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  • Articles  (297)
  • Springer  (297)
  • Wiley
  • 1975-1979  (297)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1978  (162)
  • 1977  (135)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (297)
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  • Articles  (297)
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  • 1975-1979  (297)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    Studies in scientific collaboration (1978)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 2
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    News (1978)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 3
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    World science as an input-output system (1978)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 4
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    Book reviews (1978)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 5
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    Frequency distributions of scientific performance a bibliography of Lotka's law and related phenomena (1978)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
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    Editorial statements (1978)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 7
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    Identifying a set of inequality measures for science studies (1978)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 8
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    Measuring the growth of science (1978)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 9
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    Objectivity versus relevance in studies of scientific advance (1978)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Das Induktionsproblem im Lichte der Approximationstheorie der Wahrheit (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 77-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die folgenden Ausführungen enthalten einen Beitrag zum Problem der Induktion. Den bisher bekannt gewordenen Interpretationen induktiver Regeln wird eine weitere zur Seite gestellt. Sie beruht auf der von Popper propagierten Idee der Annäherung an die Wahrheit, genauer: auf einer geeigneten topologischen Präzisierung dieser Annäherungsidee. Wie sich dabei herausstellt, ist die approximationstheoretische Deutung der allgemeinen Induktion zwar stringent, aber nicht induktivistisch, d.h. sie liefert keine irgendwie geartete Rechtfertigung induktiver Regeln.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800416
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of logic and the philosophy of science in Poland after the Second World War (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 163-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800421
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Überwindung des Szientismus und Modellplatonismus in der Ökonomie (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 132-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung MeineBemerkungen zum normativen Fundament der Ökonomie sollen daran erinnern, daß der klassische Rationalitäts- und Effizienzanspruch der „moral science“ Ökonomie nur von einer gerechtfertigten Bedürfnisbasis her sinnvoll verstanden und entwickelt werden kann. Dahcr sind alle Grundunterscheidungen, welche in ökonomische Beurteilungskriterien eingehen, abhängig von einem vernünftigen Begreifen dessen, was ich mit der philosophischen Tradition dasgute Leben nennen möchte. Das vernünftig begriffene gute Leben hinwiederum läßt sich nicht zum Gegenstand einer empirisch-quantitativen Empirie, z.B. von Nachfragedaten, machen. Es kann nur einervernünftigen Gemeinsamkeit unseres Handelns entspringen, die insbesondere das Redehandeln umschließt, auf das sie in Plan, Vereinbarung und praktischem Urteil angewiesen ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800419
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Begriff der Theorie in der kantischen und analytischen Philosophie (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 63-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag versucht eine Analyse der mit den Namen Scholz und Stegmüller bezeichneten Reformulierung von Kants Transzendentalphilosophie. Dabei steht die These zur Diskussion, daß die kantischen Argumentationen verstanden werden können als Gegenentwurf zum Fallibilismus. Es stellt sich heraus, daß stegmüllers Reformulierung zu lesen ist als eine Frühform seiner Sneedkonzeption. Radermacher radikalisiert allerdings im Sinne von Feyerabend die These des Fallibilismus. Zudem expliziert er einen Katalog unterschiedlicher Begriffe von Konstruktionen, der es gestatten soll, Kants Idee gemäß der Tradition Scholz-Stegmüller besser zu erläutern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800415
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epistemology of economics (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 144-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Methodological disputes in economics have been with us since Mill and Senior fought over the nature of economic science in the first half of the 19th Century. Progress has been extremely slow, and there is good reason for this as the present essay hopes to show. Three important methodological positions are examined critically: the “ultra-empiricism” of T.W. Hutchison, the “moderate empiricism” of Milton Friedman, and the “extreme a priorism” of Lionel Robbins and Ludwig Von Mises. The argument between Guttierrez and Block inTheory and Decision over praxiology is discussed in connection with the last mentioned position. The paper concludes that “extreme a priorism,” though very much out of fashion is not without its resources. The work of the contemporary German philosopher, Paul Lorenzen, is enlisted to bolster this position.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800420
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Rezensionen (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 172-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800422
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Der Bellsche Beweis. Eine Fallstudie (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 221-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary In the case of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen problem und Bell's proof it is shown how, contrary to Kuhn and Lakatos, a “purely metaphysical” thesis became falsifiable and falsified by an “crucial” experiment in the strict sense so that the followers of an older paradigma changed their opinion on rational grounds and not by an “experience of conversion” or by “dying out”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800695
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ist das zweite Newtonsche Bewegungsaxiom ein Naturgesetz? (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 292-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das zweite Newtonsche Bewegungsaxiom, über dessen logischen Status (Naturgesetz oder Definition?) seit Newton die verschiedensten Ansichten kursieren, wird durch Angabe von Meßvorschriften für die darin enthaltenen Größen als empirisch prüfbare Hypothese ausgewiesen. Es wird als Naturgesetz bezeichnet, weil es sich bei Benutzung dieser Meßvorschriften bewährt. Es erscheint allerdings als eine Definitionsgleichung, wenn es durch induktive Verallgemeinerung auf Bereiche übertragen wird, die eine unmittelbare Anwendung der Meßvorschriften nicht zulassen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800698
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Adäquatheit des Hacking — Stegmüllerschen Stützungsbegriffs (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 375-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter der Voraussetzung einer Adäquatheitsbedingung für einen Bestätigungsbegriff für deterministische Hypothesen wird an einem Beispiel gezeigt, daß der Hacking-Stegmüllersche Stützungsbegriff kein Analogon zu einem Bestätigungsbegriff für deterministische Hypothesen ist, da jener eine analoge Adäquatheitsbedingung nicht erfüllt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800704
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rezensionen (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800707
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (1915–1975) (1978)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801938
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Paul Bernays (1888–1977) (1978)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801939
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probleme der Ontologie (1978)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 63-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Behandlung ontologischer Fragen auf Grund analytischer Methoden untersucht und die zeitgenössische Nominalismusdiskussion durchleuchtet. In einem ersten Teil erläutert der Verfasser Quines Kriterium für das, was er „ontic commitment“ nennt, sowie dessen Ablehnung der sog. substitutionellen Quantifikationstheorie. Im zweiten Teil werden Hintikkas Interpretation des Kriteriums und sein Umdeutungsversuch dargelegt, der auf der Verwendung einer Quantifikationstheorie ohne existentielle Voraussetzungen beruht. Im letzten Teil wird die berühmte Kontroverse zwischen Carnap und Quine hinsichtlich ontologischer Aussagen und des Nominalismusstreites erörtert. Es wird zu zeigen versucht, daß die Carnapsche Auffassung, wonach Fragen der Ontologie nur die praktische Wahl von Sprachsystemen betreffen und deshalb nicht sinnvollerweise in theoretischem Gewand auftreten können, den Vorzug verdient. Quines Betrachtungsweise scheitert letztlich an seinem Holismus und vor allem auch an den unerfüllbaren Forderungen, die er an die Definition von „analytisch“ stellt. Wir bauen nicht, wie Neuraths Bild nahelegt, auf offener See an einem einzigen Schiff, dessen Planken wir einzeln ersetzen, sondern an einer bunten Flotte von Schiffen, die zu verschiedenen Zwecken gebraucht werden. Betrachtet man aber den faktischen wissenschaftlichen Betrieb aus dieser Perspektive, so scheint Hintikkas Kriterium, das den Handlungs-kontext der sog. Sprachspiele des Suchens und Findens mitberücksichtigt, bessere Dienste zu leisten als das Quinesche.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801942
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Ist Masse ein „theoretischer Begriff“? (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 302-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der analytischen Wissenschaftstheorie gilt mit einigen Varianten die Auffassung, daß Termini physikalischer Theorien aus einer Reihe von Gründen als lediglich partiell interpretierbare „theoretische Terme“ oder „theoretische Begriffe“ anzusehen seien. Diese aus dem Zweistufenkonzpet der Wissenschaftssprache (Beobachtungs- und Theoriesprache) kommende Auffassung verdankt sich einer affirmativen Grundhaltung gegenüber der Physik. Das Zweistufenkonzept erweist sich jedoch mindestens als zu eng, weil zusätzlich eine die Intentionen der Meßgeräteherstellung und -verwendung abdeckende Terminologie verfügbar sein muß, die weder nichttheoretisch noch von empirischen Theorien abhängig ist. Speziell für den Begriff der Masse läßt sich zeigen, daß Nichtdefinierbarkeit als Grund für seine Theoretizität nicht anerkannt werden muß. Geht man vom Grundgedanken der Newtonschen Trägheitsmechanik ab, die Mechanik bei den kräftefreien Bewegungen zu beginnen, so läßt sich Massengleichheit durch Symmetriebedingungen an geführten Bewegungen und Massenverhältnis über eine darauf aufbauende Definition der homogenen Dichte sowie über das Volumen definieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800699
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  • 24
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    Zur Differenz alltagsweltlicher und wissenschaftlicher Erklärungen (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 369-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der von Laucken in dieser Zeitschrift vertretenen These, daß Verstehen kein eigenständiger Erkenntnisweg sei und sich somit die Frage erledige, ob Verstehen oder Erklären die den Sozialwissenschaften adäquate Methode sei. Diese These wird von Laucken mit den Ergebnissen der Analyse alltagsweltlicher Erklärungen begründet. Hier wird die Analogisierung alltagsweltlicher und wissenschaftlicher Erklärungen kritisiert und auf einige wesentliche Differenzen aufmerksam zu machen versucht. Lauckens Versuch, das methodologische Problem des Verhältnisses von Erklären und Verstehen in den Sozialwissenschaften hinwegzudefinieren, wird zurückgewiesen. Es wird ausdrücklich kein eigener Lösungsvorschlag unterbreitet, sondern lediglich versucht, das Problem wieder in den alten Stand zu versetzen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800703
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  • 25
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    Wissenschaftliche Kreativität (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 383-404 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Scientific creativity, i.e. the production of new and socially effective empirical knowledge, can itself be subjected to empircal analysis. Research on the determinants of creative work in science suggests that the internal and external world of creative scientists is characterised by a series of tensions or „oppositions of forces“ which „normally“ cannot be integrated. Conversely, creative work in science can be understood as the provision of new answers to scientific problems where conventional answers are no longer sufficient to reduce incongruities between cognitive, affective and social standards of satisfactory problem solution.
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  • 26
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    Announcement (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 413-415 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800709
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  • 27
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    Über Russells Kritik an Freges Unterscheidung zwischen Sinn und Bedeutung (1978)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 106-111 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary In „On Denoting“ behauptet Russell, Freges „Sinn“ sei so beschaffen, daß beim Versuch, von ihm — genauer: von einer bestimmten Sinn-Einheit — etwas auszusagen, eine Verwirrung entsteht. Er macht verschiedene Versuche, von dem Sinn einer hindeutenden Phrase („denoting phrase“) zu sprechen, und es stellt sich immer wieder heraus, daß etwas anderes als das Beabsichtigte besprochen wurde. Im Folgenden will ich zeigen, daß diese Verwirrung nicht in Freges Unterscheidung zwischen Sinn und Bedeutung ihren Ursprung hat, sondern in einem Fehler, den Russell in seinen Versuchen begeht; er verwendet nämlichzwei Zeichen, wodrei nötig sind.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801944
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  • 28
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    Die literaturtheoretischen Hauptrichtungen und ihr Ertrag für eine Gegenstandsbestimmung der Literaturwissenschaft (1978)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 157-184 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die literaturwissenschaftliche Grundlagendiskussion steht nach wie vor im Zeichen schon klassischer Hauptrichtungen: insbesondere des Positivismus, Formalismus, Strukturalismus und Materialismus. Daneben steht — in methodenskeptischer Gegenposition — die Hermeneutikschule. Hat nun dieses wissenschaftstheoretische Aufgebot in über einhundert Jahren den entscheidenden Schritt zur speziellen Wissenschaft, ihre Gegenstandsbestimmung, geleistet? Oder steht er erst noch bevor, so daß der verbreitete Zweifel an der Wissenschaftlichkeit der Literaturwissenschaft zu Recht besteht? — DerPositivismus stellt die Gegenstandsfrage überhaupt nicht: alle kulturellen Phänomene sollen hier ja unterschiedslos nach Ursachen erforscht werden. DerFormalismus macht sie zwar zur Hauptfrage, verfehlt aber in seinem deskriptiven Verfahrensbegriff eine Lösung bereits im (noch positivistischen) Ansatz.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801948
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  • 29
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    Operative Gesichtspunkte bei der Diskussion des Weberschen Gesetzes (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 39-47 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The analysis of structures of argumentation in historical controversies is considered to be a basic contribution to the dynamics of theories. In this paper attention is drawn to the occurence of operational arguments in the history of physics. This is to be discussed especially in respect to the nineteenth-century debates on the consistency of Wilhelm Weber's electrodynamic law with the principle of conservation of energy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800413
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  • 30
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    Stegmüller über „wissenschaftliche Revolutionen“ (1977)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 331-341 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anknüpfend an Untersuchungen von J. D. Sneed, hat W. Stegmüller eine Explikation von „‚revolutionärem‘ wissenschaftlichem Fortschritt“ vorgeschlagen, die auf einer bestimmten Definition der intertheoretischen Relation der Reduktion beruht. Zumindest in seiner bisherigen Fassung erweist sich das von Stegmüller vorgebrachte Kriterium für „revolutionären“ wissenschaftlichen Fortschritt jedoch nicht nur als zu weit, sondern auch, wie das Beispiel klassische vs. relativistische Kinematik zeigt, als zu eng.
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    Politische Ökonomie als Theorie der Begründung: Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Friedrich Kambartels „Bemerkungen zum normativen Fundament der Ökonomie“ (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 91-117 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit dem Aufsatz wird der Versuch unternommen, eine beginnende interdisziplinäre Diskussion zwischen praktischer Philosophie und (politischer) Ökonomie fortzuführen und durch das Angebot einer synoptischen Interpretation auch zu vertiefen. Sowohl politische Ökonomie als auch praktische Philosophie sehen sich mehr und mehr der Anforderung ausgesetzt,zur Lösung praktischer Probleme beizutragen. Dies erscheint unmöglich, solange nicht auch normative Sätze Ergebnis wissenschaftlicher Analyse sein können; dazu bedarf es aber eines Begründungsbegriffes, der einerseits normativen Sätzen Raum gibt, andererseits die Anforderungen, die an die Begründung normativer Sätze zu stellen sind, so scharf faßt, daß Normatives, statt wie bisher beliebig, nunmehr nachprüfbar wird. Ein solcher Begründungsbegriff wurde von Friedrich Kambartel über die Beschreibung eines Verfahrens (sokratischer Dialog), in dem die Begründung stattfindet, erarbeitet und für die Ökonomie vorgeschlagen. Dagegen wird in dieser Abhandlung, ausgehend von der These, daß Begründungsmängel in aller Regel Verfahrensmängel sind, eine Kritik des sokratischen Dialogverfahrens im Wege der politisch-ökonomischen vergleichenden Analyse alternativer Verfahren der Konsensbildung (hier: Markt, Abstimmung, Dialog) vorgetragen.
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    Methode und Erkenntnisfortschritt (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 237-256 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Seit einiger Zeit werden wissenschaftstheoretische Behauptungen zunehmend durch wissenschaftshistorische Hinweise gestützt oder bestritten. Die vorliegenden Ansätze (etwa bei Kuhn und Lakatos) zu einer methodologischen Reflexion auf dieses Verfahfahren sind aber unzureichend. Eine genauere logische Analyse zeigt, daß wissenschaftshistorische Begründungen wissenschaftstheoretischer Behauptungen spezielle Formen praktischer Syllogismen sind und daß die Zulässigkeit derartiger Begründungen nicht nur von der Gültigkeit praktischer Syllogismen abhängt, sondern auch von der Feststellbarkeit des Erkenntnisfortschritts sowie von der Rechtfertigung wissenschaftshistorischer Aussagen unabhängig von allen erst noch zu prüfenden methodologischen Modellen.
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    Bewertungen und Empfehlungen in der Methodologie wissenschaftlicher Forschungsprogramme (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 134-148 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kontroversen um Imre Lakatos' „Methodologie wissenschaftlicher Forschungsprogramme“ („methodology of scientific research programmes“) haben zu der Frage geführt, ob auf Basis der von Lakatos entwickelten Standards für die Bewertung („appraisal“) von konkurrierenden Theorien und Forschungsprogrammen auch heuristische Empfehlungen („heuristic advice“) begründet werden können, die die von Wissenschaftlern auszuführenden Handlungen im Interesse der Maximierung von Erkenntnisfortschritt normieren. Eine solche Frage steht im Zusammenhang mit einem zentralen Anliegen der Popperschen Wissenschaftstheorie: „Wir wollen die Regeln, oder, wenn man will, die Normen aufstellen, nach denen sich der Forscher richtet, wenn er Wissenschaft treibt, wie wir es uns denken“. Ob die Methodologie wissenschaftlicher Forschungsprogramme, die Lakatos als Weiterentwicklung des kritisch-rationalistischen Falsifikationismus verstanden wissen will, diesen Ansprüchen genügt, wurde zuerst von Paul K. Feyerabend und Thomas S. Kuhn bezweifelt. Im folgenden werden zunächst deren Kritiken, die Antworten von Lakatos sowie Analysen von J. J. C. Smart, Wolfgang Stegmüller und Philip Quinn diskutiert. Anschließend wird ein neuer Versuch Alan Musgraves kritisch überprüft, unter Rückgriff auf die Bewertungskriterien der Methodologie wissenschaftlicher Forschungsprogramme heuristische Empfehlungen zu begründen.
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    Eine konstruktive Deutung des Dualismus in der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 256-275 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es gibtdrei verschiedene „Anwendungsgebiete“ der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie: Glücksspiele, statistische Gesetze in den Naturwissenschaften und wirtschaftliche Entscheidungen bei Risiko. Der probabilistische „Dualismus“ (vgl. z. B. Stegmüller IV, 1, 1973 p. 69) versucht die verschiedenen Anwendungsgebiete dadurch verständlich zu machen, daß zwei „Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriffe“ unterschieden werden: die statistische (objektive) Wahrscheinlichkeit als eine „theoretische Größe“ der Physik und die personelle (subjektive) Wahrscheinlichkeit der Entscheidungstheorie. Die Theorie der Glücksspiele bildet in beiden Fällen einen trivialen Spezialfall: das „ideale“ Würfelspiel ist zugleich ein Spezialfall des statistisch zu untersuchenden Werfens von polyederförmigen Körpern und ein Spezialfall entscheidungstheoretisch zu behandelnder Wetten (Bayes-Regel). Es soll im folgenden gezeigt werden, daß eine konstruktive Theorie der Glücksspiele (die auchunsymmetrische Aggregate von Zufallsgeneratoren berücksichtigt) einen Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriff liefert, für den die Kolmogorow-Axiome gelten — und daß sich dann sowohl die statistische Physik als auch die Entscheidungstheorie als Anwendungen dieseseinen Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriffes begründen lassen. Es ergibt sich dabei allerdings, daß dieGleichsetzung der Wahrscheinlichkeitsfelder mit den Modellen der Kolmogorow-Axiome (diese mögen „Kolmogorowfelder“ heißen) nicht gerechtfertigt ist: Jedes Wahrscheinlichkeitsfeld ist ein Kolmogorowfeld — die Umkehrung folgt nicht. Die Einordnung des De Finettischen Gesetzes der großen Zahlen in die konstruktive Theorie zeigt, daß der Grundlagenstreit um „objektiv“ und „subjektiv“ nicht zwei Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriffe erfordert, sondern zwei Anwendungen eines Begriffes.
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    Disentangling counter-arguments (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 339-342 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der ersten Erwiderung Eichners wurde der induktive Charakter der ‚starken Falsifikation‘ nicht beachtet. Nunmehr bringen Eichner und Habermehl empirische Gesichtspunkte und den kategorischen Charakter der ‚starken Falsifikation‘ ins Spiel. Dabei ignorieren sie (1) die hier allein relevante normative Rechtfertigungsproblematik und (2) den konditionalen Charakter der induktiven Generalisierung. Ihre Argumente können meine Symmetriethese nicht widerlegen.
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    Rezensionen (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 399-425 
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    Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 1-21 
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    The methodology of research projects: A sketch (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 30-38 
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    Notes: Summary There is a traditional reluctance among methodologists to study the ever increasingly important phenomenon of research-projects, research-project evaluations, etc. The reason for this is that projects are embedded in programs and programs in intellectual frameworks, or conceptual frameworks, or metaphysical systems. It sounds dogmatic to judge the product of research by a reference to a metaphysical system. Yet, first of all, it is not so dogmatic if judgment can go both ways, if we have competing systems at work, and if what we assess is not the outcome of a project but the existing assessments of projects prior to their implementation. Indeed, one of the most obvious things to do is to compare our assessments of projects before and after their implementations. To this end some further theorizing is required. Here, then, is a sketch of the theoretical background to such investigations, a sketch of what has been said thus far relating to the matters (not yet) in hand.
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    Ein neues Fundament der Ökonomie? (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 118-131 
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    A general theory of acts, with application to the distinction between rational and irrational ‘social cognition’ (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 195-220 
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    Notes: Summary A general theory of acts leads to a theory of cognition distinguishing between (1) formation ofapriorical knowledge about values, norms, and cognitive beliefs, based on conditioning by means of rewards and punishments, and (2) formation ofaposteriorical knowledge based on conscious, theoretical analysis of observations. The latter, rational layer of consciousness can be built on the former, irrational layer only, if certain conditions are fulfilled. It is shown that rational cognition of values presupposes a notion ofaposteriorical value, which challenges some conventions of the ‘value-free’ social science, in particular, the so called guillotine of Hume.
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    Fall und Ereignis (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 315-330 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir gehen davon aus, daß methodologische Erwägungen, die sich nicht an der ontologischen Struktur des zu erforschenden Gegenstandsbereiches orientieren, leicht zu einseitigen Postulaten führen, die in der Praxis der Wissenschaft nicht eingelöst werden können. So zeigt eine nähere Analyse, daß bei Zugrundelegung des Hempelschen Erklärungsmodells die Konstitution von Geschichte als eines (rekonstruierten) Zusammenhangs individueller Ereignisse unmöglich ist. Die historische Erklärung stellt keinen Deduktionszusammenhang dar, sondern eine kausale Zurechnung eines Ereignisses zu vorangegangenen Ereignissen oder Systemzuständen. Diese Zurechnung erfolgt in erzählender (narrativer) Form, die nicht als bloße Rumpfform eines deduktiven Schemas anzusehen ist. Nur durch Bezug auf diesen Unterschied in den Erklärungsarten von Naturwissenschaft und Geschichte kann der üblichen Unterscheidung von „Fall“ und „Ereignis“ ein befriedigender Sinn gegeben werden.
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    Das Problem der Begründung zwischen Dezisionismus und Fundamentalismus (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 342-368 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von einer Analyse des „Begründungsstreits“, der in den letzten Jahren im Anschluß an H. Alberts Kritik des methodischen Prinzips der Begründung v.a. in der deutschen Philosophie geführt worden ist, werden zunächst die Positionen von K. O. Apel und J. Habermas einer immanenten methodischen Kritik unterzogen. Beide Programme erweisen sich als undurchführbar. Ausgehend von einer Präzisierung des Begriffes „Begründung“ wird durch systematische Einführung begründungstheoretischer Termini (horizontale, vertikale Begründungsdimension; reduktive, konstruktive Begründungsrichtung; pragmatischer, vorpragmatischer Begründungsbegriff) ein begriffsiches Instrumentarium vorgeschlagen, das eine Rekonstruktion von Begründungssituationen erlauben soll. Mit seiner Hilfe werden die im „Münchhausen-Trilemma“ unterstellten Begründungssituationen genauer analysiert. Das „Münchhausen-Trilemma“ wird als Argumentation für eine konstruktivistische und gegen eine reduktivistische Begründungskonzeption gewertet.
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    Eingegangene Bücher (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 411-412 
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    The reliability of inductive inferences and our innate capacities (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 93-105 
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    Notes: Summary One of the important problems that have to be dealt with in the Philosophy of Science is to account for the high reliability of a very large part of our inductive inferences. This reliability is noteworthy because not only were many of these inferences made by ordinary people, even by children, but they were very often based on the observation of just a few positive instances. In the present paper, I deal with this problem by treating it as a normal empirical problem. This approach enables us to make an important step towards an explanation of the phenomenon and, consequently, towards the formulation of a general theory of scientific inquiry.
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    Rezensionen (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 185-192 
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    Bibliographie (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 193-205 
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    Wertfreiheit der Wissenschaften bei Marx, Weber und Adorno (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 293-306 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wie Max Weber verlangt auch Marx die Wertfreiheit der Wissenschaften, hält es aber im Gegensatz zu Weber dennoch für möglich, politische Entscheidungen durch wissenschaftliche Aussagen zu begründen. Der Grund liegt in Marx' Anerkennung eines allgemein verbindlichen politischen Ziels, der Interessenharmonie, das Weber aus empirischen Gründen für ohne Einbuße an Kultur unrealisierbar hält. Dieser Grund für die unterschiedliche Auffassung der Wertfreiheit der Wissenschaften wird als der entscheidende Grund für den methodologischen Gegensatz zwischen Kritischer Theorie und Kritischem Rationalismus hervorgehoben.
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    Die Finalisierungsdebatte oder: Viel Lärm um nichts (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 348-360 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Artikel sucht eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der sogenannten Finalisierungsthese. Diese postuliert eine externe Steuerung der Wissenschaft, die „Indienstnahme“ der „wissenschaftlichen“ durch die „gesellschaftliche Praxis“. Schon im Ansatz zeigt die Finalisierungsthese einige gravierende Mängel, die noch gravierender in ihren methodologischen Voraussetzungen — u.a. der Ablehnung der Kausalforschungsmethode — zum Ausdruck kommen. Bei näherer Analyse enthüllt sich die Finalisierungsthese als rein normatives Konzept, als der bloße Anspruch, Wissenschaft könne und solle extern gesteuert werden.
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    Zeitschriftenschau (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 183-193 
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    Kausalgefüge, irreale Bedingungssätze und das Problem der Definierbarkeit von Dispositionsprädikaten (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 257-291 
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    Notes: Summary The symbolic paraphrase of ‘because’ sentences suggested by Frege, which is still widely accepted, will be gradually developed into a more adequate, though much more complicated, form. Out of the different types of such sentences, the ‘for theonly reason that’ type will be given especial consideration. Furthermore, it will be expounded that contrary-to-fact conditionals may function either as ‘for theonly reason that’ explanations, or as ‘forat least the reason that’ explanations, or as arguments, the difference being dependent partly on certain temporal characteristics of their constituents and partly on the pragmatic features of the speech act situation. Consequently, counterfactuals have no definite logical structure, which is a reason, hitherto unnoticed, why they cannot be used in defining dispositional predicates. It will be shown, however, that ‘for theonly reason that’ explanations can serve this purpose quite properly.
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    Falsification, rejection, and modification (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 379-382 
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    Notes: Summary In two articles Friedrich Rapp argues that there is a methodological symmetry between falsification and verification in contradistinction to the logical asymmetry that obtains between them. (The Methodological Symmetry between Verification and Falsification,Ztschr. f. Allg. Wissth., Band VI/1 (1975), pp 139–144; A Helpful Argument — Reply to K. Eichner,Ztschr. f. Allg. Wissth., Band VII/1 (1976), pp. 121–123). Rapp puts forward the thesis that methodological falsification of a theory T implies the acceptance of an inference from ∼ (x) Tx to (x) ∼ Tx. However, this thesis does not have to be accepted even if the premises of Rapp's argument were accepted. Furthermore, Rapp has not shown that the falsification of a theory T implies that T will not be retained. Neither has Rapp formulated assumptions that are sufficient to guarantee that the outcome of an intended test of a theory T can be considered as an outcome of an actual test of T.
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    Nicht-empirische Argumente (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 21-40 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist die Beobachtung, daß es wissenschaftliche Disziplinen („Wissenschaften mit heterogener Basis“) gibt, in denen nicht nur empirische Feststellungen sondern auch Argumente anderer Art (z. B. ästhetische Wertungen oder Gerechtigkeitserwägungen) zur Entscheidung zwischen rivalisierenden Hypothesen herangezogen werden. Untersucht wird die Frage, ob und wie sich feststellen läßt, ob es in solchen Wissenschaften für Situationen argumentativer „Inkommensurabilität“ von Argumentetypen Argumentationsregeln bzgl. der Rangfolge von Argumentetypen gibt. Eine Explikation des Begriffs einer implizit geltenden Regel liefert die Grundlage für die Formulierung einer Reihe von Kriterien, nach denen sich am Argumentationsverhalten von Diskutanten eine potentielle Rangfolge unter Argumentetypen ausmachen ließe.
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    Metagesetze und theorieunabhängige Bedeutung physikalischer Begriffe (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 41-62 
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    Notes: Summary The determination of the meaning of theoretical terms by the axioms of theories as meaning postulates and the merely fictitious character of a basic observational language leads to Feyerabends problem of the incommensurability of physical theories. Different theories are actually compared by physicists as well. They might have a common sublanguage as the language of macroscopic physics in atomic physics. Furthermore shared metalaws (e. g. invariance principles) define an equivalence relation which identifies terms of different theories and enables physicists to talk about them in a common language.
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    Methodologische Regeln des kritischen Rationalismus (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 236-255 
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    Notes: Summary In his “Logic of Scientific Discovery” and also in “Conjectures and Refutations” Karl Popper laid down methodological rules. They were to secure severe tests of our theories so that we might at least prove our false theories to be false, if we cannot prove our true theories to be true. But falsification turned out to be as impossible as verification. What is more, the rules, which are here examined, do not even advance criticism of theories. Either they are trivial or not applicable or even untenable or they refer to problems, which do not exist. There is no reason to expect that those rules, which we could not here examine, are essentially different. Hence applying the methodological rules of critical rationalism in empirical sciences seems out of the question.
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    Teleologie — eine „Sache der Formulierung“ oder eine „Formulierung der Sache“? (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 225-235 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nagel ist es nicht geglückt, die Möglichkeit des Verzichts auf teleologische Formulierungen und Erklärungen plausibel zu begründen. Bei seinem Versuch, die Äquivalenz teleologischer und nichtteleologischer Erklärungen nachzuweisen und den Bedeutungsüberschuß teleologischer Sprache hinwegzuformulieren, ist er immer schon an die Voraussetzung dieses Bedeutungsüberschusses gebunden, dessen er sich nicht, wie seine Beschreibung zielgerichteter Systeme beweist, entledigen kann. Unser Ergebnis dispensiert jedoch nicht von der Frage, ob der Anspruch ‚der in teleologischen Wendungen geltend gemacht wird, auch zu Recht besteht. Denn die semantische Unmöglichkeit der Reduktion von Relevanzrelationen auf Bedingungsrelationen verbürgt ja noch nicht, daß die teleologische Sprache den Gegenstandsbereich der Biologie auch adäquat trifft. Eine über unsere Studie hinausgehende Untersuchung müßte daher die hier aufgeworfene Frage in den größeren Zusammenhang der als klassisch geltenden Stellungnahmen einbetten und unter Einbeziehung der Resultate der kybernetischen Wissenschaften dem Problem nachgehen, ob Teleologie nur heuristischer Leitfaden der Reflexion ist, der aus forschungsstrategischen Gründen der Organisation des Gegenstandes an diesen von außen herangetragen wird, oder darüberhinaus eine Struktureigenschaft von Objekten selbst bezeichnet. Ist Teleologie also nur eine „Sache der Formulierung“ oder eine „Formulierung der Sache“?
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    Die Protophysik der Zeit und das Relativitätsprinzip (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 343-347 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Pfarrs Protophysik-Kritik ist — entgegen seinem eigenen Anspruch — nicht immanent, sondern stützt sich mit ihrem Rückgriff auf Inertialsysteme und mit dem Vorschlag, eine Naturkonstante in Koordinatentransformationen der (als Theorie der Messungsermöglichung formulierten) Kinematik einzuführen, auf dynamische, zum Teil sogar messend empirische Theorien. Sie ist damit logisch zirkulär. Die Reformulierung des Relativitätsprinzips als „Homogenitätsprinzip“ ist leer, d.h. ihr entsprechen keine definitorischen oder operativen Schritte in der Physik. Die immanenten Einwände dagegen beruhen auf einem Mißverständnis. Die behaupteten Gegensätze zwischen Protophysik und Relativitätstheorie verdanken sich teils einer Zitierweise konträr zum zitierten Originaltext, teils einer ad-hoc-Erweiterung des Kreises der „Protophysiker“ auf Gegner der Relativitätstheorien.
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    Die literaturtheoretischen Hauptrichtungen und ihr Ertrag für eine Gegenstandsbestimmung der Literaturwissenschaft (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 361-398 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Derältere (tschechische) Strukturalismus sprengt den formalistischen Horizont und fragt nach dem Zusammenhang von Kunst und (gesellschaftlichem) Leben. Beim Versuch, das „Ästhetische“ unter dieser Fragestellung zeichentheoretisch zu präzisieren, gelingt J. Mukařovský zwar die Beschreibung der ästhetischen Differenz als Selbstrückwendung des „ästhetischen Zeichens“ (Kunstwerk) auf seine eigene Phänomenalität, nicht aber eine kongeniale Bestimmung der „ästhetischen Funktion“, die — genau genommen — unspezifisch und widersprüchlich ausfällt. Den Gewinn der hermeneutischen Wende gibt derneuere (französische) Strukturalismus mit C. Lévi-Strauss — in systematisch irreführender Orientierung an der Phonologie — zugunsten eines gegenhermeneutischen Strukturbegriffs wieder preis. Andererseits tritt die von Mukařovský herausgestellte Eigenart der phänomenalen Selbstrückwendung des ästhetischen Zeichens in der strukturalen Konzentration auf seine „Vielschichtigkeit“ zwar — vor allem durch R. Jakobson — vollends in den Vordergrund, dabei gerät aber zugleich die (von Mukařovský angestrebte) Sinnexplikation des Poetischen bzw. Ästhetischen ganz aus dem Blick. Konkurrierende Theorien — insbesondere dermaterialistischen, psychoanalytischen undhermeneutischen Schule — haben, wie die Schlußbemerkung zeigt, zwar wesentliche Interpretationsgesichtspunkte, aber nichts hinreichend Spezifisches zur Bestimmung des ästhetischen Charakters der Literatur beigebracht. — Alles in allem eine offene Bilanz.
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    A note on the controversy between Rapp and Eichner (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 337-338 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die von F. Rapp propagierte „starke Falsifikation“ ist weder ein vertretbares noch ein in den empirischen Wissenschaften übliches Verfahren. Die gängigsten Verfahren zur Theorienmodifikation sind sogar mit der „starken Falsifikation“ logisch unverträglich. Außerdem ist die „starke Falsifikation“ häufig deshalb nicht anwendbar, weil wir bereits Instanzen kennen, welche die durch die „starke Falsifikation“ zu erzielende Hypothese falsifizieren würden. Die „starke Falsifikation“ schreibt ferner in manchen Fällen die Rückkehr zu bereits falsifizierten Hypothesen vor. Rapps Annahme, die Möglichkeit der wissenschaftlichen Prognose sei davon abhängig, ob man das Verfahren der „starken Falsifikation“ akzeptiert oder nicht, ist unhaltbar.
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    Eingegangene Bücher (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 426-430 
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    Zur konstruktivistischen Protophysik der Zeit (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 112-133 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung I. Einleitung: Prinzipien einer konstruktivistischen Rekonstruktion des Aufbaus von Wissenschaften. Die Stelle der Protophysik der Zeit in einem solchen Aufbau der Physik. Skizze der Ziele und der Struktur von JanichsProtophysik der Zeit und der wichtigsten immanenten Kriterien ihrer Beurteilung. II. Referat und immanente Kritik seiner grundlegenden Definition (D1). III. Ein konstruktivistischer Vorschlag zur Verbesserung von (D1) und zu einem akzeptablen Realisationsverfahren für sie. Eigentümlichkeiten dieses Realisationsverfahrens lassen bereits erwarten, daß Janichs ‘Eindeutigkeitsbeweis’ einen Fehler haben muß. IV. Skizze des Weges von (D1) bis zu den Forderungen für Uhren und dem angeblichen Eindeutigkeitsbeweis für diese. Untersuchung und Widerlegung dieses Beweises, mit dessen Haltbarkeit das ganze Unternehmen Janichs steht und fällt.
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    In memoriam Michael Polanyi (1891–1976) (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 22-29 
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    Revolutions in science and refinements in the analysis of causation (1977)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 48-62 
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    Notes: Summary A sufficient condition for a revolution in physics is a change in the concept of cause. To demonstrate this, we examine three developments in physical theory. After informally characterizing a theory in terms of an heuristic and a set of equations, we show how tensions between these two dimensions lead to the development of alternative theoretical accounts. In each case the crucial move results in a refinement of our account of cause. All these refinements taken together result in the emergence of a new conceptual framework in which ‘causation’ is evolving in a manner unrelated to the common sense understanding of the concept. Science has advanced in the past precisely because, when things happened whose causes were unknown, it was assumed that they had causes nevertheless. (1)
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    Exaktheit in der Philosophie (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 307-336 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Tatsache, daß eine Kommunikation zwischen den verschiedenen Richtungen der Philosophie in Deutschland entweder gar nicht stattfindet oder bestimmten heutzutage zu fordernden Rationalitätsstandards nicht genügt, wird in einem ersten allgemeinen Teil auf die großen Vor- und geringen Nachteile aufmerksam gemacht, die ein vor allem an gewissen fundamentalen Einsichten der sprachanalytischen Philosophie orientiertermethodischer Minimalkonsens mit sich brächte, und in einem spezielleren und wichtigeren zweiten Teil eine sprachphilosophische Lokalisation aller Arten von Inexaktheiten, die in normalsprachlichen (nicht nur philosophischen) Texten vorkommen können, mit dem praktischen Ziel vorgenommen, deren Vermeidung — soweit diese theoretisch überhaupt möglich ist — als zentralen Bestandteil des genannten Konsenses zu empfehlen.
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    Eine Lösung der „wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Antinomie der Quantenmechanik“ (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 149-156 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach W. Stegmüller besteht die „wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretische Antinomie der Quantenmechanik“ darin, daß die Quantenmechanik einerseits den Wahrscheinlichkeitskalkül nach Kolmogoroff verwendet, andererseits aber zu Ergebnissen zu gelangen scheint, die dem Wahrscheinlichkeitskalkül widersprechen: so werden Orts- und Impulsobservable als Zufallsvariable interpretiert, aber es existiert nach der Quantenmechanik keine gemeinsame Verteilungsfunktion dieser Zufallsvariablen. Mit einer wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Umformulierung einiger Ausführungen von G. Ludwig in [2] gelingt der Nachweis, daß Orts- und Impulsobservable Zufallsvariable aufverschiedenen Wahrscheinlichkeitsräumen sind. Daher steht die Aussage der Quantenmechanik, daß keine gemeinsame Verteilungsfunktion für Orts- und Impulsobservable existiert, nicht im Widerspruch zum Wahrscheinlichkeitskalkül nach Kolmogoroff.
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    Bemerkungen über die Explikation der kausalen Begriffe (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 207-224 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll ein in der analytischen Philosophie aufgestelltes Programm zur Explikation der kausalen Begrifflichkeit kritisch untersucht werden. Seine kritische Analyse mag im Hinblick auf die Rolle von Interesse sein, welche die kausalen Begriffe in einer allgemeinen Theorie der wissenschaftlichen Erklärung zu spielen haben. Diese Analyse könnte außerdem m. E. zur Bestimmung des Ausgangspunktes einer positiven Behandlung der mit den kausalen Begriffen zusammenhängenden Sinnfragen beitragen.
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    Disagreement in science (1978)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 276-292 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The argument of this paper is (1) that, contrary to what is often thought, there are cases of disagreement among scientists concerning the relative acceptability of theories which do not turn on nonrational or extra-scientific considerations, (2) that agreement cannot be secured without adversely affecting the scientific enterprise as we know it, and (3) that disagreement can be accommodated within a theory of scientific rationality and progress based on the idea that the relative acceptability of scientific theories is a function of their relative problem-solving effectiveness. The diversity of our opinions does not proceed from some men being more rational than others but solely from the fact that our thoughts pass through diverse channels and the same objects are not considered by all.’ Descartes, Discourse on Method.
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    In search of Saraswati: The ambivalence of the Indian academic (1977)
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    Higher education 6 (1977), S. 255-275 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract College teachers in India are the focus of this article. Working conditions, attitudes, and their organizational milieu are surveyed. Data for this article are provided by a case study of the University of Bombay. The ambivalent role of the college teacher as an individual with an inadequate income, declining social status, and yet the pretensions of professionalism is a theme of this article. The Indian teaching community has been called on to function in a rapidly expanding higher education system but with inadequate resources. This situation has led to declining standards of education in general, and in a demoralization of the academic community in particular. A tradition of bureaucratic involvement in academic affairs and only a limited amount of academic freedom have further retarded the growth of a profession and effective teaching community.
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    East African higher education from the community standpoint (1977)
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    Higher education 6 (1977), S. 45-66 
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    Notes: Abstract The concept of community education is considered in relation to higher education in East Africa. The case of the University of Dar es Salaam is taken as an example to show how the concept has been adapted to meet the needs of a university in a developing society. Orientations towards the community in terms of teaching, research and other activities are described. Problems of access, admission, control and participation are considered in the context of the changed conditions within which the university must operate. The suggestion is made that experience shows that an institution can re-order itself in such a way as to contribute more effectively to the national community it serves.
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    Evaluation of university instructors in the United States: The context (1977)
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    Higher education 6 (1977), S. 75-91 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper provides an overview of the context within which the teaching function in U.S. universities is carried out. It includes a conceptual scheme for the evaluation of instruction and suggests ways of analyzing evaluation in terms of (a) those components of the scheme which pertain to the instructor and his institutional context, and of (b) those which pertain to the institution and its societal context. The paper ends with advice for university administrators wishing to devise and implement evaluation for instructional improvement.
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    Book reviews (1977)
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    Higher education 6 (1977), S. 121-130 
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    The American professoriate and the movement toward unionization (1977)
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    Higher education 6 (1977), S. 139-164 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the movement away from professionalization and toward unionization by the American professoriate. A content analysis of the bi-annual addresses of the thrity-two past presidents of the American Association of University Professors demonstrates that the approach taken by this organization which has been central in representing the professional interests of the professoriate has been inadequate. The fact that academics are not independent professionals but carry out their research and pedagogical functions in bureaucratic structures makes their quest for autonomy particularly problematic. The traditional stance taken by the leadership of the American Association of University Professors seems to ignore the obstacles, e.g. the distribution of power in organizations, in the path of attaining full professional status. Consequently, the professoriate has not only fallen considerably short of its aspirations and is beset with a number of problems, e.g. continual violations of academic freedom, but increasing numbers have begun looking to labor unions to further their quest for professional status.
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    Recurrent education - The new Jerusalem (1977)
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    Higher education 6 (1977), S. 277-299 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The origins of the concept of recurrent education and the claims presently made for it are analyzed. The recurrent education policies presently pursued in six OECD countries are described. The theory of recurrent education and relevant empirical data are reviewed. The authors conclude that the concept of recurrent education requires clarification and that the costing of proposals for recurrent education should be undertaken.
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    Book reviews (1977)
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    Higher education 6 (1977), S. 383-401 
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    Problems in the context evaluation of individualized courses (1977)
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    Higher education 6 (1977), S. 437-452 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract From 1970 to 1974 an Individualized Study System (ISS) for mathematics courses for first year engineering students was developed. Because of changes in the curriculum, new courses had to be developed from August 1974. The context evaluation of these new courses (ISS-calculus) consisted mainly of the evaluation of the mathematics courses developed during the preceding years. After a year the Department decided to suspend ISS as a teaching system for calculus partly because of dissatisfaction of the teachers with ISS-calculus. This paper consists of two parts. Part one (sections 1,2) is a case study and summarizes the development of the system from 1970 to 1975. It examines in detail the problems encountered in this development with special attention to the role of the executive teacher. The organization of an ISS-course and the planning decisions to be taken become more complex according to the number of executive teachers. In part two (sections 3,4) we provide a classification of ISS courses to illustrate the complexity of the system and we offer some general advice on the management of individualized study systems.
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    The decision to enter higher education: The case of polytechnic sociology students (1977)
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    Higher education 6 (1977), S. 453-476 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the decision to enter higher education by students who entered British polytechnic degree courses in sociology/social studies. It is concerned with the extent to which occupational considerations affect the decision to enter and with relating these findings to theories of occupational choice. The paper commences with an examination of three models of occupational choice and summarises the findings of studies that have focused on the entry into higher education and occupational decision-making. The results of our own study, based on questionnaire and interview data, indicate that occupational considerations are of limited importance in the decision to enter sociology/social studies courses at polytechnics. Rather our data favours a model emphasizing the role of socio-cultural background of home and school creating expectations for higher education. Data on past decisions which affect educational careers indicated that entry into higher education was seen in terms of an automatic process rather than a conscious decision made for particular goals. In our population there was, however, a small vocationally oriented group who differed from other students, in which females and those under 18 years of age were over-represented, and who were predominantly from two colleges which offered vocational training in their courses. Our results, we conclude, lend support to a fortuitous model of occupational choice in respect of the decision to enter higher education. Expectations derived from socio-cultural backgrounds of the students were more important in determining entry than conscious occupational goals.
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    The resource allocation decision in U.S. colleges and universities: Practice, problems and recommendations (1978)
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    Higher education 7 (1978), S. 35-46 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Two hundred vice presidents of finance of colleges and universities in the United States were questioned about the evaluation processes currently used by their institutions in making resource allocation decisions. It appears that institutions of higher education act in a manner consistent with the objective of prestige maximization subject to some overall budget constraint. There is a strong parallel with hospital budgeting. The paper concludes with suggestions for improving allocation procedures particularly through the adoption of a more comprehensive and longer range approach to academic planning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129789
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    The structure of higher education in the German Democratic Republic (1978)
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    Higher education 7 (1978), S. 131-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The ability of the East German state to produce large cohorts of highly skilled graduates has contributed much to its becoming one of the leading industrial nations in the world. Originally reverting after the War to Länder control of the universities and colleges like the rest of Germany, the GDR soon went the opposite way from West Germany, seeing the way to a strong higher education system to be through the strict centralization of control. This article describes the three university reforms which have taken place and examines the implications of policy decisions. An investigation of the various organs of the government of higher education elucidates the disposition of authority at each level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129415
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    Book reviews (1978)
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    Higher education 7 (1978), S. 247-260 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129421
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    Mythology in the making: Is the Open University really cost-effective? (1978)
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    Higher education 7 (1978), S. 295-309 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Recent publications have concluded that the Open University is both more cost-effective and more “open” than conventional universities. In this paper the evidence for these claims is critically examined, and it is concluded that neither claim has been substantiated. An alternative technique, cost-effectiveness analysis, is proposed as a more appropriate way of evaluating the Open University. A rudimentary application of the technique to the cost structure of the OU indicates that there is a prima facie case for believing that its application would result in a substantial reduction in the Open University's costs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00139528
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    The questionable role of higher education as an occupational screening device (1978)
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    Higher education 7 (1978), S. 279-294 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Employers optimally pursue activities which facilitate the coordinating of employee characteristics and the requirements of the job. One allegedly important employee characteristic is the level of education. Employees with higher levels of education are rewarded with higher wages than employees with lower levels. This may occur if higher levels of education make an employee truly more productive or if because of an employer's beliefs only those individuals with higher levels of education are allowed to enter the higher paying positions (occupational screening). The above propositions are testable, depending crucially upon the theoretical model employed for determining occupational choices. We shall compare the implications of two possible occupation choice models: (1) enter the job which offers the highest lifetime income, (2) enter the job which offers the highest level of overall satisfaction. We estimate these two models using the NBER-TH data sample. By distributing our estimated results and the actual distribution of occupations over the education levels of high school, some college and BA we can see if more or less people are expected to enter specific occupations at each education level. Support for screening exists if more people are expected in high status occupations at low education levels than are actually in those occupations. When comparing the estimated results for each model we see different outcomes emerge. The latter indicates that screening does not exist while the former does. We present arguments as to why we feel that the second model is the more correct and appropriate and, consequently, why we feel that education is not an effective screening device.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00139527
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    Patterns of subsidies to higher education in Europe (1978)
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    Higher education 7 (1978), S. 331-361 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of government subsidies to higher education in France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (UK) are compared and contrasted. The subsidies are subsequently evaluated in the light of stated policy objectives, with particular attention to the objectives of efficiency and equity. Two extreme models of financing are considered; one in which public subsidy covers 100 per cent of the private costs of higher education, including income forgone by students, the other in which public subsidy to students is kept at a minimum. The study concludes that the ideal package from the standpoint of efficiency and equity is (1) a grants system in the last few years of secondary education; (2) a system of fees equal to about 30–50 per cent of institutional incomes and (3) an income contingent loan scheme (or graduate tax) for both undergraduate and postgraduate students.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00139530
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    Forecasting university enrollments by ratio smoothing (1978)
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    Higher education 7 (1978), S. 417-429 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A smoothing model was applied to the transition ratios of the number of university students in successive time periods. Each application was conditional on the department and year of student. The model was trained and validated, using a single university for one, two, and three time periods in advance. Results showed a reasonable error under conditions of conservative testing. Further, some enrollment trends were made apparent within the university studied. Since the model was simple in conception, not difficult to apply, and the results may be applied to any level of aggregation in the institution, implementation prospects appear to be relatively good.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00139656
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    Part-time education at tertiary level in the Netherlands (1978)
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    Higher education 7 (1978), S. 443-455 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In Holland there are not many opportunities of obtaining a university degree through studying in the evenings and at weekends. Only a few faculties have facilities and even these are limited. It is known, however, that at the moment there are no less than 10,000 students with full-time jobs (approximately 10% of the total number of university students). Finding adequate accommodation for this group is one of the major problems in the present educational system at Dutch Universities. The most important aim of the investigation reported in this paper was to establish a profile of the evening (or working) students, on the basis of personal and background data, motivation and the problems they had to cope with. We presented to the working students questions about the structural aspects, the didactic processes and the organisational planning of a curriculum at a possible future “Evening University of Holland”. This report recommends that an early start be made on an educational institution, organised nation-wide but with local departments, which focuses especially on working students.
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    The demand for student loans in higher education: A study of preferences and attitudes (1977)
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    Research in higher education 6 (1977), S. 65-83 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: higher education finance ; student loans ; loan preferences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This empirical study examined postsecondary-student attitudes and preferences regarding five discrete student loan plans and loan plan features. Certain demographic variables were examined for their relationship to student attitudes toward the various loan plans. The study addressed the following questions: What debt ceiling do students identify as acceptable? Are students willing to indebt themselves over an extended time span? What percent of annual income do they feel reasonably can be applied to loan repayment? Will students alter their repayment plan choices given additional and more detailed information about loan options? A random sample of 218 recipients of federal higher education loans during the 1973–74 academic year was drawn from the population of 6,765 undergraduate borrowers at the University Park Campus of the Pennsylvania State University.
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    Decentralization of authority in colleges and universities (1977)
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    Research in higher education 6 (1977), S. 97-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: decentralization ; authority ; bureaucracy ; higher education
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Research on 115 colleges and universities is used to test hypotheses about the relationships between organizational characteristics—including size, horizontal and vertical differentiation, complexity, and the qualifications of the faculty—and decentralization of authority in four issue areas: the creation of new departments, appointment of deans, faculty salary raises, and leaves of absence for faculty members. Little support is found for the hypotheses. We suggest, however, that a general pressures/risks model of decentralization can explain many of the empirical findings and that institutional tradition and history may be a major determinant of decentralization in some areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00991414
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    Citizens' educational values and their satisfaction with a state university (1977)
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    Research in higher education 6 (1977), S. 157-167 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: citizens ; state university
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study describes citizens' values regarding (1) the importance of various university goals and activities, (2) the importance of various academic fields or disciplines, and (3) the importance of various reasons for attending the University of Minnesota. The study examines the relationships between these categories of educational values and citizen satisfaction with the University of Minnesota. A stratified random sample of 722 Minnesota citizens received a questionnaire which had a series of items related to the purposes of the study; 56% returned completed questionnaires. Common factor analyses were used to identify categories of educational values. Citizens' values regarding important goals and activities of the university and their values regarding important reasons for attending the university were somewhat useful in explaining their satisfaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00991417
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    Salary increases and teaching effectiveness (1977)
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    Research in higher education 7 (1977), S. 167-185 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: faculty salaries ; teacher evaluations ; student ratings ; teaching emphasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between salary increases and student ratings of teaching effectiveness was studied for a sample of 266 faculty members at Kansas State University. Three measures of teaching effectiveness (student progress in meeting relevant course objectives, liking the instructor, and appreciation of the field of study) and two salary criteria (percent and dollar increases) were used. Several measures of the emphasis on the teaching function were used to determine if this variable moderated the relationship between salaries and student ratings. The effect of discipline was also examined. In general, there was a modest but significant correlation between ratings of teaching effectiveness and percent salary increase. The amount of emphasis given to the teaching function was a significant determinant of the strength of this relationship. Correlations were generally more pronounced in social science and humanities than in the science areas. Student motivation was highly correlated with effectiveness ratings, but was not regularly taken into account in salary recommendations.
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    Curricular choices and academic success of students enrolled in an elective studies degree program (1977)
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    Research in higher education 7 (1977), S. 257-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: elective studies ; academic success ; nontraditional students
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The present study investigated the transcripts of graduates of an elective studies degree program and compared those transcripts with the transcripts of a group of traditional liberal arts graduates. Results indicated that elective studies graduates developed individualized programs which, in terms of average number of credits completed within academic areas and departments, closely resembled averages for traditional students. Elective studies students, however, concentrated less within an academic discipline and completed courses in more departments, than regular liberal arts students did. Results for academic success variables indicated that elective studies students had slightly lower (but not significant) overall GPA's at graduation than the comparison group.
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    Student-environment interaction in the development of physical symptoms (1977)
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    Research in higher education 6 (1977), S. 139-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: college residence ; physical symptoms ; progressive conformity ; environmental resister
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study identifies personal characteristics which distinguish university students who conform to living group norms in complaints of physical symptoms from those who do not. Discriminant function analyses indicated significant differences between these two groups of students, and between males and females. For example, low-symptom females living in high-symptom living groups who did not themselves increase in symptoms (“environmental resisters”) were higher in dominance and religious concern and lower in social participation than those who increased in symptoms. For males, important discriminators between “conformers” and “resisters” were academic achievement and alcohol consumption. Further specification of psychological variables which relate to the degree of conformity or resistance to environmental influence is central to understanding the impact of educational settings such as student living groups and classrooms.
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    Consistency and variability among college students in rating their teachers and courses: A review and analysis (1977)
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    Research in higher education 6 (1977), S. 223-274 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: evaluation of college teachers ; course evaluation ; student ratings ; bias in ratings ; interior reliability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract As indicated by the reliability of individual ratings, college students are only moderately consistent in rating their teachers and courses, although these modest interrater associations do produce substantial reliabilities for composite ratings when the ratings of at least 20 to 25 students in a class are averaged together. The patterning and correlates of variability of student ratings within classes are examined. Certain attributes and experiences of students are weakly related to their ratings, and inconsistently so, across studies; others are more strongly and consistently related. Various correlates of student ratings have also been found to interact as well as linearly combine with one another in their association with ratings. Moreover, certain kinds of “fit” between teachers and different students in their classes are related to ratings. Whether various correlates of within-class ratings are to be interpreted as biasing factors or as natural influences on social perception is analyzed in terms of whether students' ratings are objective descriptions or subjective, evaluative reactions.
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    The CLEP General Examination validation program at the University of Illinois from 1970 to 1972 (1977)
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    Research in higher education 6 (1977), S. 343-353 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: CLEP validation ; validity study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The present article reports a validation program at a large midwestern university using the CLEP General Examinations for Social Sciences and History, Humanities, and Natural Sciences. It outlines the various meetings and discussions that took place among the representatives of the various colleges in discussing the implications of the validation studies. It details the decision-making process followed in determining the cutoff scores and the amount of credit to be granted in satisfying the four general educational requirements at the University. It also documents some of the problems encountered in arriving at a final set of cutoff scores.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992178
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    Roles and characteristics of department chairmen in state universities as related to level of decision-making (1977)
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    Research in higher education 6 (1977), S. 327-341 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: department chairmen ; chairman ; department head ; middle management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Academic departments and their chairmen have long been a part of colleges and universities. A tendency toward more centralization as a result of state and federal requirements could threaten the status and loci of power within departments. The present study seeks information on the outlook of departmental chairmen in order to provide background information on what motivates chairmen and their outlook on roles required to be played. This study, which has 1,198 responses from chairmen in 38 state universities, focuses on the perception of chairmen on where major decisions are made (university, college, or departmental level), characteristics of departments by academic field, and selected personal attributes of chairmen. The implication is made that goals, duties, and satisfactions of chairmen should be given serious attention before the institution responds to external or internal pressures to restrict the decision-making process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992177
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    Values of open admissions students, police students, and their teachers (1977)
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    Research in higher education 7 (1977), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: student-teacher values ; value changes ; values and academic success
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study compared the values of college open admissions students and of college police students to their teachers' values. It was found that for both groups new students differ from the faculty more than do advanced students, suggesting value changes in the direction of the faculty. Also found was no relationship between students' value similarity to the faculty and their academic success.
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    Measures of academic motivation: A conceptual review (1978)
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    Research in higher education 8 (1978), S. 1-23 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: academic motivation ; motivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This review examines the measurement of academic motivation in college students. It distinguishes pencil-and-paper group-administered instruments according to their conceptions of academic motivation: academic motivation taken as a single general motivation, as single specific motivations, or as a complex of motivations. It evaluates these classes of instruments in terms of the interpretability and the utility of the information each type of instrument is likely to provide.
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    Evaluating the quality of American universities: A new approach (1978)
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    Research in higher education 8 (1978), S. 97-109 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: quality of education ; university quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Considerable effort has been devoted to developing systematic rankings of the quality of American univerities. Some approaches focus on the assessments of knowledgeable individuals. Other approaches necessitate the accumulation of considerable data and the construction of some composite measure. The present article argues that researchers should devote more attention to faculty salary data. Utilizing the quartile deviation as a measure of institutional quality, the authors ranked the 138 major universities designated by the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) as Class I institutions. Because the authors' results were not strikingly different from other ranking systems and because salary data are readily available, the authors argue that studies of faculty salaries hold great promise as measures of institutional quality.
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    Leadership situations in academic departments: Relations among measures of situational favorableness and control (1978)
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    Research in higher education 8 (1978), S. 125-143 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: university departments ; community college divisions ; chairmen ; leadership ; control ; task structure ; faculty relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Measures of attributes of leadership situations faced by chairmen in academic divisions and departments were theoretically and empirically related. Measures of task structure and member relations were derived from Fiedler's (1967) Contingency Model of Leadership, and measures of total control and relative control were derived from Tannenbaum's (1967) Control Graph Theory. Two correlational studies using samples of community college divisions and university departments indicated that hypotheses derived from research undertaken in business and military settings were not generally supported in higher educational settings. Consistent findings across both studies indicated that high task structure (faculty homogeneity and academic task structure) is associated with better member relations and greater cooperation on administrative matters. Implications for administrators are briefly discussed.
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    Programmed achievement using a within-class control (1978)
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    Research in higher education 8 (1978), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: programmed achievement ; mastery learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract College students operated under different contingencies in the same classroom. The Programmed Achievement (PA) condition required students to evidence criterion performance (100% mastery) on 12 Chapter quizzes. Failure to evidence mastery performance on any of the quizzes resulted in the loss of a letter grade off the final course grade. The control condition involved a more traditional college classroom structure where students took chapter quizzes with no requirement to evidence mastery. A third group of low achievement students, identified at midterm, operated under control conditions the first half of the semester and were subsequently shifted to the PA contingency the second half of the semester. The results revealed only a slight superiority for PA students over controls and both PA and Control students demonstrated significantly better performance when compared to that of low achievement students prior to midterm. However, following the PA shift these subjects evidenced performance equivalent to that of the other two groups. Procedural and theoretical implications of these data were discussed.
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    Institutional research as organizational intelligence (1978)
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    Research in higher education 8 (1978), S. 189-192 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992119
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    An empirical study of factors related to expenditures and revenues in public doctoral-granting universities (1977)
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    Research in higher education 7 (1977), S. 207-228 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: budget factors ; cost study ; expenditures ; revenues ; regression models ; universities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study of expenditures and revenues of public doctoral-granting institutions in the United States illustrates empirical procedures for analyzing readily available, regularly collected data. Although the models described in the article are not entirely satisfactory, they do provide insights not available from other analytical procedures. The models indicate that major research universities and other doctoral granting institutions are different in terms of their expenditure and revenue patterns. They also suggest that student-related variables are of secondary importance in determining expenditure and revenue levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00991987
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    Factors associated with changes in prestige of university departments (1977)
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    Research in higher education 7 (1977), S. 229-255 
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    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: prestige ; university departments ; reputational change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Four models of possible predictors of changes in prestige for university departments are advanced and tested using multiple regression. Changes in prestige are measured using a residual change score derived from the ratings of departments in various disciplines collected by American Council of Education in 1964 and 1969. The models are tested using data collected from 1,164 faculty in 80 university departments in 1968, and from published sources for that same year. Results indicate that a resource model is the best predictor for sociology, and that a research productivity model and an organizational model were good predictors of reputational change for political science and chemistry. For physics, only one organizational variable was an important predictor. The fourth model tested involved reputation of faculty within the department, and this model yielded the fewest significant results. A composite predictive equation was then used, retaining variables that had emerged as significant in earlier analyses. Results again exhibited large differences across scientific fields, suggesting that there is no single set of factors that can reliably predict improvement or decline in prestige across all disciplines.
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