ALBERT

Notes: Azimines. IITeil I, siehe [1]. . Preparation and Thermal Fragmentation of cis- and trans-2,3-Diphenyl-1-phthalimido-2,3-di[15N]-azimine Teilweise vorgetragen in der Versammlung der Schweizerischen Chemischen Gesellschaft am 8./9. Oktober 1976 in Genf und als Autoreferat veröffentlicht [2].cis- and trans-2,3-Diphenyl-1-phthalimido-2,3-di[15N]-azimine (11 and 12) wer synthesized from cis-di[15N]-azobenzene (10) and phthalimido-nitrene (2), the latter generated by lead tetraacetate oxidation of N-aminophthalimide (1). Useful information was obtained from the comparison of several data of 11 and 12 with those of the unmarked diphenyl-azimines 5 and 6 (R = C6H5).The 15N- and 13C-NMR. spectra of 11 and 12 were interpreted to furnish additional evidence for the azimine structure and for the indicated configurations. The IR. spectra permitted identification of two bands in the 1200 to 1450 cm-1 region, probably characteristic for the functionality of diaryl-phthalimido-azimines. Comparison of the mass spectrum of 11/12 with that of the unmarked analogues 5/6 (R = C6H5) permitted the interpretation of the fragmentation path of 1-phthalimidoazimines. The major path may be the purely thermal decomposition to 13 and 7 (R = C6H5), respectively. Two other competing fragmentation paths are discussed.Prolonged thermolysis of 11 at 61° in solution gave 83% of N,N′-diphenyl-N N′-phthaloyl-di[15N]-hydrazine (13) of 98% isotope purity, which means that the imide nitrogen atom and N(1) of the azimine function are removed in this reaction. A mechanism passing through an intermediate cyclic tetrazene 16 is considered.Benzocyclobutenedione (14) added to trans-azobenzene (4, R = C6H5) under the influence of a high pressure lamp in a quarz apparatus to give N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-phthaloyl-hydrazine (7, R = C6H5). This reaction was found not to take place in the dark, even after prolonged heating in trichloromethane.

Notes: Azimines. I. Synthesis and Stereoisomerism of 2, 3-Diaryl- and 2, 3-Dialkyl-1-phthalimido-aziminesTeilweise vorgetragen in der Versammlung der Schweizerischen Chemischen Gesellschaft in Lausanne am 7./8. Mai 1971 und als Autoreferat veröffentlicht [1].Special examples of a new class of compounds, the open-chain azimines (1), have been prepared and their properties examined.Addition of phthalimido-nitrene (4), generated by lead tetraacetate oxidation of N-aminophthalimide (3), to cis- and trans-azobenzene (6 and 5), -azo-p-toluene (8 and 7), and to trans-azomethane (9), -azoethane (10) and -azo-α-phenylethane (11) afforded the separable cis- and trans-isomers of 2, 3-diphenyl- (12 and 13), 2, 3-di-p-toyl- (14 and 15), 2, 3-dimethyl- (16 and 17), 2, 3-diethyl- (18 and 19) and 2, 3-di-(α-phenylethyl)-1-phthalimido-azimines (20 and 21) in different ratios (see Scheme 1).The constitution of the nitrene azo compound adducts as azimines was derived from their properties, especially from the conjugation effect (visible in the UV. spectra) of the aryl-substituted compounds and from the non-equivalence (shown by the 1H-NMR. spectra) of the substituents on the two nitrogen atoms derived from the azo compounds. This evidence excluded the triaziridine 22 and an alternative azimine constitution 23 for the adducts.Of the two stereoisomers obtained for each of the azimines, the aryl-substituted examples 12/13 and 14/15 were readily interconverted by warming in solution, the cis-isomers 12 and 14 exceeding the trans-isomers 13 and 15 in the equilibrium. The dialkyl-azimines appear to be configurationally more stable, since interconversion of the dimethyl-azimines 16 and 17 was not possible under the same conditions, and also not before another thermal reaction took place (see below).The identification of the N(2)-N(3) bond as the stereogenic center, i.e. that the stereoisomerism of the azimines is due to the difference in relative position at N(2) and N(3) of the substituents derived from the azo compounds, as well as a configurational assignment was possible in the aryl-substituted examples on the basis of the UV. spectroscopic comparison of the isomeric azimines with the corresponding stereoisomeric azoxy compounds: The cis-azimines 12 and 14 showed absorptions similar to those of cis-azoxybenzene and cis-azoxy-p-toluene, and the trans-azimines 13 and 15 showed absorptions similar to those of the respective trans-azoxy compounds. With respect to the configuration of the alkyl-substituted azimines, it was observed that the isomers 17 and 19, which from their formation and chromatographic behaviour are likely to be the trans-isomers, show a visible coupling (∽ 1 Hz) between the two H (α)'s in the 1H-NMR. spectrum, whereas the dimethyl isomer 16 (cis) does not exhibit such a coupling.Thermal treatment of four azimines, namely 12, 14, 16 and 17, in solution for a longer time afforded the corresponding N, N′-disubstituted N, N′-phthaloyl-hydrazines 27, 28 and 29. The order of velocity of this fragmentation with nitrogen extrusion was 12/13 ≍ 14/15 〉 16(cis) 〉 17(trans).

Notes: The 6-chloro-2-cyclohexenones 3, 6 and 11, and the 5-chloro-2-cyclopentenone 15 were newly synthesized. The results obtained with compounds 3 and 15 in photocycloadditions to olefins show that the oxetane vs. cyclobutane product ratio is reduced by the substitution of florine by chlorine in the α′ -position of the enone. No oxetanes are formed in the intramolecular photocycloaddition of 6. Compound 11 does not photoadd to olefins. The newly synthesized 2-chloro-3-cyclohexenones 8 and 9 are also photostable towards light of λ=366 nm, but π-π*-excitation (λ=254 nm) in pentane leads to the formation of 4,4-dimethylcyclohexanone (29).

Notes: Polynuclear Cobalt Complexes. II. Preparation and Structure of [(tren) (NH3)Co(O2)Co(NH3) (tren)](SCN)4 · 2H2OThe title compound is obtained on oxygenation of [Co(tren)(H2O)2]2+ in 6M aqueous ammonia or by ligand exchange starting from [(NH3)5Co(O2)Co(NH3)5]-(NO3)4. An X-ray structure determination was made. The substance forms monoclinic crystals, space group P21/c, lattice constants a=10,135, b=8,473, c=19,484 Å, β=108,58°, with two formula units in the cell. The final R is 0,066. The binuclear cation has a center of symmetry, so the Co—O—O—Co unit is planar; the Co—O—O angle is 111,5°. The tertiary nitrogen atoms of both chelate groups are cis to the O2 bridge, as found in doubly bridged [(tren)Co(O2,OH)Co(tren)](ClO4)3 · 3H2O.On acidification in solution, the singly bridged cation [(tren) (NH3)CoO2Co(NH3)(tren)]4+ (a) loses the bound O2 completely. But unlike the doubly bridged cation b, the rate of dissociation of a is independent of pH (Fig. 5). At higher pH (8-10) bridging a→b (Fig. 2) occurs. Both reactions must have the same rate determining step, the first order rate constants being of the order of 2 · 10-3 s-1 (25°, 0,35M KCl).

Notes: Following the intraperitoneal administration of high doses of 14C- and 3H- labelled retinoic acid (1) to rats, three major metabolites and the intact compound were isolated from the feces in microgram amounts by use of column, thin-layer and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry and Fourier Transform 1H-NMR. spectroscopy as 2 (all-trans-4-oxoretinoic acid), 3 (7-trans-9-cis-11-trans-13-trans-5′-hydroxy-retinoic acid).Hydroxylation of the 5-methyl group of the cyclohexene ring, oxidation of the cyclohexene ring in position 4 and cis-trans isomerisation of the nonatetraenoic acid side chain were the reactions, which produced these products from retinoic acid. The metabolites 2 and 4 each accounted for about 4% of the radioactivity administered. The metabolite 3 and the parent compound accounted for about 16% and 17% of the dose, respectively.

Notes: Novel types of acetylenic sugarsThe coupling, following Cadiot's procedure, of a 6-bromo-5,6-dideoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidène-3-O-methyl-α-D-xylo-hex-5-yno-1, 4-furanose (1) with phenylacetylene, 2-propyn-1-ol or terminal acetylenic sugars gave with excellent yields the expected diynes (an enediyne when the terminal acetylene was the 3,5, 6-trideoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glycero-hex-3-en-5-yno-1,4-furanose 7). The chloro analogue 8 of 1 on treatment with lithium thiophenate gave the corresponding phenylthio-acetylenic sugar 9. An acetylene was also formed by reacting the gem-difluoro-olefinic sugar 10 with butyllithium whereas the same olefinic sugar and its 3-O-benzyl analogue 11 gave only a gem-fluoro-arylthio-olefinic sugar (13-15) as a mixture of the Z and E isomers (Z/E 〉 4) when treated with the conjugate base of an arylmercaptan.

Notes: Some more examples of stable free radicals of carbohydrate heterocyclic derivatives2-Glycosyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline- 3-oxide-1-oxyls and 2-glycosyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline 1-oxyls have been prepared in nine carbohydrate series, which proves the generality of the method. The hyperfine coupling constant between the free electron and the α-proton of the glycosyl group is never very large (0-2.3 G) but a correlation between its value and the structure of the aglycone has been noted. Free radicals of that type, stable in aqueous solutions, are potentially interesting for biological studies.

Notes: Interpretation of the chemical and spectral (IR., UV., 1H- and 13C-NMR.) properties of the antitumor antibiotic hedamycin (C41H50N2O11) suggests that the molecule contains a methyl substituted 1-hydroxyanthraquinone nucleus, an α, β-unsaturated ketone, two sugar-like tetrahydropyran rings (4 and 8) and an aliphatic chain 2, presumably with an epoxy group (see the Scheme).

Notes: Halogenated pyridines and 1,8-naphthyridines. VI.The principle of the synthesis of 3-halomethyl-2,6-dichloro-pyridines has been extended to compounds with side chains of more than one carbon atom in the 3-position. Feasible synthetic routes are outlined starting from cheap, commercially available α-methylideneglutaronitrile and trichloroalkyl functional compounds which yield the intermediate 1,3,5-trisubstituted alkanes. These are cyclized by aqueous mineral acid or by hydrogen bromide in an organic solvent to 2-substituted glutarimids or hexahydronaphthyridinones, depending on the mode of cyclization. The final aromatization provides a simple route to pyridines or 1, 8-naphthyridines.

Notes: Proton catalysed [1,2]-H-shift in the rearrangement of 6,7-diphenyl-5,6-dihydropterine (I) to 6,7-diphenyl-7,8-dihydropterine (III)The arrangement from I to the thermodynamically more stable III undergoes through a acid catalysed [1,2]-H-shift (intramolecular 6,7-hydride rearrangement) (see Scheme 1).

Notes: Reaktionen von 1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-anti-tricyclo[5.1.0.03,5]octan-2,6-diolen und deren 4,4,8,8-Tetrachlor- und 4,8-Dichlorderivaten mit DiphosphortetrajodidEs wurden die P2I4-Reaktionen mit 1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-anti-tricyclo[5.1.0.03,5]-octan-2,6-diolen (3/6), mit dem 4,8-Dichlorderivat 4 und mit den 4,4,8,8-Tetrachlorderivaten 5/7 untersucht. Dabei entstanden die Styrolderivate 9 und 12, die anti-Bishomobenzolderivate 8 und 11, ein Homotropylidenderivat 10, ein Cyclo-octatetraenderivat 13 und ein 9-Oxabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-trienderivat 15. Die Ausbeuten lagen zwischen 1 und 10%. Die Bildung aller dieser Produkte liess sich unter der Annahme der primären Umwandlung einer oder beider Hydroxylgruppen in Abgangsgruppen X oder X und Y (wahrscheinlich X=Y=I) mechanistisch deuten. Die Reaktion der Deschlorderivate 3/6 lieferte nach Substitution beider Hydroxyl-gruppen durch X und Y: (a) unter Abspaltung von HX und HY das Styrolderivat 9 (Schema 2) und (b) unter Abspaltung von XY das Homotropylidenderivat 10 (Schema 3a) und das Bishomobenzolderivat 8 (Schema 3b). Die Reaktion des 4,8-Dichlor-derivates 4 lieferte nach Substitution beider Hydroxylgruppen durch X und Y: (a) unter Abspaltung von HX und HY das Styrolderivat 12 (Schema 2), und (b) unter Abspaltung von XY das Bishomobenzolderivat 11 (Schema 3b). Die Reaktion mit den 4,4,8,8-Tetrachlorderivaten 5/7 lieferte: (a) nach Substitution beider Hydroxyl-gruppen durch X und Y unter Abspaltung von XCl und YCl das Cyclooctatetraen-derivat 13 (Schema 4), und (b) nach Substitution nur einer Hydroxylgruppe durch X unter Abspaltung von XCl und HCl das bicyclische Derivat 15 (Schema 5). Alle diese Reaktionen sind zusätzlich zu den angegebenen Fragmentierungen und Eliminierungen noch teilweise von Umlagerungen des Kohlenstoffgerüstes begleitet.Die thermische Umlagerung von 1,5-Dichlor-2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-cycloocta-1,3,5,7-tetraen (13) in das Styrolderivat 12 wurde in Abhängigkeit der Lösungs-mittelpolarität untersucht und mit der analogen thermischen Umlagerung von Brom-cyclooctatetraen und Chlor-cyclooctatetraen verglichen.

Notes: Leaf-gland Pigments: Coleons S and T from Plectranthus caninus ROTH (Labiatae), New Hydroquinones of the Abietane Series with a Diosphenol/trans-A/B-6,7-Diketone Structure.Coleons S and T were isolated from the more polar fractions from extracts of the above mentioned plant. Coleon S, C20H26O6, has been shown to have structure 1a, and coleon T, C20H26O6, structure 2.

Notes: On a Synthesis of the angular Di(cyclobuteno)benzolIn the course of our studies aimed at better understanding the Mills-Nixon effect, we have also prepared the angular di(cyclobuteno)benzene (1), the synthesis of which has been recently described by another group [3]. Our completely different and essentially simpler synthetic approach will be pointed out. A special pyrolysis apparatus is designed.

Notes: Photochemical reactions of norbornadiene with substituted acetylenes in the presence of Fe(CO)5 gave various products of different types, depending on the nature of the acetylene. The results are summarized in Table 1. The cyclopentanone 1 was always formed in these reactions. In the reaction of disubstituted acetylenes such as dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and ethyl phenylpropiolate, the cyclopentenones 2 and 5 were formed, respectively. By contrast, propiolic esters produced the cyclohexenones 3 and 4, in which the ester group was attached on the β carbon with respect to the keto group. Plausible mechanisms for the formation of these products are shown in Schemes 7 and 8. The reaction of diphenylacetylene gave the cyclohexendione 7 as well as the cyclopentenone 6. Two enedione products 8 and 9 were obtained from the reaction of phenylacetylene. Compound 9 was converted to the aromatic diacetate 13 by heating with acetic anhydride in pyridine. On irradiation in the presence of Fe(CO)5 norbornene reacted similarly with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and phenylacetylene to give the cyclopentenone 14 and the cyclohexenone 15, respectively. Compound 15, upon heating, isomerized to hydroquinone 16, which on acetylation gave the diacetate 17.

Notes: It is shown that the ab initio STO-3G treatment applied to simple saturated linear, branched and cyclic hydrocarbons, assuming standard geometries, yields orbital energies ∊jSTO-3G for their canonical orbital ϕj which correlate perfectly with the observed C2s ionization energies Ijm, if Koopmans' approximation is accepted.Applying the Foster-Boys localization procedure to these canonical orbitals ϕj leads to localized orbitals λμ and their corresponding Hartree-Fock matrix Fλ = (Fλ,μv). An examination of the matrix elements Fλ,μv, i.e. of the self-energies Aμ = Fλ,μμ of the localized CC- and CH-orbitals λμ and of the cross terms Fλ, μv (μ ≠ v) between them, leads to the conclusion that a satisfactory approximation should be obtained by setting Aμ = A for all μ, Fλ,μv = B if λμ and λv are vicinal and neglecting all other cross terms. The resulting model is nothing but the well-known equivalent bond orbital model of Lennard-Jones & Hall, which however can now be calibrated using the known C2s-ionization energies of hydrocarbons. Due to the discrete structure and the wider range (∽ 8 eV) of the C2s band systems in the photoelectron spectra of these molecules this leads to a more satisfactory parametrization than using the narrower and badly resolved C2p band system.Comparison of calculated band positions using the calibrated model with observed C2s-band ionization energies for a series of hydrocarbons reveals that the simple equivalent bond orbital model is better than one might have expected.

Notes: The Metabolism of the Retinoid Ro 10-9359. Isolation and Identification of the Major Metabolites in Human Plasma, Urine and Feces Synthesis of Three Urinary MetabolitesAfter oral administration of therapeutic doses of the 3H-labelled aromatic retinoic acid analog (retinoid) Ro 10-9359 (ethyl all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate) to humans 75 and 15% of the 3H-dose were excreted within the first five days in the feces and the urine, respectively. Using chromatographic procedures including high pressure liquid chromatography 18 metabolites could be isolated from human urine. Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry and FT-1H-NMR. spectroscopy. In these urinary metabolites the tetraene side chain of the parent compound Ro 10-9359 is shortened. The radioactivity of the identified urinary metabolites accounted for about 11% of the dose. Three urinary metabolites were synthesized. The main part of the radioactivity excreted within the first five days in the feces consisted of unchanged drug (60% of the dose). A smaller (amount 15% of the dose) could not be identified. The unchanged drug and a major metabolite, the corresponding acid, were found in human plasma.In an experiment with bile-duct cannulated rats the radioactively labelled retinoid Ro 10-9359 was injected intravenously. About 70% of the 3H-dose was excreted in the bile, within the first 48 hours. The whole radioactivity of the rat bile consisted of polar metabolites. No unchanged drug could be found. After enzymatic hydrolysis of the bile conjugates three metabolites were isolated. The main metabolite (49% of the i.v. dose) was a conjugate of the corresponding acid of the parent drug, already found as free compound in human plasma. The other bile metabolites (9 and 7% of the i.v. dose) had an intact side chain, too.An enterohepatic recycling of the bile metabolites was observed in the rat.

Notes: Stability in aqueous solution of some complexes of heavy metals with diaza-polyoxamacrocyclic ligandsStability of metal complexes (Mn+ = Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Ag+ and Cd2+) with five diaza-polyoxamacrocycles (L = [2.1.1], [2.2.1], [2.2.2], [2.1] and [2.2] ) have been determined at 25°, in 0.1 M Et4N+ClO4- aqueous solutions, by means of potentiometric titrations. All cations form MLn+ complexes; Cu2+ also forms the MHL(n+1)+ protonated species with both [2.2.1] and [2.1.1] ligands. The stability of these complexes has been discussed in terms of structure and by considering the ionic radii of the cations together with the radii of the macrocyclic cavities. Different behaviour is observed between some of these complexes and the well known alkali and alkaline-earth cryptates, partly due to the more covalent nature of bonds formed by the investigated cations and the donor sites of the ligands. The effect of the substitution of two oxygen by two sulfur atoms in the pentadentate ligand [2.1] on the stability of the complexes is reported.

Notes: An arrangement for light induced vectorial charge separation is discussed in which the electron of the excited dye is transferred to an acceptor and the dye is recovered by electron tunneling through a high and narrow potential barrier. The possible relevance of the model in connection with photosynthesis is considered. Monolayers of Ru(II)-bipyridine complexes with long chain hydrocarbon substituents were investigated which may be useful as component in such arrangements.The surface pressure area isotherms of the monolayers were measured for various ionic compositions of the subphase, and the results demonstrate a strong effect of these ions on the structure of the layers. The layers were deposited on different substrates. The luminescence and its change by contacting the sample with water and by subsequent drying were found to be strongly dependent on the architecture of the layer assembly. Attempts of a photochemical cleavage of water with these assemblies failed.The pH-dependence of the absorption and the luminescence of a Ru(II) bipyridine-dicarboxylic acid complex in solution is interpreted by assuming that the electron in the excited state is localized in one pyridine part of the substituted ligand, the conjugation with the second half of the bipyridine carboxylic acid being negligible. Monolayer assemblies for measuring the energy transfer from the ruthenium complex to an adequate energy acceptor and from an adequate energy donor to the ruthenium complex were investigated. The results demonstrate that the deactivation of the excited ruthenium complex occurs mainly by passing the luminescent state.Assemblies were investigated for measuring the electron transfer from the excited ruthenium complex to an appropriate electron acceptor positioned in the carboxylate portion at the same interface as the electron donor. With bipyridinium ions as acceptor the ruthenium complex luminescence is quenched at average distances between acceptor molecules of about 10 Å, while this distance is 30, 60 und 75 Å for different cyanine dyes used instead of the ruthenium complex. A correlation between this distance and the ionization energy in the excited state of the donor is observed.

Notes: Synthesis of nickel complexes with a porphine-type ligand systemIn the presence of nickel(II) salts the bicyclic vinylogous amidine 1 is dimerized to the diamagnetic (1-amino-10,20-diaza-octahydroporphinato)nickel(II) complex 3. The condensation proceeds through a paramagnetic octahedral nickel(II) complex 2. Starting from 3, the (hexadecamethyl-10,20-diaza-hexahydroporphin)nickel bis (tetrafluoroborate) 7 (a (hexaaza [16]annulene)nickel(II) complex) was prepared in two steps. This highly electrophilic compound adds methoxide ions in consecutive and reversible steps to form first the (1-methoxy-10,20-diaza-octahydroporphinato)nickel tetrafluoroborate 8 and then the [cis-1, 11-dimethoxy-decahydroporphinato (2-)]nickel 6. 6, 7 and 8 were fully characterized and interconverted by addition and elimination reactions.

Notes: Singlet oxygen, generated chemically or photogenetically, reacts with biadamantylidene to give the corresponding dioxetane and epoxide only. When methylene blue (MB) or meso-tetraphenylporphin (m-TPP) is used as sensitizer the normal reaction course occurs giving dioxetane as the preponderant product in 2-propanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, pinacolone, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and benzene, although in the last two solvents some 10-25% of epoxide is formed. When erythrosin and rose bengal (RB) are used, epoxide becomes the main product (70-95%). Epoxide does not derive from chemical reaction with the solvent. Pinacolone, for example, is not oxidized to t-butyl acetate.The rose bengal reaction involves both singlet oxygen and radicals, since diazabicyclooctane (DABCO) and di-t-butyl-p-cresol interfere with the oxidation. A mechanistic scheme is proposed in which sensitizer and oxygen combine to produce sensitizer radical cation and superoxide radical anion. Subsequently, hydroperoxy radical, deriving from superoxide, reacts with substrate to give epoxide and hydroxy radicals. The latter adds to substrate to give a new radical which captures triplet oxygen. Epoxide is formed by loss of hydroperoxy radical and the chain starts anew. The dioxetane is formed separately either by [2+2]-cycloaddition or stepwise addition.

Notes: Photochemical and non-photochemical A/D-secocorrin→corrin-cyclizations of 19-carboxy- and 19-formyl-1-methylidene-1,19-secocorrinates. Decarboxylation (and deformylation) of nickel(II)-19-carboxy-(resp. 19-formyl)-corrinatesNickel (II) 1-methylidene-2,2,7,7,12,12-hexamethyl-15-cyano-19-carboxy-1,19-secocorrinate can be induced to cyclize with concomitant decarboxylation to the corresponding corrinate (Scheme 9). Experiments with deuterated derivatives (Scheme 10) indicate that in this decarboxylative A/D-secocorrin→corrin-cyclization the ring closure step precedes decarboxylation. In accord therewith is the finding that the corresponding intermediate nickel(II) 19-carboxy-corrinate (synthesized via photochemical cyclization of the corresponding cadmium complex, Schemes 6 and 9) decarboxylates under very mild conditions.Nickel(II) 1-methylidene-2,2,7,7,12,12-hexamethyl-15-cyano-19-formyl-1,19-secocorrinate cyclizes smoothly to the corresponding 19-formyl-corrinate in the presence of acetic acid/triethylamine. The formyl group of the cyclization product can be eliminated hydrolytically in essentially quantitative yield by treatment with 2N KOH in ethanolic solution (Scheme 11). The non-photochemical (A→D)-cyclization of 19-formyl-1,19-secocorrinoids represents formation of the corrin chromophore at the oxidation level of porphyrinogens and exemplifies how a C1-fragment that eventually leaves the ligand can fulfill a specific function in the (A→D)-ring closure to a corrin.

Notes: Leaf-gland Pigments: 3β-Acetoxyfuerstione, Nilgherron A and Nilgherron B, New Quinomethanes from Plectranthus nilgherricus BENTH. (Labiatae); Absolute Configuration of FuerstioneWe have isolated from leaf-glands of the above mentioned plant the following deeply coloured quino-methane derivatives: (1) traces of the already known fuerstione (1a); 11,15-dihydroxy-5,7,9 (11), 13-abietatetraen-12-one; (2) the new 3β-acetoxy-fuerstione (1b); (3) nilgherron A (5a, I or II), a new dimeric diterpenoid quinomethane, C40H52O7, formed in the plant obviously by cycloaddition of the o-quinone 8 (9aS, 11R)-11 -hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl-9,9-dimethyl-3,4,7,8,9,9a,10,11- octahydro-5H-dibenzo [a, d]cycloheptene-3,4-dione) with fuerstione; (4) nilgherron B (5b, I or II), C42H54O9, likewise a new compound, formed by the same type of cycloaddition (heterodiene synthesis) of 8 with 3β-acetoxyfuerstione. On the basis of 1H-NMR. shift arguments structure I is slightly preferred to II for 5a and 5b. Model experiments have shown the easy formation of the dihydrodioxin ring by reaction of an o-benzoquinone with p-quinomethanes. The absolute configuration of fuerstione and 3β-acetoxyfuerstione has been determined by chiroptical methods.

Notes: The bidentate phosphine 2,11-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)benzo [c]phenanthrene (1) has been used to prepare the mononuclear, square planar complexes trans-[MX(CO)(1)] and trans-[M(CO)(CH3CN)(1)][BF4] (M = Rh, Ir; X = Cl, Br, I, NCS). It is found that the tendency of these complexes to form adducts with CO, O2 and SO2 is significantly lower than that of the corresponding Ph3P complexes. The oxidative-addition reactions of complexes trans-[IrX (CO) (1)] with hydrogen halides give the six-coordinate species [IrHX2(CO) (1)]. The complexes [IrH2I (CO) (1)] and [IrH2L (CO) (1)] [BF4] (L = CO and CH3CN) have been obtained from hydrogen and the corresponding substrates. The model compounds trans-[MCl (CO) (Ph2PCH2Ph)2] (M = Rh, Ir), trans-[Ir (CO) (CH3CN) (Ph2PCH2Ph)2] [BF4], [IrHCl2(CO)(Ph2PCH2Ph)2] and [IrH2(CO)2(Ph2PCH2Ph)2] [BF4] have been prepared and their special parameters are compared with those of the corresponding complexes of ligand 1. The influence of the static requirements of this ligand on the chemistry of its rhodium and iridium complexes is discussed.

Notes: The preparation of the ditertiary phosphines 2,11-bis (di-m-tolylphosphinomethyl)benzo [c]phenanthrene (1b), 2,11-bis (di-p-anisylphosphinomethyl)benzo-[c]phenanthrene (1c), 2,11-bis (di-m-trifluoromethylphenylphosphinomethyl) benzo-[c]phenanthrene (1d), 2,11-bis (dicyclohexylphosphinomethyl)benzo [c]phenanthrene (1e) and 2,11-bis [di-(t-butyl)phosphinomethyl]benzo [c]phenanthrene (1f), by a combination of synthetic routes is described.

Notes: 5,6-Dimethylidene-exo-2,3-epoxynorbornane (1) is reduced slowly by LiAlH4 in boiling tetrahydrofuran (THF) and furnishes a mixture of 5,6-dimethylidene-exo-2-norbornanol (2), 2,3-dimethylidene-anti-7-norbornanol (3) and principally 6-methyl-5-methylidene-anti-3-nortricyclanol (4). The yield of 4 is the highest for low initial concentrations of LiAlH4; it decreases in favour of alcohols 2 and 3 at high concentration of LiAlH4. The reduction of 1 with AlH3 in THF yields 3 as the major product, thus revealing an efficient synthesis of 7-substituted-2, 3-dimethyl-idenenorbornane derivatives. No alcohol 2could be isolated by LiEt3BH reduction of 1. LiAlD4 reduces 1 into the monodeuterated alcohols 2-d, 3-d and 4-d. The deuterium label is found in the endo-position at C (3) in 2-d, in the exo-position at C(5) in 3-d and in the methyl group of the tricyclic alcohol 4-d. Mechanistic limits for the formation of 2, 3 and 4 are discussed briefly.

Notes: The enthalpy of formation of tris(methylidene)-cyclopropane (“[3]radialene”, 1) has been determined as ΔHfO = 396 ± 12 kJ mol-1 from three fragmentation reactions of its molecular ion 1+ formed from 1 by photoionisation using synchrotron radiation. Comparative electron impact measurements using conventional mass spectrometry were also performed. A treatment of the latter data is described which leads to satisfactory agreement with the photoionization data. The experimental value of ΔHfO(1) is compared with various theoretical estimates. The strain energy of 1 is calculated to be 226.3 kJ mol-1. Linear extrapolation of this quantity from the increase of strain in passing from cyclopropane to methylidenecyclopropane yields 282.4 kJ mol-1. The discrepancy between these values, already predicted by Dewar and Baird ten years ago from theoretical calculations, is discussed on the basis of maximum overlap considerations. The enthalpy of formation of bis(methylidene)cyclopropane is predicted to be ΔHfO= 309 kJ mol-1.

Notes: Leaf-gland Pigments: 6-Novel p-Quinomethanes of the Abietane Series from Plectranthus parviflorus WILLDThe above mentioned plant accumulates in its red coloured leaf-glands a complex mixture of strongly dehydrogenated abietanols. They were separated (with difficulties) to yield 6 novel compounds. Spectroscopic and chiroptic data show them to be esters of either 11, 19-dihydroxy- or 2 α, 11-dihydroxy-abieta-5, 7, 9 (11), 13-tetraen-12-one 2a and 3a, respectively. Specifically, the 19-O-p-hydroxybenzoate (2d) parvifloron C, the 19-O-vanilloate (2c) parvifloron B, the 19-O-p-hydroxy-benzoate (2d) parvifloron C, the 19-O-3′,4′-dihydroxybenzoate (2e) parvifloron E, the 2 α-O-p-hydroxybenzoate (3b) parvifloron D, and the 2 α-O-3′,4′-dihydroxy-benzoate (3c) parvifloron F. Reduction by LiAlH4 splits the ester function and reduces the p-quinomethane to a colourless pyrocatechol derivative which, by air oxidation, regenerates the red p-quinomethane system of 2a and 3a.

Notes: A calculation of the modification of the optical absorptions of an isotropic sample by a uniform external electric field is presented. The induced orientational anisotropy, the Stark shift and the field. dependence of the transition moment are taken into account up to the second order in the field. The final expressions differ in the contributions from the transition polarizabilities from previous results.

Notes: The photoelectron spectrum of tris (methylidene)-cyclopropane 1 (“[3]radialene”) is reported and the electronic states of 1+ assigned. Jahn-teller activity in the degenerate states of 1+is discussed. Differences in the Franck-Condon profile of the first PE band and the Rydberg series in the Vacuum-UV./UV. absorption spectrum indicate for the Rydberg series (n=3) a 1A″2-species, which supports earlier tentative proposals. The high intensity absorption in the 5.5 eV-6 eV energy range of the latter spectrum recorded earlier are definitely due to impurities. The vibrational fine structure of a weak band system around 5.5 eV in our spectrum suggests for this transition S0→S2(1A′1), which is dipole forbidden but borrows intensity from S1(1E′) trough vibronic coupling via an e′-mode. From vapor pressure measurements ε(λmax=289 nm) = 9390± 1170 for gaseous 1 was found.

Notes: IR. and Raman spectra of LnONO3 (50-4,000 cm-1, Ln=La, Gd, Eu, and Dy) are reported and discussed. The low frequency region of the spectra reflects the cubic structure of these compounds. The dimensions of the cubic unit cells determined by X-Ray powder diagrams are: 12.81 ± 0.05 Å for EuONO3, 12.69 ± 0.05 Å for GdONO3, and 12.67 ± 0.05 Å for DyONO3. The vibrational frequencies of the nitrato group are consistent with a bidentate nitrate of C2v symmetry. The synthesis of anhydrous Ln (NO3)3 (Ln=La, Gd, Eu, and Dy) by dehydration of the corresponding penta- or hexahydrates is described. The IR. and Raman spectra (50-4,000 cm-1) are analysed. Splitting of the bands point to a complex structure of these compounds. All six vibrational modes of the nitrato group are observed and the data are again consistent with bidentate NO-3 moieties. Finally, an analytical control of the purity of Ln (NO3)3 is suggested.

Notes: Synthesis of 3-Dimethylamino-3a,4,5, 7a-tetrahydro-1H-isoindol-1-ones by Intramolecular Diels-Alder ReactionThermolysis of N2-acylamidines, the acyl group of which derives from an α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylic acid (2, 5-7), yields 3-dimethylamino-3a,4,5,7a-tetrahydro-1H-isoindol-1-ones (3,8-10, Schemes 1 and 3) in 63-78%. Only the thermodynamically controlled cis-fused ring system is formed. The starting materials are readily available by the reaction of 3-dimethylamino2H-azirines (1 and 4) and carboxylic acid chlorides.

Notes: Reactions of Aziridino-nitrenes: Synthesis of Polycyclic Bisaziridines and 1,2-Bisaziridino-diazenesVorgetragen in der Versammlung der Schweizerischen Chemischen Gesellschaft in Bern am 7.Oktober 1977.7-Amino-7-azabicyclo[4.1.0]-3-heptene (11b), cis-9-amino-9-azabicyclo[6.1.0]-nonane (12b), cis-9-amino-9-azabicyclo[6.1.0]-(4Z)-nonene (13b), as well as exo- and endo-3-amino-3-azatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]-6-octene (14b and 15b) were synthesized by addition of oxidatively generated phthalimido-nitrene (6) to 1,4-hexadiene, (Z)-cyclooctene, (1Z,5Z)-cyclooctadiene, and bicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene, respectively, followed by hydrazinolysis of the corresponding N-phthalimido-aziridines 11a-15a.Lead tetraacetate oxidation of the two unsaturated N-amino-aziridines 11b and 15b at -70° yielded diazapolycyclic structures by intramolecular addition of the intermediate aziridino-nitrenes 11c and 15c to the δ, ε-situated C, C-double bond; the products obtained in good yields were 1,5-diazatetracyclo [3.3.0.02,8. O4,6]-octane (16) and 3,7-diazapentacyclo [3.3.1.02,4.03,7.06.8] nonane (17), respectively Oxydation of the unsaturated N-amino-aziridine 13b under the same conditions did not cause intramolecular addition of the nitrene 13c to the ε, ζ-situated C, C-double bond; instead 1,2-bis (cis-9-azabicyclo [6.1.0]-(4Z)-nonen-9-yl)-diazene (20) was obtained in low yield and (1Z, 5Z)-cyclooctadiene as the main product. Both products can be rationalized as derived from the intermediate nitrene 13c with 13b and the olefine as the result of a fragmentation of 13c under extrusion of N2. As. expected, oxidation of the saturated N-amino-aziridine 12b led to the 1,2-bisaziridino-diazene 21 and (Z)-cyclooctene in a ratio of 4:6. Surprisingly, oxidation of 7-amino-7-azabicyclo [4.1.0]-heptane (10b) produced only fragmentation of the corresponding nitrene 10c to cyclohexene. Finally, oxidation of the exo-N-amino-aziridine 14b yielded a complex not yet resolved product mixture in low overall yield. Attempts to add the oxidatively generated aziridino-nitrene 12c to cyclohexene, methyl acrylate, and dimethylsulfoxide were without success.Heating the 1,2-bisaziridino-diazenes 20 and 21 at their respective m.p. temperatures caused thermal fragmentation to occur with evolution of nitrogen. The bisaziridines 26 and 28 as well as the aziridines 27 and 29, respectively, were isolated. These products could be the result of a radical pathway, whereas a small amount of (Z)-cyclooctene, also generated in the thermolysis of 21, might be formed by a competing cheletropic pathway.The 1H-NMR-spectra of the derivatives of cis-9-azabicyclo[6.1.0]nonane, namely of 12a, 12b, 21, 28 and 29, showed signals for some of the aliphatic protons which were separated from the others at relatively low field (around 2.5-1.8 ppm). These signals accounted for 4 (with 12b for 2) protons in each of the cis-9-azabicyclo[6.1.0]nonane subunits, i.e. more than the 2 expected for the aziridine methine protons. The additional signals must be assigned to methylene protons (2 or even 4 of them) probably situated on the other side of the eight membered ring and deshielded by the motion-average proximity to the aziridine nitrogen atom.

Notes: On the Carotenoids Flavoxanthin and Chrysanthemaxanthin: 1H-NMR., 13C-NMR. and Mass Spectra, Absolute Configuration, Survey of Published DataVery pure flavoxanthin (1) and chrysanthemaxanthin (2) have been reisolated from flower heads of Taraxacum officinale. Both compounds were characterized by chromatographic, chemical and chiroptical data and extensive NMR. measurements. Examination of many published data on 1 and 2 led to the conclusion that flavoxanthin has often been mistaken for chrysanthemaxanthin and vice versa.Chemical degradation of 1 and 2 to (-)-loliolide (5) coupled with NMR. evidence (ASIS, spin-decoupling, NOE) allowed the assignment of the absolute configurations of 1 and 2. Thus (+)-flavoxanthin is (3S,5R,8R, 3′R,6′R)-5, 8-epoxy-5, 8-dihydro-β, ε-carotene-3, 3′-diol and (+)-chrysanthemaxanthin its C(8)-epimer.

Notes: Synthesis and Chirality of (5S,6R)-5,6-Epoxy-5,6-dihydro-β,β-carotene and (5R,6R)-5,6-Dihydro-β,β-carotene-5,6-diol, a Compound with Unexpected Solubility CharacteristicsWittig-condensation of azafrinal (1e) with the phosphorane derived from 7 leads to a (1:3)-mixture of (E)-9′- and (Z)-9′-β,β-carotene-diol 3, from which pure and optically active 3 ((5R,6R)-5,6-dihydro-β,β-carotene-5,6-diol) has been isolated as bright violet leaflets, m.p. 168°. Due to the trans-configuration of the diol moiety and to severe steric hindrance, hydrogen bonding is reduced to such an extent, that 3 behaves much more as a hydrocarbon than as a diol. There is good evidence that the so-called ‘β-oxycarotin’ obtained by Kuhn & Brockmann [15] by chromic acid oxidation of β, β-carotene is the corresponding racemic cis-diol. 3 has been converted into (5S, 6R)-5,6-epoxy-5.6-dihydro-β,β-carotene (4), m.p. 156°. This transformation establishes for the first time the chirality of a caroteneepoxide (without other O-functions).Full spectral and chiroptical data including a complete assignement of 13C-chemical shifts for azafrin methyl ester and 3 are presented.

Notes: As an extension of previous studies on the total synthesis of (2R,4′R,8′R)-α-tocopherol (1) [1] [2], (S)-(-)-2-(6-benzyloxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman)acetic acid (6), a pivotal intermediate, possessing the absolute configuration required for construction of 1 was prepared by optical resolution of the racemic modification 11. the latter substance was obtained by two routes, one emanating from the hydroxy acetal 7 [1] and the other based upon the Lewis acid mediated cycloaddition of trimethylhydroquinone to rac.-3-hydroxy-3-methylpent-4-en-l-yl acetate (16) giving rac. ethyl 2-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman)acetate (12).

Notes: Thermodynamic study of charge transfert complexes (n-σ*) in solutionCharge transfer complexes of quinoline and substituted quinolines (donors) with iodine, iodine chloride, and iodine bromide (acceptors) have been studied spectrophotometrically in CCl4. The 1:1 stoechiometry of these complexes was verified by means of the continous variations method and the appearance of isosbestic points. Simultaneous determination of the equilibrium constant and enthalpy of adduct formation was carried out by calorimetry.It was observed for every donor that the equilibrium constants of the complexes studied increase with the strength of the acceptors. A linear correlation between enthalpy of adduct formation and donor strength was obtained only for the complexes Donor ICI.

Notes: Syntheses of jasmone (1), methyl jasmonate (3) and γ-jasmolactone (2) are reported, (Z)-nona-1, 6-dien-3-one (4) serving as common intermediate.

Notes: The Conversion of Eperuic Acid into Ethers of the enantio-14, 15-Dinorlabdane Series5 and 6 are strongly odiferous substances of the ambra-type. Their enantiomers 7 and 8, hitherto unknown, have been synthesized from eperuic acid (4) and their olfactory properties compared with those of 5 and 6. 4 was esterified by CH2N2 and dehydrogenated with (C6H5Se)2/H2O2 to the α,β-unsaturated ester 9 (61%). Oxidation by KMnO4 in acetone yielded the ketone 3 (60%). Epoxidation followed by treatment with acid converted 3 into the acetals 7 (61%) and 8 (14%). 7 and 8 differ from 5 and 6 in odor intensity, and 6 and 8 show slightly different odor quality.

Notes: The natural products methyl dehydrojasmonate (1) and tuberolactone (2) have been synthesized from methyl jasmonate (3) and jasmolactone (4) resp., via sulfenylation-sulfoxide pyrolysis.

Notes: Comparative investigation of reactivities and ion structures upon electron impact induced degradations of the isomeric hydroxy cinnamic acid methyl estersBy analysis of energy release data in metastable peaks it is shown that m- and p-hydroxy cinnamic acid methylesters retain specific structural features upon degradation under electron impact, although their spectra are very similar and the shapes of the metastable peaks due to the initial methoxy cleavage are identical. A pronounced charge radical localization in the molecular ion is indicated. The o-isomer is found to yield a coumarin type structure by elimination of methanol, whose further degradation by decarbonylation involves at least three different mechanisms. The resulting ion structures are different from benzofuran.

Notes: 2-Thiopyridone (2-mercaptopyridine, 1) was found to be a very suitable reagent for removing the Nα-o-nitrophenylsulfenyl (NPS-) group in both conventional and solid-support peptide synthesis. A 3- to 5-molar excess of the reagent together with an equivalent amount of glacial acetic acid in methanol, dimethylformamide, or methylene chloride produces the soluble, stable mixed disulfide, 2-nitrophenyl 2-pyridyl disulfide (2), and the Nα-deprotected amino-acid or peptide. The yields are quantitative in less than 5 min if all educts are dissolved, in about 20 to 30 min in solid-support synthesis. No modifications of either the indole side-chain of tryptophan or of a series of side-chain protecting groups, in particular of the t-butyl type, are produced. No adverse side-reactions (insoluble disulfides) were observed. The procedure is illustrated with a series of amino-acid derivatives and with the solid-support synthesis of [5-leucine]-enkephalin.

Notes: The two novel tricyclic C10H16 compounds anti- and syn-tricyclo [4.2.1.12,5]- decane (16 and 17, respectively) were synthesized starting either from the photodimer 2 (anti) or the two cycloaddition products 8 (anti) and 9 (syn).

Notes: The title condensations gave respectively: gem-bisarylated cyclic amines 3a-k or monoarylated unsaturated cyclic amines 4a-g, 1,3-bisarylated cyclohexadienes 6a, 6b, the condensed bicyclo [2,2,2]-octane 8. In addition the aromatic ketone 9 gave the fluorenone 10 on treatment with polyphosphoric acid (PPA).

Notes: Nickel-catalysed Synthesis of α-NornicotinesSchiff's bases 1 and butadiene generally co-oligomerize on nickel catalysts to yield octatrienyl-substituted amines 2 and octadienyl-substituted imines 3.Schiff's bases 4 and 5, on the other hand, react with 1, 3-dienes to give new [3+2]-cycloadducts 6. In addition to the appropriately functionalized α-nornicotine derivatives some higher oligomers are formed.

Notes: The ligands (L) bis (2-pyridyl) methane (BPM) and 6-methyl-bis (2-pyridyl)methane (MBPM) form the three complexes CuL2+, CuL22+, and Cu2L2H-22+ with Cu2+. Stability constants are log K1 = 6.23 ± 0.06, log K2 = 4.83 ± 0.01, and log K (Cu2L2H-22+ + 2H2+ ⇌ 2 CuL2+) = -10.99 ± 0.03 for BPM and 4.56 ± 0.02, 2.64 ± 0.02, and -11.17 ± 0.03 for MBPM, respectively. In the presence of catalytic amounts of Cu2+, the ligands are oxygenated to the corresponding ketones at room temperature and neutral pH.With BPM and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (TMP) as the substrate and the buffer base, respectively, the kinetics of the oxygenation can be described by the rate law \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${{ - {\rm d}\left[{{\rm O}_2 } \right]} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - {\rm d}\left[{{\rm O}_2 } \right]} {{\rm dt}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\rm dt}}} = {{k_1 \left[{{\rm CuL}_2^{2 + } } \right]} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{k_1 \left[{{\rm CuL}_2^{2 + } } \right]} {\left[{{\rm H}^ + } \right]}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left[{{\rm H}^ + } \right]}} + k_2 \left[{{\rm CuL}_2^{2 + } } \right]\left[{{\rm TMP}} \right] + {{k_3 \left[{{\rm CuL}^{2 + } } \right]} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{k_3 \left[{{\rm CuL}^{2 + } } \right]} {\left[{{\rm H}^ + } \right]}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left[{{\rm H}^ + } \right]}} + {{k_4 \left[{{\rm Cu}_2 {\rm L}_2 {\rm H}_{ - 2}^{2 + } } \right]} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{k_4 \left[{{\rm Cu}_2 {\rm L}_2 {\rm H}_{ - 2}^{2 + } } \right]} {\left[{{\rm H}^ + } \right]}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left[{{\rm H}^ + } \right]}}$$\end{document} with k1 = (5.9 ± 0.2) · 10-13 mol l-1 s-1, k2 = (4.0 ± 0.6) · 10-4 mol-1 ls-1, k3 = (1.1 ± 0.1) · 10-12 mol l-1 s-1, and k4 = (9 ± 2) · 10-14 mol l-1 s-1.

Notes: Nickel-catalysed Isomerization of Unsaturated AzocompoundsUnsaturated azocompounds, produced by the nickel-catalysed reaction of butadiene with hydrazones, can be isomerized in presence of the same nickel catalyst. The influence of nickel concentration, temperature and structure of the azocompound on this rearrangement is described.

Notes: Nickel-catalysed Reaction of 2-Aza-1, 3-butadienes with 1, 3-ButadieneThe nickel-catalysed reaction of butadiene with 2-azabutadienes yields a mixture of 1 aza-1,5,9-cyclododecatrienes, N-alkylidene-divinylcyclohexylamines and open chained 2:1 adducts.

Notes: The preparation of the vitispiranes 9 and 10, identified among the volatiles of vanilla, from the theaspiranes 1 and 2 via the intermediates 4 and 5 and the allyl alcohols 7 and 8, respectively, is described. The theaspiranes 1 and 2 can be obtained from the compounds 11-15 or 24-26.

Notes: The binding of various flavins by apoflavodoxins from P. elsdenii and A. vinelandii has been studied by the temperature-jump technique using fluorescence detection. P. elsdenii apoflavodoxin interacts only with flavins possessing 5 carbon atoms in the N(10) side chain and a terminal phosphate group. Employing a wide range of concentrations of deoxy-FMNFlavin = 3,4-dimethyl-lO-substituted isoalloxazine = 3,4-dimethyl- lO-substituted-2,3,4,10-tetrahydro-benzo[g]-pteridine-2,4-dione; FMN = riboflavin-5′-monophosphate. and apoflavodoxin only one relaxation process was observed, indicating a one-step binding mechanism. With native flavodoxin no relaxation could be observed.The kinetic parameters of the interaction of A. vinelandii apoflavodoxin with various flavin analogs (Structure I) have also been investigated. The interaction between apoflavodoxin and flavin derivatives carrying an ionizable, terminal functional group on the side chain becomes very weak when the number of the side chain carbon atoms is decreased below 4. This observation is interpreted in terms of repulsive forces due to negatively charged amino acid residues located in the flavin side chain binding region of the apoflavodoxin. All complexes studied revealed only one relaxation process. This observation is in contradiction with published results [10]. The published traces are instrumental artifacts.

Notes: A short synthesis of 3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane (1), a well-known constituent of processed meat, is described.

Notes: In the presence of Ni2+ the template reaction between 2,6-diacetylpyridine and 4-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)- or 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1, 7-diamino-4-azaheptane yields the complexes of either the open-chain ligand (3 and 11) or of the macrocycle (4 and 12). Reduction of the imino group in 4 and 12 with PtO2/H2 gives 5 and 13, respectively. In the case of the dimethylamino derivative 5 a mixture of at least four isomers was obtained. These were partially separated by chromatography on Sephadex SP-25 cation exchanger. Through demetalation of the Ni2+ complexes by cyanide the new macrocycles 7 and 14 were isolated, from which the corresponding Zn2+ and Cu2+ complexes were prepared.The macrocyclic Ni2+-complexes 4, 12, 5 and 13 can exist in two forms depending on the pH of the solution. At low pH protonation of the dimethylamino or hydroxy group in the side chain occurs. The metal ion is then bound to the four nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle in a square planar ligand field. At higher pH, however, the dimethylamino or hydroxy group (the last one also in its deprotonated form) can coordinate to one of the axial positions, whereby pseudooctahedral coordination geometry is induced. This reaction can be quantitatively described by a reversible acid-base equilibrium, the pKH of which greatly depends on the nature of the functional group, the degree of unsaturation of the macrocycle and the metal ion.The acid-base reaction and the concomitant structural change are a direct consequence of the unique combination of the rigid and kinetically stable structure of the macrocycle and of the flexible and kinetically labile functional group of the side chain.

Notes: The He (Iα) photoelectron spectra of the four unsaturated oxides 3,4-dihydropyran (6), γ-pyran (7), 2, 3-dihydro-1, 4-dioxin (9) and 1, 4-dioxin (10) are reported and analysed. Band assignments are based on ab-initio calculations, using the STO-3G basis set. The proposed orbital sequences (with reference to the coordinate systems given in Table 1) are, for the top three orbitals: 6, π, nσ, nπ; 7, 3b1(π), 1a2(π), 11a1(σ); 9, 11b(π), 12a(σ), 11a(π); 10, 2b3u(π), 1b1g(π), 6ag(σ). Finally the (almost) localized π-orbitals have been computed by the Foster-Boys localization procedure.

Notes: The spiro-lactone 3 was obtained by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) oxidation of the carboxylate 2 at - 20°. When 2 was oxidized at 10° the spiro-lactone 4 was the main product. Compound 4 was rearranged with triethylamine to the spiro-lactone 9 whereas the stereoisomeric spiro-lactones 14 and 15 were obtained by NBS oxidation of the carboxylate 13. The ketones 3, 4, 9, 14 and 15 were reduced with NaBH4 to the corresponding alcohols 5, 6, 10, 16 and 18 respectively; these were hydrogenated to the alcohols 7, 8, 11 and 20. The allylic alcohols 5 and 6 gave the benzochromanone 1 when heated in polyphosphoric acid whereas the benzochromanones 12 and 21 were obtained from the alcohols 10 and 16 respectively.

Notes: The Reaction of Phenols with N-substituted MaleinimidesPhenoxysuccinimides are formed by the base catalysed addition of phenols to N-substituted maleinimides. In the presence of catalytic amounts of tertiary aliphatic amines yields as high as 90% are obtained. A series of adducts of mono-and di-phenols to mono- and bismaleinimides is described. Pure phenoxysuccinimides are stable compounds but the basic catalysts of their formation give rise to their decomposition into the phenolic component and oligomeric maleinimide. A nucleophilic reaction mechanism both for the formation and the decomposition is discussed. A new crosslinked addition polymer from a diphenol and a bismaleinimide with a surprisingly high heat stability is described.

Notes: Macrocyclic and noncyclic neutral ionophores. Effect of the macrocyclic ring on the ion selectivityA series of macrocyclic 3, 6-dioxaoctanedioic diamides was prepared. Their ion selectivity in membranes was compared with nonmacrocyclic analogues. The ion selectivity as well as the capability to extract ions from aqueous solutions to an organic phase decreases with decreasing ring size.

Notes: Structure and properties of 5-epi-flavoxanthin and 5-epi-chrysanthemaxanthinThe absolute configurations of 5-epi-flavoxanthin (6) and 5-epi-chrysanthemaxanthin (7) prepared by acid catalysed rearrangement of semi-synthetic lutein epoxide 5 are shown to be (3S, 5S, 8R, 3′R, 6′R) and (3S, 5S, 8S, 3′R, 6′R), respectively. Contrary to published data [5] the relationship of the polyene chain and H3(18) on the dihydrofurane ring is cis for the pair of stereoisomers having a Δδ = δ (H—C(7)) - δ (H—C(8)) = 0,22 ppm and 3J ≡ 0. These conclusions are in full accord with the chiroptical data.

Notes: Influence of the lipophilicity of 3,6-dioxaoctanedioic diamides on their ion carrier propertiesA series of lipophilic 3,6-dioxaoctanedioic diamides (potential ionophores for Ca2+) have been prepared. With increasing lipophilicity the ionophoric behavior of these ligands vanishes. This loss is shown to be due to kinetic limitations in the exchange reactions between aqueous phase and membrane phase.

Notes: Oscillating Chemical Reactions. 11. Behaviour of the “induction period” in the BrO3-/Ce4+/Cyclohexanon and BrO3-/Ce4+/Cyclopentanon systems(1)The addition of α-monobromoketone, one of the products of reaction of the BrO3-/Ce4+/Cyclohexanon (S1) and BrO3-/Ce4+/Cyclopentanon (S2) oscillating systems, decreases and even suppresses the induction period (τind.) in the case of S2.Such is not the case with S1: τind. increases and the oscillations can even be completely inhibited.(2)The order of addition of the reagents and the time lapse (tadj.) preceding the addition of the last of them influences τind., particularly when the last reagent added is Ce4+.(3)In our experimental conditions, the inhibition of the oscillatory phenomenon by Cl- ions is definite only for | Cl- | ≥ 5,0 · 10-2M (S1) and |Cl-| 〉 2,5 · 10-3M (S2); for lower concentrations τind. increases with | Cl-|.

Notes: Preparation of Cortexon-Analogs with Conformatively Fixed Side ChainThe synthesis of cortexon-analogs with a conformatively fixed side chain is described. The key step in the synthesis consists of an intramolecular displacement of bromine in position 21 by the oxygen of a 17α-hydroxymethyl group.

Notes: Allyl sulfides and a selenide are metallated and silylated with chloro (penta-methyl)disilane. Treatment of the resulting disilanylmethyl sulfides 4 with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate furnishes 1,1-disilyl-2-alkenes 5 in good yields. Some synthetic possibilities of 5 are outlined.

Notes: Starting from 5-chloro-2-pentanone (1) the naturally occurring 10-membered lactone phoracantholide J (8a) has been synthesized as its racemate in a sequence of six steps (Scheme 2). Salient features of the syntheis include an internal selenium assisted acetal formation (4→5) and a stereoselective Claisen rearrangement (6→7→8). This general synthetic strategy offers an alternative approach towards the construction of macrocyclic lactones.

Notes: The conversion of α-hydroxythioacetals to ketene thioacetals possessing an unprotected carbonyl function is described. Besides the intrinsic utility of this transformation it is of interest to recognize that ketene thioacetals are protected carboxyl groups.

Notes: During the reaction of allyl ethers, allyl sulfides and allyl selenides with in situ prepared dichloroketene (1), 2 competing pathways are observed. Besides [2+2]-cycloaddition, an unprecedented [3,3]-sigmatropic (Claisen) rearrangement via a 1,3-dipolar intermediate takes place. It leads to O-, S- or Se-esters of α,α-dichloro-γ, δ-unsaturated acids containing an inverted allylic group. Starting from cyclic n-membered α-vinyl-substituted ethers, lactones with n+4-membered rings are formed. A very facile synthesis of the naturally occurring macrolides (±)-phoracantholide I (10) and (±)-phoracantholide J (11) illustrates the synthetic utility of this new ‘ketene’ Claisen rearrangement.

Notes: Syntheses of Sulfonated Derivatives of 4-Amino-1, 3-dimethylbenzene and 2-Amino-1, 3-dimethylbenzeneDirect sulfonation of 4-amino-1, 3-dimethylbenzene (1) and sulfonation of 4-nitro-1,3-dimethylbenzene (4) to 4-nitro-1,3-dimethylbenzene-6-sulfonic acid (3) followed by reduction yield 4-amino-1,3-dimethylbenzene-6-sulfonic acid (2). The isomeric 5-sulfonic acid (5) however is prepared solely by baking the acid sulfate salt of 1. Reaction of sulfur dioxide with the diazonium chloride derived from 2-amino-4-nitro-1,3-dimethylbenzene (7) leads to 4-nitro-1,3-dimethylbenzene-2-sulfonyl chloride (8), which is successively hydrolyzed to 4-nitro-1,3-dimethylbenzene-2-sulfonic acid (9) and reduced to 4-amino-1, 3-dimethylbenzene-2-sulfonic acid (6). Treatment of 4-amino-6-bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene (12) and 4-amino-6-chloro-1, 3-dimethylbenzene (13), the former obtained by reduction of 4-chloro-6-nitro-1,3-dimethyl-benzene (10) and the latter from 4-chloro-6-nitro-1, 3-dimethylbenzene (11), with oleum yield 4-amino-6-bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene-2-sulfonic acid (14) and 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-dimethylbenzene-2-sulfonic acid (15) respectively; subsequent carbon-halogen hydrogenolyses of 14 and 15 lead also to 6 (Scheme 1).Baking the acid sulfate salt of 2-amino-1, 3-dimethylbenzene (17) gives 2-amino-1, 3-dimethylbenzene-5-sulfonic acid (16), whereas the isomeric 4-sulfonic acid (18) can be prepared by either of the following three possible pathways: Sulfonation of 2-nitro-1,3-dimethylbenzene (20) to 2-nitro-1,3-dimethylbenzene-4-sulfonic acid (21) followed by reduction or sulfonation of 2-acetylamino-1,3-dimethylbenzene (19) to 2-acetylamino-1,3-dimethylbenzene-4-sulfonic acid (22) with subsequent hydrolysis or direct sulfonation of 17. Further sulfonation of 18 yields 2-amino 1,3-dimethylbenzene-4,6-disulfonic acid (23), the structure of which is independently confirmed by reduction of unequivocally prepared 2-nitro- 1,:3-dimethylbenzene-4,6-disulfonic acid (24)(Scheme 2).

Notes: 13C-NMR. Spectra of Dicyanohydroquinones and Dicyano-p-benzoquinonesThe 13C-NMR. spectra of 12 dicyanohydroquinones and fully substituted dicyano- and diazido-p-benzoquinones have been measured and assigned by comparison with related benzene and p-benzoquinone derivatives. For p-benzoquinones the influence of the cyano and azido substituents on the chemical shift of the CO-, α- and β-C-atoms has been investigated.

Notes: Thermal cyclization of the pyrimidine-N-oxide dicarbamate 2 gives a 95:5 mixture of the 2-oxo-2H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[2,3-a]- and [2,3-c]pyrimidinecarbamates 3 and 4. An efficient procedure for the conversion of 3 to 4, and vice versa, is described.

Notes: Polarographic Investigations on Symmetrical Triazacarbocyanine Dyes in MethanolThe reduction mechanism of eleven symmetrical triazacarbocyanine dyes with different heterocycles in methanol (containing lithium chloride or lithium acetate/acetic acid) has been investigated by means of polarography, cyclic oscillopolarography and coulometry.The reduction occurs in a reversible to irreversible two electron transfer step, followed by an irreversible chemical step. Reduction potentials, transfer coefficients and specific currents have been measured and compared with properties measured in acetonitrile.The effect of substituents X has been studied on the compounds 1-ethyl-2-[3-(1-ethyl-6-X-1,2-dihydroquinolin-2-ylidene)-1-triazeno]-6-X-quinolinium tetrafluoroborate 1f(X) and 3-ethyl-2-[3-(3-ethyl-5-X-Δ4-1, 3-thiazolin-2-ylidene)-1-triazeno]-5-X-1, 3-thiazolium tetrafluoroborate 1g(X), and ρ-values of 0.20 and 0.40 V, respectively, have been found.

Notes: The anion [(OH)3(O)AsCH2As(O)(OH)2] has been trapped in an X-irradiated single crystal of methylene diarsonic acid. The g-tensor and the hyperfine coupling tensors of the two 75As-nuclei have been obtained and the spin densities in the arsenic 4s- and 4p-orbitals determined.

Notes: Excited singlet states of bicyclobutylene-benzene (2), 1,2:4,5-bis (bicyclo-butylene)benzene (3), 2,3-bicyclobutylene-naphthalene (4), and 1,8-bicyclobutylene-naphthalene (5) are investigated by means of linear dichroic absorption spectroscopy of molecules oriented in stretched polyethylene films and by semiempirical model calculations. The results indicate a strong hyperconjugative impact of the bicyclobutylene group on the aromatic chromophores in these compounds. Valence isomerization to aromatic products is predicted as the preferred photochemical pathway.

Notes: The hydrogenation of 2′, 3′-O-isopropylidene-5-methyluridine (1) in water over 5% Rh/Al2O3 gave (5 R)- and (5 S)-5-methyl-5, 6-dihydrouridine (2), separated as 5′-O-(p-tolylsulfonyl)- (3) and 5′-O-benzoyl- (5) derivatives by preparative TLC. on silica gel and ether/hexane developments. The diastereoisomeric differentiation at the C(5) chiral centre depends upon the reaction media and the nature of the protecting group attached to the ribosyl moiety.The synthesis of iodo derivatives (5 R)- and (5 S)-4 is also described. The diastereoisomers 4 were converted into (5 R)- and (5 S)-2′, 3′,-O-isopropylidene-5-methyl-2, 5′-anhydro-5, 6-dihydrouridine (7).

Notes: The Acylation of 5-Amino-1 H-1,2,4-triazoles. A 13C-NMR. StudyThe acylation of 3-substituted-5-amino-1 H-1,2,4-triazoles (1) with methyl chloroformate or dimethylcarbamoyl chloride yielded mainly 1-acyl-5-amino-1,2,4-triazoles (2 and 3). Acylation of 3-methyl-, 3-methoxy- and 3-methylthio-5-amino-1 H-1,2,4-triazole (1b, 1c and 1d) with methyl chloroformate gave up to 10% of the 1-acyl-3-amino-1,2,4-triazoles. For the unsubstituted 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole (1a), a (1:1)-mixture of the 3- and 5-isomers 2a and 4 was obtained in dioxane in the presence of triethylamine. No 4-acylated product was detected in contrast to earlier reports. The structures of the reaction products were determined with the aid of proton coupled 13C-NMR. spectra using the corresponding N-methyl-1,2,4-triazoles as reference compounds.

Notes: The X-ray crystallographic molecular dimensions and thermal response of the 5, 13-diphenyl-cyclonoa [b]naphthalene 1a, are described.

Notes: 7,7-Dimethyl-6-methylidenetricyclo[6.2.1.01,5]undec-9-ene (10) has been prepared from allylic alcohol 8 in one step in 16% yield. Selective hydrogenation of 10 with diazene gives the 2-norzizaenes 1a and 11.

Notes: STO-3G calculations show that the nitrocyclopropyl anion prefers a triplet ground state with a tetrahedral C(α)-atom and a perpendicular orientation of the three-membered ring and the NO2-group, 1-90° (Table 1). This unusual result is in agreement with recent experimental findings of Kai et al. (Helv. Chim. Acta 65, 137 (1982)). Other NO2-anions as well as all CHO-, COOH- and CN-substituted anions 2-12, have singlet ground states 2-0°-12-0° (Table 1), in agreement with copious experimental data (Wagner & Boche, Z. Naturforsch. 37b, 1339 (1982)).

Notes: A general method for enlargement of carbocyclic rings by the so called zip reaction is given. The Michael adducts of 2-nitrocycloalkanones with 3-oxo-4-pentenoates in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride give in high yield compounds with the ring enlarged by four C-atoms. By this method 7-, 8-, and 12-membered cycloalkanones were converted respectively to 11-, 12-, and 16-membered functionalized carbocycles (see Scheme 2 and 3).

Notes: Pure alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1; 1500 U/mg) was dialyzed at 4° during 168 h against water, 10-4M EDTA or 10-4M o-phenanthroline. During the dialysis, samples were periodically removed and analyzed for metal content and activity. The results indicate that 1 mol of native calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase contains 4 g-atom of zinc and 4 g-atom of magnesium tightly bound, and that both metal ions are necessary for full enzyme activity. The dialyzed, partially demetallized enzyme could be reactivated by the addition of zinc and/or magnesium salts.

Notes: Stereochemical Correlations between (2R,4′R,8′R)-α-Tocopherol, (25S,26)-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, (-)-(1S,5R)-Frontalin and (-)-(R)-LinalolThe optically active C5- and C4-building units 1 and 2 with their hydroxy group at a asymmetric C-atom were transformed to (-)-(1S,5R)-Frontalin (7) and (-)-(3R)-Linalol (8) respectively; 1 and 2 had been used earlier in the preparation of the chroman part of (2R,4′R,8′R)-α-Tocopherol (6a, vitamin E), and for introduction of the side chain in (25S,26)-Dihydroxycholecalciferol ((25S)-4), a natural metabolite of Vitamin D3. The stereochemical correlations resulting from these converions fit into a coherent picture with those correlations already known from literature and they confirm our earlier stereochemical assignments. A stereochemical assignment concerning the C(25)-epimers of 25,26-Dihydroxycholecalciferol that was in contrast to our findings and that initiated the conversion of 1 and 2 to 7 resp. 8 for additional stereochemical correlations has been corrected in the meantime by the authors [26].

Notes: With a modification of the cyclization procedure of Richman & Atkins [8] the two macrocycles 1,4,7-tritosyl-11-benzyl-1,4,7,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (8) and 1,7,11-tritosyl-4-trityl-1,4,7,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (15) were prepared. After selective cleavage of the benzyl and trityl group, respectively, one obtains the two key products 1,4,7-tritosyl-11-benzyl-1,4,7,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (9) and 1,7,11-tritosyl-4-trityl-1,4,7,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (16) which have three N-atoms protected by tosyl groups and one accessible for further reactions.To test some of the possibilities we have alkylated 9 and 16 with iodoacetamide, 1-tosyl-aziridine and acrylonitrile. After detosylation with HBr in glacial acetic acid in the presence of phenol mono-N-functionalized tetraazamacrocycles were thus obtained. The advantage of this synthesis is that the cyclization which is the most difficult step of the whole procedure, has to be done only once, regardless of the nature of the pendant arm. In addition a large number of derivatives can be prepared by varying the alkylation component.With Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ metal complexes of these new ligands were prepared and their IR. and VIS. spectra studied. In the case of the carbamoyl derivatives 12, 14 and 18 the Cu2+-complexes exist in two forms. Whereas at low pH the carboxamide group of the pendant arm is probably not bound to the metal ion, at high pH after deprotonation it coordinates in one of the axial positions.

Notes: Tentative Synthesis of ‘Bis(triasterane)’ and Synthesis of the Heterocyclic (Tricyclo[4.4.1.01,6]undeca-3,8-diene-11,11-dimethyl)sulfiteThe synthesis of the bis(triasterane) (1) has been tried; the reaction of ‘isotetraline’ (1,4,5,8-Tetrahydronaphthalene; 2) with diazomalonate yielded the tricyclic systems 5 and 6, and not 4. Hydrolysis of 5 gave the monocarboxylic acid 7, and not the dicarboxylic acid 9. The latter could be obtained from the dibromoderivative 8, but 9 couldn't be converted to the acyl chloride 10. The reduction of 9 with LiAlH4 yielded the crystalline diol 11, which was cyclized with SOCl2 to the heterocycle 12. The spectral data of the new compounds 5, 6, 7, 11 and 12 are reported and discussed.

Notes: A detailed study of the biodegradation of one of the fish toxic chlorinated resin acids, 12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acidThe correct IUPAC-name is 12,14-dichloro-8,9,11,12-tetradehydro-7,8-dihydroabietic acid. (3) is presented. When exposed to the fungus Mortierella isabellina, 3 is converted into a number of hydroxylated and keto derivatives which show low levels of toxicity to fish. These metabolites were isolated and characterized.

Notes: Zero-current Ion-transport Studies and Potentiometric Measurements on Membranes Containing Chromoionophores for Li+ and UO22+Non-macrocyclic ionophores for Li+ and UO22+ have been substituted with a diphenylmaleimide unit. In membranes the obtained chromoionophores induce the same ion-selectivity and ion-transport behavior as the unsubstituted ligands.

Notes: Reactivity-structure correlations for anisole and eleven of its substituted derivatives established from bromination rate constants in liquid SO2, unlike observations in water, show the reaction to be highly sensitive to substituent effects, (ρH2O+ = -7.1; ρSO2+ = -10.51). This result is ascribed to the solvation of the methoxy group which decreases the conjugation of para-substituted (ρO+ = -9.70) compared to that of ortho-substituted derivatives (ρP+ = -8.86). The highly solvated transition state lies far from reactants on the reaction coordinate and the positive charge developed in this state is nearly unity.

Notes: Peptidic model conjugates carrying a single 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenyl haptenic group, and as carbohydrate moieties D-gluconoyl, β-D-mannopyranosyl, 2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranos-2-yl, or lactobionoyl residues, including the pseudocarbohydrate residue 1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexane-1-carbonyl, were synthesized. Conjugates carrying the lactobionoyl of the bis(2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranos-2-yl) moiety were anaphylactogenic in the guinea pig, passively sensitized against 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenyl antigen.

Notes: The stereochemical aspects of the intramolecular Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction, i.e. the 1,3-elimination of hydrogen halide followed by sulfur dioxide extrusion, have been studied on the α-bromosulfones of the 1-thiadecalinThroughout this paper ‘1-thiadecalin’ will be used in place of ‘decahydro-1-thianaphthalene’. series. Whereas the cis,exo-bromosulfone 23a containing the ideal W-type arrangement of the reacting atoms undergoes a clean Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction, the trans,exo- and trans,endo-bromosulfones, 24a and 24b, respectively, lead to an α,β-unsaturated sulfone by simple 1,2-elimination of HBr. Application of the Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction to 9-bromo-8-thiabicyclo[5.2.1]decane-8,8-dioxide (17) permits a short synthesis of the Bredt olefin bicyclo[5.1.1]non-1(8)-ene (5), which can be isolated but shows the typical high reactivity of other methylene-bridged (E)-cyclooctenes.

Notes: Conversion of 2-bromomethylstyrene 22 and benzocyclobutenyl carbamate 28 to the benzophenanthridine alkaloids (±)-chelidonine (1, five steps, 25% from 28) and to (±)-norchelidonine (2, six steps, 24% from 28) are described. The key step 29 → 31 involves a highly regio- and stereocontrolled intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of the (E)-quinodimethane 30.

Notes: Dehydrogenation of hydroaromatic compounds with quinones was reinvestigated in the light of recent criticism of the reaction mechanism. Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence shows that disappearance of substrate proceeds at the same rate as the product-forming step. A mechanism consisting in fast formation followed by slow decomposition of an intermediate can be ruled out. The order of reactivities of 1,4-cyclohexadiene (1), 1,4-dihydronaphthalene (8) and 9,10-dihydroanthracene (11) changes in going from benzoquinone to chloranil or 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone. It is suggested that this behaviour could be due to contribution of CT-complexes or HOMO-LUMO interactions for determining the reactivity of the substrates.

Notes: Dependence of the Stereoselectivity on the Leaving Group, the Temperature and the Solvent in the Favorskii-Reaction of Enolisable CyclobutanonesThe base-induced contraction of enolisable 2-halocyclobutanones is often not stereoselectiv. The cis/trans-isomer ratio in the cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 9 derived from 2,4-cis-substituted cyclobutanones 7 depends on the nature of the leaving group. In addition, the choice of the base, the temperature and the solvent can profoundly affect the stereoselectivity of the Favorskii-reaction. The use of the p-bromophenylsulphonyloxy group as leaving group and an inhomogenous reaction medium leads exclusively to cis-carboxylic acid 9.

Notes: Synthesis of Glyceryletherphosphatides, 2nd Communication. Preparation of 2-O-Acetyl-1-O-[(Z)-9-octadecenyl]-sn -glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholin (‘Oleyl-PAF’), of its Enantiomer and Some Analogous, Unsaturated CompoundsSyntheses of the unsaturated glyceroletherphospholipid 1a as an olefin-analog of ‘Platelet Activating Factor’ (PAF) are described together with the methods for the preparation of the enantiomer 1′a, the corresponding ‘lyso compounds’ 1b and 1′b and their positional isomers 21a, 21′a, 26, 26′, 25, 25′ obtained on formally exchanging the attachment site of the functional groups at the glycerol moiety. Structural assignments and optical purity of the compounds are confirmed.

Notes: Three macrocyclic polyamines [24]ane-N6 1, [32]ane-N8 2 and [27]ane-N6O3 3 of ring size 24, 32 and 27, respectively, have been synthesized. They contain either trimethylenediamine of ethylenediamine units. The acyclic analog 4, as the reference compound, was also prepared. Compounds 1-3 are macrocyclic analogs of natural polyamines and are potential ligands for metal cations as well as, when protonated, for anions. The protonation constants of compounds 1-4 have been determined. They are high enough for compounds 1-4 to be fully protonated in a pH-range close to neutrality, as required for binding of anions of weak acids. The effect of structural features on the protonation constants are briefly discussed in relation to the design of macrocyclic polyamine ligands.

Notes: Irradiation (λ〉280 nm) of 3-hydroxypyrroles 1 in acetonitrile leads to the formation of 3,3′-bi-3H-pyrroles 2 in reasonable to good yields.

Notes: On the Course of the Intramolecular Diels-Alder-Reaction of Cyclopentadienes with Olefinic SubstituentsThe 1:3 mixture of 4-bromobicyclo [3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one and -7-one (1/2), available by N-bromosuccinimide bromination of bicyclo [3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one, reacted rapidly with the organo-magnesium and -zinc reagents 3, 10a, 10b and 10d by cyclobutanone ring opening and bromide ion expulsion to give the 5-substituted cyclopentadienes 5, 12a, 12b/12c, and 12d as non-isolated intermediates. Further transformation occured in situ either by a direct intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction (path a) or by a [1,5]-H-migration prior to the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction (path b). The intermediate 5 followed only path a to give the bridged norbornene derivative 7, the intermediates 12a, 12b and 12c followed only path b to give the annellated norbornene derivatives 15a, 15b and 15c, respectively, and the intermediate 12d followed both paths to give the bridged 14d and the annellated norbornene derivative 15d (in the ration of about 1.4:1). These observations are discussed in terms of the relative velocities of [1,5]-H-migrations and intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions. The major conclusions are: (1) bridged norbornene derivatives with a six-membered ring C (such as 14d) can be prepared by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction from 5-alkenyl-cyclopentadienes 12, as long as the dienophilic double bond is activated by an appropriate substituent (as in 12d); (2) such 5-alkenyl-cyclopentadienes 12 are available from the reaction of the bromo-bicyclo-heptenones 1/2 with suitable C-nucleophiles 10.

Notes: Spiro 3-Oxazolines from the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Benzonitrilio-2-propanide and 1,4-QuinonesOn irradiation with light of wavelength 290-350 nm, 2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-2H-azirine (1b) reacts with 1,4-naphthoquinone to give the 1H-benzo [f]isoindol-4,9-dione (11) (Scheme 3) via cycloaddition of the benzonitrilio-2-propanide (2b) onto the quinone C, C-double bond. With 2-methyl- and 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, the nitrile ylide 2b undergoes cycloaddition preferentially onto the C, O-double bond of the quinone, leading to spiro-oxazolines 12 and 14 (Scheme 4). Steric as well as electronic effects can be discussed to explain the observed site selectivity of the cycloaddition.With the 1,4-benzoquinones 15a, 15b, 15d and 15f, nitrile ylide 2b undergoes the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition exclusively onto the C, O-double bond. The corresponding spiro-oxazolines have been isolated in 17-32% yield. This contrasts with the previously reported results with benzonitrilipo-phenylmethanide (2a), which undergoes cycloaddition to the C, C-double bond of 1,4-benzoquinones (cf. [1]). This difference in the site selectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition can be explained with Houk's concept of LUMO-polarization, that is, the stronger nucleophilic dipol 2b polarizes the LUMO of a α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound more efficient than the less nucleophilic 2a. This leads to a preference of the cycloaddition to the C, O-double bond in the case of 2b.With 2,3-dimethyl- (15c) and 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (15e), nitrile ylide 2b undergoes C, O- as well as C, C-cycloaddition (Schemes 7 and 8).

Notes: About the Availability of 13C-NMR Substituent Increments in 1,4-Benzo- and 1,4-NaphthoquinonesThe 13C-NMR spectra of a number of substituted 1,4-benzo- and 1,4-naphthoquinones have been obtained and assigned. Effects of CH3-, O-alkyl-, Cl-, NH2- and N3- substituents have been deduced for the quinoid part of the molecules and used for the calculation of 13C-chemical shifts.

Notes: Flow thermolysis of 2-propynyl propiolate (5) at 580° afforded butatriene (6) (ca. 50%) and, as by-products, 4-methylene-2-cyclobuten-1-one (7), 2-ethynylpropenal (8), 1-penten-4-yn-3-one (9), 4-penten-2-ynal (10) (total ca. 10%), along with some propynal, acetylene, CO2 and CO. In the same way, propiolic acid (1,1-D2)-2-propynyl propiolate (11) led to (1,1-D2)-butatriene (12) and a little 4-((D2)methylene)-2-cyclobuten-1-one (13). A mechanism is proposed for the transformation of 5 into 6 and of 11 into 12, which also accounts for the formation of 7,8,9 and 10, as well as 13. The position of one of the published 13C-NMR signals of butatriene (6) must be revised. Thermolysis of methyl-(1) and ethyl propiolate (2) resulted in small yields of 2-buten-4-olide (3) and 2-penten-4-olide (4).