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  • ASTROPHYSICS  (811)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (811)
  • 1978  (379)
  • 1977  (432)
  • 101
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    On the hydrodynamic expansion of a relativistic gas (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An exact solution to the one-dimensional relativistic Euler equations is presented which is not of a self-similar nature and which satisfies certain initial conditions found to be appropriate in describing high-energy cosmic-ray collisions and models of radio galaxies. A full numerical analysis is performed to demonstrate the temporal behavior of all relevant thermodynamic quantities at any given point in the expansion. The results indicate that the motion is self-similar at the very beginning of free expansion, that this description ceases to be valid when the entire bulk of fluid is in motion, and that with the passage of time, the nonsimilar solution prevails over more and more of the fluid except for a small region near the leading edge where the fluid borders on the vacuum. The very bulk of the expansion is shown to become nonsimilar because the leading edge of the self-similar solution moves into the vacuum at the speed of light while that of the nonsimilar solution approaches c only asymptotically. The relativistic expansion of a gaseous disk is analyzed as an example.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 213
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  • 102
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    The structure of W49 A as deduced from molecular and recombination line observations (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The molecular cloud complex W49 A has been observed in the 2.6-mm CO line, the 2-cm H2CO line, and the H76-alpha recombination line. These observations are most consistent with a picture of the complex in which a large H II region lies between two massive molecular clouds. Using a simple hydrodynamic model coupled with calculations of radiative transfer in the recombination lines, it is found that many of the spectral-line and continuum observations obtained on this region can be naturally explained, including: (1) the multiple structure observed in the molecular lines and the single structure in the recombination lines; (2) the local standard of rest (LSR) velocities of both the molecular and recombination lines; (3) the velocity gradients observed in the lines; (4) the continuum emission from the H II region; and (5) the line widths and line-to-continuum ratios of the recombination lines.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 212
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  • 103
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    X-radiation from clusters of galaxies - Spectral evidence for a hot evolved gas (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: OSO-8 observations of the X-ray flux in the range between 2 and 60 keV from the Virgo, Perseus, and Coma clusters provide strong evidence for the thermal origin of the radiation, including iron-line emission. The data are adequately described by emission from an isothermal plasma with an iron abundance in near agreement with cosmic levels. A power-law description is generally less acceptable and is ruled out in the case of Perseus. Implications of the origin of the cluster gas are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 211; Jan. 15
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  • 104
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    Line blocking factors in the ultraviolet spectra of 35 B6 to A0 stars (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observed line-blocking factors for stars of spectral types B6 to A0 are presented which were measured on spectral tracings observed over the wavelength ranges from 2064 to 2158 A, 2496 to 2590 A, and 2775 to 2867 A with the S 59 spectrometer on the ESRO TD 1A satellite. Twenty-six stars having normal spectra were observed along with 12 stars having abnormal spectra. The results for normal and abnormal stars are compared to determine the changes in line blocking related to each type of spectral peculiarity. Detailed descriptions are given of the line-blocking factors in different spectral channels for a B8 supergiant, three Be stars, a shell star, two eclipsing binaries, an Hg-Mn star, and several peculiar B and A stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 54; 2, Ja; Jan. 197
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  • 105
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    Optical, infrared, and X-ray observations of NGC 6624 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 211; Jan. 1
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  • 106
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    Does the upper main sequence extend across the whole H-R diagram (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of using Carson's (1976) radiative opacities in evolutionary sequences of stellar models has been studied over the mass range from 7 to 60 solar masses. The opacities are very large in the outer part of the envelope and induce such enormous radii for masses greater than about 30 solar masses for a heavy-element fraction of 0.02 or about 20 solar masses for a heavy-element fraction of 0.04 that the evolutionary tracks during the phase of core hydrogen burning extend across the whole H-R diagram. The choice of the Schwarschild or Ledoux criterion for convection makes very little difference for the behavior of the tracks. Evolution through the effective-temperature range (in logarithms) of 3.6 to 4.0 occurs in all cases on a rapid (secular) time scale. Core helium burning takes place exclusively in the red-supergiant configuration for stellar masses exceeding 8 solar masses (heavy-element fraction of 0.02) or 6 solar masses (heavy-element fraction of 0.04). These stellar models seem to be in significantly better agreement with the observed distribution of bright stars on the H-R diagram than are the older models based on the Cox-Stewart opacities. It can be inferred that a large envelope opacity (e.g., Carson's) exists and that substantial mass loss takes place in very massive late-type supergiants.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 211; Jan. 1
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  • 107
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    Hercules X-1 = HZ Herculis - A multiperiod variable (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Fundamental rotation properties of the free modes of oscillation of a star are employed to account for the various periodicities observed in the X-ray binary system HZ Her/Her X-1. The various rotation rates may be taken as defining a set of beat periods associated with the quasiregular flareups of HZ Her. This analysis, involving only one free parameter, provides a single physical mechanism to explain five observed periods of the binary system, including periods of 1.7 days, 35 days and 10 to 12 years.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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  • 108
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    The rocket-ultraviolet spectrum and models of the planetary nebula NGC 7662 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Ultraviolet spectral analysis of NGC 7662 has revealed a Balmer line distribution indicating a C/O ratio of unity. This abundance of carbon is characteristic of mixing between the central star and the outer envelope of the planetary nebula. A continuum spectrum is observed from the star and the nebula, radiating its energy via the two photon process through neutral hydrogen. Spectral lines were fitted to apply to the predictions of three models of the nebular structure. UV observations were compared with visible, IR, and radio observations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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  • 109
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    Gas stream in Algol (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Additional absorption features in the red wings of the Mg II resonance lines near 2800 A are found in observations of Algol made from the Copernicus satellite. The absorption features were clearly seen only during a part of the primary eclipse, in the phase interval 0.90-0.03. The observations are interpreted as being produced by a stream of matter flowing from Algol B in the direction of Algol A. The measured Doppler shifts of the features give the value of 150 km/s as the characteristic velocity of matter in the stream. The mass transfer connected with the stream is estimated to be of the order of 10 to the -13th power solar mass per year.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 52; 1, No; Nov. 197
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  • 110
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    Bispectral analysis of meter wavelength interplanetary scintillation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The bispectrum of interplanetary scintillation is investigated. Rice-squared and lognormal point-source intensity probability density functions are used to derive model bispectra as functionals of the intensity autocovariance. Simultaneous observations of the source CTA 21 at 270, 340, and 470 MHz are analyzed to produce scintillation indices, skewness parameters, and bispectra, which are compared with the models for the cases of weak, intermediate, and strong scattering. The results obtained for CTA 21 are shown to rule out lognormal statistics for interplanetary scintillation over the frequency range from 340 to 470 MHz. It is found that the observed bispectra correspond well with the predictions of the Rice-squared model for weak and intermediate scattering, but are systematically different from model bispectra computed by assuming a point source in the case of strong scattering.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 61; 3, No; Nov. 197
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  • 111
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    Microwave continuum radiation from comet West 1975n (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Continuum emission at wavelength 3.71 cm was observed from the nuclear region of comet West 1975n on March 5, 1976. The flux density was 0.040 Jy, which is uncertain by 25% due to calibration. Assuming that the source was a uniformly illuminated disk, the diameter was no more than about 1100 km and the brightness temperature was at least 330 + or - 85 K. On March 4, 1976, similar observations yielded only an upper limit (two standard deviations) to the flux density of 0.010 Jy. Thus it appears that the source turned on with a time scale of 1 day or less, at about the time that the short-lived cometary daughter nucleus 'C' split from the main nucleus 'A'. Similar emission was observed from comet Kohoutek 1973f. In each case, it appears that the microwave emission can be interpreted as thermal radiation from a temporarily enhanced icy-grain halo (IGH). If this interpretation is correct, then the actual temperature (which is assumed to be approximately equal to the nuclear surface temperature) must be in the range 200-250 K, roughly compatible with the observations, in order to satisfy the IGH models of Delsemme (1973).
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 218
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  • 112
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    Interpretation of Beta Lyrae. III - A study of the disk around the secondary component (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Light curves of Beta Lyrae available in the far-ultraviolet, visual, and infrared regions of the spectrum at numerous phases in eclipse are analyzed in order to investigate the physical and radiative nature of the disk surrounding the secondary component. The results of this analysis together with those of other investigators lead to the proposal that the outer regions of the disk are dominated by free electrons. This electron-scattering envelope is most likely the source of infrared radiation as well as the cause of the observed polarization. However, the radiation in the region from the optical to the far-ultraviolet comes mainly from submerged layers where local thermodynamic equilibrium prevails. These layers represent the photosphere of either the disk or the secondary component itself.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 218
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  • 113
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    Absence of detectable X rays from supercluster candidate 4U0134-11 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 270; Nov. 10
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  • 114
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    White-dwarf variability and the rotation of g-modes (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The multiperiodic behavior clearly evident after Fourier analysis of many DA white-dwarf light curves is interpreted as arising from outbursts whose timing is regulated by the rotation and oscillation of the star. A model is proposed on the basis of three main assumptions: (1) a broad array of g-mode oscillations is taking place all the time in DA white-dwarf variables; (2) slow rotation permits most of the g-modes to couple and form a small group of nonlinear modes, each characterized by one of the indices of the spherical harmonic functions involved; and (3) the observed brightenings of the star are produced by upwelling of convection on a large horizontal scale when the antinodes of the nonlinear oscillation patterns periodically rotate into alignment and cause a temporary local enhancement of energy per unit volume. This model is used to match precisely almost every strong periodicity observed in the complex light curves of the DA white dwarfs G207-9, G38-29, G29-38, and HL Tau 76. If the model has been applied correctly, the results indicate that all four of these variables are rotating slowly with periods in the range from 250 to 500 sec.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 216
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  • 115
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    Scale-covariant theory of gravitation and astrophysical applications (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A scale-covariant theory of gravitation is presented which is characterized by a set of equations that are complete only after a choice of the scale function is made. Special attention is given to gauge conditions and units which allow gravitational phenomena to be described in atomic units. The generalized gravitational-field equations are derived by performing a direct scale transformation, by extending Riemannian geometry to Weyl geometry through the introduction of the notion of cotensors, and from a variation principle. Modified conservation laws are provided, a set of dynamical equations is obtained, and astrophysical consequences are considered. The theory is applied to examine certain homogeneous cosmological solutions, perihelion shifts, light deflections, secular variations of planetary orbital elements, stellar structure equations for a star in quasi-static equilibrium, and the past thermal history of earth. The possible relation of the scale-covariant theory to gauge field theories and their predictions of cosmological constants is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 16
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  • 116
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    The light curve of the nucleus of comet d'Arrest (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper reports new photoelectric photometry of the nucleus of P/d'Arrest (1976e) during August 4, 5, and 6, 1976 (UT), just before perihelion passage. The comet appeared as a bright stellar nucleus with a faint surrounding coma. The average visual magnitude from the nuclear region (16-arcsec diaphragm) was 11.60. The visual brightness varies with an amplitude of 0.15 plus or minus 0.02 mag. There is evidence for a period of 5.17 plus or minus 0.01 hr. We interpret such a periodic variation as due to the rotation of the nucleus. The colors of the nuclear region are very similar to those of a solar-type star, and they do not vary significantly with aspect angle.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 117
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    Superdense neutron matter (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A relativistic theory of high-density matter is presented which takes into account the short-range interaction due to the exchange of spin-2 mesons. An equation of state is derived and used to compute neutron-star properties. The prediction of the theory for the values of maximum mass and moment of inertia for a stable neutron star are 1.75 solar masses and 1.68 by 10 to the 45th power g-sq cm, in very good agreement with the presently known observational bounds. The corresponding radius is found to be 10.7 km. It is found that the inclusion of the spin-2 interaction reduces the disagreement between the relativistic and nonrelativistic theories in their predictions of masses and moments of inertia.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 118
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    Some problems with the interpretation of recent microwave background observations in the direction of galaxy clusters, or, beware of negative antenna temperatures (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recently reported observations of the 3-K microwave background in the direction of rich clusters of galaxies should be viewed as placing stringent limits on the mass of cooler ionized gas within the clusters, rather than as a verification of thermal bremsstrahlung models for cluster X-ray sources. At the high radio frequencies employed in the observations, there is a positive contribution to the observed source-brightness distributions from free-free emission by any cooler gas. This can overwhelm the anticipated inverse Compton diminution of the background radiation, even when the total mass in cooler gas is significantly less than the mass of hot plasma required to explain the X-ray source. Future experiments of this type should be conducted only when atmospheric stability is sufficient to permit lengthy drift scans across the clusters. Extreme care must be taken to remove the contributions from any discrete sources.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 220
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  • 119
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    An interstellar cloud density from Copernicus observations of CO in the spectrum of Zeta Ophiuchi (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Interstellar CO absorption bands in Copernicus spectra of Zeta Oph have been studied. Absorption profiles, computed under the assumption that excitation is due to collisions with H2 molecules and interaction with the 3-K background radiation field, were fitted to the reduced data of nine bands. When a gas kinetic temperature of 56 K is assumed, the best-fit condition implies a hydrogen-nucleus density of 120 per cu cm, a CO column density of 1.2 by 10 to the 15th power per sq cm, and a radial-velocity dispersion of 0.9 km/s. The relevance of these results to existing ideas concerning the Zeta Oph interstellar clouds is discussed. It is suggested that the strongest interstellar component is not circumstellar in origin but is instead part of a supernova remnant. Simple calculations are made to establish the plausibility of the supernova-remnant identification. This suggestion is also supported by Heiles's (1976) 21-cm pictures.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 220
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  • 120
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    Heliocentric distance dependence of the interplanetary magnetic field (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Numerous spacecraft measurements bearing on the heliocentric distance dependencies of both large- and small-scale properties of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) are assembled and compared. These data tend to indicate that the average of the radial field component varies as the inverse square of distance. However, the azimuthal component is rather strongly a function of time, being influenced by both the time-dependent solar wind speed and the evolution of the source field at the sun. Thus, unless the solar wind speed dependence is taken into account, individual sets of measurements by a single spacecraft give an azimuthal component gradient which is steeper than the inverse distance dependence predicted from the Parker spiral model. A least squares fit to the composite (five spacecraft) solar rotation average data set gives a result close to the inverse distance dependence. Preliminary Helios results suggest general consistency with the spiral model.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 16; Feb. 197
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  • 121
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    ISAs and the dwarf content of the inner nuclear regions of M31 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 37; May 1978
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  • 122
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    On the detection of newly created CN radicals in comets (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A description is presented of laboratory measurements concerning the amount and the distribution of energy released into newly formed radicals by the photodissociation process. The experimental method used involved flash photolysis of the parent compound followed by laser induced fluorescence detection of the CN fragment. This method allowed the detection of individual rotational lines and, thereby, a monitoring of the relative populations of the vibrational-rotational levels of the CN ground state. The results obtained in the investigation suggest the possibility of observing emission lines in cometary spectra from newly formed CN radicals. Calculations show that it is feasible with present observational techniques to detect photochemically excited lines in the 0-0 band of the violet system.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 34; May 1978
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  • 123
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    Nova-driven winds in globular clusters (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent sensitive searches for H-alpha emission from ionized intracluster gas in globular clusters have set upper limits that conflict with theoretical predictions. It is suggested that nova outbursts heat the gas, producing winds that resolve this discrepancy. The incidence of novae in globular clusters, the conversion of kinetic energy of the nova shell to thermal energy of the intracluster gas, and the characteristics of the resultant winds are discussed. Calculated emission from the nova-driven models does not conflict with any observations to date. Some suggestions are made concerning the most promising approaches for future detection of intracluster gas on the basis of these models. The possible relationship of nova-driven winds to globular cluster X-ray sources is also considered.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 222
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  • 124
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    Plasma electron observations in the wake of Venus (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two plasma regimes were observed in the Venus wake, one characterized by negative-going anisotropies accompanied by high bulk speeds and low magnetic variance, and the other characterized by positive-going anisotropies accompanied by low bulk speeds and high magnetic variance. The two modes alternate in time in a stochastic bimodal fashion as interplanetary magnetic field discontinuities propagate past Venus and switch on the positive anisotropies. The positive mode probably represents enhanced planetary ion pickup which results in instabilities, the damping of which energizes the electrons in the distant wake.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Apr. 1
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  • 125
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    Thermal continuum from acretion disks in quasars (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is argued that supermassive accretion in disks may explain the flat optical continuum observed from some QSOs and Seyfert galaxies. With the aid of energy considerations it is shown that a luminous QSO may be powered by accretion onto a black hole with a mass corresponding to that of 100 million solar masses. It is proposed that the blue continuum component of 3C 273 is thermal continuum emission from the inner part of an accretion disk that powers 3C 273. The present model suggests that many QSOs and Seyfert galaxies may show a power law continuum plus thermal emission from the disk at optical or UV frequencies. Many such objects show indeed a flattening or upturn of their continua in the blue. The QSO PHL 957 shows a flat continuum and indications of a cutoff at the highest observed frequencies.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 272; Apr. 20
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  • 126
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    Interplanetary gas. XXII - Interaction of comet Kohoutek's ion tail with the compression region of a solar-wind corotating stream (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An apparently successful identification of a comet-tail feature with a solar-wind event is presented. Photographs of comet Kohoutek 1973f show a large-scale disturbance in the middle and outer regions of the ion tail early on January 20 of 1974. On the previous and succeeding days the comet had, however, a 'normal' and less active appearance. The peculiar tail structure is linked to an encounter with rapidly changing solar-wind conditions on the forward edge of the high-velocity solar-wind stream which encountered the earth late on January 24. The stream produced a geomagnetic storm of the recurrent type. The high-speed stream appears to have been associated with a large near-equatorial coronal hole which underwent central meridian passage on January 22. It is proposed that the comet was in the compression region on the stream forward edge at the time of formation of the tail disturbance. The accuracy of the time delays is actually tested by an application of the wind shock theory of ionic tail orientations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 127
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    Extended observations of Vela X-1 by OSO 8 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Cosmic X-Ray experiment aboard OSO 8 viewed the X-ray binary pulsar, Vela X-1, on three occasions from late 1975 through late 1976. The X-ray spectrum is well-represented by a power law modified by photoelectric absorption, a high-energy cutoff, and a line feature at about 6.8 keV. When combined with other observations, the reported measurements show that the pulse period is not decreasing monotonically. The three eclipses observed all indicate a significant eclipse flux.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 128
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    Pulsational stabilities of a star in thermal imbalance - Comparison between the methods (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The stability coefficients for quasi-adiabatic pulsations for a model in thermal imbalance are evaluated using the dynamical energy (DE) approach, the total (kinetic plus potential) energy (TE) approach, and the small amplitude (SA) approaches. From a comparison among the methods, it is found that there can exist two distinct stability coefficients under conditions of thermal imbalance as pointed out by Demaret. It is shown that both the TE approaches lead to one stability coefficient, while both the SA approaches lead to another coefficient. The coefficient obtained through the energy approaches is identified as the one which determines the stability of the velocity amplitudes. For a prenova model with a thin hydrogen-burning shell in thermal imbalance, several radial modes are found to be unstable both for radial displacements and for velocity amplitudes. However, a new kind of pulsational instability also appears, viz., while the radial displacements are unstable, the velocity amplitudes may be stabilized through the thermal imbalance terms.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 129
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    The spectrum of HM Sagittae - A planetary nebula excited by a Wolf-Rayet Star (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Letters; 19; 3, 19; 1978
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  • 130
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    Enriched gas in clusters and the dynamics of galaxies and clusters Implications for theories of galaxy formation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent observations of the rotation of elliptical galaxies and of X-ray clusters are cited in developing a simple model for the formation of elliptical and spiral galaxies; the model provides for continuous galaxy formation from redshift values of about 100 onwards. In particular, it is argued that a fundamental alteration in the manner in which cosmic material fragmented to form stellar objects took place at a redshift value of approximately five. This change of regime may be employed to explain the formation of Population I disks, the origin of hot intracluster gas, the galaxy luminosity function, and the mass-to-light ratio stratification of galaxies.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Comments on Modern Physics; vol. 7
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  • 131
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    A model of V356 Sagittarii (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is pointed out that V356 Sgr is an abnormal member of the Algol class of binaries. According to Popper (1955), the primary component is of spectral type B3V and is rotating rapidly, while the secondary is of type A2II and is rotating at least approximately in synchronism with the orbital motion. The system is either semidetached or quite near to being semidetached. The main anomalies are related to the ratio of eclipse depths, the very small reflection effect of the light curves, differences between the duration of the primary and the secondary eclipse, and the unusual characteristics of the primary eclipse. It is concluded that the lack of agreement between theory and observation can be due only to an important attribute of the binary which has not yet been incorporated into the theory. The peculiarities can most reasonably be explained in terms of a geometrically and optically thick disk which surrounds the primary component.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 132
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    Energetic secondary electrons and the nonthermal galactic radio background - A probe of the magnetic field in interstellar clouds (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A previous analysis of the manifestations of charged-pion-decay secondary electrons in interstellar cloud material is extended to include those contributions to the Galactic radio and soft gamma-ray backgrounds that are directly attributable to energetic secondaries. The equilibrium distribution of secondary electrons in dense interstellar clouds is calculated, synchrotron emissivity from isolated interstellar clouds is examined, and it is shown how the value of the magnetic field in these clouds may be determined by observing the radio emission in their directions. The contribution that such clouds make to the integrated radio background is evaluated, and the Galactic distribution of bremsstrahlung gamma rays that arise from interactions of secondary electrons with thermal material in dense clouds is computed. The results indicate that a magnetic field of no more than 80 microgauss is characteristic of dense clouds and that the integrated synchrotron radiation from secondary electrons in interstellar clouds will contribute a significant fraction of the nonthermal brightness along the Galactic equator even if the mean cloud field is as low as 35 microgauss.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 133
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    Baryon symmetric big bang cosmology (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Both the quantum theory and Einsteins theory of special relativity lead to the supposition that matter and antimatter were produced in equal quantities during the big bang. It is noted that local matter/antimatter asymmetries may be reconciled with universal symmetry by assuming (1) a slight imbalance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, annihilation, and a subsequent remainder of matter; (2) localized regions of excess for one or the other type of matter as an initial condition; and (3) an extremely dense, high temperature state with zero net baryon number; i.e., matter/antimatter symmetry. Attention is given to the third assumption, which is the simplest and the most in keeping with current knowledge of the cosmos, especially as pertains the universality of 3 K background radiation. Mechanisms of galaxy formation are discussed, whereby matter and antimatter might have collided and annihilated each other, or have coexisted (and continue to coexist) at vast distances. It is pointed out that baryon symmetric big bang cosmology could probably be proved if an antinucleus could be detected in cosmic radiation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 273; June 15
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  • 134
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    Origin and evolution of the radio emission from immediate postoutburst supernovae (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Several models for the radio emission from immediate postoutburst supernovae are examined under the assumption that the expanding remnant consists of a homogeneously mixed distribution of relativistic particles, magnetic field, and thermal plasma. The evolutionary models are: (1) an adiabatic expansion model; (2) a model incorporating the existence of a central pulsar; and (3) variations on the first two models in which relativistic electrons are accelerated either instantaneously or over an extended period of time and in which ionization, bremsstrahlung, synchrotron, Compton, and expansion losses are explicitly included. The character of the radio emission expected from these models is quite dissimilar. Whereas in adiabatic expansion models the emission is expected to increase slowly and become most intense at high frequencies, in models involving a central pulsar the emission should increase rapidly with a maximum flux density that is the same at all frequencies. The theoretical evolution of the radio emission for each model is compared with observations of SN 1970g.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 220
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  • 135
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    Nuclear brightness profiles of the X-ray globular cluster M15 compared to M3, M5, and M13 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Densitometer tracings of the globular clusters M3, M5, M13 and M15 indicate that the central peak of the brightness profile for M15 is narrower in the red than in the blue region. It is suggested that the red excess in the nucleus of M15 is due to red giants.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; May 1978
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  • 136
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    Maximum temperatures during the formation of the solar nebula (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Most numerical models of cloud collapse yield the result that temperatures were never above 1000 K at distances not less than 1 AU from the axis of the forming solar system. In contrast, most meteorite researchers hold that higher temperatures are necessary to account for a variety of elemental fractionations found between groups of meteorites, between members of a single group, and between components of a single meteorite. A summary of the researchers' viewpoint is presented. An investigation is conducted of the evidence which indicates that chondrites were formed in the solar nebula. Attention is also given to the maximum nebular temperatures during the formation of chondrites.
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  • 137
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    The chaotic solar nebula - Evidence for episodic condensation in several distinct zones (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Abundances of rare earth elements in Allende inclusions are considered along with the rim sequence on coarse-grained chondrules. It is found that in at least several zones the nebula went through episodes of condensation and gas/grain separation. Four separate zones are required to make the two types of fine-grained aggregates and the two types of coarse-grained chondrules. Other types of inclusions in Allende, such as the olivine aggregates, may well require additional condensation zones. All of these conclusions are based on data from one meteorite. Although the details of the gas/grain separation mechanism in these zones is not well understood, it is clear that a single monotonic-cooling condensation sequence followed by isolation of grains from gas cannot account for the observations.
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  • 138
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    Interplanetary dust - Possible implications for comets and presolar interstellar grains (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Interplanetary dust is important to studies of the origin of the solar system because it is material from comets and asteroids, the smallest surviving bodies from the early solar system. The fact that comets are the major suppliers of the millimeter meteoroids which produce optical meteors suggests that a significant fraction of the submillimeter portion of the meteoroid complex is also cometary material. While comets are probably the major source, it is important to remember that the dust presently impacting the earth was probably generated by a number of different parent bodies. The collection of interplanetary dust is considered and a description is presented of the physical properties of interplanetary dust, taking into account the structure, elemental composition, and mineralogy.
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  • 139
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    IMF structures between 0.3 and 1 A.U. - A comparison of two-spacecraft observations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Interplanetary-magnetic-field observations by Helios 1 and IMP 8 have been compared for a period of time (corresponding to four solar rotations) in which the radial and latitudinal separations between spacecraft, respectively, ranged between 0 and 0.69 AU and 0 and 14.5 degrees. The correspondence between macrostructural features is good even when the observing spacecraft are located at opposite sides of the solar equatorial plane. Unipolar regions of the interplanetary magnetic field are confirmed as steady-state, corotating structures and are also mostly consistent with a quite regular extension of the field polarities of the observed coronal holes. There are, however, interesting examples of recurrent unipolar regions which are not associated with the recurrent pattern of high-velocity streams. A comparison of two field enhancements suggests that these structures do not experience significant modifications with the heliocentric distance.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nuovo Cimento C; vol. 1C
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  • 140
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    Neutron stars (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Quantum-mechanical processes associated with the presence of high magnetic fields and the effect of such fields on the evolution of neutron stars are reviewed. A technical description of the interior of a neutron star is presented. The neutron star-pulsar relation is reviewed and consideration is given to supernovae explosions, flux conservation in neutron stars, gauge-invariant derivation of the equation of state for a strongly magnetized gas, neutron beta-decay, and the stability condition for a neutron star.
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  • 141
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    X-ray emission from RS CVn systems - A progress report (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A report is given on progress made in a search for soft X-ray emission from RS CVn systems, using the low-energy detectors aboard HEAO 1. To date, nine systems have been seen. The properties of these systems are discussed. The failure to detect certain systems is considered. The possibility is discussed of discovering hitherto unknown RS CVn systems with soft X-ray observations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; Dec. 197
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  • 142
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    Stellar winds and the evolution of luminous stars (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of a stellar wind on the evolution of stars in the mass range 7-60 solar masses has been investigated for stellar models in which Carson's opacities have been employed. Several cases of mass loss have been considered. It is found that the assumption of heavy mass loss from both blue and red supergiants can account well for the relevant observations of OBN stars, WN stars, and very luminous supergiants of all spectral types. But no amount of mass loss can account adequately for the properties of the B supergiants of lowest luminosity. A critical comparison is made between the present results and some earlier results based on the adoption of Cox-Stewart opacities.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 143
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    On the nature and origin of comets and their contribution to planets (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The rotation of cometary nuclei and certain properties of cometary ices are discussed. Observations show that comets were formed at extremely low temperatures and probably contain amorphous ices that give off exothermal energy on mild heating. While a large comet has a slow rotation period, many smaller typical comets appear to be rotating rapidly, indicating that encounters among them were frequent during formation. An estimate for the product of the relaxation time for encounters and the mean space density near the end of comet formation is presented, and a time scale of approximately 1,000,000 yr for comet accumulation is suggested. Some probable and possible contribution of comets to the solar system are summarized.
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  • 144
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    IUE observations of the interstellar medium (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results from a preliminary study of interstellar absorption lines in the spectra of the three stars HD149757, HD93521 and HD153919, observed by the IUE during its commissioning phase are presented. They demonstrate the capabilities of the IUE for interstellar research. Results from a preliminary study of the emission line spectrum of the planetary nebula NGC 7027 are outlined and used to study its interstellar reddening.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 275; Oct. 5
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  • 145
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    A consistent age for the Universe (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The constraints associated with traditional dating methods for determining the age of the universe are combined in the context of the standard cosmological model to see which age can satisfy them all. The allowed age of the universe is found to range from 13.5 to 15.5 times 1,000,000,000 years in accordance with the limits for the density parameter being 0.06 and 0.3 and the limits for the heavy element mass fraction of globular clusters being 0.0001 and 0.001. The proposed range for the age of the universe agrees with Friedmann's description of the universe.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 274; Aug. 17
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  • 146
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    The X-ray source Serpens X-1 - Ariel 5 observations and discussion of models for the spectrum and time variability (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental data from Ariel 5 on the spectral shape and time variability of Ser X-1 are presented, and possible explanations for the observations are discussed in terms of current theoretical suggestions for source emission. The observations are summarized in the form of a light curve for 3-7.6-keV photons. The data are fitted with a power law of index -2.3, which yields a hydrogen column density of (1.1 + or - 0.4) x 10 to the 22nd power atoms/sq cm. No persistent periodicity of amplitude greater than 5% of the steady flux is found, but evidence of statistically significant burst activity is obtained. Various emission mechanisms are considered for the time-averaged spectrum and the X-ray bursts. It is suggested that the inverse Compton mechanism is a likely cause for the emission from this source and that the source is radiating near the Eddington limit.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 184
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  • 147
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    Detection of the C4H radical toward IRC plus 10216 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Four emission doublets in the millimeter-wave spectrum of IRC plus 10216 are identified as successive rotational transitions of the linear butadiynyl radical (C4H). The identifications are made on the basis of the agreement to within about 1 part in 1000 between the observed rotation constant of C4H and the value obtained from a Hartree-Fock calculation. A rough estimate of the amounts of C4H and C3N in the molecular envelope of IRC plus 10216 is given. The results indicate that C4H seems to be the more abundant species by about a factor of 4.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 148
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    The far-infrared spectrum of S140 IR (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectrum of S140 IR from 65 to 345 kaysers (155-29 microns) has been measured with 9.4-kayser resolution. The emission in this spectral range is consistent with a 9-arcsec-diameter blackbody radiating at a temperature of 70 K. Attempts at finding a self-consistent radiative-transfer model of the source suggest that the near- and far-infrared observations cannot result from a spherically symmetric nebula with a continuous density distribution and a central exciting source. A number of compact near-infrared sources may be embedded in the cloud.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 149
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    On the stability of disklike galaxies in massive halos (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for a series of disk-galaxy simulations carried out as part of a systematic search for disk-galaxy models that show little change over the time of several galactic rotations. Systems in a given fixed external field, such as might be provided by a massive halo, are considered. The analysis is performed in terms of two parameters: the fraction of the total mass that resides in the active disk and the velocity dispersion in the active disk. The amount of halo mass required to stabilize a disk with a given velocity dispersion is investigated along with the question of whether any amount of halo mass can stabilize a completely 'cold' disk galaxy. The experimental results are quoted as growth rates estimated from plots of the amplitudes of Fourier analyses of the density in each of a set of narrow annuli, and systematic trends in the dependence of growth rates on the adjustable parameters are examined. It is shown that a massive inert halo contributes to the stability of disk-galaxy models, but some velocity dispersion is required.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 150
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    Coordinated photometric and spectroscopic observations of strong extragalactic 90 GHz sources (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nearly simultaneous radio and infrared-optical observations were obtained for several extragalactic radio sources which are strong at 90 GHz. The spectral-flux distributions are generally peaked or flat over the radio portion of the spectrum with a steeper, power-law behavior at infrared-optical frequencies. For all sources, the radio and infrared-optical portions of the spectral-flux distributions can be smoothly joined by physically sensible interpolations over the spectral gap, although spectral breaks are required. For many of the sources, this is consistent with a common (synchrotron) origin of the radio, millimeter, and infrared-optical radiation. However, proof, in terms of correlated temporal variations and polarization properties, is still generally lacking.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 151
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    Consequences of narrow cyclotron emission from Hercules X-1 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Explanations of the line feature in the hard X-ray (58 keV) spectrum of the compact X-ray source Hercules X-1 are presented. The most important characteristic of the emission (interpreted as a cyclotron emission from a strong magnetic field, i.e., B greater than one trillion Gauss) is that the FWHM is less than 12 keV, with a total observed luminosity in the line of approximately 1% of the total X-ray luminosity. If the source region is only at the magnetic poles of a neutron star, the electrons are confined to a path nearly parallel to the B-field lines, and the angle of emission will be narrow. Photon emission under such circumstances is also discussed; and it is suggested that photons can leave either through holes in the shell formed by the hard X-rays, or can escape through the shell itself. Attention is given to the accretion flow structure near the magnetopause, as a critical parameter of narrow line emission.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; vol2 274
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  • 152
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    Some astrophysical consequences of the existence of a heavy stable neutral lepton (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is suggested that a stable, massive, neutral lepton may dominate the present mass density in the universe. To investigate this assumption, attention is given to an analysis of extended gauge theories as they apply to a lepton with a mass of a few GeV/sq cm. A critical factor in the accuracy of the hypothesis is the actual mass of the lepton, and it is noted that the more massive the individual particle, the smaller the particle's aggregate contribution to the universal mass density. High energy accelerators could prove a useful tool in an empirical determination of the lepton's mass. It is further suggested that the lepton considered might provide the material in galactic halos, or supply the mass necessary to bind galactic clusters. A study of intergalactic annihilation radiation is expected to yield more data pertaining to the lepton's existence.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 153
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    Numerical experiments on the stability of disklike galaxies (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is noted that the stability properties of available galactic models are not consistent with presumptions based on observation and that axisymmetric disk systems with velocity dispersions like those of the Galaxy display major changes in form on a dynamical time scale. A report is given on a series of numerical experiments carried out as part of a systematic search for purely self-consistent disk galaxy models that might undergo little change over the time of several galactic rotations. The stability problem is reviewed, the method and calculations used are described, and initial conditions are outlined. The problem of estimating growth rates is discussed, and growth rates are evaluated for various disturbances. Experimental results are presented concerning growths of axisymmetric disturbances in 'cold' systems as well as disturbances with m = 1, 2, and 3. It is found that m = 2 disturbances are the most virulent and should dominate when all m values are allowed, but that the most rapidly growing disturbances are inhibited when several m values are allowed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 154
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    Three-dimensional galaxy simulations (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A three-dimensional fully self-consistent computer model was used to determine the evolution of galaxies consisting of 100,000 simulation stars with exponential radial density variation. Comparison with two-dimensional (infinitesimally thin disk) simulations showed only a very slight stabilizing effect due to the additional degree of freedom. The addition of a fully self-consistent, nonrotating, exponential core/halo component resulted in considerable stabilization. The most pronounced instabilities present were those due to the Jeans' instability in the outer regions of the disk, while at the same time a relatively slowly-growing bar instability appeared. The two-dimensional disk, plus core/halo simulation, showed the usual fast-growing instability leading to bar formation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; July 197
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  • 155
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    The Ca II V/R ratio and mass loss (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High-dispersion coude spectrograms of 181 MK standards of types early F through late M, including luminosity classes Ia, Ib, II, and III, are analyzed. It is shown that the brightness ratio of the V and R self-reversed emission peaks (denoted V/R) in the center of the Ca II K line is correlated with spectral type as well as with certain other spectral-type and luminosity-sensitive parameters, including indicators of mass loss and the H-K wing emission lines. The observations indicate that V/R varies smoothly from less than unity in late K and M giants to greater than unity for G giants. This trend appears to be true for bright giants as well but not necessarily for supergiants and seems to hold for the average V/R for a given star, although short-term variations in V/R occur. It is suggested that the V/R values, which can be interpreted in terms of atmospheric motions, may indirectly relate to effects of evolutionary changes in stellar structure and that V/R among late-type stars could be useful as an indicator of both chromospheric activity and the state of stellar evolution.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 156
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    New trends in cosmology (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A review of big-bang cosmology is presented, emphasizing the big-bang model, hypotheses on the origin of galaxies, observational tests of the big-bang model that may be possible with the Large Space Telescope, and the scale-covariant theory of gravitation. Detailed attention is given to the equations of general relativity, the redshift-distance relation for extragalactic objects, expansion of the universe, the initial singularity, the discovery of the 3-K blackbody radiation, and measurements of the amount of deuterium in the universe. The curvature of the expanding universe is examined along with the magnitude-redshift relation for quasars and galaxies. Several models for the origin of galaxies are evaluated, and it is suggested that a model of galaxy formation via the formation of black holes is consistent with the model of an expanding universe. Scale covariance is discussed, a scale-covariant theory is developed which contains invariance under scale transformation, and it is shown that Dirac's (1937) large-numbers hypothesis finds a natural role in this theory by relating the atomic and Einstein units.
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  • 157
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    Structure of current sheets in magnetic holes at 1 AU (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Current density profiles in several types of interplanetary magnetic holes have been calculated using high-resolution Imp 6 magnetic field data (12.5 vector measurements/s), assuming that the currents flow in planar sheets and that the magnetic field varies only in the direction normal to the sheet. The planarity was verified in four holes which were observed by two suitably spaced spacecraft. Four types of simple magnetic holes are discussed, in which B varies nearly monotonically on each side of the hole. In two of the holes, B varies in intensity but not in direction as a result of currents normal to B. In the other two holes, B changes in both magnitude and direction as a result of currents both normal and parallel to B. The observed structures are found to be qualitatively consistent with the models of Burlaga and Lemaire (1978). Examples of complex irregular magnetic holes are also presented, and they are shown to contain multiple current sheets in which currents flow parallel to one another at various angles with respect to B. There is no model of such magnetic holes at present.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Dec. 1
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  • 158
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    The distribution of S IV and Ne II in NGC 7027 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for measurements of the S IV 10.5-micron and Ne II 12.8-micron IR emission lines at four positions in NGC 7027 and of the Ar III 9.0-micron line at one position in the same planetary nebula. Ionic abundances are calculated using the data obtained at one position and are combined with published optical data for other ionization states to obtain total elemental abundances. The S IV and Ne II line-intensity distributions are compared with an 8.1-GHz radio map of the nebula. The S IV distribution indicates a density of about 500,000 per cu cm, and the Ne II is found to be contained in low-ionization regions distributed inhomogeneously throughout the nebula. The total abundances relative to hydrogen are determined to be 0.000015 for S, 0.000053 for Ne, and 0.000007 for Ar; these abundances are shown to be within the range of published average values for planetary nebulae.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 90
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  • 159
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    Discovery of polarized light scattered by dust around Alpha Orionis (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Following the suggestion by Jura and Jacoby (1976), linearly polarized blue continuum starlight scattered by the dust shell around the M2 Iab star Alpha Orionis (Betelgeuse) has been discovered. The polarization has been traced in the NE, NW, SE, and SW directions and has positive (tangential) orientation. Some asymmetry of the optical depth in the shell exists 15 and 30 arcsec from the star. In the NE direction the polarization was measured as far as 90 arcsec (17,000 AU) from the star. The dependence of the average intensity of the scattered light from the nebula on angular distance from the star is more consistent with an inverse-square density law than with inverse 1.5 or inverse-cube laws. Assuming that the density is proportional to the inverse square of distance from the star, the scattering optical depth in blue light along a radius of 0.03 arcsec is no more than 0.15 + or - 0.05. Future observations of the wavelength dependence of polarization will allow a determination of grain size.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 160
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    Mass loss and OH maser emission from Mira variables (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The mass, radius, and luminosity of 26 Mira variables that are known OH sources of radio emission at 1612 MHz have been estimated. The time-independent solution of Salpeter's (1974) stellar-wind equation and a period-density relation are used to solve for basic stellar parameters, with the aid of the terminal expansion velocity of the OH maser cloud. Masses obtained from these calculations are consistent with other estimated values for masses of Mira variables. Good agreement is obtained when comparing the rate of mass loss as determined from Reimers's (1977) semiempirical relation with estimates of the mass-loss rate as deduced from theoretical models involving radiation pressure on grains. These calculations suggest a strong correlation between the mass-loss rate and the pulsation period. Arguments concerning the general properties of silicate grains from radiation-pressure-driven stellar-wind equations are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 161
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    Interplanetary magnetic holes - Theory (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Magnetic holes in the interplanetary medium are explained as stationary nonpropagating equilibrium structures in which there are field-aligned enhancements of the plasma density and/or temperature. Magnetic antiholes are considered to be associated with depressions in the plasma pressure. In this model the observed changes in the magnetic field intensity and direction are due to diamagnetic currents that are carried by ions which drift in a sheath as the result of gradients in the magnetic field and in the plasma pressure within the sheath. The thickness of the sheaths that we consider is approximately a few ion Larmor radii. An electric field is normal to the magnetic field in the sheath. Solutions of Vlasov's equation and Maxwell's equations are presented which account for several types of magnetic holes, including 'null sheets,' that have been observed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 1
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  • 162
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    The large-scale structure of the interplanetary magnetic field between 1 and 0.3 AU during the primary mission of Helios 1 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The macroscale and mesoscale structure of the interplanetary magnetic field during the primary mission of Helios 1 is discussed. The radial field component behaves essentially in agreement with Parker's theory. The transverse component shows a larger variability than the radial component; its radial variation is in good agreement with Parker's theory for high speeds, but some deviation is found for low speeds. The radial variation of the field variance is also studied. Its dependence upon the heliocentric distance r is expressed by the law 1/r cubed, which is necessary but not sufficient for Alfven waves. The available data do not allow a unique interpretation of the 1/r cubed dependence. No big differences are observed between low (less than or equal to 500 km/s) and high (greater than or equal to 600 km/s) solar wind velocity regimes.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 1
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  • 163
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    Interpretation of tails of X-ray bursts (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Four reasons for ruling out the Alcock and Hatchett (1978) proposal concerning the tails of X-ray bursts are advanced. This proposal suggests that the tails of X-ray bursts observed during burst decay are due to the small-angle scattering of the original pulse of X-rays on interstellar dust grains; grains with a typical size of approximately 3 microns are assumed. The arguments against this theory involve differences in burst tail sizes sometimes observed for bursts from the same source; the different kinds of bursts emitted by MXB 1730-335 (rapid burster); an indication that MXB 1730-335 bursts have tails less than 2 s long; and the lack of correlation between relative strength of burst tails and the interstellar absorption.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 276; Nov. 16
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  • 164
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    Induced velocities of grains embedded in a turbulent gas (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A theory is presented for the dynamics of dust particles in an incompressible turbulent fluid. Grain-gas coupling occurs through friction forces that are proportional to the mean grain velocity relative to the gas. This test particle theory is applied to the case of Kolmogoroff spectrum in a protostellar cloud. The mean turbulence induced grain velocity and the mean turbulent relative velocity of two grains are calculated. Whereas the former should determine the dust scale height, grain-grain collisions are influenced by the latter. For a reasonable strength of turbulence, the mean induced relative velocity of two particles turns out to be at least as large as the corresponding terminal velocity difference during gravitational settling.
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  • 165
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    Conference on Protostars and Planets, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz., January 3-7, 1978, Proceedings (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: These papers deal with star formation, the origin of the solar system, and the possible formation of planets associated with other stars. Specific topics include chemical and isotopic anomalies in meteorites, laboratory analogs of interstellar dust, properties of dark globules, locations of newly formed stars in molecular clouds, O-star formation, observations of star-formation regions near supernova remnant W44, and equilibrium condensation of supernova ejecta. Other contributions discuss radio observations of molecular clouds associated with T Tauri stars, rotational velocities of pre-main-sequence stars, observational studies of star formation, characteristics of a possible preplanetary disk around the pre-main-sequence star MWC 349, calculations of the collapse of a rotating dusty protostellar cloud, a theory on the dynamics of dust particles in an incompressible turbulent fluid, and an analysis of the dynamical collapse of a model presolar nebula.
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  • 166
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    Molecular clouds in the vicinity of W3, W4, and W5 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An extensive and well-sampled map of CO emission over the entire complex consisting of the H II regions W3 (IC 1795), W4 (IC 1805), and W5 (IC 1848) is presented which was obtained at an angular resolution of 8 arcmin. A contour map of integrated (C-12)O emission overlaid on the corresponding fields of the Palomar Sky Survey is provided along with a map of the peak (C-12)O brightness temperature for the W3-W4 region. Two large cloud complexes are found within the area surveyed, and three bright CO condensations are resolved in the peak-temperature map. Column densities and masses are estimated for the cloud complex in the W3-W4 region, and it is suggested that the ionization front of W4 and the molecular cloud are interacting physically. Two condensations associated, respectively, with W3 and W3 (OH) are shown to contain unmistakable evidence for recent OB star formation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 167
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    X-ray spectra of Hercules X-1. III - Pulse phase dependence in the high-energy continuum (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 168
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    Bump Cepheids - The mass anomaly as an opacity effect (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nonlinear calculations of models for bump Cepheids indicate that most of the basic features of these stars can be reproduced well by models having normal to nearly normal evolutionary masses and normal helium abundances, if Carson's opacities are adopted. The trends of the properties of the models with various physical parameters are otherwise very similar to those obtained by other authors with the Los Alamos opacities (which have led to Cepheid masses of half the evolutionary masses). Difficulties with the resonance hypothesis of Simon and Schmidt as an explanation of the bump are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 169
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    Lines in the 2736-3303 A spectrum of Arcturus (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for a study of the near-UV spectrum of Arcturus as recorded with a balloon-borne echelle spectrograph-vidicon detector system in the spectral region from 2700 to 3300 A at 0.1-A resolution. A condensed version of the Arcturus spectrum is provided along with profile descriptions and identifications for 383 absorption features detected in the near-UV. Elements definitely present include Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Zr, and La. Elements with spectral features indicating possible presence include Be, O, S, K, Ga, Ge, Nb, Sn, Gd, and Bi. Line blocking is shown to be extensive in the spectral region studied, and eight possible continuum 'windows' are found in the near-UV. Emission lines of chromospheric origin due to Mg II, Fe I, Fe II, and possibly Cr II are also identified in the region from 2736 to 3303 A. It is noted that the Fe I emission lines at 2823 and 2844 A are optically pumped.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 38; Sept
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  • 170
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    N galaxies - A new class of X-ray sources (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is shown that in addition to many Seyfert galaxies and quasars, N galaxies are also powerful X-ray sources. X-ray emission has been discovered from all six N galaxies in the 3C radio catalogue with redshifts less than 0.06 and from the N galaxy Pic A. Since many of the N galaxies possess compact radio components, it is suggested that the principle cause of X-ray emission may be the synchrotron self-Compton process. An alternate theory suggests that X-rays may be generated by gas clouds colliding with velocities of the order of the Doppler width of the broad lines.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 275; Oct. 19
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  • 171
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    Metastable states and mass loss in Be stars (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three strong asymmetric absorption features with short-wavelength wings extending 350 km/s from their respective line centers at 2061.6, 2068.2, and 2079.0 A appear in high-resolution UV spectral data (0.1 A) for the Be star Phi Per (B2 Ve4) obtained with the Balloon-borne Ultraviolet Stellar Spectrometer (BUSS) on the evening of September 16, 1976. These transitions are not resonance lines and have been identified as transitions of Fe III (UV 48) originating from a metastable state with an excitation of 5.01 eV. The relative populations of the metastable and ground states are independent of the dilution factor, allowing calculation of the mass-outflow rate for a generalized model. Thus, a mass-outflow rate of 5 hundred-billionths of a solar mass per year is obtained. These transitions are observable with IUE and represent an important tool for studying mass outflow in Be and shell stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 172
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    Discovery of iron line emission in the Hercules X-1 low-state spectrum with HEAO 1 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for HEAO 1 observations of Her X-1 which confirm the existence of the iron line-emission feature discovered with OSO 8 in the high-state spectrum and also reveal an iron emission feature in the low-state spectrum. The iron line-emission feature in the low-state spectrum was detected at a significance level greater than 5 sigmas and is characterized by a line energy of 6.4 keV, an equivalent width larger than that of the high-state line, a binary phase dependence of the line intensity, and a line width that is intrinsically narrow in contrast to the broad high-state line. The observed line energy and narrow line width are shown to be consistent with an interpretation in terms of fluorescence emission due to X-ray heating. It is suggested that HZ Her contributes no more than about 10% of the predicted line flux, that this emission is reflected from a highly ionized plasma, and that a hot coronal gas is an important source of the low-state X-rays.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 173
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    Rocket ultraviolet imagery of the Andromeda galaxy (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Far-UV electrographic imagery of M31 is presented which was obtained during a sounding-rocket flight with an electrographic Schmidt camera sensitive in the wavelength range from 1230 to 2000 A. The resolution in the imagery is such that 50% of the energy from a point source is confined within a circle 40 arcsec in radius. Two conspicuous features are observed in the UV image of M31: one corresponding to a bright association (NGC 206) in the SW region of the disk and one centered on the galactic nucleus. Indications of the general spiral-arm structure are also evident. Absolute photometry and brightness distributions are obtained for the observed features, and both the central region and NGC 206 are shown to be diffuse sources. It is found that the brightness distribution of the central region is a flat ellipse with its major axis closely aligned with the major axis of the galaxy, which favors a source model consisting of young early-type stars close to the galactic plane and constitutes strong evidence against a nonthermal point source at the galactic center.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 174
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    IUE observations of extragalactic objects (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the commissioning phase of IUE several extragalactic objects were observed spectrally at low dispersion in the UV range lambda lambda 1150-3200: the Seyfert galaxies NGC4151 and NGC1068, the QSO 3C273, the BL Lacertae object B2 1101+38, the giant elliptical galaxy M87 and the spiral galaxy M81. The results obtained are presented and a preliminary analysis given for all six objects, discussing the continuous spectrum, extinction, emission line spectrum and absorption line spectrum, where possible for each case. Several new or confirmatory astrophysical results are obtained.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 275; Oct. 5
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  • 175
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    IUE observations of X-ray sources - HD153919 /4U1700-37/, HDE226868 /Cyg X-1/, HZ Her /Her X-1/ (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first UV spectroscopic measurements of binary X-ray sources with IUE show highly variable emission from a photoionized plasma in the object HZ Her, and give evidence for localized circumsystem material in the binary source Cygnus X-1. In addition, a substantial stellar wind is found in one of the brightest identified X-ray sources HD153919. This system may be surrounded by an extensive H II region unusual in its content of high excitation ion species.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 275; Oct. 5
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  • 176
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    On the origin of the absorption spectra of quasi-stellar and BL Lacertae objects (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The possibility is reexamined that multiple absorption spectra of QSOs are due to gas in the disks, coronae, or halos of intervening galaxies. Using the same catalog and parameters as Burbidge et al. (1977) but assuming that the cosmological constant is approximately equal to the critical value instead of equal to zero, it is found that the discrepancy of several orders of magnitude between the predicted and observed multiplicities reported by Burbidge et al. (1977) is drastically reduced and that the observed multiplicity distribution is theoretically obtainable. The intervening-galaxy hypothesis cannot be rejected on the basis of this test.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 177
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    The behavior of the Mg II lines near 2800 A in A, B, and O stars (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The equivalent widths of the Mg II resonance doublet and their subordinate lines near 2800 A have been determined in ten stars of spectral types A through O. By combining the current results with previously published results for four F stars, it is found that the total equivalent widths of the Mg II lines follow a pattern and that the maximum in absorption strength occurs in late-A spectral type. Evidence of mass flow has been found in the Algol spectrum together with some other peculiarities. The general behavior of the Mg II lines in stars in this spectral range is also discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 89
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  • 178
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    Incompressible fluid ellipsoids in halos. I - The second-harmonic oscillations of the Maclaurin spheroids (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The structure and stability of Maclaurin spheroids embedded in rigid uniform-density oblate spheroidal halos are determined by the tensor virial-equation method. These spheroid-halo systems can be thought of as crude fluid analogs of disk galaxies with halos. The halos are assumed to have the same center, the same axis of symmetry, and the same equatorial radius as the Maclaurin spheroids. Only halos with lower eccentricity than the Maclaurin spheroids are considered. The dynamic instability of the toroidal (barlike) modes is suppressed when m, the ratio of the halo mass to Maclaurin spheroid mass, is greater than 3 pi/8 for spherical halos and when m is greater than 1/2 for halos congruent to the Maclaurin spheroids. Intermediate halo flattenings yield intermediate critical m-values. On the other hand, a neutral point of the toroidal modes in the rotating and inertial frames occurs for all m and for all allowed halo flattenings. Growth rates for secular instability beyond the neutral point are calculated, and the eigenfrequencies of all second-harmonic modes are given for select cases. The Ostriker-Peebles (1973) conjecture concerning the stability of disk galaxies against barlike perturbations appears to be incorrect.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 179
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    Infrared excesses in early-type stars - Gamma Cassiopeiae (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spectrophotometry of the classical Be star Gamma Cas (1-4 microns, with about 2% spectral resolution) is presented. These data, together with existing broad-band observations, are accurately described by simple isothermal LTE models for the IR excess which differ from most previously published work in three ways: (1) hydrogenic bound-free emission is included; (2) the attenuation of the star by the shell is included; and (3) no assumption is made that the shell contribution is negligible in some bandpass. It is demonstrated that the bulk of the IR excess consists of hydrogenic bound-free and free-free emission from a shell of hot ionized hydrogen gas, although a small thermal component cannot be ruled out. The bound-free emission is strong, and the Balmer, Paschen, and Brackett discontinuities are correctly represented by the shell model with physical parameters as follows: a shell temperature of approximately 18,000 K, an optical depth (at 1 micron) of about 0.5, an electron density of approximately 1 trillion per cu cm, and a size of about 2 trillion cm. Phantom shells (i.e., ones which do not alter the observed spectrum of the underlying star) are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 180
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    Free collapse of a rotating sphere of stars (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The free-fall collapse of a system of 115,000 stars was studied by means of a three-dimensional simulation on the ILLIAC IV computer. The system started from a spherical shape with uniform density and rigid rotation which balanced the gravitational force in the equatorial plane. The system settled down into a 'hot' prolate 'bar' in about two initial rotation periods. This bar rotates about a short axis and is a long-lived form. Detailed discussion of the development of this system leads to several important dynamical inferences: (1) the first collapse does not become triaxial, and the prolate form follows much later; (2) forms seen in projection along the rotation axis are strikingly similar to forms seen in disk galaxy simulations, notwithstanding an unusual thickness along the rotation axis (this strengthens confidence in disk galaxy simulations); (3) many elliptical galaxies must be prolate objects rotating about a short axis and seen in projection; and (4) collapse models of galaxy formation lead to strongly anisotropic velocity dispersions, which are not in agreement with observation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 181
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    Identification of the 3.9 micron absorption band in carbon stars (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: With a 1.7% spectral-resolution filter-wheel spectrometer, 1.2-5.2-micron spectra have been obtained for a sample of carbon stars. The previously unidentified 3.9-micron band is attributed to a combination of CS and C2H2. The first observation of SiO in a carbon star is also reported.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 182
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    Comets: Data, problems, and objectives (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A highly abridged review of new relevant results from the observations of Comet Kohoutek is followed by an outline summary of our basic knowledge concerning comets, both subjects being confined to data related to the nature and origin of comets rather than the phenomena (for example, plasma phenomena are omitted). The discussion then centers on two likely places of cometary origin in the developing solar system, the proto-Uranus-Neptune region versus the much more distant fragmented interstellar cloud region, now frequented by comets of the Opik-Oort cloud. The Comet Kohoutek results add new insights, particularly with regard to the parent molecules and the nature of meteoric solids in comets, to restrict the range of the physical circumstances of comet formation. A few fundamental and outstanding questions are asked, and a plea made for unmanned missions to comets and asteroids in order to provide definitive answers as to the nature and origin of comets, asteroids, and the solar system generally.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 923-929
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  • 183
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    Use of ground-based telescopes in determining the composition of the surfaces of solar system objects (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recent evidence suggests that the way that the surfaces of the solar system objects reflect solar radiation is controlled by the composition and mineralogy of the surface materials. The way sunlight is reflected from the surface as a function of wavelength, i.e., the spectral reflectance, is the most important property. Laboratory efforts to use ground-based optical telescope measurements to determine the composition of the surfaces of the solar system objects are reviewed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 893-922
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  • 184
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    The interior structure of Jupiter (Consequences of Pioneer 10 data) (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Models of the Jovian interiors based on theoretical equations of state of hydrogen and helium supported by a few experimental points and on observed parameters such as oblateness, gravitational coefficients, heat emission, magnetic fields, are discussed. The models fall into three categories: (1) those that assume a uniform and rather low H2/He ratio throughout the planet; (2) those in which this ratio is solar and thus higher; and (3) those that take into account the lack of complete miscibility of the two elements in the condensed state. It appears now also that within the limits of error the planet is in a hydrostatic equilibrium. The large heat emission and the need for an efficient source of internal heat are confirmed, but the results do not indicate which one of the various possible mechanisms is favored, although new evolutionary models suggest that the primordial heat may be insufficient. A new red spot has been discovered. Finally, the presence of a highly eccentric and inclined magnetic field poses new problems related to the pattern of internal convection and to the possibility of a north-south asymmetry of the interior. Further analysis of the available data may throw additional light on these questions.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 849-858
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  • 185
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    Formation and composition of the moon (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Many of the properties of the Moon, including the enrichment in Ca, Al, Ti, U, Th, Ba, Sr, and the REE and the depletion in Fe, Rb, K, Na, and other volatiles can be understood if the Moon represents a high-temperature condensate from the solar nebula. Thermodynamic calculations show that Ca-, Al-, and Ti-rich compounds condense first in a cooling nebula. The initial high temperature mineralogy is gehlenite, spinel, perovskite, Ca-Al-rich pyroxenes, and anorthite. Inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites such as the Allende meteorite are composed primarily of these minerals and, in addition, are highly enriched in refractories such as REE relative to carbonaceous chondrites. These inclusions can yield basalt and anorthosite in the proportions required to eliminate the europium anomaly, leaving a residual spinel-melilite interior. A deep interior high in Ca-Al does not imply an unacceptable mean density or moment of inertia for the Moon. The inferred high-U content of the lunar interior, both from the Allende analog and the high heat flow, indicates a high-temperature interior. The model is consistent with extensive early melting, with shallow melting at 3 AE, and with presently high deep internal temperatures. It is predicted that the outer 250 km is rich in plagioclase and FeO. The low iron content of the interior in this model raises the interior temperatures estimated from electrical conductivity by some 800 C.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 823-845
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  • 186
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    Heterogeneities in the solar nebula (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Oxygen isotopic compositions of the high-temperature phases in carbonaceous chondrites define a mixing line with an 0-16-rich component and show little superimposed chemical isotope fractionation. Within a single inclusion in Allende, variations of delta 0-18 and delta 0-17 of 39 thousands are found. The ordinary chondrites are slightly displaced from the terrestrial fractionation trend, implying that at least 0.2 percent of the oxygen in terrestrial rocks was derived from the 0-16-rich component.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 781-785
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  • 187
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    The radiation history of material returned by the Soviet automatic stations Luna 16 and Luna 20, according to track studies (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Fission tracks formed by the vH (very heavy) nuclei group of solar and galactic cosmic rays have been studied in silicate minerals of the lunar regolith returned by the Luna 16 and Luna 20 unmanned spacecraft. It is shown that the material in the Luna 16 core sample, from a typical mare region of the lunar surface, has undergone stronger irradiation by cosmic rays than material returned a highland region by Luna 20. A low-irradiation component (about 10 percent of the total number of crystals) has been found in the Luna 20 core sample materials, which can possibly be attributed to material added to the main bulk of the regolith in the formation of the crater Apollonius C. From the track density distribution of crystals, as a function of depth in the regolith core sample, it follows that the process of formation of the upper layer of the regolith, both for the lunar mare and for the highland region, includes sequential layering of finely crushed crystalline matter and subsequent mixing of it by micrometeorite bombardment. A portion of the crystals with a very high track density may be a component added to the lunar surface from outer space.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 745-754
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  • 188
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    The analysis of various size, visually selected and density and magnetically separated fractions of Luna 16 and 20 samples (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Samples of Luna 16 and 20 have been separated according to size, visual appearance, density, and magnetic susceptibility. Selected aliquots were examined in eight British laboratories. The studies included mineralogy and petrology, selenochronology, magnetic characteristics, Mossbauer spectroscopy, oxygen isotope ratio determinations, cosmic ray track and thermoluminescence investigations, and carbon chemistry measurements. Luna 16 and 20 are typically mare and highland soils, comparing well with their Apollo counterparts, Apollo 11 and 16, respectively. Both soils are very mature (high free iron, carbide, and methane and cosmogenic Ar), while Luna 16, but not Luna 20, is characterized by a high content of glassy materials. An aliquot of anorthosite fragments, handpicked from Luna 20, had a gas retention age of about 4.3 plus or minus 0.1 Gy.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington the Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 703-727
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  • 189
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    Meteoritic material on the moon (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Three types of meteoritic material are found on the moon: micrometeorites, ancient planetesimal debris from the "early intense bombardment," and debris of recent, craterforming projectiles. Their amounts and compositions have been determined from trace element studies. The micrometeorite component is uniformly distributed over the entire lunar surface, but is seen most clearly in mare soils. It has a primitive, C1-chondrite-like composition, and comprises 1 to 1.5 percent of mature soils. Apparently it represents cometary debris. The ancient component is seen in highland breccias and soils. Six varieties have been recognized, differing in their proportions of refractories (Ir, Re), volatiles (Ge, Sb), and Au. All have a fractionated composition, with volatiles depleted relative to siderophiles. The abundance patterns do not match those of the known meteorite classes. These ancient meteoritic components seem to represent the debris of an extinct population of bodies (planetisimals, moonlets) that produced the mare basins during the first 700 Myr of the moon's history. On the basis of their stratigraphy and geographic distribution, five of the six groups are tentatively assigned to specific mare basins: Imbrium, Serenitatis, Crisium, Nectaris, and Humorum or Nubium.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 659-689
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  • 190
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    The surface abundance and stratigraphy of lunar rocks from data about their albedo (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The data pf ground-based studies and surveys of the lunar surface by the Zond and Apollo spacecraft have been used to construct an albedo map covering 80 percent of the lunar sphere. Statistical analysis of the distribution of areas with various albedos shows several types of lunar surface. Comparison of albedo data for maria and continental areas with the results of geochemical orbital surveys allows the identification of the types of surface with known types of lunar rock. The aluminum/silcon and magnesium/silicon ratios as measured by the geochemical experiments on the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 spacecraft were used as an indication of the chemical composition of the rock. The relationship of the relative aluminum content to the age of crystalline rocks allows a direct dependence to be constructed between the mean albedo of areas and the age of the rocks of which they are composed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, pt. 1; p 253-258
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  • 191
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    Lunar mascons (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Large positive anomalies have been discovered in the moon's gravitational field. The concept of mascons as the source of these anomalies was reviewed. Ideas set forth in the literature and related in some manner to mascons are summarized. Lunar structure and evolution are emphasized and it is concluded that more detailed studies of the moon by spacecraft are needed to solve remaining uncertainties.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, pt. 1; p 403-405
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  • 192
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    Magnetic and dielectric properties of lunar samples (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Dielectric properties of lunar soil and rock samples showed a systematic character when careful precautions were taken to ensure there was no moisture present during measurement. The dielectric constant (K) above 100,000 Hz was directly dependent on density according to the formula K = (1.93 + or - 0.17) to the rho power where rho is the density in g/cc. The dielectric loss tangent was only slightly dependent on density and had values less than 0.005 for typical soils and 0.005 to 0.03 for typical rocks. The loss tangent appeared to be directly related to the metallic ilmenite content. It was shown that magnetic properties of lunar samples can be used to study the distribution of metallic and ferrous iron which shows systematic variations from soil type to soil type. Other magnetic characteristics can be used to determine the distribution of grain sizes.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, pt. 1; p 417-431
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  • 193
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    Calculations of the moon's thermal history at different concentrations of radioactive elements, taking into account differentiation on melting (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Calculations of the thermal history of the moon were done by solving the thermal conductivity equation for the case in which the heat sources are the long lived radioactive elements Th, U, and K-40. The concentrations of these elements were adjusted to give 4 variations of heat flow. Calculations indicated that the moon's interior was heated to melting during the first 0.7 to 2.3 x 10 to the 9th power years. The maximum fusion involved practically the entire moon to a distance from 15 to 45 km beneath the surface, and started 3.5 to 4.0 x 10 to the 9th power years ago, or 2.5 x 3.0 x 10 to the 9th power years ago and continued for 1 to 2 x 10 to the 9th power years. The moon today is cooling. The current thickness of the solid crust is from 150 to 200 km and the heat flow exceeds the stationary value 1.5 fold.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, pt. 1; p 347-366
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  • 194
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    Chemical composition of crystalline rock fragments from Luna 16 and Luna 20 fines (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The chemical composition (bulk, rare earth, and trace elements) of the Luna 16 mare regolith and luna 20 highland regolith is discussed. The rock samples considered are 14 basaltic rock fragments (Luna 16) and 13 rock fragments of the ANT suite (Luna 20). On the basis of bulk composition, two types of basaltic rocks have been differentiated and defined in the Luna 16 regolith: mare basalts (fundamental crystalline rocks of Mare Fecunditatis) and high-alumina basalts. The bulk analyses of rock fragments of the ANT suite also enabled distinction of two rock types: anorthositic norites and troctolites and/or spinal-troctolites (the most abundant crystalline rocks of the highland region, the landing site of luna 20), and anorthosites. The chemical compositions of Luna 16 and Luna 20 regolith samples are compared. Differences in the chemistry of the Luna 16 mare regolith and that of mare basalts are discussed. The chemical affinity between the Luna 20 highland regolith and (a) anorthositic norites and (b) troctolites and/or spinel-troctolites has been ascertained.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, pt. 1; p 263-275
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  • 195
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    The chemical composition of the cores of the terrestrial planets and the moon (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Using models of the quasi-chemical theory of solutions, the activity coefficients of silicon are calculated in the melts Fe-Si, Ni-Si, and Fe-Ni-Si. The calculated free energies of solution of liquid nickel and silicon in liquid iron in the interval 0 to 1400 kbar and 1500 to 4000 K, shows that Fe-Ni-Si alloy is stable under the conditions of the outer core of the earth and the cores of the terrestrial planets. The oxidation-reduction conditions are studied, and the fugacity of oxygen in the mantles of the planets and at the core-mantle boundary are calculated. The mechanism of reduction of silicon is analyzed over a broad interval of p and T. The interaction between the matter of the core and mantle is studied, resulting in the extraction of silicon from the mantle and its solution in the material of the core. It is concluded that silicon can enter into the composition of the outer core of the earth and Venus, but probably does not enter into the composition of the cores of Mercury, Mars, and the moon, if in fact the latter possesses one.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, pt. 1; p 231-242
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  • 196
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    Radioactivity of the moon, planets, and meteorites (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Analytical data is summarized for the content of natural radioactive elements in meteorites, eruptive terrestrial rocks, and also in lunar samples returned by Apollo missions and the Luna series of automatic stations. The K-U systematics of samples analyzed in the laboratory are combined with data for orbital gamma-ray measurements for Mars (Mars 5) and with the results of direct gamma-ray measurements of the surface of Venus by the Venera 8 lander. Using information about the radioactivity of solar system bodies and evaluations of the content of K, U, and Th in the terrestrial planets, we examine certain aspects of the evolution of material in the protoplanetary gas-dust cloud and then in the planets of the solar system.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, pt. 1; p 201-218
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  • 197
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    Lunar elemental analysis obtained from the Apollo gamma-ray and X-ray remote sensing experiment (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Gamma-ray and X-ray spectrometers carried in the service modules of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 spacecraft were employed for compositional mapping of the lunar surface. The measurements involved the observation of the intensity and characteristic energy distribution of gamma rays and X-rays emitted from the lunar surface. A large-scale compositional map of over 10 percent of the lunar surface was obtained from an analysis of the observed spectra. The objective of the X-ray experiment was to measure the K spectral lines from Mg, Al, and Si. Spectra were obtained and the data were reduced to Al/Si and Mg/Si intensity ratios and ultimately to chemical ratios. Analyses of the results have indicated (1) that the Al/Si ratios are highest in the lunar highlands and considerably lower in the maria, and (2) that the Mg/Si concentrations generally show the opposite relationship. The objective of the gamma-ray experiment was to measure the natural and cosmic-ray-induced activity emission spectrum. At this time, the elemental abundances for Th, U, K, Fe, Ti, Si, and O have been determined over a number of major lunar regions. Regions of relatively high natural radioactivity were found in the Mare Imbrium and Oceanus Procellarum regions.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, pt. 1; p 153-182
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  • 198
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    The main peculiarities of the processes of the deformation and destruction of lunar soil (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The main results of study of the physical and mechanical properties of lunar soil, obtained by laboratory study of samples returned from the moon by Luna 16 and Luna 20, as well as by operation of the self-propelled Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2 on the surface of the moon, are analyzed in the report. All studies were carried out by single methods and by means of unified instruments, allowing a confident comparison of the results obtained. The investigations conducted allowed the following values of the main physical-mechanical properties of lunar soil to be determined: in the natural condition the solid density corresponds to the porosity of 0.8; the modal value of the carrying capacity is 0.4 kg/square cm; adhesion is 0.04 to 0.06 kg/square cm; and the internal angle of friction is 20 to 25 degree. The main mechanisms of deformation and destruction of the soil are analyzed in the report, and the relationships between the mechanical properties and physical parameters of the soil are presented.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 735-743
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  • 199
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    Mossbauer spectroscopy of iron in the Luna 20 regolith (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results of the Mossbauer effect measurements on Fe-57 in the average sample of the Luna 20 regolith, and their comparison with similar measurements of the Luna 16 samples are presented. Room temperature measurements of the nonmagnetic as well as magnetic components of the spectra were performed. By careful least-squares analysis, six quadrupole doublets in the inner parts of spectra were resolved. According to their splittings, they were interpreted as four types of iron in silicates (olivine, two inequivalent pyroxene sites, and a glassy fraction) and two types of nonmagnetic iron-titanium oxides (ilmenite and a spinel). Velocity-window measurements, were used to determine the average nickel content of (2.01 plus or minus 0.84) wt. %. These results are discussed in terms of distribution of iron among different phases. In comparison with the Luna 16 sample, the Luna 20 sample contains more olivine and less ilmenite as well as metal with a slightly higher nickel content.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 729-734
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  • 200
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    The exposure history of the Apollo 16 site: An assessment based on methane and hydrolysable carbon (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Nineteen soils from eight stations at the Apollo 16 landing site have been analyzed for methane and hydrolysable carbon. These results, in conjunction with published data from photogeology, bulk chemistry, rare gases, primordial and cosmogenic radionuclides, and agglutinate abundances have been interpreted in terms of differing contributions from three components-North and South Ray Crater ejecta and Cayley Plains material.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 541-551
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