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  • Development  (29)
  • Springer  (29)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (29)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1978  (17)
  • 1977  (12)
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  • Springer  (29)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (29)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: 5S RNA ; Drosophila ; Evolution ; Secondary structure ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence ofDrosophila melanogaster 5S RNA has been determined and appears to be homogeneous both in the KC cell line and in the insect at different developmental stages. Experimental evidence on the conformation of this molecule is in agreement with a general class of 5S RNA models.
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  • 2
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    Development genes and evolution 182 (1977), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Salivary glands ; Ecdysone ; Transcriptional control ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Injection of α-ecdysone into the larval haemolymph of late third instar larvae ofD. virilis induces both the extrusion of secretory proteins and the inactivation of the enzyme glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate-aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.16) in the salivary glands. In the presence of actinomycin D or cycloheximide the hormone is ineffective. If before adding these inhibitors RNA synthesis is allowed to proceed for 1.5h, or protein synthesis for 2h after ecdysone injection, however, the protein extrusion and the enzyme inactivation do occur. It is proposed that ecdysone controls these two cytoplasmic events at the transcriptional level by the activation of specific Correlations with puff activities are discussed.
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  • 3
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    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Sialoglycoproteins ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Brain ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The developmental accretion of up to nine individual gangliosides in foetal brains, peri- and postnatal cortices, postnatal cerebelli and olfactory lobes and in the liver and the spleen were investigated in mice and compared with that of glycoprotein-bound sialic acid and the activity of the acetylcholinesterase. In foetal brain and in postnatal liver and spleen more sialic acid was found bound to glycoproteins than to gangliosides. In postnatal brain structures, however, ganglioside-NeuAc predominated and increased between the 7th and 21st d about 2-fold in the olfactory lobes and cerebellum and more than 3-fold in the cortex. During foetal development the relative quantities (mol %) as well as the absolute concentrations (compared with the fresh weight) of GM1, GM2 and GM3 in the brain decreased, whereas those of GD1a, GD1b and GQ increased. This pattern change continued perinatally in the cortex up to the end of the first week. Thereafter the pattern changed little, but the concentration of all gangliosides present increased much more rapidly, especially between the 10th and 13th d. The postnatal cerebellum and olfactory lobes contained higher concentrations of GM1 and GM3 than the cortex, both gangliosides decreasing in favour of their di-, tri- and tetrasialo-homologues during the third postnatal week. In all brains structures the accretion of GD1a and GT1 was proportional to the increase in the activity of the acetylcholinesterase. Unlike the brain structures, the ganglioside pattern in the liver and spleen, characterised by a predominance of monosialogangliosides and of GD3, did not change noticeably during the first three weeks after birth. The coincidence of the changes in ganglioside accretion observed in the different brain structures with successive periods of morphological differentiation further support the suggestion that gangliosides may play an important role in control of the growth and differentiation of developing nerve cells.
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  • 4
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Development ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pathway of adult sensory nerves has been analysed in three experimental situations: (i) in flies with grossly abnormal thoracic morphology resulting from X-irradiation early during development, (ii) in flies which had been subjected to surgical operations late in the larval period, (iii) in homoeotic mutants. The results provide experimental support for a simple mechanism in which developing adult axons join the nearest larval nerve and are guided by it up to the central nervous system. In particular, experimental interference with normal development can result in nerves from different segments, or from dorsal and ventral appendages, joining each other and entering the central nervous system together.
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  • 5
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 325-350 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Optic lobes ; Compound eyes ; Development ; Odonata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des résultats antérieurs ayant montré une certaine dépendance du lobe optique envers l'oeil composé au cours du développement post-embryonnaire, il importait de préciser le rôle joué par les fibres post-rétiniennes qui relient ces deux organes. On pouvait, en particulier, se demander si l'activité mitotique du massif d'accroissement commun aux deux ganglions optiques externes (la lamina et la medulla) est contrôlée par le nombre de fibres postrétiniennes néoformées, ou bien si le rôle régulateur des fibres post-rétiniennes s'exerce plus tard, au moment de la différenciation des cellules ganglionnaires. Afin de répondre à ces questions trois types d'opération impliquant l'activité des fibres post-rétiniennes ont été pratiquées: (1) Une déficience en fibres post-rétiniennes néoformées a été obtenue par ablation de la zone d'accroissement oculaire et son remplacement par du tégument banal. (2) Une surcharge en jeunes fibres post-rétiniennes a été réalisée par l'induction de zones d'accroissement oculaires supplémentaires à la suite de rotations antéro-postérieures de volets oculaires. (3) Des “témoins-opérés” ont subi l'ablation, puis la remise en place immédiate de volets oculaires identiques à ceux des séries précédentes. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de préciser les processus régulateurs qui contrôlent la croissance du lobe optique en la rendant dépendante de la croissance de l'oeil sus-jacent. Cette régulation, qui consiste en un ajustement exact du nombre des cellules ganglionnaires fonctionnelles à celui des fibres postrétiniennes, s'exercerait à trois niveaux: (1) Une première régulation de la croissance contrôlerait le nombre total de neuroblastes dans le massif d'accroissement externe, la quantité de ces cellules embryonnaires étant d'autant plus élevé que la densité de fibres post-rétiniennes serait plus forte. Par contre, le taux mitotique du massif d'accroissement, qui s'est révélé invariable, ne serait pas sous le contrôle des fibres post-rétiniennes. (2) Une seconde régulation, beaucoup plus précise, s'effectuant dans la lamina, consisterait en la différenciation des seules cellules ganglionnaires contactées par les fibres post-rétiniennes néoformées, les cellules surnuméraires dégénérant alors rapidement. L'action différenciatrice s'exercant au niveau des autres ganglions, medulla et lobula, nécessiterait la présence à la fois des fibres post-rétiniennes à orientation centripètes, et des fibres centrifuges. (3) Un ultime processus régulateur, qui implique l'intégrité des fibres postrétiniennes, assurerait le maintien des cellules ganglionnaires fonctionnelles.
    Notes: Summary Since to earlier results indicated a dependence of the optic lobe on the compound eye during post-embryonic development, it appeared essential to specify the part played by the post-retinal fibres connecting these two organs. Especially, we wondered if the mitotic activity in the outer optic anlage common to the two outer optic ganglia (lamina and medulla) was controlled by the number of newly-neoformed post-retinal fibres, or if the regulating influence from the post-retinal fibres takes place later, during the differentiation of the ganglion cells. In order to answer these questions, three kinds of operation were performed: (1) removal, in young larvae, of the zone producing new ommatidia. This operation deprives the optic of the arrival of new post-retinal fibres below the operated level. (2) overloading of post-retinal fibres, by inducing zones that produced supernumerary ommatidia. (3) removal of an ocular volet, followed by its immediate reinsertion, to provide a “surgery-control”. The following results were obtained: (1) A preliminary growth regulation controlled the total number of neuroblasts in the outer optic anlage. However, the permanent mitotic activity of these cells was not controlled by post-retinal fibres. (2) A second regulation, much more precise, occurring in the lamina, consisted in the differentiation of the ganglion cells being affected by the new post-retinal fibres. The supernumerary cells then rapidly degenerated. (3) A last regulatory process, implying the integrity of post-retinal fibres, maintained the ganglion cells.
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  • 6
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    Development genes and evolution 182 (1977), S. 329-346 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Porifera ; Spongillides ; Gemmula ; Development ; Cell differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die beschalten Dauerstadien (Gemmulae) des SüßwasserschwammesEphydatia fluviatilis enthalten uniforme, totipotente Statocyten (Thésocyten), aus denen sich im Keimungsverlauf Archaeocyten (ein- und zweikernige) und Histoblasten differenzieren. Letztere treten nach einem gewissen Inkubationszeitraum in der zapfenartigen Zone unter der Mikropyle auf, während sich die übrigen Zelltypen zu einem an der Schalenöffnung orientierten, dreidimensionalen Muster gefälleartig anordnen. Nach Ausbildung eines einschichtigen Pinacocyten-Epithels (primäres Pinacoderm) aus peripher gelegenen, einkernigen Zellen schlüpft das nunmehr im Kapselinneren entstandene Primordium durch die offene Mikropyle und nimmt mit dem Substrat Verbindung auf. Das Primordium entwickelt sich zum frühen Jungschwamm, in den die restlichen Archaeocyten, Histoblasten und auch vereinzelt Skleroblasten einwandern.
    Notes: Summary The dormant shelled gemmulae of the fresh water spongeEphydatia fluviatilis contain uniform, totipotent statocytes (thésocytes), which can differentiate either into archaeocytes (mono- and binucleated) or into histoblasts. The histoblasts accumulate at the villus near the micropyle. The other cell types orientate in a three-dimensional pattern at the micropyle, according to a developing gradient. After the primary pinacoderm is formed, the sponge primordium is released through the open micropyle. The primordium develops into a new sponge, into which archaeocytes, histoblasts and scleroblasts migrate.
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  • 7
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell division ; Development ; Cryptobiosis ; Nauplius larva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell division during embryonic development of the brine shrimp,Artemia salina has been studied by counting nuclei and mitotic figures. No cell division was observed during development of the encysted gastrula until about an hour before emergence of the embryo (a pre-nauplius) from the cyst, and even then only a few mitotic figures were observed. Following emergence, and during further development up to the stage II nauplius larva an increase of about 25% in the number of cells occurs. However, when the newly hatched larva is exposed to FUdR (10 μg/ml) cell division is largely inhibited, but observable development nevertheless proceeds normally. Evidently all processes involved with the development of the gastrula into a stage II nauplius larva can occur with far fewer cells than normally are present.
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  • 8
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    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 227-245 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Development ; Cell lineages ; Genetic mosaics ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The generalogical relationships of photoreceptor cells within the compound eye ofDrosophila have been studied using cell labelling, with either3H-thymidine or recessive mutations, during the third larval stage. It has been found that photoreceptor and secondary pigment cells arise from different precursor cells. Under the present experimental conditions, precursors of receptor cells give rise to about 8 elements which differentiate as R cells of two different groups. One of the cells differentiates as R7 and the remaining as any one of the R1 to R6. The last cells behave initially as equivalent, and can differentiate within the same or within different, but neighbouring, ommatidia. The class of R1 to R6 cell in which each one of these elements differentiates, seems to depend on the time of its origin. The implications of these findings for the formation of the ommatidial pattern are discussed.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cotyledons ; Brassica ; Development ; Intracellular localization ; Lipase ; Microsomal membrane fraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In homogenates of resting rapeseeds no lipase activity (glycerolester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) could be detected using a titrimetric assay procedure. Following a 30-h lag-phase after imbibition, lipase activity increased sharply, reaching its maximum at day 4 after sowing. Simultaneously triglyceride content of the cotyledons decreased sharply. At any time during the 11-day period of seedling growth examined, only an alkaline lipase activity with a pH optimum around 9 was present. White light had essentially no effect on the development of lipase activity. However, the disappearance of lipase activity from the cotyledons after fat utilization was found to depend on nitrogen nutrition of the seedlings. The activities of the glyoxysomal enzymes catalase and malate synthetase showed the usual rise and fall patterns with peak activities at day 4 after sowing, independently of the mineral nutrition of the seedlings. About 90% of the lipase activity was associated with a microsomal membrane fraction. Resolution of this fraction by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (62,000 g for 14 h) yielded three distinct membrane fractions. Maximum activities of membrane marker enzymes were recovered from the gradients at following densities: The major portion of microsomal protein and lipase activity at 1.085 kg/l; microsomal malate synthetase and phosphorylcholineglyceride transferase at 1.116 kg/l; NADH-cytochrome c reductase and phosphorylcholinecytidyl transferase at 1.133 kg/l. Evidently in rapeseed cotyledons lipase activity is associated only with a discrete microsomal membrane fraction which sediments differently from membrane fractions of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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  • 10
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    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nematophagous fungus ; Giant functional traps ; Mutation ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine yielded two classes of ring trap mutants in the predacious HyphomyceteDactylella brochopaga: strains which could make no traps and those with a proportion of giant, functional traps. A third strain, derived from a trapless strain made abnormally small functional traps. The giant traps are described, together with developmental abnormalities they sometimes display. The characteristics of the chief mutant strains are discussed.
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  • 11
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 309-313 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cellulose enzyme system ; Development ; Acanthamoeba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Extrakten wachsender Kulturen von Acanthamoeba castellanii konnte ein cellulose-abbauendes Enzymsystem nachgewiesen werden. Es besteht aus einer reduzierende Zucker abspaltenden Komponente mit einem pH-Optimum bei 4, einer viscositätsverändernden Komponente mit einem pH-Optimum bei 6 und einer β-Glucosidase mit einem pH-Optimum von 3,5. Bei pH 4 sind die Celluloseabbauprodukte Cellobiose und Glucose, bei pH 6 höhermolekulare Oligosaccharide. Während der Entwicklung in einem nährstofffreien Salzmedium nehmen die Cellulaseaktivitäten ab: Vor dem Start der Cellulosesynthese sind noch etwa 30% der ursprünglich vorhandenen Celluloseaktivität nachzuweisen, fertige Cysten besitzen noch etwa 10% der Aktivität. Die Bedeutung des Cellulassenzymsystems wird ausgehend von der Tatsache diskutiert, daß die Excystierung ohne Abbau der Cystenwand, in die die Cellulose eingelagert ist, stattfindet.
    Notes: Abstract It could be shown that extracts of growing cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii contained a cellulose degrading system. Reducing sugars are split off by one component of this system at an optimum of pH 4, another enzyme changes the viscosity at an optimum of pH 6, and a third component is a β-glucosidase with an optimum at pH 3.5. At pH 4 the cellulose degradation products are cellobiose and glucose; at pH 6 higher molecular weight oligosaccharides are produced. During the development from trophozoites to cysts in a nutrient-free medium, the activities of both cellulases decline: Prior to the start of cellulose synthesis only 30%, and in cysts only 10% of the original existing activities are detectable. The biological function of the cellulase enzyme system is discussed together with a consideration of the fact that excystment takes place without digestion of the cyst wall in which the cellulose is deposited.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Physarum polycephalum ; Amoebae ; Aminopeptidases ; Acid proteases ; Regulation ; Development ; Differential gene activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cultivation of Physarum polycephalum amoebae in two media with different protein contents revealed a regulation of aminopeptidases and proteases depending on the albumin content of the medium: in growing amoebae and plasmodia the aminopeptidases have similar isoenzyme patterns and relative activities against nitroanilides. One alanine and four leucine aminopeptidase isoenzymes were found within the slightly acid pH range. During growth amoebae secrete—different from plasmodia—leucine aminopeptidase into the medium with low protein content. In an albumin-rich medium additional alanine aminopeptidase activity was found. Out of nine plasmodial proteases four were found in amoebae too. Only one band (pI 3.6) was present in the protein-poor medium. No protease activity could be detected in the proteinrich medium.
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  • 13
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    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 123-136 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fungus ; Cytochemistry ; Microbodies ; Development ; Entophlyctis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural localization of peroxidatic activity was investigated in the chytrid Entophlyctis variabilis with the 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) cytochemical prodedure. The subcellular distribution of reaction product varied with changes in pH of the DAB medium and with the developmental stage of the fungus. Incubations in the DAB reaction medium at pH 9.2 produced an electron dense reaction product within single membrane bounded organelles which resembled microbodies but which varied in shapes from elongate to oval. At this pH the cell wall also stained darkly. When the pH of the DAB medium was lowered to pH 8.2 or 7.0, DAB oxidation product was localized within mitochondrial cristae as well as in microbodies and zoosporangial walls. As soon as zoospores were completely cleaved out of the zoosporangial cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) also stained. When the wall appeared around the encysted zoospore, ER staining was no longer found. The influence of the catalase inhibitor, aminotriazole, and the inhibitors of heme enzymes, sodium azide and sodium cyanide, on the staining patterns within cells incubated in the DAB media indicates that microbody staining is due to both catalase and peroxidase, mitochondrial staining is due to cytochrome c, and ER staining is due to peroxidase.
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  • 14
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 52 (1978), S. 269-271 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Daphnia Pulex ; Development ; Sex Determination ; Ecological factors ; Identical Chromosome Sets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sex-dependent differences in the state of the nuclear chromatin of somatic cells were found in Daphnia pulex. It is suggested that the genome of Daphnia pulex has two developmental programmes based on identical chromosome sets. The female programme consistently functions under a wide range of ecological conditions, whereas the male programme is turned on by specific ecological stimuli. The genes controlling the activation and function of the male programme may be phenotypically latent for many parthenogenetic generations.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestine (rat) ; Development ; Isolated cells ; Enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A modification of Weiser's (1973) cell isolation method was used in order to study the developmental pattern of various intestinal enzyme activities in villus and crypt cells of normal rats from 5 days after birth until 8 weeks. Alkaline phosphatase and enterokinase activities were always located in the upper villus zone during postnatal development. Enterokinase activity was higher in the upper villus cells during the third week of life than after this period. Aminopeptidase activity was located in the crypt cells during the first week, its maximum activity remained in this area until the third week. At this time, sucrase activity appeared in the crypt cells, then aminopeptidase and sucrase activities rose to the villus zone during the fourth week. Amylase activity was detected along the entire crypt-villus axis 5 days after birth, reaching maximum activity in crypt cells at the end of the first week and in the upper villus cells after the fourth week. In contrast with the other enzymes studied almost all amylase activity was soluble in the youngest animals whereas at weaning most of the activity appeared in a particulate form in the villus cells. But in the crypt cells the ratio between particulate and soluble form remained unchanged until the adult stage. Various hypotheses are advanced to explain the patterns of evolution of the different enzymes.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 203-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Astrocytes ; Development ; Phagocytosis ; Neuroplasticity ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies have demonstrated that astrocyte processes are responsible for a spontaneously occurring phagocytosis of boutons on cat spinal motoneurons during the second postnatal week. In the present investigation, the astrocytes and the astrocyte processes in contact with the motoneurons were studied qualitatively and quantitatively during the early postnatal period. It could be concluded that the cells responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons are immature astrocytes. These cells were present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to this period. The type of process responsible for the phagocytosis was present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to and after that period although the relative contribution of such processes to the glia-covered membrane area of the motoneurons was reduced in the older animals. On the basis of these results, the possible specificity of the immature astrocyte as the element responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons during normal development is discussed.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 465-480 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Steroidogenic cells ; Gonads ; Mouse ; Development ; Ultrastructural differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Different steps in mouse ovarian and testicular development have been studied in order to compare the time sequences during the in vivo differentiation of steroidogenic cell populations growing in contact with male and female gonocytes. These time sequences indicated a basic common developmental pattern: early signs of steroid synthesis in the male gonad, but late entering into meiotic prophase of XY germ cells; early meiosis but late steroidogenic activity in the ovary. In both male and female interstitial tissues, signs of involution were found following a period of exponential development.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Castration ; LH-cells ; Rat ; Development ; Sex-steroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of sex-steroids on the LH-cell development in neonatal rats were studied. The cells were stained immunohistochemically by applying anti-HCG serum. On the second day after birth some of the animals of both sexes were gonadectomized and simultaneously injected with testosterone or estradiol (50 or 200 μg). The remaining animals were either gonadectomized or injected with either one of the sex-steroids. The LH-cell numbers in each group were determined on the 12th day of age from serially cut histological sections of the pituitary. In castrated males the number of LH-cells was about twice that of the intact animals. In the so-called sex-zone, LH-cells tended to be hypertrophied in castrates. These alterations in the appearance of LH-cells did not occur after ovariectomy. In gonadectomized animals injected with sexsteroids (200 μg), the cells were markedly reduced in number and size, both in males and females. Testosterone injection (50 μg) into intact newborn animals also suppressed the numerical development of LH-cells, especially in females. These alterations were particularly evident in the sex-zone in both sexes. Thus the present findings show that sex-steroids may be involved in sexual differences in morphological development of LH-cells in newborn rats.
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  • 19
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    Plant ecology 37 (1978), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Development ; Model ; Peat bog ; Simulation ; Vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A dynamic model is developed which simulates changes in peat bogs on different kinds of slopes. The relationships between the elements of the model which include bog plants, fen plants, water, peat and nutrients, are defined based on data from an earlier study of vegetation in the Rothenthurm area in Switzerland, and from published sources. The model is tested for its performance on three types of slope, starting development at a hypothetical state with low amounts of all variables. The development of bogs is traced until a stable state is reached at equilibrium. It is evident from the results that the establishment of a mature stable system takes longest on the flat slope. On all three slopes the peat layer reaches its maximum value before the equilibrium is reached at a slightly reduced peat level. As were observed in the fied, most slope types do not allow a peat bog to persist long under the local climatical conditions, but changes are forced in the vegetation toward a fen type with higher nutrient supply. It was however possible to simulate a stable peat bog when the slope was flat enough (type C in main text). The results of simulation reproduced with reasonable accuracy the shape of the bogs investigated in the field, the abundance of bog and fen plant species, the ground water table, the thickness of peat and the state of nutrient concentrations in the site. The model is rendered to have minimum complexity by assumptions, described in the main text, to reproduce only those properties of peat bogs that were considered primary in importance in the field. The extent to which the model can help to better understand the natural system is discussed.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Embryology ; Development ; Embryonic respiration ; Carotenoids in respiration ; Evolution ; Egg hiding ; Mouth brooder ; Young size ; Cichlids ; Mouth fertilization ; Size on release ; Latimeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis With yolk as a food source, development of Labeotropheus takes place in the buccal pouch of the female until such time as juveniles are formed. Hatching from the vitelline membrane occurs early, after 6 days of incubation, and the eleutheroembryo develops without metamorphic stages directly into a juvenile, forming advanced structures like fins, skeleton and pigments, at a time when a large yolksac is still present. A strong circulatory network on the yolk and anal fin fold, and a yellow carotenoid pigment provide the oxygen supply within the closely packed buccal pouch. A relatively large self-sufficient juvenile, 14% of the adult fish size, is released from the mother's mouth 31 days after fertilization. The evolution of advanced hiding styles in reproductive guilds of fishes is discussed and ends with a speculation that the Latimeria, having had more geological time to refine its hiding style, releases fully developed young, 25 to 30% the size of the adult fish. The advanced style of hiding eggs is accompanied not only with fewer, larger eggs, but also by a successive increase in yolk density in terms of nutrients and respiratory pigments; these in effect determine the size of the released juvenile.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 211-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscles ; Enzymes ; Chicken ; Nerve ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The development of the characteristic histochemical appearance of the slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) was studied in chickens during embryonic development as well as during regeneration of minced muscle. 2. During embryonic development the activity of the oxidative enzyme succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) is higher in the slow ALD muscle already at 16 days of incubation. At this time the fast PLD has a higher activity of the glycolytic enzyme, phosphorylase. Although the histochemical appearance of the two types of muscle is already different at 16 days, their contractile speeds are still similar. No difference in myosin ATP-ase was found in the two muscles in young embryos but in 20-day old embryos the two muscles became distinctly different when stained for this enzyme. 3. When PLD muscles in hatched chickens redeveloped during regeneration in place of ALD the histochemical characteristics of the regenerated muscle resembled ALD, and when ALD regenerated in place of PLD it resembled PLD. 4. It is concluded that the histochemical characteristics of slow and fast muscles become determined during early development, even before any difference in contractile properties can be detected and that they are determined by the nerve.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect sensillum ; Mechanoreceptor ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Gryllus bimaculatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The filiform hairs, mechanoreceptors of Gryllus, pass through six developmental stages during the last larval stage. The cytoplasm of their sense cells suggests intensive synthesis of protein for cellular metabolism and intercytoplasmic exchange of material via glial evaginations. Ultrahistochemical tests demonstrated acid phosphatase in the lysosomes as well as in components of the Golgi apparatus. There was no significant change in the appearance of the sense cell cytoplasm, indicating a maintained functional state also during molting. The new cuticular apparatus is formed after apolysis by the three enveloping cells. Formation of the replacement hairs is initiated by a cytoplasmic outgrowth of the trichogen cell. During morphogenesis of the new hair, the microtubules serve as a cytoskeleton and probably control the flow of vesicles, which contain phenol oxidase, also demonstrated in the Golgi apparatus, and are incorporated into the new cuticle. Bundles of microfibrils are involved in the surface sculpturing of the replacement hair. The trichogen cell also forms a number of structural elements, e.g. the “cup” and “strut” marked geometric peculiarities of which indicate that they are important in the spatial orientation of the dendrite and thus also in transduction. Reduction of the apical cell membrane of the tormogen cell after apolysis permits unrestricted growth of the new hair into the exuvial space. The tormogen cell participates in the formation of the joint membrane, parts of the socket and the articulation of the hair.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 181 (1977), S. 427-441 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Choroid epithelium ; Junctional complex ; Development ; Freeze-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Junctional complex of choroid epithelial cells was studied during in vivo formation, disaggregation after trypsin treatment, and in vitro reaggregation. The in vivo formation begins with the occurrence of amorphous patches of particles followed by the formation of small particulate rows and polygonal-ordered particle assemblies. Further arrangement of the zonula occludens continues with the confluence of particles and smooth contoured ridges. At the 9th day stage a fully developed zonula occludens has developed. In a subsequent step nexus become integrated within the tight junction formation. Disaggregation after trypsination results in fragmentation of the zonulae occludentes. Parts of the disassembling aggregates become incorporated in vacuoles indicating an endocytotic mode of “digestion”. The in vitro reconstruction of the zonula occludens proceeds from remnants of the former zonula occludens. On the 3rd to 4th day of cultivation mature tight junctions are visible. In vitro integrations of nexus were observed during a later phase. On the 7th day, cultivated choroid epithelial cells reveal well differentiated Junctional complexes consisting of continuous zonulae occludentes and integrated gap junctions.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 121-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect sensilla ; Development ; Sexual dimorphism ; Antennal input ; Periplaneta americana L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the antennal hair-sensilla of Periplaneta americana, their distribution and frequency on the antennal flagellum have been examined by transmission and scanning-electron microscopy. The types of sensilla were distinguished with respect to physiologically relevant criteria such as wall structure and number of sensory cells. Among the sensilla of the antenna of the adult male, long, single-walled sensilla with four sensory cells (type sw B), probably responsible for reception of sexual pheromones, are most frequent, representing about 54% of the antennal sensilla. About half of these sensilla are newly-formed at the imaginai ecdysis; the other half are derived from the shorter type sw B sensilla of the nymphal antenna. Short type sw B sensilla are present in all larval stages of both sexes and in adult females as well. During the imaginal ecdysis of males, however, the length of these sensilla increases to double that found in nymphs. Dendritic branches also increase in number. During postembryonic development, the number of sensory fibers in the antennal flagellum increases nearly 20-fold, from 14,000 in the first larval instar to about 270,000 in the adult male. The greatest increase, approximately 90%, occurs during the last developmental stage.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Spinal cord ; Cerebellum ; Development ; Chick embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary One to 20 mg of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the allantoic vein of chick embryos between the 7th to 21st day of incubation and its penetration from blood into the interstitium of cerebellum and spinal cord (upper thoracic) was examined by light and electron microscopy in order to study development of the blood-brain barrier. Until the 12th day of incubation (stage 38) the reaction products, indicating the presence of peroxidase, were distributed in every region of the intercellular spaces in both cerebellum and spinal cord, whereas in 13th and 14th day embryos (stage 39 and 40) they were observed only in the medullary regions. In the embryos after 15th day (stage 41) they filled only the intravascular lumen and some micropinocytotic vesicles in the endothelium. These results show that the blood-brain barrier to HRP develops roughly synchronously in various parts of the central nervous system and evolves independently of neurogenesis, the course of which differs considerably in the cerebellum and spinal cord.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Scyllium canicula ; Stellate cells ; Development ; Granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Granular hormone-producing cells and agranular cells (stellate cells, including giant and pericavitary cells) were electron microscopically studied in the hypophysis of the small spotted dogfish (Scyllium canicula) up to several months after hatching. Comparisons of results obtained in embryos, newly hatched fish and adults show an increase of the mean granule diameter in the four major endocrine cell types. Small granule cells which are present in all lobes are especially numerous in the ventral lobe. The structures observed in certain cavity boundary cells suggest a role in resorption and transport.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 525-532 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear inclusions ; Neurons ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of intranuclear rodlets, microtubules, fibrillar lattices and membranous inclusions found in the developing cuneate nuclei of rats is described. Rodlets, ranging in diameter from 96–312 nm and in length from 1–2 μm, are made up of tightly packed straight filaments measuring 5–8 nm in diameter. Microtubules with a diameter of 26 nm are clustered together. Fibrillar lattices are made up of fibrils with a diameter of 9 nm arranged in layers or sets. Two to nine sets make up a lattice, with a maximum width of 68 nm, in which the adjacent sets are arranged at an angle to each other. Rodlets and fibrillar lattices occur in 6.8% of the neurons. Membranous inclusions, reported here for the first time in normal neurons, are of 2 types: small vesicles of 0.1–0.6 μm and large vacuoles measuring 1–2 μm. Both types are bounded by either a single or a double membrane and generally have an electron lucent content. Membranous inclusions occur in 25.3 % of the neurons. Changes in the frequency of occurrence of the various intranuclear inclusions in the course of postnatal development are also reported.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 219-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Innervation ; Development ; Autonomic nerves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of innervation to the atrial myocardium of rabbits from 20th day of gestation to 35 days postnatal was studied ultrastructurally by electron microscopy and by demonstration of catecholamines by histofluorescence. Special attention was directed to the first morphologic appearance of nerve fibers and terminals and the closeness of juxtaposition of terminals with myocardial cells. Adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were identified on the basis of their differential ability to take-up and store the “false adrenergic neurotransmitter” 5-hydroxydopamine. Adrenergic terminals were first encountered at 20 days of gestation whereas cholinergic terminals could not be positively identified until the 24th day of gestation. Throughout development adrenergic terminals were more numerous than cholinergic, about 71 % of the terminals encountered being adrenergic. Many terminals approach closely (20–30 nm) to the sarcolemma of the muscle cells of the atrium. In many instances adrenergic and cholinergic fibers travel together in the same nerve bundle and are closely apposed without intervening Schwann-cell cytoplasm. Such a relationship could allow peripheral interaction between these fibers in the myocardium.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GEP-system ; Small intestine ; Human embryo ; Neurotensin ; Development ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) system of 10 human embryos was studied with special reference to neurotensin-immunoreactive cells. These cells are first present in the ileal and jejunal mucosa of 12 to 13 week old embryos. Thereafter the neurotensin-immunoreactive cells are found regularly in these segments of the gut with an increasing number towards the terminal ileum. At about the twentieth week of gestation, the neurotensin cells are detected also in the lower duodenum, i.e. the distribution pattern is more extensive in this age than in younger embryos or in adults.
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