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  • Articles  (5,665)
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  • 2000-2004  (561)
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  • 1975-1979  (1,378)
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  • Economics  (5,665)
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  • Articles  (5,665)
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  • 2000-2004  (561)
  • 1995-1999  (2,798)
  • 1980-1984  (928)
  • 1975-1979  (1,378)
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  • 1
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 50-66 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
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  • 2
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 44-49 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Conclusion For all these reasons, the rediscovery of the equivalence theorem, first stated by David Ricardo in 1817, must be rejected as an adequate basis for policy, just as Ricardo had denied its applicability to the real world. Correspondingly, the concern with the adverse consequences of unfunded social insurance wealth for the supply of national saving, capital intensity, and living standards remains well founded. p ]If, as a practical matter, public pension and social security programs will never be funded actuarially in the United States and most other postindustrial countries, then government-supervised substitution of private for public retirement plans is the only way to achieve at least partial funding. If such substitution follows the British model of allowing employers to contract out of the earnings-related part of the state scheme if equivalent pensions are provided by the company plan, payroll taxes and social security wealth decline so as to reduce their adverse impact on capital formation.
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  • 3
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 73-84 
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  • 4
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 85-95 
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  • 5
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 96-98 
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  • 6
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 67-72 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary: Social Policy in the Italian Economy Favourable social and economic conditions constitute the essential framework for a stable development of savings. Saving in the form of insurance becomes advantageous for the individual, and private insurance can thus extend its activity, when social attitudes and the economic situation favour the propensity to save. If conditions change, the State can take over the coverage of risks through social insurance. By means of this institutions, an anti-cyclical policy can be pursued: the amount of social security contributions, for instance, can be increased during the expansion of the cycle and the amounts thus accumulated can be used to grant benefits during the recession period, when contributions can be fixed at a lower percentage of wages. Another type of policy can be pursued by government authorities: that of adjusting social security contributions to industrial profits, thereby directing the subsequent effects on economic growth. Inflation cab cause instability in decisional policies taken by private insurance companies. A solution to the unbalanced increase of costs can be found in index-linking. Life policies of this kind, for instance, cab be closely related to investments in houses, to be bought by the insured themselves in price-linked instalments. After a reference to present developments regarding risk instability and to possibilities of new forms of insurance, this paper considers the competition resulting from the opening of the EEC insurance markets as an opportunity for the Italian market to strengthen its structures.
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  • 7
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 3-43 
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  • 8
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 5-6 
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  • 9
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 29-33 
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  • 10
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 7-28 
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    Keywords: term structure ; interest rates ; contingent claims valuation ; Black-Scholes model ; mean-reversion ; no-arbitrage condition ; preference-free pricing ; general equilibrium ; equivalent martingale measure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract One of the most active areas of research in financial economics has been the modeling of the term structure of interest rates and its relationship to the pricing of contingent claims. There is a vast array of issues in the area, as well as a variety of perspectives, ranging from theoretical to practical. This article provides a general framework for the analysis of issues in the modeling of the term structure. Specifically, this article provides an overview of the conceptual issues and the empirical evidence in the area, based on an examination of five seminal models by Black, Scholes, and Merton; Vasicek; Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross; Ho and Lee; and Heath, Jarrow, and Morton. The article provides a synthesis of the area and suggests directions for future research.
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  • 11
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 35-63 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: unit-linked life insurance ; exotic contracts ; equivalent martingale measures ; financial risk ; insurance premiums
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article integrates aspects of traditional insurance with advances in financial economics, yielding proper valuation and premium assessments of insurance benefits linked to various financial assets. Several new types of unit-linked life insurance contracts are discussed, with substantial potential for real-life applications. Compared to usual unit-linked products, these contracts offer added flexibility and/or altered exposure to financial risk for the insured and/or the insurer. The single premiums of these policies are calculated as expectations under a risk-adjusted probability measure (equivalent martingale measure), satisfying no-arbitrage conditions in financial markets.
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  • 12
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 65-102 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Asian option ; forward risk adjusted measure ; life insurance ; Monte Carlo simulation ; stochastic interest rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract An equity-linked life insurance contract combines an endowment life insurance and an investment strategy with a minimum guarantee. The benefit of this contract is determined by the guaranteed amount plus a bonus equal to a call on the portfolio. This bonus is similar to an Asian option. This article analyzes the relationship between the periodic insurance premium and its proportional share invested into the portfolio. For a general model of the financial risks we show the existence and uniqueness of an insurance premium. Furthermore the premium is strictly increasing and convex as a function of the share invested.
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  • 13
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 103-122 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: hedging ; incomplete markets ; use of futures ; wealth constraint ; exponential utility ; logarithmic utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article derives optimal hedging demands for futures contracts from an investor who cannot freely trade his portfolio of primitive assets in the context of either a CARA or a logarithmic utility function. Existing futures contracts are not numerous enough to complete the market. In addition, in the case of CARA, the nonnegativity constraint on wealth is binding, and the optimal hedging demands are not identical to those that would be derived if the constraint were ignored. Fictitiously completing the market, we can characterize the optimal hedging demands for futures contracts. Closed-form solutions exist in the logarithmic case but not in the CARA case, since then a put (insurance) written on his wealth is implicitly bought by the investor. Although solutions are formally similar to those that obtain under complete markets, incompleteness leads in fact to second-best optima.
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  • 14
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 123-141 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: deposit insurance ; incentive compatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article provides incentive compatible regulations that support fairly priced deposit insurance in a competitive banking industry. If informational asymmetry exists between the regulator and banks regarding loan quality, but the regulator can observe actual loan rates charged, then imposing a capital requirement schedule that leads market loan rates to decrease in loan quality is shown to be incentive compatible. Competition in the loan market induces banks to be indifferent to all loans that satisfy a minimum acceptable quality and reject all riskier loans. The regulator could reduce the banking industry's riskiness by imposing stricter capital requirements that increase this minimum quality.
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  • 15
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: stochastic dominance ; mean preserving dominance ; MLR-dominance ; capital budgeting ; comparative statics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The value of an insurance company mainly depends on the premiums received in each underwriting period, the probability distribution of the accumulated claims against the company, the equity capital, and the risk-adjusted rate of return determined by the market. We analyze how the value of the company is affected by marginal changes in the underlying determinants, when there is a regulatory requirement on equity capital. The major factor we are interested in is the claims against the company in each underwriting period, which we represent by a stationary stochastic process. The existing orders for partially ranking risks do not suffice for our purpose, and new conditions are found on the risks facing the companies, for the successful ranking of the company values.
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  • 16
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 159-177 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: expected utility theory ; state-dependent preferences ; risk aversion ; non-expected utility theory ; rank-dependent probabilities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We extend the analysis of risk aversion with state-dependent preferences to the rank-dependent expected utility theory. We find that in this extended theory, for two preference relations to be comparable in risk aversion not only do their reference sets need to coincide (a condition first introduced by Karni [1983, 1985] in the original expected utility framework), but they must also rank the prospective state-dependent outcomes in the same manner. We formalize this additional condition by introducing the concept of certainty sets. Under our condition of comparability, various results and characterizations of interpersonal comparison of risk aversion are obtained. The implications for a specific insurance problem are also discussed.
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  • 17
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 179-189 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: uncertainty ; investment ; newsboy problem ; increase in risk ; optimal capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this article we study the effect of uncertainty on an entrepreneur who must choose the capacity of his business before knowing the demand for his product. The unit profit of operation is known with certainty, but there is no flexibility in our one-period framework. We show how the introduction of global uncertainty reduces the investment of the risk-neutral entrepreneur and, even more, that of the risk-averse one. We also show how marginal increases in risk reduce the optimal capacity of both the risk-neutral and the risk-averse entrepreneur, without any restriction on the concave utility function and with limited restrictions on the definition of a mean preserving spread. These general results are explained by the fact that the newsboy has a piecewise-linear, and concave, monetary payoff with a kink endogenously determined at the level of optimal capacity. Our results are compared with those in the two literatures on price uncertainty and demand uncertainty, and particularly, with the recent contributions of Eeckhoudt, Gollier, and Schlesinger [1991, 1995].
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  • 18
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 191-210 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: adverse selection ; hidden information ; informational equilibrium ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Standard models of adverse selection in insurance markets assume policyholders know their loss distributions. This study examines the nature of equilibrium and the equilibrium value of information in competitive insurance markets where consumers lack complete information regarding their loss probabilities. We show that additional private information is privately and socially valuable. When the equilibrium policies separate types, policyholders can deduce the underlying probabilities from the contracts, so it is information on risk type, rather than loss probability per se, that is valuable. We show that the equilibrium is “as if” policyholders were endowed with complete knowledge if, and only if, information is noiseless and costless. If information is noisy, the equilibrium depends on policyholders' prior beliefs and the amount of noise in the information they acquire.
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  • 19
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 3-3 
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  • 20
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 16-40 
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  • 21
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 5-15 
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  • 22
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 41-55 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 56-57 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 58-63 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 64-64 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 5 (1977), S. 3-8 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 5 (1977), S. 22-34 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 5 (1977), S. 9-21 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Insgesamt liegen für eine güterliche Theorie des Wirtschaftens im Versicherungsunternehmen bereits heute viele Ansätze vor, insbesondere soweit es den Risikoausgleichsprozeß betrifft. Dagegen stecken die produktionstheoretischen Ansätze für die übrigen Input-Output-Beziehungen noch in den Kinderschuhen. Dies entpricht dem allgemein zu beobachtenden Rückstand in der betriebswirtschaftlichen Erforschung von Dienstleistungsunternehmen.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 5 (1977), S. 35-42 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 6 (1977), S. 3-16 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 6 (1977), S. 17-35 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 6 (1977), S. 36-52 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 6 (1977), S. 76-89 
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  • 34
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 3-15 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 6 (1977), S. 53-75 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Concluding remarks In order to learn from the relations between business cycle and single branches of insurance, we should not only analyse the kind of their cyclical dependences but also regard the quantitative effects. But already, the submitted investigation allows the conclusion, that the oscillations of the claims not always are random but to a large degree cyclical. p ]Whether it will be possible to use leading business indicators for the forecast of premium income can not yet be proofed for sure. Nevertheless, the present, study suggests the assumption that further investigations in this direction may lead to success.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 16-25 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 26-34 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 35-41 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 8 (1978), S. 3-3 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 42-55 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 8 (1978), S. 5-19 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 9 (1978), S. 3-17 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 9 (1978), S. 18-44 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 9 (1978), S. 45-65 
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    OR spectrum 3 (1982), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using a concrete example two linear optimization models based on the following cutting stock problem are compared: A stock of rolls of a synthetic cloth has to be cut such that the sum of net returns and the value of the residual stock at the end of the planning period is maximized. Since a limited number of cutting patterns is heuristically choosen the first model yields sub-optimal solutions only. On the contrary, the second model usesall relevant cutting patterns and provides an optimal solution.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An einem realen Beispiel werden zwei lineare Optimierungsmodelle verglichen, denen folgendes Dispositionsproblem zugrunde liegt: Ein Ausgangsprodukt ist durch Verschnitte so weiter zu verarbeiten, daß die Summe aus Nettoerlösen und bewerteten Restbeständen auf Lager maximal wird. Das erste Modell liefert aufgrund einer beschränkten Anzahl heuristisch vorgegebener Schnittmuster i. a. nur suboptimale Lösungen. Das zweite, verbesserte Modell berücksichtigt im Gegensatz dazualle sinnvollen Schnittmuster und führt zu einer optimalen Lösung.
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    OR spectrum 3 (1982), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel werden Flußprobleme in Netzwerken betrachtet, in denen jedem Pfeil neben der Kapazität auch fixe Kosten zugeordnet werden. Diese Kosten fallen an, sobald ein Fluß größer Null durch den Pfeil fließt. Zielsetzung ist die Maximierung des Netzflusses unter der Bedingung, daß ein gegebenes Budget nicht überschritten wird. Einige Anwendungen dieses Problems werden aufgezeigt und eine Strukturanalyse wird durchgeführt, anschließend wird ein Approximationsalgorithmus entwickelt. In einer kleinen Testreihe werden die Lösungen dieses Algorithmus' mit den exakten Lösungen verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Network flow problems are considered in which in addition to the capacities fixed costs are assigned to each arc which are incurred as soon as any positive flow is sent through that arc. It is the objective to maximize the flow so that the fixed costs do not exceed a given budget. Some applications of this problem are described and a structural analysis is performed. In addition to that an approximation algorithm is developed and its results are compared to the exact solutions in a small test series.
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    OR spectrum 3 (1982), S. 245-245 
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Efficiency considerations in the field of health become more and more urgent. This paper deals with the problem of determining the optimal size, organizational form and input structure of a general practice in dependence on the number of patients to be provided for. As solution approach a linear output oriented production model with the possibilities of choosing different production processes will be discussed. Subsequently the methodical considerations will be applied to a consulting practice of ophthalmology, and the results are exposed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wirtschaftlichkeitsüberlegungen im Gesundheitssektor werden immer dringlicher. Der vorliegende Beitrag befaßt sich mit dem Problem der optimalen Betriebsgröße, Organisationsform und Inputstruktur einer Arztpraxis in Abhängigkeit der Größe des zu versorgenden Patientenstammes. Als Lösungsansatz wird ein lineares output-orientiertes Produktionsmodell mit verschiedenen Verfahrenswahlmöglichkeiten diskutiert. Die methodischen Überlegungen werden anschließend auf eine Facharztpraxis für Augenheilkunde angewendet und die Ergebnisse dargelegt.
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 52-52 
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 47-51 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für das WartemodellE k /D/r wird über die „steady state Gleichungen“ die erzeugende Funktion der Verteilung der Warte Schlangenlänge hergeleitet. Die mittlere Zahl der Einheiten im System und verwandte Größen werden in geschlossener Form mit Hilfe der Wurzeln einer transzendenten Gleichung dargestellt. Diese Wurzeln können leicht mit numerischen Standard-verfahren bestimmt werden. Ein Algorithmus zur Bestimmung der stationären Verteilung der Zahl der Einheiten im System wird entwickelt. Numerische Ergebnisse für die mittleren Wartezeiten werden fürk=2,r=1, 2, ..., 10, und variable Verkehrsintensität angegeben.
    Notes: Summary In this paper we study theE k /D/r queueing system. The steady state equations are derived and the queue lenth probability generating function is determined. The average number of customers in the system and other related quantities are determined in closed form in terms of the roots of an equation, which can be easily obtained by standard numerical techniques. Also a computational procedure for evaluating the steady state probability distribution of the number of customers in the system is developed. Numerical results of the average queueing times are given fork=2,r=1, 2, ..., 10 and the whole range of utilization factors.
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 79-89 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten ein periodisch kontrolliertes dynamisches Mehrprodukt-Lagerhaltungsmodell mit stochastischem Bedarf, bei dem sich die Bestellkosten aus einem linearen und einem nichtlinearen Anteil zusammensetzen. Der nichtlineare Anteil kann z. B. davon abhängen, welche Produkte bestellt werden. Es wird die Existenz einer optimalen Bestellpolitik gezeigt. Außerdem werden Eigenschaften einer solchen Politik nachgewiesen. Wir zeigen, daß bei Spezialisierung der nichtlinearen Bestellkosten eine optimale Politik eine (σ, S)-Politik ist. Die Ergebnisse beziehen sich auf den endlichen Planungshorizont.
    Notes: Summary We consider a period review, dynamic multiproduct inventory model with stochastic demand, in which the cost of ordering consists of linear portions for each product as well as a nonlinear term. This nonlinear term depends for example, on the products we order. We prove the existence of an optimal policy and characterize such a policy. We show that an optimal policy reduces to the well-known (σ, S)-policy, if we spezialise the nonlinear ordering cost in a proper way. Finite horizon results are given.
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 105-112 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper has two purposes. First, it is shown that for many cases of practical interest the optimal selection of the depreciation method can be made independently from the selection of the financing-mix. Second, a mixed-integer linear programming for a simplified dynamic version of the problem is developed for the determination of the optimal financing-mix and — if necessary — the simultaneous selection of the depreciation method.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel verfolgt zwei Absichten: zum einen wird gezeigt, daß in bestimmten Fällen die Wahl der optimalen Abschreibungsmethode für Ein- und Zweifamilienhäuser unabhängig von der Festlegung des Finanzierungsmixes erfolgen kann, zum zweiten wird ein dynamisches gemischt-ganzzahliges lineares Programm vorgestellt, welches den Finanzierungsmix optimiert unter gleichzeitiger Festlegung der Abschreibungsmethode.
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 129-134 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Minimale Kostenflußprobleme mit nichtlinearen parametrischen Bewertungsfunktionenc(t) T x mitt aus dem Intervall [t min,t max] werden untersucht. Es wird eine endliche Folge zuläs siger Basen (B k ¦k =1, 2,...,r) bestimmt, die inI k := [t k , tk+1] optimal sind (k=1, 2, ...,r;t min=t 1 〈t 2 〈 ... 〈t r+1=t max). Die Teilintervalle Ik werden durch die Berechnung von Nullstellen bestimmter nichtlinearer Funktionen ermittelt. Numerische Ergebnisse werden für den Spezialfall polynomialer parametrischer Kostenfunktionen diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Minimal cost network flow problems with nonlinear parametric objective functionsc(t) T x fortε[t min,t max] are studied. A finite sequence of feasible bases (B k ¦k =1, 2, ...,r) optimal in [t k , tk+1] fork=1, 2,...,r witht min=t 1〈t 2〈...〈t r+1=t max is determined using the zeroes of a set of nonlinear functions. Computional experience is discussed in the special case of polynomial parametric objective functions.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 28-28 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 42-42 
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Einsatzplanung von Wirtschaftsprüfern/Ablaufplanung ; binäre Optimierung ; Prioritätsregelverfahren ; Audit-staff scheduling/project scheduling ; binary optimization ; regret-based biased random sampling
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Based upon an empirical survey, an hierarchical framework for audit-staff scheduling has been developed which distinguishes between a tactical, a tacticaloperational and an operational level. In our paper we investigate the operational level. A binary optimization model is formulated, which adequately represents the problem. Afterwards, a randomized heuristic scheme specifically tailored to the problem structure is described which uses priority values to base randomized selection decisions upon. Its suitability is demonstrated in an extensive computational study.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Basierend auf den Ergebnissen einer empirischen Untersuchung wurde ein hierarchischer Ansatz zur Personaleinsatzplanung in Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaften entwickelt, der die Teilprobleme der taktischen, der taktisch-operativen und der operativen Planung umfaßt. Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich mit der operativen Planung auseinander. Das Problem wird zunächst als binäres Optimierungsproblem formuliert. Anschließend wird ein speziell an die Problemstruktur angepaßtes heuristisches Verfahrensschema vorgestellt, das unter Verwendung von Prioritätswerten randomisierte Auswahlentscheidungen trifft. Die Eignung des Verfahrensschemas wird in einer umfangreichen experimentellen Untersuchung nachgewiesen.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Health investment ; prevention ; economics of health technology ; cost-effectiveness analysis ; programme selection ; resource allocation ; Gesundheitsinvestition ; Prävention ; Ökonomik der Gesundheitstechnologien ; Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse ; Programmauswahl ; Ressourcenallokation
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über quantitative Programmauswahl- und Ressourcenallokationsmodelle im Bereich der präventiven Gesundheitsversorgung. Zunächst wird gezeigt, daß präventive Gesundheitsprogramme strategische Investitionen darstellen. Anschließend wird begründet, weshalb sich die Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse als allgemeiner Bezugsrahmen anbietet. Innerhalb dieses Rahmens werden dann aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen repräsentative quantitative strategische Modelle erörtert. Im Bereich nichtübertragbarer Erkrankungen liegt der Schwerpunkt bei Krebs und Herz-Kreislauf-Krankheiten, den Hauptursachen für Tod und Gesundheitsbeeinträchtigung in den Industrieländern. Hinsichtlich übertragbarer Krankheiten konzentrieren wir uns auf Tuberkulose, Malaria und AIDS. Ein vorgelagertes Spezialproblem ist die gesundheitsökonomische Bewertung neuer Präventionstechnologien. Die hier verfügbaren quantitativen Modellierungsansätze werden ebenfalls angesprochen.
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews contemporary quantitative approaches to programme selection and resource allocation in preventive health care. For this purpose it is first shown that preventive health programmes are strategic investments. Then we give reasons why cost-effectiveness analysis is our preferred general frame of reference. Within this framework several representative quantitative policy models are discussed next. In the field of chronic illnesses we focus on the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the main causes of death and disability in the industrialized countries. Examples from the field of contagious diseases relate to tuberculosis and malaria control, and to the spread of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Finally, we present the case of innovation in preventive health technology from a strategic investment angle.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 50-50 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 43-49 
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    Keywords: Time-series ; prediction ; pattern ; Zeitreihen ; Prognose ; Muster
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir schlagen eine neue deskriptive Methode für die Prognose von Zeitreihen vor. Die Methode basiert auf der Imitation von vorhergehenden ähnlichen Mustern. Um ähnliche Muster zu sammeln, schlagen wir einen Algorithmus vor, der die charakteristischen Eigenschaften von Mustern vergleicht. Die Methode erfordert keine statistischen Voraussetzungen. Wir vergleichen die Methode mit den Ergebnissen der Untersuchung von Makridakis.
    Notes: Abstract We propose a new descriptive approach to timeseries forecasting based on the imitation of the past similar patterns in the data history. In order to select similar patterns we introduce an algorithm that compares the patterns' characteristics. The proposed method does not require any statistical assumptions. We compare the method with the results of the Makridakis competition.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 60-60 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 61-63 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 65-66 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 64-64 
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Arbeitzeitflexibilisierung ; Jahresarbeitszeitverteilung ; Schichtpläne ; ganzzahliges Lineares Programm ; Branch-and-Bound ; Flexibilization of working time ; yearly working time distribution ; shift schedules ; integer linear program ; branch and bound
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The paper presents an algorithm to determine a cost minimal yearly working time. Based on a given set of shift schedules a simultaneous selection- and sequencing procedure is performed resulting in a shift sequence that optimizes the yearly working time distribution. In contrast to the usual approaches this method takes into account all the complex working time restrictions implied by the shift schedules and all the related cost structures. The influence of some important planning parameters is discussed extensively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur kostenminimalen Festlegung einer kapazitätsorientierten Jahresarbeitszeitverteilung für den Produktionsbereich vorgestellt. Dazu wird auf Basis einer vorgegebenen Menge von Schichtplänen eine simultane Auswahl- und Reihenfolgeplanung durchgeführt, die die Jahresarbeitszeitverteilung optimiert. Im Gegensatz zu den gängigen Verfahren zur Jahresarbeitszeitplanung können bei dieser Vorgehensweise die durch die Schichtpläne auferlegten Arbeitszeitrestriktionen sowie die damit verbundenen Kosten im Detail berücksichtigt werden. Der Einfluß planungsrelevanter Parameter auf die resultierende Jahresarbeitszeitverteilung wird ausführlich diskutiert.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 66-66 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 51-59 
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    Keywords: Lot-sizing ; scheduling ; discrete lot-sizing and scheduling ; sequence dependent setup costs ; local search ; production planning and control ; Losgrößenplanung ; Ablaufplanung ; reihenfolgeabhängige Rüstkosten ; lokale Suchverfahren ; Produktionsplanung und -steuerung
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Ablaufplanung für eine Engpaßmaschine unter besonderer Berücksichtigung reihenfolgeabhängiger Rüstkosten. Neben Rüstkosten sind von Losgrößen abhängige Lagerkosten entscheidungsrelevant. Die Losgrößen sind dabei unter Berücksichtigung der Maschinenkapazität in einem vorgegebenen Planungszeitraum so zu bestimmen, daß alle Teilebedarfe termingerecht in ausreichender Menge befriedigt werden. Zur Lösung des Planungsproblems entwickeln wir zunächst ein neues Modell. Es unterscheidet sich von dem von Fleischmann eingeführten Modell (the discrete lot-sizing problem with sequence dependent setup costs, DLSPSD) dadurch, daß es statt diskrete kontinuierliche Losgrößen zuläßt und daß der Rüstzustand bei Stillstand der Maschine erhalten bleibt. Zur Lösung des Problems wird eine prioritätsregelbasierte Heuristik vorgeschlagen. Die Prioritätswerte und dadurch auch die Lösungsgüte des Verfahrens hängen von zwei Parametern ab. Ein Suchverfahren zur Bestimmung geeigneter Parameterwerte wird vorgestellt. Anhand kleinerer optimal gelöster Datensätze wird gezeigt, daß die Lösungsgüte der Heuristik akzeptabel ist. Für größere Datensätze wird ein Vergleich mit dem von Fleischmann für das DLSPSD vorgeschlagenen Verfahren durchgeführt. Das Verfahren von Fleischmann liefert, bedingt durch die diskrete Losgrößenbildung, nur eine obere Schranke für die hier betrachtete Problemstellung. Der Vergleich zeigt, daß die prioritätsregelbasierte Heuristik dem Verfahren von Fleischmann hinsichtlich der betrachteten Problemstellung überlegen ist.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider a single-stage system where a number of different items have to be manufactured on one machine. Expenditures for the setups depend on the sequence in which items are scheduled on the machine. Holding costs are incurred for holding items in inventory. The demand of the items has to be satisfied without delay, i.e. shortages are not allowed. The objective is to compute a schedule such that the sum of holding and setup costs is minimized with respect to capacity constraints. For this problem which we call capacitated lot-sizing problem with sequence dependent setup costs (CLSD) we formulate a new model. The main differences between the new model and the discrete lot-sizing problem with sequence dependent setup costs (DLSDSD), introduced by Fleischmann, is that continuous lot-sizes are allowed and the setup state can be preserved over idle time. For the solution of the new model we present a heuristic which applies a priority rule. Since the priority values are affected by two significant parameters, we perform a local search in the parameter space to obtain low cost solutions. The solution quality is analyzed by a computational study. The comparison with optimal solutions of small instances shows that the solution quality of our heuristic is acceptable. The Fleischmann approach for the DLSPSD computes upper bounds for our new problem. On the basis of larger instances we show that our heuristic is more efficient to solve the CLSD.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 106-106 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 67-80 
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    Keywords: Flow shop scheduling ; batch setup times ; group technology ; manufactoring cells ; heuristics ; Flow Shop Probleme ; Setup Zeiten ; Gruppentechnologie ; Heuristiken
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden Permutationsflußprobleme mit Batch Setup Zeiten betrachtet. Jeder Job hat die gleiche technologische Reihenfolge. Die Jobs sind in Gruppen eingeteilt. Gegeben sind Bearbeitungszeient ij für Jobi auf Maschinej sowie Setup Zeitens rj auf Maschinej, wenn ein Job derr-ten Gruppe nach einem Job einer anderen Gruppe bearbeitet wird. Es wird vorausgesetzt, daß auf allen Maschinen die gleiche Reihenfolge der Jobs gewählt wird. In der Arbeit werden sowohl das Problem der Minimierung der Gesamtbearbeitungszeit als auch das Problem der Minimierung der Summe der Bearbeitungsendtermine mit Item oder Batch Verfügbarkeit betrachtet. Für diese Probleme werden konstruktive und iterative Algorithmen entwickelt. Die konstruktiven Algorithmen basieren auf Einfügungstechniken mit Beamsuche. Es werden geeignete Nachbarschaftsstrukturen eingeführt und auf lokaler Suche und Wiedereinfügungstechniken basierende iterative Algorithmen entwickelt. Die Algorithmen wurden an Beispielen mit bis zu 80 Jobs getestet.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider permutation flow shop scheduling problems with batch setup times. Each job has to be processed on each machine once and the technological routes are identical for all jobs. The set of jobs is divided into groups. There are given processing timest ij of jobi on machinej and setup timess rj on machinej when a job of ther-th group is processed after a job of another group. It is assumed that the same job order has to be chosen on each machine. We consider both the problems of minimizing the makespan and of minimizing the sum of completion times, where batch or item availability of the jobs is assumed. For these problems we give various constructive and iterative algorithms. The constructive algorithms are based on insertion techniques combined with beam search. We introduce suitable neighbourhood structures for such problems with batch setup times and describe iterative algorithms that are based on local search and reinsertion techniques. The developed algorithms have been tested on a large collection of problems with up to 80 jobs.
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    Keywords: Cooperative game ; PAW-game ; k-coalitional game ; Shapley value ; egalitarian division rules ; Kooperatives Spiel ; PMA-Spiel ; k-Koalitionsspiel ; Shapley-Wert ; Regeln gleichmäßiger Aufteilungen
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seiv ein kooperativesn-Personenspiel und seih∈{1, 2, ⋯,n}. Mitv h bezeichnen wir die mittlere Auszahlung aller Koalitionen der Größeh und mitv h i die mittlere Auszahlung aller Koalitionen der Größeh, die den Spieleri∈N nicht enthalten. In dieser Arbeit, führen wir den Begriff des Spieles mit proportionaler mittlerer Auszahlung (oder PMA-Spiel) ein. Diese sind null-reduzierte Spielev, für die Zahlenc h ∈ℝ existieren, sodaß die Beziehungv h −v h i =c h (v n−1−v n −1/i ) für jedesh∈{2, 3, ⋯,n−1 undi∈N gilt. Der Begriff der mittleren Auszahlung wird dann benutzt, um eine Formel für den Shapley-Wert der PMA-Spiele abzuleiten. Wir zeigen, daß der Shapley-Wert, und die durch das Zentrum der Imputationsmenge, die gleichmäßigen nicht-separablen Beiträge, bzw. gleichmäßigen nicht-gemittelten Beiträge definierten Werte der PMA-Spiele kollinear sind. Die Klasse aller PMA-Spiele enthält im strengen Sinne die Klasse allerk-Koalitionsspiele, die die Kollinearitätseigenschaft haben (Driessen und Funaki, 1991). Schließlich zeigen wir, daß die Einstimmigkeitsspiele und die Grundbesitzerspiele auch PMA-Spiele sind.
    Notes: Abstract For each cooperativen-person gamev and eachh∈{1, 2, ⋯,n}, letv h be the average worth of coalitions of sizeh andv h i the average worth of coalitions of sizeh which do not contain playeri∈N. The paper introduces the notion of a proportional average worth game (or PAW-game), i.e., the zero-normalized gamev for which there exist numbersc h ∈ℝ such thatv h −v h i =c h (v n−1−v n −1/i ) for allh∈{2, 3, ⋯,n−1}, andi∈N. The notion of average worth is used to prove a formula for the Shapley value of a PAW-game. It is shown that the Shapley value, the value representing the center of the imputation set, the egalitarian non-separable contribution value and the egalitarian non-average contribution value of a PAW-game are collinear. The class of PAW-games contains strictly the class ofk-coalitional games possessing the collinearity property discussed by Driessen and Funaki (1991). Finally, it is illustrated that the unanimity games and the landlord games are PAW-games.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 116-116 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 107-115 
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    Keywords: Bootstrap-Verfahren ; Bonitätsbeurteilung ; Diskriminanzanalyse ; Variablenselektion ; Bootstrap ; credit investigation ; discriminant analysis ; variable selection
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Discriminant analysis is often proposed for credit investigations. In this paper bootstrap methods for this kind of problem are applied to empirical data in order to 1. validate the results of the variable selection process and 2. estimate error rates in discriminant analysis. One method is used to demonstrate that correct modelling of the bootstrap method is necessary.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Beurteilung der Bonität von Kreditnehmern wird vielfach die Diskriminanzanalyse als objektiviertes Hilfsmittel vorgeschlagen. Diese Arbeit demonstriert an einem empirischen Datensatz von Unternehmensbilanzen den Einsatz von Bootstrap-Verfahren 1.zur Validierung der Ergebnisse der Variablenselektion und 2. zur Schätzung der Fehlerraten bei der Klassifikation an Hand der Diskriminanzfunktion. An einer Schätz-methode wird dabei demonstriert, daß bei der Wahl des Bootstrap-Verfahrens sehr genau auf die korrekte Modellierung zu achten ist.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 126-126 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Production scheduling ; dynamic setup change ; Produktionsablaufplanung ; stochastisches Flow-Shop-Problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten ein zweistufiges Produktionssystem, in dem zwei Produkte mit konstanten produktspezifischen Produktionsgeschwindigkeiten und Rüstzeiten bearbeitet werden. Zwischen den beiden Maschinen sind zwei produktspezifische Puffer angeordnet. Die Nachfragerate für jedes Produkt ist abschnittsweise konstant. Jede Maschine unterliegt zeitabhängigen Störungen. Die fehlerfreien Laufzeiten und die Reparaturzeiten sind exponentialverteilte Zufallsvariablen, wobei Rüst- und Bearbeitungsvorgänge nach einer störungsbedingten Unterbrechung ohne Verlust fortgesetzt werden. Wir modellieren das Produktionssystem als zeit- und mengenkontinuierlichen Prozeß. Es wird das Problem der Bestimmung der optimalen Kontrollpolitik mit dem Ziel der Minimierung der diskontierten Kosten bei unendlichem Horizont formuliert. Zur Bestimmung der Struktur der optimalen Kontrollpolitik wird eine diskretisierte Version des Problems mit Hilfe der dynamischen Programmierung unter Berücksichtigung einer stückweise linearen Strafkostenfunktion gelöst. Anschließend wird ein Algorithmus entwickelt, mit dem geringe Lagerbestände bei gleichzeitiger Erfüllung der Nachfrage erreicht werden können. Der Algorithmus, der auf einer hierarchischen Kontrollstruktur basiert, dient zur Bestimmung der Produktionszeitpunkte, wobei in Echtzeit auf zufällige Störungen im System reagiert werden kann. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Verfahrens wird anhand eines Simulationsmodells mit alternativen Politiken verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we study a manufacturing system consisting of two machines separated by two intermediate buffers, and capable of producing two different products. Each product requires a constant processing time on each of the machines. Each machine requires a constant non-negligible setup change time from one product to the other. The demand rate for each product is considered to be piecewise constant. Each machine undergoes failure and repair. The time-to-failure and time-to-repair are exponentially distributed random variables. The setup change and processing operations are resumable. We model our system as a continuous time, continuous flow process. An optimal control problem is formulated for the system to minimize the total expected discounted cost over an infinite horizon. To determine the optimal control policy structure, a discrete version of the problem is solved numerically using a dynamic programming formulation with a piecewise linear penalty function. A real-time control algorithm is then developed with the objective of maintaining low work-in-process inventory and keeping the production close to the demand. The algorithm uses a hierarchical control structure to generate the loading times for each product on each machine in real time and to respond to random disruptions in the system. The system is simulated using this algorithm to study its performance. The performance of the algorithm is also compared to alternative policies.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 127-130 
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    Notes: Resümee CA-SuperProject ist ein ausgereiftes Projektmanagementtool, das in seinem Preissegment empfohlen werden kann. Für die Praxis bietet es die Möglichkeit, kleine bis mittelgroße Projekte effizient und durchgängig zu planen, zu steuern und zu kontrollieren. In der Lehre ist es vor allem als Übung zu den Vorlesungen Produktionssteuerung, Ablauforganisation und Projektmanagement zu empfehlen. Allen Anwendern wird mit der Wahl von einem Basismodus oder von vier Expertenmodi die Möglichkeit geboten, den Funktionsumfang auf die individuellen Ansprüche abzustimmen.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 162-162 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 117-125 
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    Keywords: Neuronale Netzwerke ; Prognose von Zeitreihen ; Nichtstationarität ; Dickey-Fuller-Test ; Neural network ; time series prediction ; non-stationarity ; Dickey-Fuller-Test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In 1982, the working group “Forecasting Methods” of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Operations Research (DGOR) carried out a forecasting comparison between 12 various models which were applied to 15 time series. The results of this study can be considered as a good benchmark for further prediction techniques. This paper reports upon the prediction of these 15 time series by using a Neural Network which was developed by the Backpropagation algorithm. The four highest autocorrelated lag-variables were used as the input variables of the Neural Network. The results show that the Neural Network delivered worse predictions than the other methods including the naive prediction by forecasting non-stationary time series. Stationary time series could be predicted better than the naive prediction, but in comparison to the other techniques the results were only average. After regarding the problem of non-stationarity by using the Dickey-Fuller-Test, first differences were chosen as the input-variables of the Neural Network. In this case, there was a considerable improvement, but the best method (Box-Jenkins' ARIMA technique) could not be surpassed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeitsgruppe Prognoseverfahren der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Operations Research (DGOR) veröffentlichte 1982 einen Vergleich zwischen verschiedenen Prognoseverfahren. Die Studie wurde anhand 12 verschiedener Modelle und 15 Zeitreihen durchgeführt. Grundsätzlich können die Ergebnisse dieses Prognosevergleichs als objektiver und neutraler Vergleichsmaßstab für die Leistungen anderer Prognosemethoden betrachtet werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird in diesem Beitrag die Prognosequalität eines Neuronalen Netzes mit den in der DGOR-Studie beschriebenen Prognoseverfahren empirisch verglichen. Hierbei wird ein Backpropagation-Netz in Ansatz gebracht. Zur Bestimmung der exogenen Variablen werden die vier signifikantesten zeitverzögerten Variablen mittels einer Korrelationsanalyse ausgewählt. Als empirisches Ergebnis ist folgendes festzuhalten: • Im Falle von nichtstationären Zeitreihen liefern die Neuronalen Netze deutlich schlechtere Prognosen im Vergleich zu den anderen Methoden. Stationäre Zeitreihen können durch Neuronale Netze zwar besser vorhergesagt werden, aber dennoch ist die Prognosequalität nur durchschnittlich. • Falls bei nichtstationären Zeitreihen erste Differenzen als exogene Variablen verwendet werden, verbessert sich die Prognosequalität erheblich. Dennoch wird die beste Vorhersagemethode (ARMA-Verfahren nach Box-Jenkins) immer noch nicht übertroffen.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 131-144 
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    Keywords: Cutting stock ; integer solutions ; heuristics ; linear programming ; column generation ; numerical experiments ; Zuschneideprobleme ; Ganzzahligkeit ; Heuristiken ; Lineare Optimierung ; Spaltengenerierung ; Numerische Experimente
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit betrachten wir das Problem der Bestimmung ganzzahliger Lösungen für das Standardproblem der eindimensionalen Zuschnittplanung. Insbesondere werden eine spezielle Klasse heuristischer Lösungsverfahren, die in der Literatur beschrieben sind, sowie einige naheliegende Varianten dieser Verfahren vorgestellt. Auf der Grundlage eines numerischen Experiments, bei dem 4.000 Probleme zufällig erzeugt und gelöst wurden, werden die Verfahren miteinander verglichen und im Hinblick auf die Kriterien „Lösungsqualität“ und „Rechenzeitbedarf“ beurteilt. Dabei zeigt sich nicht nur, daß zwei Verfahren deutlich besser als die übrigen einzustufen sind, sondern auch, daß mit ihrer Hilfe nahezu jede Problemausprägung des klassischen eindimensionalen Zuschneideproblems optimal gelöst werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the problem of generating integer solutions to the standard one-dimensional cutting stock problem is treated. In particular, we study a specific class of heuristic approaches that have been proposed in the literature, and some straightforward variants. These methods are compared with respect to solution quality and computing time. Our evaluation is based on having solved 4,000 randomly generated test problems. Not only will it be shown that two methods are clearly superior to the others but also that they solve almost any instance of the standard one-dimensional cutting stock problem to an optimum.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 168-168 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 163-167 
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    Keywords: Majorization ; stochastic dominance ; expected utility ; demand theory ; Majorisierung ; stochastische Dominanz ; erwarteter Nutzen ; Nachfragetheorie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden Begriffe der Kongruenz von Konsumentenpräferenzen und Marktpreisen definiert. Ein hoher Grad an Kongruenz erweist sich als nachteilig für den Konsumenten. Dieses Ergebnis wird benutzt, um für ein einfaches Investitionsmodell den zu erwartenden Nutzen, der sich bei einem Konsum über mehrere Perioden ergibt, zu ermitteln.
    Notes: Abstract Notions of congruence between the tastes of the consumer and the market prices are defined and it is shown that the higher the degree of congruence, the worse off the consumer is. Applications to consumption over time and expected utility are given.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 145-161 
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    Keywords: General-shop problem ; sequence dependent setup-times ; branch & bound method ; block approach ; immediate selection ; job-shop ; open-shop ; disjunctive graph model ; Allgemeine Shop-Probleme ; reihenfolgeabhängige Rüstzeiten ; Branch- und Bound-Verfahren ; Blockansatz ; Immediate-Selection ; Jop-Shop ; Open-Shop ; disjunktiver Graph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Branch & Bound-Algorithmus für ein sehr allgemeines Scheduling Problem mitn Jobs undm Maschinen vorgestellt. Jeder Job besteht aus einer Menge von Operationen, die auf einer ausgewählten Maschine bearbeitet werden müssen. Zwischen den Operationen sind beliebige Vorrangbeziehungen möglich. Ferner werden die Operationen in Gruppen aufgeteilt. Wenn auf einer Maschine eine Operation der GruppeG g unmittelbar nach einer Operation der GruppeG f bearbeitet wird, ist eine Rüstzeit vons fg Zeiteinheiten notwendig. Wir setzen voraus, daßs fg=0 fürf=g und daß dies fg die Dreiecksungleichung erfüllen. Sowohl für dieses allgemeine Problem als auch für Spezialfälle wie das Job-Shop Problem und das Open-Shop Problem werden Rechenergebnisse vorgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract A branch & bound algorithm is presented for a very general scheduling problem withn jobs andm machines. Each job consists of a set of operations. Each operation has to be processed on a dedicated machine. There may be arbitrary precedence relations between the operations. The set of all operations is partitioned into groups. If on a machine an operation belonging to groupG g is processed immediately after an operation belonging to groupG f there is a setup ofs fg time units. We assume thats fg=0 iff=g and that thes fg satisfy the triangle inequality. Computational results for this general problem as well as for special cases like the job-shop problem and the open-shop problem are reported.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 169-178 
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    Keywords: Timed Token Rotation Protokoll ; Feldbus ; Leistung(-Bewertung) ; Nichtlineare Optimierung ; Timed token rotation protocol ; fieldbus ; performance (evaluation) ; nonlinear optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In this paper, models are presented with whose help it is possible to undertake parameter optimization of Timed Token Rotation Protocol-systems. The parameters to be optimized are the waiting time of one (or more) station(s) and the throughput. The basis for these models are, on the one hand, approximations of the waiting time achieved through analytic heuristic means, which were validated by simulation, and on the other hand, modern methods of nonlinear optimization. The approximation formula for the waiting time is represented as the minimizing objective function, wherein the user requirements that are to be met in the search for an optimum are taken into consideration in the form of constraints (here: inequalities). Introduced in this paper are mono-criterium operation, where only the ‘waiting time’ criterium is considered, and bi-criteria operation, where the goals are both minimization of waiting time and maximization of throughput. Finally, the introduced optimization models are applied to examples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden Modelle zur Verfügung gestellt, mit deren Hilfe es möglich ist, Parameteroptimierungen von Timed Token Rotation Protokoll-Systemen vorzunehmen. Die zu optimierenden Parameter sind dabei die Wartezeit einer (mehrerer) Station(en) bzw. der Durchsatz. Grundlage dieser Modelle sind einerseits analytisch-heuristisch gewonnene Wartezeitapproximationen, die mittels Simulation validiert wurden, und andererseits moderne Methoden der nichtlinearen Optimierung. Die Wartezeitapproximationsformel stellt jeweils die zu minimierende Zielfunktion dar, wobei die Forderungen des Anwenders, die bei der Suche eines Optimums einzuhalten sind, in Form von Nebenbedingungen (hier: Ungleichungen) berücksichtigt werden. Es werden monokriterielle Verfahren, bei denen nur das Kriterium ‘Wartezeit’ zur Diskussion steht, und bikriterielle Verfahren vorgestellt, deren Ziel darin besteht, sowohl die Wartezeit zu minimieren als auch den Durchsatz zu maximieren. Schließlich werden die vorgestellten Optimierungsmodelle an Beispielen demonstriert.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 196-196 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 179-186 
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    Keywords: Ambiguity ; information evaluation ; experimental economics ; Ambiguität ; Informationsbewertung ; Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Entscheider hat die Wahl zwischen mehreren Handlungsalternativen. Einige Alternativen sind einfache Lotterien. Andere bestehen darin, zunächst zusätzliche Informationen über Ergebnisse oder Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeiten von Ergebnissen bei diesen Lotterien zu erwerben, bevor eine verbindliche Wahl zwischen den Lotterien getroffen wird. In diesem Artikel werden Hypothesen über den Zusammenhang zwischen demGrad der Ambiguitätsaversion und der Zahlungsbereitschaft für Informationen über das Ergebnis einfacher Zwei-Zustände-Lotterien aus demChoquet-Erwartungsnutzen-Modell abgeleitet. Diese Hypothesen werden in einem Experiment getestet. 157 Studenten werden, bevor sie sich zwischen einer sicheren Zahlung und Lotterien unterschiedlicher Ambiguität entscheiden müssen, nach ihrer Zahlungsbereitschaft für die Information, welcher von zwei zahlungsrelevanten Umweltzuständen eintritt, gefragt. Das wichtigste Ergebnis des Experiments ist, daßder vom Choquet-Erwartungsnutzen-Modell vorhergesagte Pessimismus bei der Bewertung von Information empirisch nicht beobachtet werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract Assume a decision maker has a choice between several acts. Some of the alternatives are simple lotteries; others consist of gathering additional (costy) information on outcomes or probabilities of the available simple lotteries prior to making a binding choice between them. In this paper hypotheses are derived from the Choquet Expected Utility model about the relationship between the degree of ambiguity aversion and the willingness-to-pay for information revealing the outcome of simple two-state-lotteries. These hypotheses are tested experimentally. 157 students are asked to state their willingness-to-pay for information, revealing the true payment relevant state, before making choices between a certain amount of money and two-state-lotteries of varying degrees of ambiguity. In the experiment the pessimism predicted by the Choquet Expected Utility model is not observed empirically.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 208-208 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 187-195 
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    Keywords: Stochastic production scheduling ; work-in-process inventory control ; Stochastische Maschinenbelegungsplanung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird ein hierarchischer Planungsansatz zur Steuerung eines Produktionssystems mitN Maschinen betrachtet. Für jede von vielen herzustellenden Produktarten ist die Maschinenfolge durch den jeweiligen Produktionsprozeß fest vorgegeben. Gegebenenfalls sind Maschinen mehrmals zu durchlaufen. Außerdem sind zufällige Maschinenausfälle und Reparaturzeiten zu beachten. Solche Systeme treten z.B. bei der Halbleiterfertigung auf. Ziel der Planung ist eine möglichst bedarfssynchrone Produktion bei niedrigen Lagerbeständen an Halbfertigfabrikaten und hohen Produktionsraten. In der obersten Ebene einer dreistufigen Planungshierarchie werden im Rahmen einer Kapazitätsplanung wünschenswerte Puffergrößen und Produktionsraten der Maschinen ermittelt. In der mittleren Ebene erfolgt eine Anpassung der Produktionsraten, um Störungen des Systems durch Maschinenausfälle oder Blockierung von Maschinen zu beseitigen. In der untersten Planungsebene wird eine Durchlaufterminierung vorgenommen. Eine Simulationsuntersuchung zeigt, daß der vorgeschlagene Planungsansatz gute Ergebnisse liefert.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we propose a procedure for production flow control in reentrant manufacturing systems. The system under study consists ofN machines and producesM product types simultaneously. Each part goes through the system following a predefined process and may visit a machine many times. All machines are subject to random failures and need random repair times. The scheduling objectives are to keep the production close to demand and to keep the WIP inventory level and cycle times at low values. The model is motivated by semiconductor fabrication production. A three-level hierarchical controller is constructed to regulate the production. At the top level of this hierarchy, we perform capacity planning by selecting the desirable buffer sizes and the target production level for each operation. A production flow rate controller is at the middle level which recalculates the production rates whenever a machine fails or is starved or blocked. The loading times for individual parts are determined at the bottom level of the hierarchy. Comparison with alternative control is made through simulation and it shows that the control policy performs well.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 209-217 
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    Keywords: Semi-infinite programming ; duality ; Semi-infinite Programmierung ; Dualität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit unterstreicht die Anwendbarkeit des sogenannten Dualproblems von Haar in linearer semi-infiniter Optimierung und analysiert seine Eigenschaften. Dies geschieht im Hinblick auf eine Reduktion in ein gewöhnliches lineares Optimierungsproblem, eine sequentielle Approximation durch endliche Teilprobleme und auch zum Finden einer numerischen Lösung durch Verfahren der zulässigen Richtungen.
    Notes: Abstract This paper emphasizes the great potential applicability of the so-called Haar's dual problem, in linear semi-infinite programming, and analyzes its properties in order to its reduction to an ordinary linear program, its sequential approximation through finite subprograms, as well as to its numerical solution by feasible directions strategies.
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Multi-period inventory problem ; capacity reservation ; dynamic programming ; heuristics ; Mehrperiodiges Lagerhaltungsproblem ; zu reservierende Rohstoffmenge ; dynamische Programmierung ; Heuristiken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vorliegende Arbeit behandelt ein mehrperiodiges Lagerhaltungsproblem, worin sowohl die Nachfrage als auch die Lieferkapazität eines bestimmten Rohstoffs diskrete Zufallsvariable mit bekannter Verteilungsfunktion sind. Vor Beginn der ersten Periode ist die beim Lieferanten zu reservierende Rohstoffmenge für jede Periode zu bestimmen, darauf anschließend ist zu Beginn jeder Periode die tatsächlich zu bestellende Rohstoffmenge zu bestimmen. Ein exakter, aufbranch and bound und dynamischer Programmierung basierender Algorithmus und verschiedene Heuristiken für dieses Problem werden vorgestellt und miteinander verglichen. Die Heuristiken schneiden dabei sehr gut ab, da sie ausgezeichnete, suboptimale Lösungen mit erheblich weniger Rechenaufwand finden.
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with a multi-period inventory problem where the demand and the supplier capacity of a given key resource are discrete random variables with known probability distribution. The procurement manager has to answer two types of questions: how much supplier quantity to reserve for each period (where all of these reservations have to madeprior to the start of the first period) and how large an order quantity to use at start of each period. An exact procedure, based on branch and bound and dynamic programming, as well as various heuristic methods to solve the problem are presented in this paper. Heuristic methods are shown to perform extremely well in the sense that they provide near optimal strategies while requiring much less computational effort than the exact method.
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 218-218 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 230-230 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 240-240 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 219-229 
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    Keywords: Scheduling ; timed Petri nets ; analysis of Petri nets ; Scheduling ; Petrinetze mit Zeitbewertung ; Analyse von Petrinetzen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Petrinetze mit Zeitbewertungen können zur Modellierung und Analyse von Scheduling-Problemen eingesetzt werden. Zur Unterstützung der Modellierung von Scheduling-Problemen stellen wir eine Methode zur Abbildung von Arbeitsgängen, Ressourcen und Randbedingungen auf Petrinetze mit Zeitbewertung vor. Hierbei können wir auf die Standard-Petrinetztheorie zurückgreifen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß petrinetz-basierte Werkzeuge und Techniken eingesetzt werden können, um widersprüchliche und redundante Prezedenzrelationen, obere und untere Schranken für die „Durchlaufzeit“, etc. zu finden. Dies wird anhand einer petrinetz-basierten Analyse des inhärent schwierigen 10×10 Problems von Fisher and Thompson (1963) gezeigt.
    Notes: Abstract Timed Petri nets can be used to model and analyse scheduling problems. To support the modelling of scheduling problems, we provide a method to map tasks, resources and constraints onto a timed Petri net. By mapping scheduling problems onto Petri nets, we are able to use standard Petri net theory. In this paper we will show that we can use Petri net based tools and techniques to find conflicting and redundant precedences, upper- and lower-bounds for the makespan, etc. This is illustrated by a Petri net based analysis of the notorious 10×10 problem due to Fisher & Thompson (1963)
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 241-241 
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    OR spectrum 18 (1996), S. 231-239 
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    Keywords: Generalized polymatrix games ; generalized linear complementarity problem ; stability ; degree theory ; Verallgemeinerte Polymatrix-Spiele ; verallgemeinertes lineares Komplementaritätsproblem ; Stabilität ; Grad-Theorie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit führen wir eine Verallgemeinerung des Polymatrix-Spiels (eines Nicht-Nullsummen- und nicht-kooperativenn-Personen-Spiels), das von Howson betrachtet wurde, ein und führen das Problem, eine Gleichgewichtsmenge von Strategien für ein solches Spiel zu berechnen, auf das verallgemeinerte lineare Komplementaritätsproblem von Cottle und Dantzig zurück. Für eine noch allgemeinere Version des Spiels beweisen wir die Existenz einerε-Gleichgewichtsmenge von Strategien. Wir präsentieren auch ein Ergebnis über die Stabilität der Gleichgewichte, das auf der Grad-Theorie beruht.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we introduce a generalization of the polymatrix game (a nonzero sum noncooperativen-person game) considered by Howson and relate the problem of computing an equilibrium set of strategies for such a game to the generalized linear complementarity problem of Cottle and Dantzig. For an even more general version of the game we prove the existence of anε-equilibrium set of strategies. We also present a result on the stability of the equilibria based on degree theory.
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    OR spectrum 3 (1982), S. 205-219 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this article a mode of inventory taking is presented, which connects the system of perpetual inventory taking with sampling methods. Details of this mode are analyzed and a precise and economic procedure is developed. For special mathematical problems occurring with modifications of the sample solutions are presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Inventurform behandelt, die das System der permanenten Inventur mit dem Verfahren der stichprobenartigen Erfassung verbindet. Details dieser Inventurform werden analysiert und ein korrektes und wirtschaftliches Vorgehen wird entwickelt. Für spezielle bei einer Stichprobenmodifikation auftretende mathematische Probleme werden Lösungen vorgestellt.
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    OR spectrum 3 (1982), S. 244-244 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    OR spectrum 3 (1982), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Subject of this paper is the determination of a distance function defined on the set of observed characteristics of objects (individuals, goods, enterprises etc.). In contrast to the usual approach, where a dissimilarity coefficient exhibiting some more or less desirable properties is chosen, at first conditions to be met by the dissimilarity coefficient are set. Then the class of dissimilarity coefficients that meets these conditions is determined. It is shown, that four such conditions imply the weighted Lr-metric.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gegenstand dieses Beitrages ist die Ermittlung von Distanzindizes, die als Maß für die Ähnlichkeit von durch quantitative Merkmalsausprägungen charakterisierbaren Objekten verwandt werden können. Im Gegensatz zu dem üblichen Vorgehen, bei dem ein Distanzindex gewählt wird, der mehr oder weniger wünschenswerte Eigenschaften besitzt, werden zunächst Bedingungen formuliert, die als sinnvoll für den gesuchten Distanzindex angesehen werden. Anschließend wird die Klasse derjenigen Distanzindizes ermittelt, die diesen Bedingungen genügt. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Forderung von vier derartigen Bedingungen die gewichtete Lr-Distanz impliziert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    OR spectrum 3 (1982), S. 246-246 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieses Manuskript gibt einen Über-blick über den Stand der Forschung zur Anwendung der Kontrolltheorie bei der Analyse der Unternehmens-dynamik. Drei Modellarten werden betrachtet: ein Unternehmen in einer gewissen Umwelt, ein Unternehmen in einer stochastischen Umwelt mit der Möglichkeit des Bankrotts und Modelle, bei denen das Unternehmen in Konkurrenz zu einem anderen steht. Trotz der Grenzen dieser kontrolltheoretischen Modelle sind sie nützlich bei der Verbesserung des Verständnisses von bedeutenden mikroökonomischen Phänomena und wenn man Studenten oder Jungmanagern erklären will, wie man Politiken im Verlauf der Zeit kombiniert um eine wirksame Strategie zu entwickeln.
    Notes: Summary This paper gives an overview to the state-of-art of applying control theory to the analysis of the dynamics of the firm. Three types of models are considered: one firm facing a certain environment, one firm facing a stochastic environment and with a risk of bankruptcy, and models of duopolies. In spite of the limits of these control theory models, they are useful to improve the understanding of important microeconomic phenomena and to explain to students or to junior managers how to combine policies through time to define an efficient strategy. An extended bibliography is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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