hrs. period of study, but it remained still higher than that of the control. AMP lowered liver fat without complete protection against the development of fatty liver.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 268-271 
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 272-272 
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 248-255 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Coffee as a rule develops stimulating effects on the central nervous system, heart and circulation which are mainly caused by caffeine. In certain cases coffee may also have a sedative effect and sometimes even it is useful to fall asleep quickly. Furthermore coffee may be advantageous in the treatment of some functional disorders caused by lacking of dopamine, because coffee is able to increase the dopamine formation in brain. Concerning the effects of coffee in the gastrointestinal-tract and liver-bile system caffeine is only of secondary importance. Hereby certain roasting substances, possibly also chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid should be responsible for the stimulating effects observed in these organs. These stimulating effects could be caused whether directly or indirect e.g. by liberating gastrin or other gastrointestinal hormones. Vitamin niacin, which is formed in greater amounts from trigonelline during the roasting process, may also be important from the nutritional standpoint. Therefore coffee may be prescribed as a true drug in cases of deficiency in vitamin niacin or also in the pellagra disease. By extensive epidemiological studies performed lately it could be demonstrated that there exists no correlation between coffee consumption and certain risk factors as hypertension, heart infarction, diabetes, gout or cancer diseases. Furthermore there was no evidence that coffee or its caffeine content are able to induce genetic alterations or even malformations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kaffee entfaltet am Zentralnervensystem sowie an Herz und Kreislauf in der Regel stimulierende Wirkungen, die im wesentlichen auf das darin enthaltene Koffein zu beziehen sind. In bestimmten Fällen kann aber durch Kaffee auch ein zentral dämpfender Effekt und u. U. sogar eine rasche Einschlafwirkung ausgelöst werden. Darüber hinaus vermag Kaffee über eine erhöhte Bildung von Dopamin bestimmte durch Dopaminmangel hervorgerufene zentrale Funktionsstörungen günstig zu beeinflussen. Bei den Wirkungen von Kaffee auf den Magen-Darm-Kanal und das Leber-Galle-System spielt das Koffein nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Als fragliche Wirksubstanzen werden hier bestimmte Röststoffe, möglicherweise auch Chlorogensäure bzw. Kaffeesäure vermutet, wobei die Effekte dieser Substanzen teils mittelbar, z. B. durch Freisetzung von Gastrin oder anderen Hormonen, teils unmittelbar ausgelöst werden können. Das bei der Kaffeeröstung aus Trigonellin gebildete Vitamin Niacin ist von besonderer ernährungsphysiologischer Bedeutung, und Kaffee kann daher bei Niacinmangelzuständen oder bei der Pellagra-Erkrankung als echtes Heilmittel eingesetzt werden. Nach umfangreichen epidemiologischen Untersuchungen war eine Korrelation zwischen Kaffeegenuß und bestimmten Risikofaktoren wie Hochdruck, Herzinfarkt, Zuckerkrankheit, Gicht und Krebserkrankung nicht nachzuweisen. Desgleichen ergab sich bisher kein Anhalt, daß durch Kaffee genetische Veränderungen oder Mißbildungen hervorgerufen werden können.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 262-267 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Investigations were performed to evaluate the activities of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate-dehydrogenase enzymes in rats intoxicated by different doses of carbon disulfide. Serum GOT and GPT activities were elevated which may be due to CS2 effect on cell membrane permeability. Serum-alkaline-phosphatase activity showed also increment, which was again attributed to the liver affection. A significant rise in serum-lactate-dehydrogenase activity which was referred to be as a result of muscle-lactate dehydrogenase release into the blood circulation.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 273-273 
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 1-18 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The use of oral contraceptives can produce changes in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Responsible for the alterations seems to be the used oestrogen- and gestagen derivative and not so much the type of the contraceptive. The most frequent findings are raised serum-glucose-, insulin-, and triglyceride levels; disturbances in protein-metabolism increase the risk of developping thrombosis and hypertonia. Little is known about the significance of oral contraceptives on the vitamin- and mineral metabolism—yet extreme deficiencies have not been observed so far. Oral contraceptives can become an extra riskfactor when given to women with metabolic disturbances.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verabreichung oraler Kontrazeptiva kann zu Störungen im Kohlenhydrat-Fett-Protein-Vitamin- und Mineralstoffhaushalt führen. Dabei ist nicht so sehr der Typ der Kontrazeptiva sondern die verwendeten Östrogen- und Gestagenabkömmlinge für die Veränderungen ausschlaggebend. Zu den am häufigsten diagnostizierten Befunden gehören erhöhte Serumglucose-, Insulin- und Triglyceridwerte; beobachtete Störungen im Proteinstoffwechsel weisen auf eine gesteigerte Bereitschaft zur Ausbildung von Hypertonien und Thombrosen hin. Über die Bedeutung oraler Kontrazeptiva auf den Vitamin- und Mineralstoffhaushalt ist wenig bekannt — ausgeprägte Mangelzustände wurden jedoch noch nicht beoachtet. Bei schon vorhandenen Stoffwechselstörungen werden orale Kontrazeptiva zu einem extra Risikofaktor.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Gehalt an Aminosäuren und Proteinen im Speichel von normalen und unterernährten ägyptischen Kindern und Kleinkindern wurde untersucht. 16 Aminosäuren, davon 7 essentielle konnten im Speichel von normal ernährten Kindern nachgewiesen werden. Die elektrophoretische Analyse ergab den Nachweis von 10 Proteinen im Speichel von normalen und unterernährten Kindern. Bei ödematösen Kindern nimmt der Gehalt sowohl an Aminosäuren, besonders der essentiellen, als auch an Proteinen zu. Bei nicht ödematösen Fällen waren der Gehalt und die Zusammensetzung mehr oder weniger normal, aber bei Marasmus dritten Grades sind Aminosäuren und Proteine etwas vermehrt. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß die Zunahme des Speichelgehaltes an Aminosäuren und Proteinen bei unterernährten ödematösen Kindern infolge einer Gewebsdegeneration ausgelöst wird, welche bei der nicht ödematösen Form der Krankheit weniger ausgeprägt ist.
    Notes: Summary Amino acids and proteins in whole saliva of normal and malnourished Egyptian infants and young children were investigated. 16 amino acids, 7 of them are essential, could be detected in saliva of normal infants. Electrophoretic analysis revealed the existence of 10 protein components in saliva of either normal or malnourished infants. In oedematous cases, salivary amino acids, particularly the essential ones, were increased as well as most of the protein components. In non-oedematous cases, the pattern was more or less normal, but in 3rd grade marasmus, amino acid and protein components of saliva were somewhat increased. The conclusion was drawn that such increase is mainly due to tissue degeneration which is more marked in oedematous than non-oedematous form of the disease.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 26-36 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using some14C-labelled derivatives of cinnamic acid which are of interest as metabolites of chlorogenic acid we studied their pharmacokinetic behaviour in rats. The absorption rate constant from intestinal was 2–10 times greater than the elimination rate constant. After i.v. application the half life of elimination from the blood was between 13 and 37 minutes. When greater amounts (50 mg/kg) were given by i.d. application, absorption and elimination were delayed. The tested compounds were excreted mainly by the kidneys and most of the given dosis could be found in urine within 2 hours. The biliary excretion differed widely among the tested compounds: only up to 3% were excreted in the bile in the case of m-cumaric acid, p-cumaric acid and caffeic acid, whereas up to 30% were found when ferulic acid or trimethoxycinnamic acid were given. From these results a greater role of caffeic acid in the enterohepatic circulation is not to be expected.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einiger14C-markierter Derivate der Zimtsäure, die eine Bedeutung als Metaboliten der Chlorogensäure besitzen, wurden die pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften dieser Substanzen an Ratten untersucht. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für die Resorption waren zwischen 2–10mal größer als die Eliminationskonstanten. Für die Elimination aus dem Blut ergaben sich nach i.v. Applikation Halbwertszeiten zwischen 13 und 37 Minuten. Nach i.d. Gabe größerer Mengen (bis zu 50 mg/kg) war eine Verzögerung der Resorption und Elimination zu beobachten. Die Ausscheidung erfolgte vornehmlich über die Nieren, wobei innerhalb der Versuchsdauer von 2 Stunden der größte Teil der verabreichten Substanzen ausgeschieden wurde. Die biliäre Exkretion der radioaktiven Substanzen betrug bei m-Cumarsäure, p-Cumarsäure und Kaffeesäure meistens nur einige Prozent, während bei Ferulasäure und Trimethoxyzimtsäure, besonders nach höherer Dosierung, bis zu 30 % durch die Galle ausgeschieden wurden. Nach diesen Untersuchungsergebnissen dürfte bei Kaffeesäure der enterohepatische Kreislauf keine wesentliche Rolle spielen.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 37-46 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Liver function tests were performed in severe and mild diabetic rats and under the influence of ATP. In mild diabetics the serum cholesterol was significantly increased, while in severe diabetes the serum cholesterol was significantly lower than in mild diabetes. The decreased serum cholesterol in severe diabetes may be an indication for the development of fatty liver. The serum alkaline phosphatase and serum bilirubin were significantly increased in both the severe and mild diabetic states, while the thymol turbidity test was insignificantly changed in both states of diabetes. Serum albumin was significantly decreased in 10 days mild diabetes, while it was insignificantly changed in 48 hrs severe diabetic animals. The effect of ATP was investigated in mild diabetes. ATP resulted in a significant increase in serum albumin and a decrease in total globulins with the resultant increase in A/G ratio. The serum alkaline phosphatase exhibited a significant reduction under the influence of ATP. The elevated cholesterol of mild diabetic rats remained significantly evelated and was not reduced by ATP, though the fat content of the liver showed a significant reduction. This may be due to more rapid mobilisation of fat from the liver under the influence of ATP. ATP showed no significant effect on serum bilirubin and thymol turbidity test. The histopathological examination of the liver revealed that administration of ATP to alloxan diabetic rats had a beneficial effect. It resulted in disappearrance of the fat globules from the liver cells.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 58-60 
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 47-51 
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    Notes: Summary Carbon tetrachloride twenty-four hours after its administration resulted in a significant increase in serum iron, copper, zinc, calcium, potassium and sodium, while for magnesium no significant change was observed. A portion of this rise was due to the known hepatotoxic effect of CCl4 on the liver. Pretreatment with adenosine-5-monophosphate led to a normalization of the level of serum iron, copper and zinc, while in case of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium there was no significant change from that found in CCl4. The normalization of serum copper and iron under the influence of AMP may be due to some protective action of AMP on the liver. However, the disturbance in minerals metabolism may be considered as one of the earliest lesions in CCl4 poisoning.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 61-64 
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    Notes: Summary In cases of juvenile diabetes, there were lower than normal levels of reduced glutathione, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, zinc, copper and sodium, while the other elements show no significant changes. The lower level of serum zinc, copper and sodium may be due to the osmotic diuresis and consequent polyurea of diabetes.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 65-71 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Patientin mit Argininbernsteinsäureerkrankung wurde mit 50 g Eiweiß belastet. Die Belastung wurde von einer beträchtlichen Hyperammoniämie gefolgt. Es erfolgte keine gesteigerte Harnstoffbildung; jedoch trat eine kräftige Orotsäureausscheidung, ein Vorläufer der Pyrimidinsynthese, auf. Hierdurch wird Orotsäure zu einer bei der Diagnose von Störungen der Harnstoffsynthese bedeutsamen Substanz. Die Veränderung der Plasmaaminosäuren der Patientin nach der Proteinbelastung weist möglicherweise auf eine vermehrte zytostolische Carbamylphosphatneubildung und nicht auf die Verwendung von aufgestautem, intramitochondrialem. Carbamylphosphat für die Pyrimidinsynthese hin.
    Notes: Summary A patient with argininosuccinic aciduria was charged with 50 grams of protein, which was followed by considerable hyperammonemia. There was no response in further urea formation; but there was a considerable production of orotic acid, a precursor of pyrimidines. This makes orotic acid to an important diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of impaired urea formation. The patient's plasma amino acid pattern led to the suggestion that orotic acid synthesis is initiated by increased de novo formation of carbamyl phosphate in the cytosol and not by deviation of already existing intramitochondrial carbamyl phosphate.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 84-88 
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    Notes: Summary Toxic metals encountered industrially or environmentally may produce the following syndromes: 1) Peripheral neuropathy: which is mainly sensory in arsenic and entirely motor with inorganic lead, organophosphorus compounds and tallium produce a mixed form of peripheral neuropathy. 2) Encephalopathy: usually with lead poisoning where ataxia and hemiplegia or optic atrophy may occur. 3) Optic neuritis: transient or permanent impairment of vision in arsenic poisoning and blurring of vision followed by field fedects with thallium poisoning. 4) Cerebellar disturbances: in the form of ataxia in organic mercury. 5) Parkinsonism: extrapyramidal signs occurs in manganese poisoning shown as mask face and rigidity of muscles. 6) Mental changes: as acute psychosis in organic lead and erethism in organic mercury.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 89-92 
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    Notes: Summary The present study was aiming to explore further the variations in the levels of Mg in both serum and CSF of PEM children, hoping a better understanding for the nature of the neurological abnormalities in these cases. The study revealed decreased values of both blood serum and CSF levels of Mg in PEM children which denote some abnormalities in brain metabolism. Such abnormalities add further support for assumption of the link between dietary insufficiency and subnormal mental performance in PEM.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 153-158 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of ten repeated doses of carbon tetrachloride, phenobarbitone and propionyl promazine when administered alone or simultaneously with CCl4 on serum minerals was investigated. Carbon tetrachloride resulted in a significant increase in serum iron, copper, zinc, calcium, potassium and sodium. A portion of this rise was due to increased permeability in damaged mitochondrial membrane as a result of the action of CCl4. Propionyl promazine when administered alone or together with CCl4 has no effect on serum minerals. Phenobarbitone when administered alone increased serum minerals except sodium, but to a lesser degree than CCl4, while phenobarbitone when given repeatedly together with small doses of CCl4 led to a normalization of serum iron, calcium and potassium. Also serum zinc and copper were lower than in case of CCl4. This may be due to some protective effect of phenobarbitone on liver mitochondria. Serum magnesium was not affected in all the experimental groups.
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    Notes: Summary The influence of phenobarbitone given in ten repeated doses simultaneously with small doses of CCl4 on serum enzymes was investigated in albino rats. The same experiment was repeated to investigate the influence of propionylpromazine (phenothiazine derivative). The results proved that SGPT is a more specific and sensitive index than SGOT of hepato-cellular injury. The activity ratio between serum GOT and GPT in the normal control group was 2.44. The activity of SGPT increased nearly 6.1 fold after CCl4 administration and thus the activity ratio between GOT and GPT is sharply reduced to 0.56. The activity of serum GPT when CCl4 and phenobarbitone were administered together showed value of about 1/2 of the value when CCl4 was administered alone, while it remained high when CCl4 administration was combined with propionyl-promazine. Serum GOT and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in all the groups. Regarding the pathological examination of the liver it was found that marked fatty necrosis could be demonstrated when high values of SGPT was found, which is not the case with serum GOT. It is concluded that in the present experimental conditions phenobarbitone protected the liver from the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4, while propionyl-promazine did not.
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 61-70 
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    Notes: Summary Results are reported from a long-term field experiment designed to determine the effect of irrigation water salinity on the yield and water uptake of mature grapefruit trees. Treatments were started in 1970 and consisted of chloride concentrations in the irrigation water of 7.1, 11.4 and 17.1 meq/1 added as NaCl+CaCl2 at a 1 : 1 weight ratio. For the last four years of the experiment, 1973 to 1976, yield was linearly related to the mean chloride concentration in the soil saturation extract weighted according to the distribution of water uptake with depth and time (Fig. 2, Table 1). There was a 1.45% (1.68 Mg/ha) yield reduction for each 1 meq/1 increase in chloride concentration above a threshold value of 4.5 meq/1. This corresponded to a 13.5% (14.7 Mg/ha) decrease per 1 mmho/cm increase in the electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract above a threshold value of 1.2 mmho/cm. Total water uptake was reduced as salt concentration in the soil increased (Fig. 3, Table 2). In the high salinity treatment, root concentration in, and water uptake from, the lower portion of the root zone were decreased. The maximum electrical conductivity (ECe) measured at the bottom of the root zone was 7.90 mmho/cm similar to the values of EC, obtained by linear extrapolation to zero yield and also to zero water uptake. Salt accumulation in the soil depended on the quantity and salt concentration of the irrigation water, rainfall, and on the amount of leaching. SAR and the Na+ concentration of the soil remained low throughout the experiment (Table 3). No leaf symptoms of either Cl− or Na+ injury were observed. The results indicate an osmotic — rather than a specific ion effect — of salinity on grapefruit yield.
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 71-76 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum, cultivar Rheinlands Ruhm, and the wild species Solanum pennellii accession Atico, were compared with respect to their salt tolerance. The wild species was found to be more salt tolerant than the cultivated tomato. In contrast to L. esculentum plants, the growth of the wild species was not impaired by the high salinity (Table 1), although the latter accumulated more Cl− and Na+ ions and its K+ level decreased under salinity (Tables 3, 4, 5). The smaller increase in water deficit under salinity in the wild species, probably resulted from its higher accumulation of ions (Table 2).
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 19-25 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown how a yield vs water application diagram, with uniformity of water-distribution and price of water as parameters, can be used to determine the optimum water application and the expected income for a certain crop. The diagram can further be used to explore the possible outcome of changing water uniformity and/or price. The diagram is based on simplified forms of the yield and water-distribution functions.
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 3-17 
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    Notes: Summary Designing trickle irrigation systems involves the selection of a proper combination of trickle discharge rate, spacing between emitters, diameter and length of the lateral system for any given set of soil, crop and climatic conditions. Trickle irrigation is treated as transient and steady axisymmetric infiltration processes. An existing numerical solution to nonsteady state infiltration is used to quantify the effect of soil hydraulic properties and trickle discharge rates on emitter spacing (Fig. 2). The results of the analysis suggest the possibility of controlling the wetted volume of a soil by regulating the emitter discharge according to soil properties (Figs. 3 and 4). The surface distribution of a transformed soil water content (or pressure) function (Fig. 5) is derived from a linearized solution to steady infiltration. The analysis of steady and non-steady infiltration is employed to estimate the spacing between emitters as a function of discharge and water pressure conditions between emitters using hydraulic soil data (Fig. 6). Hydraulic conductivity parameters are given for 17 different soils (Table 1) to be used for design purposes. Theoretical analysis of soil water is combined with hydraulic principles to derive lateral diameter and length for engineering design requirements.
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    Notes: Summary Standard local practice in Northern India is to continue irrigation of winter wheat crop almost up to harvest, based on the farmer's belief that this treatment increases grain weight and yield. The effect of an early cut-off of irrigation on the water use was studied in a three-year experiment on a deep, sandy-loam soil. Wheat, sown during the second or third week of November, received its first irrigation four weeks later. Subsequently treatments included irrigations of 7.5 cm water depth applied after 10 cm of cumulative pan evaporation minus rainfall had elapsed since the previous irrigation up till mid-April; irrigations of 7.5 cm up till mid-February and thereafter irrigation equal to 75 and 100% soil-water deficit in the 0–180 cm profile around March 10 with no later irrigation; and a similar treatment with one additional irrigation after making up the water deficit. Least irrigation water was used from the treatment in which 75% water deficit was restored around March 10 and no further irrigation was applied. This treatment increased the average extraction of profile water by 4 cm compared to treatments in which irrigation was continued until mid-April. Profile water depletion was inversely related to the amount of irrigation. Grain weight and yields from the various treatments harvested in the last week of April were unaffected by the treatments.
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 47-59 
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    Notes: Summary This paper reports the results of a two-year field study at Logan, Utah which was one of a series of similar experiments carried out at Ft. Collins, Colorado, Davis, California and Yuma, Arizona. A range of water application rates were imposed using the line-source system (Hanks et al., 1976) and in some treatments water was withheld during certain growth stages. Salinity variables were imposed by presalinization before planting and by the use of saline irrigation water. Regardless of irrigation or salinity regime, corn grain and total dry matter production were linearly related to evapotranspiration, which was measured as the sum of irrigation, rainfall and soil water depletion minus drainage. Presalinization of the soil decreased yields in proportion to the salinity imposed, the decrease being associated with reductions in evapotranspiration caused by reduced soil water depletion as compared to the nonsalinized treatments.
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 27-38 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four irrigation treatments: no irrigation; early irrigation (150 mm); late irrigation (150 mm); and early+late irrigation (275 mm), with 363 mm of rain; and four basic applications of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha−1), with and without an additional nitrogen top dressing of 60 kg ha−1, were applied to autumn-sown wheat. For any given total nitrogen rate, there was no difference between the single and the split application. Grain yields ranged from 3040 kg ha−1 for the unirrigated, zero-nitrogen treatment to 6340 kg ha−1 for the two irrigations, 180 kg ha −1 N treatment. There was a strong interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on grain yields which was due mainly to the late irrigation: in the absence of the late irrigation the optimal nitrogen rate was 120 kg hat, followed by a marked decline in yield with additional nitrogen, whereas the application of the late irrigation shifted the optimum nitrogen rate to 180 kg ha−1. In the absence of the late irrigation, increasing the nitrogen rate from 0 to 240 kg ha −1 reduced kernel weight from 42 to 32 mg, whereas late irrigation largely prevented this decrease (42 to 39 mg). The reduction in kernel weight was evident even at the first nitrogen increments, in the range where grain yield was still increasing. Lack of nitrogen reduced soil moisture extraction during the grain filling stage, particularly from soil layers deeper than 60 cm. Stomatal aperture in the irrigated treatments was markedly larger in nitrogen-supplied than in nitrogen-deficient wheat, although the leaf hydration was similar; in the unirrigated treatment, the nitrogen-supplied plants had a lower hydration and smaller stomatal aperture than nitrogen-deficient plants.
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    Wood science and technology 11 (1977), S. 225-236 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A technique was developed for the determination of the effective dissolved oxygen diffusivity in liquid-saturated softwood in a diffusion cell under ambient pressure. From the measurements in the temperature range 2° to 50°C, the activation energy of diffusion was found to be 4.6 kcal/mole. The diffusivity in summerwood is about one half of that in springwood. The diffusivity of dissolved oxygen through composite springwood and summerwood layers was based upon samples of two Douglas fir sapwood blocks saturated with water. In the radial and tangential directions, diffusivity was 1.4 to 2.3x10-6cm2/s, which is about 6 to 10% that of dissolved oxygen diffusivity in water. The diffusivity in the longitudinal direction is about 5.5 times that in the other two directions. The diffusivity of dissolved oxygen through liquor-saturated wood and the effect of delignification on oxygen diffusion were also determined.
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  • 89
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    Wood science and technology 11 (1977), S. 251-263 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The structure of the reducing end group in xylan can be written: -β-D-Xylp-(1→4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→2)--α-D-GalpA-(1→4)-D-Xyl In alkaline media the reducing xylose group is easily isomerized and removed by a β-elimination which leads to a reducing galacturonic acid end group. The 1, 2-linkage between rhamnose and the galacturonic acid explains the retarding effect on the alkaline peeling. Even under fairly mild conditions the galacturonic acid group is converted to other groups which are very stable in alkaline media. Model experiments permit the conclusion that OH-3 in the reducing group is subjected to β-hydroxyelimination. The 3-deoxy-2-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-D-threo-hex-2-enuronic acid group formed is unstable in acid medium and escapes observation by the techniques employed for determination of the end groups. Upon prolonged alkaline treatment and increased proportion of these groups is lost and a rapid peeling proceeds until a xylose group with a 4-O-methylglucuronic acid substituent is liberated. The consecutive reactions of this group are similar to those of the galacturonic acid groups. The formation of 3-deoxyaldonic acid end groups, an important stopping reaction in cellulose, is of minor importance in xylan.
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  • 90
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    Wood science and technology 11 (1977), S. 291-303 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The physical properties and morphology of kraft paper handsheets obtained from tension wood of intensively managed, 5-year-old trees of Populus “Tristis No. 1” were compared to those produced from isolated normal wood of the same stems. Pulp yields of tension wood (TW) and normal wood (NW) were 60 and 53% respectively. Over a beating range of 0–45 minutes, strength properties of TW paper were in all cases noticeably inferior to those obtained from NW. During paper formation, the TW or gelatinous fibers resisted collapse, even upon extended refining, and produced thick, porous sheets of poorly bonded elements. It was concluded that the differential behavior of NW and TW pulps was in several respects analogous to those displayed by earlywood and latewood pulps, respectively, of softwood species as well as thin-vs. thick-walled hardwood fibers. Consequently, it appears that the inferior strength of TW paper is primarily a function of fiber morphology, and the difference in hemicellulose content between NW and TW (viz., lower pentosan content of TW) often cited in the literature as a potential major factor here probably contributes little if any significant effect on ultimate interfiber bonding and paper quality.
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  • 91
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    Wood science and technology 11 (1977), S. 313-318 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Warts have been observed in several bamboo species; they are present not only in vessel members and fibres, but also in the highly lignified parenchyma cells, especially in those of the elongated type. Among the 34 species studies only a few possess warts in all three cell types. The sizes of warts lie within the range observed for dicots and gymnosperms. There is no recognizable correlation between the occurrence of warts and the taxonomic grouping of bamboos. It has been suggested that the development of warts is associated with the lignification of the cell wall.
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  • 92
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    Wood science and technology 11 (1977), S. 322-322 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 93
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 17-24 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary There is a positive correlation between the percentage of compression wood and specific gravity in Pinus wallichiana. Where compression wood is present a definite increase in specific gravity occurs in an annual ring, but the influence of compression wood on specific gravity is only local. The first-formed earlywood portion of the ring is the most suitable sampling point for a comparison of specific gravity between rings of the same or different trees.
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  • 94
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 87-88 
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  • 95
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 309-315 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Eucalyptus gomphocephala A.DC seedlings grown horizontally for 103 days had less terminal shoot elongation and higher internal and emanated ethylene levels in the basal portion of the stem than seedlings grown vertically under otherwise identical conditions. Horizontal seedlings had greater radial growth in the upper stem half than in the lower half of the basal portion of the stem. Upper halves contained 60–80 percent tension wood by volume, lower halves 0–10 percent tension wood. Radial growth in vertical seedlings was symmetrical, and they contained negligible tension wood. Upper halves of the basal portion of the stem of horizontal seedlings had greater amounts of internal and emanated ethylene than lower halves and vertical seedling halves. Ethylene differences between random halves of vertical seedlings were smaller than differences between upper and lower halves of horizontal seedlings. The data suggest an association between increased ethylene levels and tension wood formation.
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    Wood science and technology 11 (1977), S. 3-22 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary This is a study on the shrinkage of wood representing the wide range of morphology variation in leaning trees. It involved 13 trees of Eucalyptus regnans, one of Eucalyptus sieberi and four of Pinus radiata, and specimens taken at close intervals around the circumference of each. Data indicated a systematic modulation, between extremes at upper and lower sides of each stem, in longitudinal growth strains, relative proportions of thin, medium and thick-walled fibres, microfibril angle in the S2 layer of these, and both Klason and acid-soluble lignin content. Analyses indicated that the microfibril angle in S2 was a prime factor in influencing both longitudinal and volumetric shrinkage reactions; proportion of thick-walled fibres in the tissue, thickness of S2 relative to S1, and variations in lignification also were involved. Unusually thick-walled fibres were associated with visco-elastic strain recovery effects, which could form a substantial part of dimensional changes apparently attributable to shrinkage.
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    Wood science and technology 11 (1977), S. 39-49 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Calculations of the monomolecular water vapor adsorption by three different celluloses (cotton, wood pulp and cellophane) from structural considerations are in agreement with the BET determined values for crystallite diameters of 16 to 200 Å on the basis of adsorption being confined to the fraction f of the three hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit that are available on the surface of the crystallites and within the amorphous zones, when f ranges from 0.16 to 0.29. These low values of f are compatible with the fact that the void volume of the amorphous zones does not exceed about 6%. More exact values for f are needed before more definite values for the crystallite diameters can be estimated. A modified fringe micelle diagram containing a considerable amount of chain association in the amorphous zones is given that meets the requirement dictated by the calculations. Another approach, involving direct estimation of the adsorbing surface areas of crystallites and amorphous zones, on the basis of adjacent surfaces being shared by water molecules adsorbed between them, gives surface areas somewhat larger than the BET values using the same f values. Agreement with values from the former approach is obtained if only 75% of the surface per anhydroglucose unit is considered effective for adsorption.
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    Wood science and technology 11 (1977), S. 59-67 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Mycelium of twenty species of wood-destroying fungi was cultivated in nutrient solutions with one of the following sugars as the only carbon source: glucose, arabinose, galactose, mannose and xylose. The growth of the species occurring in nature only on the wood of Angiosperms was equal or lower in the solutions with galactose and mannose than in the solution with glucose. The utilization of mannose was practically the same as that of xylose. The species which are specialized in nature in the wood of conifers grow better in the solutions with galactose and mannose, than in the solution with glucose; likewise mannose is beter utilized than xylose. Fungi attacking both kinds of wood do not exhibit any dependence on the utilization of the sugars used in these investigations.
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    Wood science and technology 11 (1977), S. 79-81 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Wood science and technology 11 (1977), S. 115-123 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Tangential pit features were studied in a 55-year old black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.) tree by means of light and electron microscopy. It was found that tangential pitting is lacking from the greatest part of the growth ring, except for the last four tangential rows of latewood tracheids and the first row of early wood tracheids. The average number of pits per tangential wall of a 3.55-mm-long tracheid is 234, 144, 28, 4 and zero, respectively, in the last 5 tangential rows of latewood tracheids, starting at the growth-ring boundary. On the average, tangential pits measure 5.4 μm in diameter, possess oval to elliptical apertures, and are randomly distributed uniformly over the tangential tracheid wall. All tangential intertracheid pits are bordered and in that respect are similar to those in the radial walls. Although most of the pits contain membranes with tori, some at the growth-ring boundary lack tori and exhibit randomly oriented microfibrillar structure.
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