ALBERT

Notes: A panel of speakers, knowledgeable in the problems of photogrammetry in the Third World, led a discussion which considered the place of sophisticated photogrammetric equipment in the Third World, problems of technician and management training, the desire for self reliance, and the needs of map revision.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne confrontation entre photogrammètres sur le sujet photogrammétrie et tiers-monde; équipement, instruction des techniciens, problèmes d'organisation, désir d'autonomie, révision des cartes.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Forum von Kennern der Probleme der Dritten Welt führte eine Diskussion über den Platz moderner Geräteausrüstungen in diesen Ländern, über Probleme der Ausbildung von Technikern und Führungskadern und erörterte den Wunsch nach Selbstbestätigung und die Notwendigkeit zur Laufendhaltung von Karten.

Notes: The problems associated with the depiction of a particular irrigation area by both line map and orthophotomap are described and the results compared.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméDes problèmes soulevés par la description d'une aire d'irrigation à l'aide d'une carte ou d'une ortho-photocarte: comparaison des résultats.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung der Probleme, die bei Auswahl sines Bewässerungsgebietes an Hand von Strich- und Orthophotokarten auftraten und Vergleich der Ergebnisse.

Notes: In 1981, a metric camera will be launched into space on a European Space Agency Spacelab mission. This paper examines the specification for this mission and the expected results. Other developments are also considered. These include the American large format camera and long focal length imaging systems.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméEn 1981, une chambre métrique sera lancée dans l'espace (mission Spacelab de l'organisation européenne spatiale). On examine ici les buts et les résultats attendus, ainsi que de futurs développements; chambre américaine à grand format, systèmes à longues focales.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Jahre 1981 soll sich an Bord des Europäischen Spacelab-Satelliten eine Messkammer befinden. Im Artikel werden die Anforderungen an dieses Projekt und die zu erwartenden Ergebnisse diskutiert. Desgleichen werden auch andere Entwicklungen, worunter sich die amerikanische Grossformat-Kammer und langbrennweitige Systeme befinden, erörtert.

Notes: Many attempts have been made to use various types of photography for traffic studies. The problems most frequently encountered are the expense involved in obtaining the photography and the time consuming and, hence, expensive operation of collecting the required data from the photography. This paper discusses the problems associated with various types of photography and describes a study which has been carried out to evaluate the potential of 16 mm and 35 mm time lapse photography taken from a helicopter. The accuracy of two dimensional co-ordinate transformation systems for collecting the required data from the photography is also described. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the most suitable type of photography and the most convenient and accurate transformation system to use when it is required to analyse the traffic flow data at complex urban and suburban intersections.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBeaucoup de tentatives ont déjàété faites pour étudier les problèmes de circulation par photographie: les difficultés sont le coût de la photographie, les délais d'obtention et le coût du dépouillement. On examine ici les possibilités offertes par divers types de photographies et on donne les résultats d'une étude entreprise pour évaluer l'intérêt de la solution; camera 16 mm ou 35 mm plus hélicoptère. On précise ici l'exactitude requise pour les transformations de coordonnées. On conclut par toute une série de recommandations.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs gibt sehr viele Versuche zur Verwendung verschiedener Arten der Photographie für Verkehrsstudien. Die am häufigsten auftretenden Probleme sind die Kosten und der Zeitaufwand der Photographie, wodurch die Datenerfassung aus Photos teuer wird. Im Artikel werden die Probleme beschrieben, die bei Anwendung verschiedener photographischer Aufnahmen auftraten. Ferner wird ein Versuch mit 16 mm und 35 mm Zeitrafferaufnahmen aus dem Hubschrauber erörtert. Beschreibung der Genauigkeit zweidimensionaler Koordinatentransformationen zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Daten aus Photos. Abschliessend werden Empfehlungen bezüglich der am besten geeigneten photographischen Methode und zur Transformation der Daten gegeben, wenn Verkehrsströme an komplexen Kreuzungen in Städten und Vororten analysiert werden sollen.

Notes: On 17th January, 1978, the Secretary of State for the Environment announced the establishment of a Committee, chaired by Sir David Serpell, with the following terms of reference: “Taking account of the views of users and other interested parties, in the context of national surveying and mapping needs, to consider and make recommendations about the longer term policies and activities of the Ordnance Survey and ways of financing them.” Interested organisations, among them The Photogrammetric Society, were invited to submit evidence to the Committee. The Society's submission is reproduced in full. The Secretary of State has asked the Committee to report, if possible, early in 1979.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SummaryAs has been stated the national survey, comprising as it does the horizontal and vertical control frameworks and the basic scales mapping based upon it, represents (assuming completion of the last named) a priceless national asset, but it is not “money in the bank”. It is an ephemeral and fragile asset which will have been frittered away unless it is constantly maintained, repaired and refurbished; even so it will not last forever. At one time or another the various components will all require replacement eventually. What must be avoided at all costs is a repetition of such culpable neglect that it all needs replacement at the same time. This summarises what is now, and must remain, the prime objective of the Ordnance Survey. Superimposed upon this are the needs to make the survey available, in various forms, to users; to produce small scale mapping; and to collect and disseminate various other forms of topographic data.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le 17 Janvier 1978, le secrétaire d'Etat à l'environnement anonçait la création d'une commission, présidée par Sir David Serpell: les objectifs étant précisés de la manière suivante; “Tenant compte des besoins des utilisateurs et des autres parties intéressées aux activités cartographiques, proposer une orientation à long terme de la politique de l'établissement et revoir les modes de financement de l'Ordnance Survey.”Les organisations concernées, et parmi elles la Photogrammetric Society, étaient invitées à entrer en relation avec la commission: on reproduit ici in extenso la déposition de la Photogrammetric Society. Le secrétaire d'Etat a demandéà la commission de remettre son rapport début 1979 si possible.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Am 17.1.1978 kündigte der Staatssekretär für Umweltfragen die Gründung eines Komitees unter Vorsitz von Sir David Serpell an, dasfolgende Aufgabe erfüllen soll: “Analyse der Ansichten von Nutzern und anderen interessierten Gruppen bezüglich der nationalen Anforderungen an Vermessungswesen und Kartographie, um daraus Empfehlungen für die längerfristigen Aktivitäten des Ordnance Survey und die Möglichkeiten zur Finanzitrung abzuleiten.” Interessierte Organisationen, darunter die Photogrammetric Society, wurden eingeladen, die Tätigkeit des Komitees zu unterstützen. Für Anfang 1979 soll ein Bericht vorgelegt werden.

Notes: Professor F. Ackermann was specially invited to contribute an article to mark the 50th issue of The Photogrammetric Record. As the only photogrammetrist to have received both the Brock and von Gruber awards of the International Society for Photogrammetry, he is particularly well qualified to express his views on the past and future development of photogrammetry.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe professeur Ackermann a été invitéàécrire un article pour fêter la sortie du 50ème numéro. Seul photogrammètre cumulant médaille de Brock et médaille de von Gruber, il était particulièrement qualifié pour juger du passé et préjuger de l'avenir de la photogrammétrie.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Professor Ackermann wurde gezielt eingeladen, um einen Beitrag anlässlich des Erscheinens der 50. Ausgabe des Photogrammetric Record beizusteuern. Als einziger Photogrammeter, der sowohl den Brock- als auch v. Gruber-Preis der ISP erhalten hat, ist er besonders qualifiziert, seine Ansichten über Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Photogrammetrie zu äussern.

Notes: The author describes his experiences of working with Professor E. H. Thompson on the design and construction of the Thompson-Watts plotter and he relates several anecdotes of incidents which took place at the Hilger and Watts factory.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOù on décrit l'expérience d'années passées à travailler avec le professeur Thompson sur le projet du restituteur Thompson- Watts avec de nombreuses anecdotes sur la vie à l'usine Hilger and Watts.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor schreibt über seine Erfahrungen, die er bei der Zusammenarbeit mit Professor E. H. Thompson beim Entwurf und der Konstruktion des Thompson–Watts-Plotters sammelte. Er erwähnt dabei einige Anekdoten über Vorfälle, die sich bei der Firma Hilger und Watts ereigneten.

Notes: A history and analysis of stereoplotting instrument design and construction in the United Kingdom is given, beginning with the earliest instruments of F. V. Thompson dating from 1907 and 1908 and covering all known designs up till the late 1960s. In the first part of the paper, the instruments built in the 1920s and 1930s are described, much new information having come to light recently in the archives of Ban and Stroud Ltd. and in the papers of the late Professor E. H. Thompson. In the second part of the paper, the instruments which were produced during and after the Second World War are discussed in detail, with an emphasis on those designs which are less well known rather than those which were produced in quantity. The ideas and designs of Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade and E. H. Thompson have been the dominating influences throughout the period and a strong thread of continuity can be established between them.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn fait l'histoire du restituteur analogique en Grande Bretagne, depuis ses balbutiements (F. V. Thompson 1907–1908), jusq'aux années 60. On décrit en particulier les appareils conçus dans les années 20 et 30, en tenant compte d'une masse d'informations inconnues à ce jour tirées des archives de M. Barr et Stroud, et de celles de feu le professeur Thompson. Puis on passe à ceux qui ont été produits pendant et après la guerre, en s'attachant surtout à ceux qui sont moins connus parce que n'ayant pas été produits en série. Ce sont les idées et projets de Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade et E. H. Thompson qui ont dominé cette période, et le fil qui les relie reste très perceptible.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird ein Überblick und eine Analyse über den Entwurf und die Konstruktion von Stereoauswertegeräten im Vereinigten Königreich gegeben, wobei der Autor, beginnend mit den ersten Geräten von F. V. Thompson aus den Jahren 1907 und 1908 alle bekannten Entwürfe bis Ende der 60iger Jahre behandelt. Im 1. Teil werden die Geräte der 20iger und 30iger Jahre beschrieben, wobei viel neue Informationen aus dem Archiv der Firma Barr und Stroud und den Beiträgen des verstorbenen Professor E. H. Thompson entstammen. Im 2. Teil werden die während des 2. Weltkrieges und danach produzierten Geräte diskutiert, wobeisolche hervorgehoben werden, die weniger bekannt wurden als die in grossen Stückzahlen produzierten. Die Ideen und Entwürfe von Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade, E. H. Thompson hatten einen bedeutenden Einfluss während dieser Zeit, und es kann eine starke kontinuierliche Verbindung zwischen ihnen aufgezeigt werden.

Notes: Book review in this ArticleTHE UNITED KINGDOM FROM SPACE (2). By D. J. Carter and H. J. P. Arnold. Space Frontiers Ltd. Havant, Hampshire, 1977.SURVEYS FOR DEVELOPMENT. Edited by J. J. Nossin. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1977.REMOTE SENSING OF THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT. Edited by R. F. Peel, L. F. Curtis and E. C. Barrett. Butterworths, London, 1977.MAPPING FOR FIELD SCIENTISTS. By W. Ritchie, D. A. Tait, M. Wood and R. Wright. David and Charles, Newton Abbot, Devon, 1977.SURVEYING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY. COMPUTATION FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS. By D. E. Murchison. Newnes–Butterworths, London, 1977.RESOURCE SENSING FROM SPACE: PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Remote Sensing for Development. US National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1977.MISSION TO EARTH: LANDSAT VIEWS THE WORLD. By N. M. Short, P. D. Lowman, S. C. Freden and W. A. Finch. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 1976.REMOTE SENSING IN GEOMORPHOLOGY. By H. Th. Verstappen. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1977.

Notes: The development of remote sensing techniques for land use studies is briefly reviewed and some problems of interpretation of aerial and satellite photography considered. The need for a ground based data collection system is indicated and a prototype system developed at the University of Bristol is described. Some preliminary results obtained with this system are presented.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn passe en revue les progrès des techniques de télédétection en matière d'étude des sols et on examine certains problèmes d'interprétation des photographies aériennes et satellitaires. On insiste sur la nécessite d'établir une banque de données pour l'interprétation; on décrit le prototype qu'on met au point à l'université de Bristol, et certains résultats qu'il a déjà permis d'obtenir.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Entwicklung der Fernerkundungsverfahren für Landnutzungsstudien wird kurz eingeschätzt und einige Probleme der Interpretation von Luftbildern und Satellitenphotos werden analysiert. Dabei wird die Notwendigkeit zur Schaffung eines Datenerfassungssystems im Gelände aufgezeigt und ein Prototyp eines solchen Systems, das an der Universität Bristol entwickelt wurde, beschrieben. Einige hiermit erhaltene vorläufige Ergebnisse werden angegeben.

Notes: Stimulated by promising overseas results with colour aerial photography and encouraged by its potential for solving local problems, the Forests Commission, Victoria, embarked on a series of trials with colour photography in 1965. Early results showed great promise and resulted in further work. This paper describes the methods and results of 70 mm and 35 mm trials concerned with the evaluation of various photographic films. An important aim of the study was to build up a working knowledge of the techniques of using aerial films other than conventional panchromatic black and white and to assess their value under Australian conditions.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Stimulés par les résultats obtenus outre-mer en matière de photo aérienne en couleur, et disposant d'un potentiel adéquat, le Forests Commission, Victoria a entrepris en 1965 une série d'essais, dès le départ très encourageants. On décrit ici les essais d'évaluation de différents types de film (70 mm et 35 mm); le but était de se familiariser avec la couleur et d'en étudier les conditions d'emploi sous les latitudes australiennes.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungAngeregt durch erfolgversprechende Ergebnisse mit Farbluftbildern in Übersee und ermutigt durch die Möglichkeiten zur Lösung lokaler Probleme unternahm die Forstkommission in Viktoria (Australien) eine Reihe von Versuchen mit Farbaufnahmen im Jahre 1965. Diese Versuche erwiesen sich vielversprechend und wurden fortgesetzt. Im Artikel werden die Verfahren und Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit 70 mm und 35 mm Aufnahmen zur Bewertung verschiedener photographischer Materialien beschrieben. Ein wichtiges Ziel der Untersuchung war das Erlangen von Kenntnissen über die Verfahren zur Verwendung nichtkonventioneller panchromatischer Schwarz-Weiss-Filme und deren Bewertung unter australischen Bedingungen.

Notes: A short review is given of photogrammetric methods in use for the test recording of petroglyphs and archaeological sites. Two simple field methods employed by archaeologists to record petroglyphs are also described in order to highlight the complexity of photogrammetric techniques and to query their validity.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBrève revue de méthodes photogrammétriques en usage pour enregistrer pétroglyphes et sites archéologiques. On décrit en sus deux méthodes employees par les archéologues dont la simplicité contraste avec la complexité des méthodes photogrammétriques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungKurzer Bericht über die photogrammetrischen Verfahren zur versuchs-weisen Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen und archäologischen Fundstätten. Zwei von Archäologen zur Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen verwendete einfache Feldverfahren werden ebenfalls beschrieben, um die Komplexität der photogrammetrischen Methoden zu beleuchten und ihre Richtigkeit zu überprüfen.

Notes: The CP1 plotter has been employed to produce, from low altitude aerial photography, a detailed map at a scale of 1: 1000 of a major landslide which occurred in an urban area of Hong Kong with extreme relief differences. Geomorphological features of the landslide could be interpreted easily from the aerial photographs and shown on the map which provided an accurate record of the disaster. Experiments with computer mapping of the landslide using a limited number of height points obtained by the CP1 plotter have also been carried out and the results indicated that useful data could be obtained rapidly to meet urgent needs for the preliminary stage of investigation and the planning of reconstruction works after the disaster.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméA partir d'une couverture aérienne à faible altitude, on a restitué au CP1 et à l'échelle du 1: 1000 une carte détaillée d'un important glissement de terrain survenu à Hong Kong et présentant d'extrêmes variations de relief. Les caractéristiques géomorphologiques du glissement aisément perçues sur les photos aériennes ont été reportées sur la carte. On a mené d'autre part des essais de cartographie numérique à partir de semis produits par le CP1, qui prouvent qu'on peut ainsi obtenir rapidement des données utiles aux enquêtes et mise sur pied des travaux de reconstruction.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer CP1 Plotter wurde zur Herstellung einer detaillierten Karte im Massstab 1: 1000 nach Luftbildern aus geringer Flughöhe verwendet, um einen grösseren Erdrutsch mit extremen Höhenunterschieden im Stadtgebiet von Honkong zu kartieren. Die geomorphologischen Erscheinungen des Erdrutsches konnten leicht an Hand der Luftbilder interpretiert und auf der Karte dargestellt werden, die eine genaue Aufzeichnung der Katastrophe vermittelte. Es wurden auch Versuche mit einer rechnergesteuerten Kartierung des Erdrutsches mit Hilfe einer begrenzten Menge von Höhenpunkten, die mit dem CP1 Plotter gemessen wurden, durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse besagten, dass dadurch wichtige Daten schnell ermittelt werden können, um dringende Anforderungen für eine vorläufige Einschätzung sowie die Planung des Wiederauf baus nach dem Unglück zu befriedigen.

Notes: A close range photogrammetric system, developed around a 35 mm Pentax camera fitted with a wide angle lens (f = 21 mm) and an early Zeiss wide angle multiplex, has proved useful for both instruction and research. Student exercises involve all phases of photogrammetry, from establishing ground control to plotting, and permit the integration of useful statistical routines for data analysis. Research applications have centred on the topographic mapping of microscale landforms at scales of 1: 1 to 1: 10 with accuracies of ± 1 mm to ± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn système mis au point pour la photogrammétrie à courte distance, et dont les éléments essentiels sont une chambre Pentax (f = 21 mm) et un Zeiss grand angle multiplex, a fait la preuve de son utilité tant pour l'instruction que pour la recherche. Les exercices proposés aux étudiants comportent toutes les phases réelles, depuis l'établissement d'un canevas d'appui jusqu'à la restitution. Les applications à la recherche sont centrées sur la cartographie des microreliefs à des échelles variant de 1: 1 à 1: 10 avec des exactitudes variant de ± 1 mm à± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Aufnahme- und Auswertesystem zur Nahphotogrammetrie, bestehend aus einer 35 mm Pentax Kamera, die mit einem Weitwinkelobjektiv (f= 21 mm) ausgerüstet war, und ein alter Weitwinkel-Multiplex von Zeiss haben sich bei der Ausbildung und Forschung als nützlich erwiesen. Bei den studentischen Übungen werden alle Phasen der Auswertung von der Passpunktbestimmung im Gelände bis zur Stereokartierung erfasst, wobei es auch möglich ist, statistische Tests zur Datenanalyse einzubeziehen. Die Forschungsarbeiten konzentrierten sich auf die Herstellung topographischer Karten von kleinmassstäbigen Geländeformen in den Massstäben 1: 1 bis 1: 10 mit Genauigkeiten von ± 1 mm bis ± 5 mm.

Notes: A model of a multiple box girder bridge, constructed at a scale of 1: 12, was subjected to an ultimate load test. Deformations were measured photogrammetrically using the method of false parallax. Modifications to the method are described which were necessary to accommodate the three dimensional object and to allow for the fact that the camera stations were not constant from one load stage photograph to the next. An accuracy of ± 0·2 mm in the measured deformations was achieved.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn modèle de boîte de vitesse à l'échelle 1: 12 est soumis à des essais de rupture; on mesure les déformations par photogrammétrie, en utilisant la méthode de la “pseudo-parallaxe”; des modifications ont dûêtre apportées à la méthode pour tenir compte du volume de l'objet et de la variation des points de vue entre les différents états de charge. On a obtenu une exactitude de ± 0·2 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Modell einer Hohlkasten-Balkenbrücke im Masstab 1: 12 wurde einem maximalen Belastungstest unterworfen. Die Deformationen wurden dabei photogrammetrisch mit Hilfe von Pseudoparallaxen gemessen. Beschreibung der Veränderungen der Methode, die wagen der Anpassung an das dreidimensionale Objekt notwendig waren und der Tatsache Rechnung trugen, dass die Kammerstandpunkte bei den Belastungen nicht konstant blieben. Die Deformationen konnten mit einer Genauigkeit von ± 0·2 mm bestimmt werden.

Notes: This paper describes the modification, calibration and testing of a non-metric Linhof Technika View camera for use in the stereophotogrammetric mapping and analysis of dental features. The importance of correcting for errors of convergence in very short range stereophotogrammetry is stressed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit les modification, étalonnage et test d'une chambre non métrique Linhof-Technika en vue de photogrammétrie dentaire; on insiste sur la nécessité qu'il y a de corriger l'erreur de convergence pour de telles études.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung des Umbaus, der Kalibrierung und der Testung einer nichtmetrischen Linhof-Technika-Kamera für die stereophotogrammetrische Kartierung und Analyse von Zahnstrukturen. Betonung der Bedeutung der Korrektur von Konvergenzfehlern bei der Nahphotogrammetrie mit sehr geringen Aufnahmeentfernungen.

Notes: The fourth biennial symposium of the Photogrammetric Society was held at the University of Birmingham on 22nd to 24th April and was dedicated to the memory of the late Professor E. H. Thompson. Nine papers were delivered. The first three were concerned with the life and work of Professor Thompson. Other speakers dealt, in turn, with future instrumentation in photogrammetry; aerial triangulation and film stability; photomaps and tests related to the perception of map users; map revision; and the recording of archaeological information. The majority of the papers are published in this issue of The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le quatrième symposium biannuel de la Photogrammetric Society s'est tenu à l'université de Birmingham du 22 au 24 avril et était dédiéà la mémoire de feu le professeur Thompson. Il y eut neuf exposés, dont les trois premiers portaient sur la vie et l'oeuvre du défunt. D'autres orateurs traitèrent: de l'évolution prévisible des appareillages en photogrammétrie; de l'aérotriangulation et de la stabilité des films; des photoplans et de la manière dont Us sont accueillis par les utilisateurs de cartes; de la révision; et des cartes archéologiques. On trouvera ici la plupart de ces exposés.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDas 4. alle zwei Jahre stattfindende Symposium der Britischen Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft wurde vom 22. bis 24. April an der Universität Birmingham durchgeführt und war dem Gedenken an Professor E. H. Thompson gewidmet. Insgesamt wurden 9 Vorträge gehalten. Die ersten 3 befassten sich mit dem Leben und Wirken von Professor Thompson. Andere Referenten behandelten: künftige photogrammetrische Geräte, Aerotriangulation und Filmstabilität, Kartenergänzung, Bildkarten und Tests über die Auffassung der Kartennutzer, Aufzeichnung archäologischer Informationen. Die Mehrzahl der Beiträge wird im vorliegenden Heft veröffentlicht.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cortical ultrastructure of the scuticociliates Dexiotricha media and Dexiotricha colpidiopsis was investigated. The following elements of the somatic cortex were studied: the cell membrane, alveolar membranes and the epiplasm, kinetodesmal fibers, postciliary and transverse microtubular ribbons, and transverse fibers associated with single and paired kinetosomes; mitochondria and single microtubules located in interkinetal ridges; mature and early extrusion stages of mucocysts: the expulsion vacuole pore and tube, the nephridioplasm and the cytoproct. In the buccal cortex, the paroral kinety-ribbed wall complex, the 3 polykineties, and the cytostome-cytopharynx were investigated.Comparative survey of ciliate ultrastructure indicates 2 principal orientation patterns for kinetodesmal and postciliary fibers, recognition of which leads to reevaluation of the theory of paroral kinety formation and the ideas of homology based on this theory. Ultrastructurally, the scuticociliates are not distinct from tetrahymenines and peniculines; the 3 groups appear to be 1 assemblage.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In this study the characteristics of the synthesis of DNA and RNA in the nuclei of Loxodes were investigated. Loxodes striatus is a primitive ciliate with 2 pairs of structurally differentiated diploid nuclei, the macro- and micronuclei. The macronuclei are differentiated morphologically into a clearly recognizable central core and an outer zone.To determine DNA and RNA synthesis, individual organisms were analyzed by autoradiography after incubating groups of cells with a 3H-labeled precursor ([3H]thymidine for DNA and [3H]uridine for RNA).The following observations were made: (A) All portions of macro- and micronuclei appeared to contain DNA as judged by the localizations of incorporated [3H]thymidine. (B) The macro- and micronuclei did not synthesize DNA at the same time; moreover, the duration of DNA synthesis in the former was much longer than of the latter nucleus. (C) Replication of DNA in the inner core and outer zone of the macronucleus occurred at separate times with little if any overlap. (D) All of the detectable [3H]uridine incorporation was found in the macronucleus and none in the micronucleus. Within the macro-nucleus the central core was more heavily labeled. (E) The quantitative differences in the label of the different components of the nuclear complex were investigated. (F) Contrary to the previously reported information our results suggest that DNA synthesis can occur in adult macronuclei.The possible explanation of these results is discussed in the context of the nuclear evolution of ciliates and of recent information on nuclear differentiation.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eimeria dispersa (turkey strain) and Eimeria gallopavonis sporozoites were inoculated into primary cultures of chicken kidney (CK) and turkey kidney (TK) cells. Eimeria dispersa sporozoites were more infective in either cell type than those of E. gallopavonis: at 4 hr, the percentage of infection was 67-98 for E. dispersa but only 23-56 for E. gallopavonis. E. dispersa also survived better in culture: at 2 days, losses of E. dispersa in both cell types were only 4-19%, whereas losses of E. gallopavonis were 35-47% in TK cells and 60–95% in CK cells. However, E. gallopavonis developed further than E. dispersa. Location and increase in numbers of intracellular stages at 4 days indicated that E. dispersa proceeded through 2 schizogonic generations before development stopped.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Cuatrecasas, P. & Greaves, M. F., eds. 1976, Receptors and Recognition, Vol. I, Series A.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A mating type analysis was performed on 231 isolates of the cellular slime mold, Polysphondylium pallidum found in 61 samples collected in eastern North America between northern Florida and southern Canada. Seventy-eight percent of the isolates belonged to one of 2 mating types; 18% were incapable of mating with any partner; 3% were homothallic; and 1%, consisting of 2 isolates from a Florida sample, belonged to a separate breeding group. It is suggested that the majority of isolates represent a species capable of local genetic adaptation to a niche, the parameters of which undergo considerable variation over space and time.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Avakyan, A. A. 1976. Atlas Anatomii Prosteishikh, Patogen-nykh dlya Cheloveka i Zhivotnykh.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The ultrastructure of interphase and mitotic nuclei of the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cyclops Weinman is described. In the interphase nucleus the nucleolus is located centrally while at the periphery of the nucleus condensed chromatin is in contact with the nuclear envelope. The nucleolus fragments at the onset of mitosis, but granular material of presumptive nucleolar origin is often recognizable in the mitotic nucleus. Peripheral chromatin is in contact with the nuclear envelope throughout mitosis, and it seems reasonable to assume that the nuclear envelope is involved in its segregation to the daughter nuclei. Spindle microtubules extend between the poles of the dividing nucleus and terminate close to the nuclear envelope. The basal body and kinetoplast divide before the onset of mitosis and do not appear to have any morphologic involvement in that process. Spindle pole bodies, kinetochores, and chromosomal microtubules have not been observed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Developing 2nd- and 3rd-generation schizonts of Eimeria tenella were found in the ceca of chicks infected orally with sporulated oocysts. Several free 2nd-generation schizonts, which varied in diameter from 11 to 21.6 μm, were found on the epithelial surface of the cecum. Some schizonts appeared to have lost merozoites. Other schizonts were intact, one of which was surrounded by an unbroken membrane that followed the contours of the merozoites. Third-generation schizonts, much smaller than 2nd-generation schizonts and with fewer merozoites, were found only on cut or fractured surfaces of the cecal tissue. Third-generation merozoites appeared shorter and thicker than those of the 2nd-generation and were attached to the schizont residuum. A form with conical protuberances and another with 4 triangular segments were found; they were believed to be developing stages 3rd-generation schizonts.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cell size, macromolecular composition, carbohydrate utilization patterns, and O2 concentrations were measured throughout the growth stages of Naegleria gruberi in agitated cultures in a complex medium. Biphasic logarithmic growth occurred during the initial 83 hr of growth and the mean generation time was 7.0 hr and 19 hr during initial and secondary log growth stages, respectively. The maximum yield was 5 × 10* amebaeJml. The pH rose rapidly (1 pH unit) during the secondary log growth phase (52-83 hr) and continued into the stationary growth phase (83-120 hr). Dry weight, total protein, carbohydrate, and RNA per ameba increased just before the secondary log growth phase. RNA increased 31% to 35% per ameba at the end of each phase of log growth. DNA increased ∼ 2-fold throughout the different growth phases. Average cell size increased 90% during biphasic log growth then decreased during stationary phase. O2 tension decreased from 100% to 18% of saturation during the biphasic growth phase, then increased during stationary growth to near 100% saturation. Glucose and total carbohydrate assays showed little utilization of those substrates throughout the growth stages. Naegleria gruberi presumably has a predominantly aerobic metabolism, also its metabolism may change during the different growth phases.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Epizootic outbreaks of red-sore disease in several reservoirs in the southeastern United States have been reported to cause heavy mortality among several species of fish having sport and commercial value. The etiologic agent is said to be the peritrich ciliate Epistylis sp.; secondary infection by the gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila produces hemorrhagic septicemia which results in death. However, in recent studies on the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, Epistylis sp. could be isolated from only 35% of 114 lesions from 114 fish, while A. hydrophila was found in 96% of the same lesions. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of lesions associated with red-sore disease indicate that neither the stalk nor the attachment structure of Epistylis sp. have organelles capable of producing lytic enzymes. Since other investigators have shown that A. hydrophila produces strong lytic toxins, and in absence of evidence to the contrary, it is concluded that Epistylis sp. is a benign ectocommensal and that A. hydrophila is the primary etiologic agent of red-sore disease.

Notes: Weiser, Jaroslav. 1977. An Atlas of Insect Diseases, 2nd ed. Dr. W. Junk, B. V., Publishers, P. O. Box 3713, The Hague, Holland and Academia Publishing House, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia. 81 + 240 pp. 75 Dutch Guilders.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The structure and cytochemistry of spores of Myxobolus sp. from plasmodia which occur in the gill filaments of the common shiner Notropis cornutus were studied by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The thin-walled valves of the pyriform spores are thickened in the lateral sutural and apical regions. Mucous material is associated predominantly with the posterior end of many spores. The plasmodium is surrounded by a syncytial wall bounded by 2 membranes. Pinocytotic channels are formed by the inner membrane and numerous dense vesicles are pinched off at the distal ends of the channels. Sporogenesis is initiated by the envelopment of one vegetative cell by another. The larger, enveloped cell divides to form a disporous pansporoblast, which contains 2 pairs of capsulogenic and valvogenic cells and 2 binucleate sporoplasm cells. Each capsular primordium and connecting external tubule gives rise to a polar capsule which houses a helically coiled polar tubule. The apical end of each polar capsule is plugged by a stopper. The valvogenic cells surround the capsulogenic and posteriorly situated sporoplasm cells to form the spore valves. Iodinophilic (glycogen) inclusions were not seen in spores stained with iodine or Best's carmine. A darkly stained band was observed around the posterior region of most spores stained with Best's carmine. In the electron microscope large aggregates of β glycogen particles were seen in the cytoplasm of sporoplasm cells in mature spores.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eighteen strains of algae, including 17 exsymbiotic from Paramecium bursaria, were tested for infectivity for P. bursaria, syngen 2 aposymbiotes, and Concanavalin A (Con A) agglutinability. All 6 infective algal strains were relatively resistant to agglutination by Con A, suggesting that algal surface characteristics are correlated with infectivity. Among the noninfective strains, high and low agglutinability were about equally represented, indicating that the Con A titer alone is not a sufficient indicator of infectivity. It is suggested that noninfective algal strains are the progeny of mutations occurring within the endozoic population and fortuitously selected by the external culture medium.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Studies on sexual compatibility among populations of different origins of axenically cultivated, heterotrophic, homothallic dinoflagellates resembling Crypthecodinium cohnii have been undertaken using motility mutants and complementation testing. We showed previously that one interbreeding group or biologic species can be found on the East and West coasts of the United States, thus far associated only with Fucus. In addition, we found several strains of these organisms each of which, though fertile in intrastrain crosses, appeared infertile with all other isolates. A continuation of these studies has revealed another biologic species of wide geographic distribution (Taiwan, California, Florida, New York) and apparently associated with sea weeds other than Fucus.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The effect of pretreatment with Isospora felis and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) on the reexcretion of Toxoplasma gondii occysts was studied in 16 coccidia-free cats. The following conclusions were drawn: (A) Chronically T. gondii-infected cats reexcreted T. gondii oocysts after superinfection with I. felis, and this reexcretion was prevented in cats infected with I. felis before T. gondii infection. (B) Administration of BCG before Toxoplasma infection had no apparent effect on the outcome of the infection.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Previous surveys of feral Drosophila melanogaster in Clarke County, Georgia, indicated 10 to 30% of the flies were parasitized with Herpetomonas ampelophilae. In the present study, herpetomoniasis in D. melanogaster reared in population cages rose from 0.01% to 90% in 14 days. The infection fluctuated between 5% and 100% during the 250 days in which the ageledeme was maintained. Herpetomonas were found endotrophically, peritrophically, and in the Malpighian tubules. In population cages, although there were sporadic rises in percentages, peritrophic and Malpighian tube infections usually remained low. Endotrophic infections often reached 100%, with individual flies being heavily parasitized. Although Chatton felt that several species of Herpetomonas inhabit a single species of Drosophila, we suggest that all the Herpetomonas in D. melanogaster be referred to as H. ampelophilae.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Experiments were designed to study intestinal pathophysiologic changes associated with coccidial infections in mammalian hosts. Pairs of male Sprague-Dawley rats were killed at various times postinoculation (PI) with 104 or 106 sporulated occysts of Eimeria nieschulzi. The small intestine from each rat was removed, weighed, measured, and divided into thirds. From the middle 11 cm of each third, one cm was fixed for histologic examination. Mucosa was scraped from the remaining 10 cm and was assayed for protein content and for peroxidase, sucrase and trehalase activities. Infection with E. nieschulzi was associated with increased mass of the small bowel. Histologically, crypt depth throughout the small bowel was significantly greater (P≤ 0.005) in infected rats than in non-infected ones on PI days 8 and 16. Villus height did not change drastically during low-dose infections (104 oocysts) and varied during high-dose infections (106 oocysts). As a result of these morphologic changes in the mucosa, crypt/villus ratios were usually significantly greater (P≤ 0.005) in all infected rats throughout the small bowel. In general, increased gut weight and changes in crypt and villus dimensions became evident by PI day 2, were most pronounced at PI day 8, and began to return to control values by PI day 16. Peroxidase, sucrase, and trehalase levels equaled or were slightly higher than in controls on PI day 2, dropped significantly below controls (P≤ 0.05) by PI day 8, and returned to, or exceeded control levels by PI day 16. The intensity of all changes was directly dose-dependent.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Random examination of domestic animals revealed the frequent presence of free-living amebae in their bodies. In diseased or dead cows, dogs, pigs, rabbits, pigeons, and turkeys 15 strains of amebae were found, belonging to the genera Acanthamoeba (A. polyphaga), Hartmannella (H. vermiformis), and Vahlkampfia (V. avara, V. enterica, V. inornata)., They were usually accompanied by other infectious agents in different parts of the host bodies. Pathogenicity of 3 isolates could not be demonstrated by inoculation of laboratory animals.Some features of the isolates differed from those previously known for members of these genera. These strains may be considered amphizoic amebae according to Page (1974).

Notes: SYNOPSIS In a hologamy-like process observed in Oxytricha hymenostoma, 2 cells belonging to complementary mating types fused and appeared to contribute equally to the macronuclei of the organism resulting from the fusion. The process was characterized by the absence of micronuclear division and by fusion of the macronuclei of the 2 partners. True conjugation involving micronuclear meiosis was not observed in O. hymenostoma. The biologic significance and the possible adaptive role of the hologamy-like process are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS The mesenteric microvasculature was studied in rats and rabbits infected with Trypanosoma congolense. By examining vessels in the living animals, trypanosomes were observed to adhere to vessel walls by their anterior ends. It was evident from stained preparations of the vessels that the microcirculation contained 4–1400 times as many trypanosomes as were free in the cardiac blood. Parasites were more numerous in very small vessels than in larger vessels, and they were clustered in groups within the small vessels. The localization of T. congolense in the microvasculature is demonstrated and it is shown that this localization is established by attachment of the organism to the vessel wall.

Notes: SYNOPSIS The quantitative direct fluorescent antibody (QDFA) methods were employed for the antigenic analysis of bloodstream forms and culture procyclics of 2 variants, TRUM (Trypanosome Research University of Massachusetts) 106 and TRUM 107, of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Intact and trypsinized trypanosomes were studied. It was demonstrated that: (A) The specific variant antigens are localized in the surface coat of bloodstream trypomastigotes. (B) In addition to the common antigens shared by bloodstream forms and culture procyclics, there are also certain antigens unique to these latter stages. (C) Still another group of antigens. not found in the culture procyclics, appears to be shared by the bloodstream forms, irrespective of their variant-specific antigens. These antigens may be present in part in the coat or on the cell membrane and in part within the cytoplasm. (D) Irrespective of the bloodstream-form variant from which they are derived, the procyclics are antigenically the same. The QDFA results are analyzed statistically and discussed in the light of the available literature.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Chemical analysis of axenic cultures of Hymenomonas sp. reveals that the degree of coccolith calcification is inversely proportional to the concentration of available nitrogen sources in the medium. This relationship makes possible a useful degree of control over the organism's calcifying activities. In addition, a possible selective advantage of such a relationship in nature is suggested.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Enhanced esterase C activity could be demonstrated by starch gel electrophoresis in various stocks of Paramecium spp. (P. primaurelia stocks 90 and 540, P. biaurelia stock 93, P. tetraurelia stock 29. P. pentaurelia stock 87, P. octaurelia stocks 31 and 300, and P. multimicronucleatum species 3, stock 8 MO) grown in Adaptation Medium. This esterase, however, was barely detectable when they were cultivated in Axenic Medium. Addition of trypticase to Adaptation Medium resulted in reduction of esterase C in the ciliates. This effect is ascribable to Na acetate present in trypticase. Since esterase C increased with the decrease in acetate concentration (as estimated by gas-liquid chromatography) during growth of Paramecium, acetate appears to be utilized by the cells. Sensitivity of esterase C to acetate occurs in all 6 species of Paramecium examined. Different stocks within a species may have different levels of sensitivity; in one case this is genetically determined. The results emphasize the importance of controlling and manipulating growth conditions for the assessment of inter- and intraspecies variations in the isozymes of Paramecium.

Notes: RESUME. L' étude ultrastructurale de la grégarine Gregarina blaberae a été entreprise après mise au point d'un protocole d'infestation expérimentale de larves vierges de Blattes, Blaberus craniifer. Les observations en microscopie électronique, effectuées en fonction du temps, ont permis de suivre le développement du sporozoïte, ainsi que la croissance et l' évolution du trophozoïte.La croissance est spectaculaire puisqu'en 18 jours elle entraîne la transformation du germe infectieux ou sporozoïte (L = 15 μm, φ=1 μm) en un céphalin—trophozoïte fixéà l' épithélium intestinal—de 250 μm de longueur pour un diamètre de 65 μm. L'organisation ultrastructurale du sporozoïte ne diffère pas de celle de la plupart des sporozoïtes des autres sporozoaires étudiés jusqu' à présent, le conoïde et les corps denses sont présents. La paroi est trimembranaire. toutefois le complexe membranaire interne présente quelques interruptions. Les premiers dictyosomes s' élaborent à partir de l'enveloppe nucléaire. La migration du noyau et des corps denses, puis la régression de toutes les formations caractéristiques du sporozoïte et l' établissement d'une zone corticale venant coiffer l' épimérite, ont lieu dans les 48 heures suivant l'infestation et marquent la transformation sporozoïte-céphalin.L' évolution du céphalin, se poursuit par la formation des ébauches des plis épicytaires qui s'effectue à partir du 3éme jour du développement à la base du deutomérite. Un système régulier de plis longitudinaux ou épicyte s' établit ainsi sur toute la partie extra-cellulaire de la grégarine. Dès les 4éme-5éme jours de développement, un réseau vacuolaire et un chondriome important se différencient dans l' épimérite, tandis qu'un septum de nature fibrillaire isole le protomérite du deutomérite. Le stade suivant—à partir du 6éme jour—est marqué par une ségrégation du matériel glucidique au niveau de ces 2 segments.Le modèle étudié permet de préciser le rôle de l' épimérite dansla nutrition du parasite, l' évolution du chondriome et des membranes corticales au cours de la phase de croissance végétative des grégarines polycystidées.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Stomatogenesis was studied in the heterotrich ciliate Blepharisma japonicum stained with protargol. During binary fission not only is a new oral apparatus made for the posterior daughter, but the already existing oral apparatus of the parent cell is reorganized, i.e. partially disassembled and then subsequently reassembled to provide a functional feeding apparatus for the anterior daughter cell. These morphogenetic events, requiring 21/2 to 3 hr, are complete by the time the anterior and posterior daughters separate.In preparation for division, an oral anlage is formed by the rapid proliferation of kinetosomes along 4–5 stomatogenic kinetics directly subtending the cytostome. This field of randomly oriented kinetosomes ultimately gives rise to the feeding apparatus of the posterior daughter cell. Early in division, the oral anlage separates into 2 longitudinal fields of kinetosomes: one is destined to give rise to the undulating membrane and the other forms the adoral zone of membranelles. Shortly after the anlage is established posterior to the cytostome, reorganization of the existing functional mouth is initiated. The morphologic changes associated with this dedifferentiation-redifferentiation sequence lead to the formation of an oral apparatus for the anterior daughter and cannot be distinguished from those characteristically seen during physiologic reorganization.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The effects of age and sex of the cat on oocyst shedding, multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of cats, and acquisition of immunity were investigated after oral inoculation of cats with Toxoplasma cysts. Twenty-five cats varying in age from 1 week to 39 months were killed 7-97 days after inoculation with T. gondii. Homogenates of brain, heart, mesenteric lymph nodes, retina, and blood from these cats were inoculated into mice to test for Toxoplasma infectivity. Toxoplasma was isolated more frequently and in higher titers in mice receiving inocula from cats of the youngest age group (1 week old). Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissues of only 2 of 21 cats older than 2 months (at the time of inoculation), although all of the animals shed oocysts within 1 week after ingesting the parasites.The number of oocysts shed varied among littermates of the same sex and between sexes. Generally, cats younger than 12 months shed more oocysts than older cats. The number of oocysts shed by older cats varied considerably; males generally shed more oocysts than the females. However, the numbers of cats examined were too small for statistical comparison. Nevertheless, the observations suggest that cats older than 12 months should not be used in experiments where numbers of oocysts shed is critical.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Changes in the metabolism of Crithidia fasciculata ATCC 11745 when grown in the presence of ethidium bromide were studied. Ethidium bromide-grown cells had decreased respiratory activity as measured by oxygen consumption. More than 50% of the organisms cultivated in a defined medium containing 1.0 mg/liter of ethidium bromide became dyskine-toplastic and had decreased activities of particulate succinate and NADH-linked dehydrogenases as well as of soluble isocitrate dehydrogenase. These cells also had increased activities of particulate α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, soluble α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, hexokinase, and malate dehydrogenase. Ethidium bromide-grown cells had a lower level of ATP and contained less DNA than cells grown in its absence.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Rats inoculated with 10,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi had significantly higher total leukocyte counts on postinoculation days (PI) 1, 5, 6 and 7 when compared to control rats. Relative and absolute neutrophil counts increased concomitantly with a decrease in the relative lymphocyte levels in E. nieschulzi-infected rats on PI day 7. Absolute and relative neutrophil counts in infected rats on PI days 7 and 8 were closely correlated with the host's total oocyst discharge. The E. nieschulzi infection had no significant effect on the relative or absolute levels of monocytes or eosinophils. The described changes in leukocyte levels were not paralleled by a significant change in the erythrocyte count.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Experiments were designed to test whether or not intestinal transit time increases significantly during severe coccidiosis in the rat. Intraduodenal catheters were surgically implanted into 25 rats. Six to 12 days after surgery 11 rats were inoculated orally with 104 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben, and 11 were inoculated with 106 oocysts; 3 rats were retained as uninfected controls. At 2, 4, 8, 9, and 16 days postinoculation (PI) Na251CrO4 was injected through the catheter into the duodenum of fasted rats and allowed to progress through the small bowel for 15 min, at which time the rats were killed. The distribution of 51Cr in the gut was plotted as a function of gut length. The leading edge of radioactivity traversed 70% of the gut length in controls, and ∼ 50–60% in parasitized rats on days 2, 4, 8, and 9 PI. Also, a reflux of gut contents, as evidenced by radioactivity in the stomach, occurred early (PI days 2 & 4) in rats infected with 104 oocysts and throughout patency in rats infected with 106 oocysts.A 2nd study was undertaken to determine if chemically induced suppression of gut transit time during early infection would enhance infectivity as measured by increased parasite fecundity. Nine rats were injected subcutaneously with an antidiarrheal agent, Loperamide®, known to slow small bowel motility significantly. Another group of 9 control rats was injected with the ethanol-propylene glycol solvent. Ten min after injection, all rats were inoculated per os with 104E. nieschulzi oocysts. The daily number of oocysts discharged/rat was followed from PI days 5–11. Patency began for all rats on PI day 7. The total number of oocysts discharged by the drugged rats as compared with controls was not significantly different.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The effect of pretreatment with BCG strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Hammondia hammondi 21 days before challenge with lethal doses of Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia jellisoni was studied in hamsters. The results indicated that the intracardial administration of BCG provided no protection against either T. gondii or B. jellisoni. The hamsters immunized with H. hammondi survived challenge with 104 lethal doses of T. gondii but only 1 lethal dose with B. jellisoni, indicating strong cross protection between H. hammondi and T. gondii and only a marginal one between H. hammondi and B. jellisoni.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Autoclavable, natural particulate media simplify axenic cultivation of tetrahymenid ciliates and presumably favor selection for phagotrophy. Viability is at least 2 months at room temperature (24–26 C) for the lipid-sensitive tetrahymenids Tetrahymena setosa, T. corlissi, T. paravorax, T. limacis, and T. patula, also for T. rostrata and (at 12 C), for strains of the T. pyriformis complex and Glaucoma chattoni. A typical medium consists of crude soy “lecithin”+ skim milk powder +Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Other useful particules readily available commercially are: whole liver powder, cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Escherichia coli, and powdered residue of liver which had been extracted with 70% ethanol (liver #2). Preliminary experiments indicate that some of these media are suitable for the maintenance of Paramecium octaurelia stock 299S and Colpidium campylum. Such mixtures may serve as points of departure for devising media for more fastidious phagotrophs.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma theileri was cultivated at 37 C in bovine bone marrow cell culture through 50 consecutive subcultures. Medium 199, supplemented with Bacto-peptone, vitamin B12, and fetal bovine serum, was utilized both for primary and continuous cultivation. The number of trypanosomes produced in culture averaged 8 × 106 (1–26 × 106) trypanosomes/ml. In each subculture the organisms divided as epimastigotes and transformed into trypomastigotes; a round form was observed during the stationary and declining phase of growth. Gradual changes such as increased generation time, size reduction, and decreased trypomastigote production were observed as subculturing progressed. Cultured trypanosomes were infective for the bovine through the 48th serial transfer and could be cultivated at 26 C.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Chloroplast development is inhibited in Euglena gracilis strain Z, when greened in a medium containing glucose. This inhibition is reflected not only in the pattern of chlorophyll accumulation but also in the chloroplast ultrastructure and activities of the 2 light reactions of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts of cells greening in the presence of glucose are delayed in déveloping certain structures. Photosystem I activity develops at about the same rate as that of the controls during the first 48 h of greening, after which it develops at a slower rate. The rate of development of photosystem II activity in cells greening in a glucose medium lags considerably behind that of the controls until the later hours of greening. There are similarities between glucose inhibition and chloramphenicol inhibition of chloroplast development. Glucose may inhibit a step in chloroplast development ultimately controlled by the chloroplast genome.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Gametocytes differentiated from ring-stage parasites in microcultures of human blood infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Immature gametocytes could be distinguished morphologically from late asexual trophozoites after ∼ 40 h of culture. Differentiation into crescentic forms took several days and the incorporation of [3H]-isoleucine by developing gametocytes was demonstrated. About 1% of red cells contained gametocytes at the maximum densities attained. Differentiation of gametocytes occurred either directly from rings placed in culture or from the progeny of subsequent cycles of schizogony and invasion in vitro. The latter occurrence was confirmed by the development of gametocytes in marker fetal red cells added to cultures, although fetal red cells provide a less favorable environment than those with HbA for growth of the parasites.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Incorporation of 14C-labeled biopterin into Crithidia fasciculata was inhibited by 1 mM colchicine or lumicolchicine. These substances do not penetrate the cell membrane, hence they cannot interact with the subpellicular microtubules. In view of this, interference of colchicine with biopterin transport must occur on the outer surface of the cell membrane. Binding of colchicine to Crithidia was not temperature-dependent and did not exhibit saturation kinetics. These facts exclude a binding as in the case of tubulin, or similar proteins which may be present in the membrane. The results suggest an inhibition reflecting steric hindrance of the biopterin carrier system.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. DNA of Naegleria gruberi strain NEG, grown in axenic culture, forms a band at a density of 1.6912 in CsCl gradient and has a GC content of 31.8%. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA is much reduced in differentiating Naegleria immediately after the stimulation to transforms, primarily because of the reduction in thymidine uptake by differentiating cells. In addition, there is a marked decrease in the rate of incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]uracil into DNA at from 45 to 60 min after the stimulation for differentiation. This decrease in the rate of precursor incorporation into DNA appears to be due to the differentiation-dependent cessation of nuclear DNA synthesis. The differentiated phenotype (the flagellate) emerges at ∼ 70 min after the stimulation, and over 90% of the population differentiates within the next 30 min. Synthesis of mitochondrial DNA is detectable until 190 min after the stimulation. Since the S phase of Naegleria lasts ∼ 180 min, some cells in the population must cease synthesizing nuclear DNA in the middle of the S phase.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A method was developed for the isolation and purification of crystalline, highly refractile bodies found in the cytoplasm of a symbiote-free strain of the marine hymenostome ciliate, Parauronema acutum, strain 110–3. Chemical analysis of the purified refractile bodies revealed an abundance of the purines, hypoxanthine and guanine. It was evident from studies involving the use of 14C-labeled precursors that both hypoxanthine and guanine are derived from higher purine derivatives. We postulate that these bodies are excretory in function and that guanine and hypoxanthine are major endproducts of purine metabolism of P. acutum.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Paraphysomonas vestita (Stokes), a colorless flagellate, has silicified external scales. In this study EDAX analysis of the scales confirmed earlier experimental evidence that silicon is the major component of the scales. The scales are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cytoplasm and carried to the plasmalemma in vesicles. The flagellate is euryhaline growing in a range from 2.6X seawater to near distilled water. From the salinity data it appears that Paraphysomonas vestita is the same as Paraphysomonas imperforata Lucas. A GeO2 concentration of 2.0 mg l-1 (19.2 μM Ge) results in complete inhibition of growth.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Seven monocystid gregarine parasites including 6 new species are described from the perivisceral coelom and seminal vesicles of Nigerian earthworms, which have not been so far investigated for monocystid parasites. The new species are: Apolocystis iridodrilii sp. n. from Iridodrilus preussi and Iridodrilus roseus; Apolocystis libyodrilii sp. n., Monocystis abegbei sp. n., Monocystis libyodrilii sp. n., and Zygocystis violacea sp. n. from Libyodrilus violaceus; and Nematocystis bunmii sp. n. from Heliodrilus lagosensis. Apolocystis herculea (Bosanquet) was recorded from Libyodrilus violaceus.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Herpetomonas sp. was found repeatedly in the Malpighian tubules of laboratory-reared male and female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Malaysia. The flagellates occurred irregularly, in batches, and were absent during long periods. The data suggest an exogenous source of infection for the mosquitoes, presumably from another insect, probably of another genus.Thirty to 40% of the flagellates of Aedes contained intracytoplasmic rod-shaped structures strongly resembling bacteria. These were found often in groups suggesting intracellular multiplication. They were passed to the Herpetomonas daughter cells during division. Parasitism of Aedes by Herpetomonas is extremely unusual, only one previous record, an inconclusive one, having been found. Parasitism by Herpetomonas containing bacterium-like rods has apparently never been reported.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Monolayers of Embryonic Bovine Trachea (EBTr) cells were inoculated with Isospora canis Nemeséri spcrozoites. As penetration commenced, they were fixed, stained with OsO4-ruthenium red, dehydrated, embedded and sectioned in situ. Examination by electron microscopy revealed that host cell membranes remained intact during penetration. The sporozoites caused an invagination of the cell's plasmalemma until the parasites were entirely within the cell, after which the invagination was sealed by short pseudopodia enclosing the parasite within a membrane-lined vacuole inside the cells. Rhoptries and micronemes, which appeared as branched elements of the same network, became less tortuous near the conoid and often became empty or partially empty during penetration. Concurrent with the appearance of these partially empty rhoptries, vesiculations were seen in the host cell cytoplasm opposite the apical tip of the sporczoite. Constrictions of the sporozoite during entry were probably due to bands of microfilaments beneath the plasmalemma and elsewhere in the cytoplasm of the host cell.

Notes: SYNOPSIS As determined by their ability to exflagellate and round up, it took the macrogametocyte and the microgametocyte of Haemoproteus columbae in pigeons 68 and 116 h, respectively, after patency to reach maturity. Pigment granules appeared in the undifferentiated gametocytes 8 h after invasion of blood. Vacuoles were observed in young gametocytes and persisted in the older forms. The growth curve of H. columbae is close to the sigmoidal curve for growth in protozoa. Multiple infection was noticed in pigeons with high levels of parasitemia, but no more than 2 gametocytes reached maturity; such multiple infections were rare in relapses. The sex ratio of the gametocytes was 1:1. Strong lateral displacement of the nuclei of infected erythrocytes was the rule; hypertrophy was negligible.

Notes: SYNOPSIS In a culture system of Paramecium bursaria, virus particles were found in large number. The particle was able to infect and multiply in certain cells of the zoochlorella, an intracellular symbiotic alga of P. bursaria. The infective particle, designated as zoochlorella cell virus (ZCV), was icosahedral and 120–180 nm in edge to edge diameter. The ZCV particle was found to differ from any of the already established viruses attacking the green and the blue-green algae. Within the system where P. bursaria cells were growing, ZCV particles were detected in the depression of the pellicle, among the cilia growing in the cytopharynx, and in the food vacuole of P. bursaria. ZCV particles were infective only for the zoochlorella cells which were recently released from the cytoplasm of P. bursaria. The multiplication process of ZCV comprised the adsorption of the particle to the cell wall of the zoochlorella, the penetration of nucleic acid into the host cell interior, the replication of viral constituents, the maturation of viral particles and their final release by the burst of the zoochlorella cell. ZCV particles appeared only in the cytoplasmic region of the zoochlorella cell in which many ribosomes were distributed. A possible ecosystem among the 3 members consisting of P. bursaria, zoochlorella and ZCV is discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS A method is described for the electrophoretic analysis of proteins or RNAs from individual amebae. The method is based on fluorographic autoradiography of semi-micro polyacrylamide gels in which [35S]methionine or [3H]uridine materials from single cells have been subjected to electrophoresis. The method is more sensitive and provides better resolution than previous methods for single cells. It is suitable, also, for quantitation of the separated components.

Notes: SYNOPSIS SDS polyacrylamide gels of the ciliary membrane proteins of Tetrahymena thermophila revealed 5 major peaks and 11 minor protein peaks ranging in molecular weight from below 20,000 to above 250,000. The peaks resembled those found for ciliary membrane proteins of Paramecium aurelia..

Notes: SYNOPSIS Evidence obtained by total hydrolysis, partial acetolysis, periodate oxidation, as well as treatment with amylase, emulsin, and Trichoderma virideβ-(1→4)-glucanase, verified that the alkali insoluble component of Acanthamoeba castellanii was pure β-(1→4)-glucan. The weight average chain length of the cellulose varied from DP = 3170 to DP = 4130 (mean DP = 3480) with polysaccharide obtained from seven seemingly identical cultures. Isolation of the cyst-wall cellulose by nondegrading means indicated that alkali extraction was not depolymerizing the polysaccharide. Fractionation of cellulose obtained from a single culture produced fractions from DP = 550 to DP = 4550 (mean DP = 3280; 98.7% of the original cellulose), indicating that the cellulose is polydisperse.

Notes: SYNOPSIS The fatty acids lauric, myristic, and oleic, as well as long-chain bases (LCBs) obtained from sphingolipids, and Tween 80 “spare” the requirement for folate by Tetrahymena pyriformis W. Since LCBs are metabolized by the ciliate to ethanolamine phosphate and fatty aldehydes which can be converted to either fatty acids or fatty alcohols, the latter compounds are used as precursors of phospho- and phosphonolipids and ether phospholipids. It is suggested that lipid biosynthesis is a rate-limiting step in growth of the ciliate as is the folate concentration. Removal of one restraint on growth rate mimics the effect of increased folate concentration. Alternatively, if the enzymes responsible for lipid synthesis are repressible, the presence of exogenous fatty acids would make available more formylmethionyl-tRNA for the initiation of synthesis of other proteins.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A trypanosomatid flagellate was isolated from the musciod fly Muscina stabulans (Fallén). Cloned cultures of this organism contained promastigotes, opisthomastigotes, and froms containing a long flagellum doubled or coiled within the cell but not protruding outside. These latter forms we are designating endomastigotes. The presence of these hitherto underscribed endomastigotes along with other morphologic and growth characteristics suggest that this is a new species for which the name Herpetomonas mariadeanei is proposed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Isopora gallicolumbae sp. n. is described from Beccari's ground dove, Gallicolumba beccarii Salvadori, in Papua New Guinea. The ellipsoidal oocysts average 16.0 × 20.0 μm. The oocyst wall is light green, single-layered (∼ 0.8 μm), and becomes distorted within 10 min in sugar solution. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; one polar granule is present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 8.0 × 12.0 μm. with prominent conical Stieda body. Sporocyst residuum is a spherical mass (∼ 5.0 μm) of lighter and darker granules. This is the first species of Isospora reported from a host in the avian order Columbiformes.

Notes: Books Review in this article:Dawes, Ben, ed. 1977. Advances in Parasitology. Vol. 15. Academic Press, 111 Fifth Ave., New York NY 10003, USA. xx + 409 pp. $36.25.Kcan, H . H., Mott, I(. E. S: Russell. A. J. eds. 1978. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Classic Ii1ccstigation.c. 1'01s. I and 11. Corncll Univ. Press, 124 Roberts PI., Ithaca XY 14850. xxiii + G77 pp. $.50.00.Reissig, J. L., ed. 1977. Microbial Interactions. Vol. 3 of Receptors and Recognition, Series B. Chapman and Hall, London. + 436 pp. $39.50.'Taylor, Angela E. R. Sr Muller. R.: eds. 1978. Thc Rclccance of ParaJitology to Human Welfare Today. Symbosiuin .Vo. 16 of the British Society for Pnrasitolo, qy. Blackwell Scientific Puhlications, Osney Mead, Oxford 0 5 2 OEL. England and J. B. Lippincott Co., East Washington Squaw, Philadelphia PA 191 0.5, L viii + 135 pp. $18.75.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi from the laboratory rat, Rattus, norvegicus, were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Oocysts had a rough outer wall with apparent random depressions. The oocyst wall is composed of 2 layers: an osmiophilic outer layer consisting of a rough external and smooth internal surface, and a relatively thick, electron-lucent inner layer. The outer layer is composed of a dense, coarsely granular matrix. The inner layer consists of homogeneous fine granular material interspersed with coarse osmiophilic granules and contains one closely applied membrane on the outermost surface. Several raised lenticular areas are seen on the coarse outer surface of the inner layer. These layers are 102 (75–128) and 176 (135–204) nm thick, respectively.The sporocyst wall is thin, consisting of 3 to 4 unit membranes, and measures 27 (18–34) nm thick.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. During gametogenesis mother individuals of Hastigerina pelagica (d'Orbigny) undergo significant morphological changes. Thirty h before gamete release, the cytoplasm changes from pale orange to bright red, possibly due to transport of stored lipids from the inner region to more peripheral parts of the cytoplasm. During the next 10 to 15 h the bubble capsule which surounds the calcareous shell is discarded. After all bubbles have disappeared, the individual sheds its spines by resorbing the spine bases close to the shell surface.A single mother nucleus divides into some hundreds of thousands of gamete nuclei within a span of ∼ 20 h. A bulge of cytoplasm is extruded from the aperture and increases in size during the next 5 to 10 h. This bulge consists of cytoplasmic strands in which gametes and spherical bodies are embedded. The gametes and spherical bodies mature and are released during the afternoon and early evening. The gametes have 2 unequal acronematic flagella. A previously undescribed structure in foraminiferal reproduction is the spherical body which consists of a large vacuole surrounded by a thin cytoplasmic layer in which several nuclei, various typical cell organelles and multiple flagella are present. The spherical bodies are believed to play a role as receptacles of waste material, possibly including residual digestive enzymes, thereby protecting the gametes from lysis during the reproductive process. Fusion of gametes and further development into the next generation have not been observed.