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  • microcirculation  (13)
  • 42.65
  • Calcium
  • Springer  (23)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (23)
  • 1976  (23)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (23)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
Years
  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (23)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Index modulation and spatial harmonic generation in dichromated gelatin films (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 41-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A model for volume hologram formation in thick dichromated gelatin films is given. Using the model and a few basic film measurements, we can quantify the index modulation vs. exposure curve. The effects of saturation and dynamic absorption increase during exposure are considered in the generation of spatial harmonics. The effects of exposure with non-unity beam-ratio and multiple incoherent exposures are predicted and experimentally verified. The thick transmission grating diffraction efficiencies resulting from first-and higher-order index modulations are calculated and compared to experiments. The methods and conclusions are applicable to other phase materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00929527
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear optical effects for plasma diagnostics (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 52 ; 42.65 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We compare two nonlinear optical effects which show promise of yielding directly plasmon frequencies, damping rates, and intensities in small, transient (submicrosecond) plasmas. The Raman-induced Kerr effect is shown to offer significant advantages over three-wave mixing when the plasma screening length is much smaller thanc÷[plasmon frequency]. When the screening length is much smaller than the optical wavelengths, then the former effect can yield an electron-density fluctuation spectrum with laser powers (∼MW) that are readily available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920594
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient frequency doubling of cw dye laser radiation (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An efficient conversion of the tunable cw dye laser radiation to the UV region was achieved by intracavity SHG. The conversion efficiency depends strongly on the total cavity loss. This paper gives a survey on conventional and thermally induced loss mechanisms and discusses ways of loss reduction. A system is described that yields 50 mW and 4 mW of tunable UV radiation in multimode and single mode operation, respectively, where the wavelength can be varied from 285–315 nm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00895022
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Passive mode locking of a ruby laser using a birefringent crystal and a fractional-commensurate cavity length (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mode-locked operation has been observed in a Q-switched, ruby laser using a quartz crystal as the passvie mode-locking element and a laser cavity length which is a whole fraction of that which is commensurate in mode-frequency spacing with the lowfrequency stimulated Brillouin scattering (lf S BS) in the crystal element. In addition, high-bit-rate operation has been observed, suggesting that the passive modulation of the lf S BS process is sufficiently strong to maintain a fixed-phase relation between several neighboring oscillating modes of the laser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920599
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Difference frequency generation in proustite from 11 to 23 μm (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 137-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Tunable infrared radiation was produced in the spectral range 11 μm to 23 μm by nonlinear mixing of two ruby-pumped dye lasers in proustite. A peak power of about 3 watts was observed at 19 μm. A 7o crystal angle was sufficient to achieve phase matching over the entire wavelength range. Ordinary wave absorption measurements in proustite correlate well with the observed difference frequency output, once allowance has been made for the convergence of the dye laser beams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920592
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency synthesis of the 0.63 μm radiation by mixing of three IR radiation frequencies in a gas (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper offers a scheme of synthesis and measurement of frequency of 0.63 μm laser radiation based on mixing of three frequencies of a cascade He-Ne laser generating simultaneously the three lines: 3.39, 2.39, and 1.15 μm. Reported is an experimental observation of coherent radiation with a wavelength of 0.63 μm arising in mixing of the three frequencies in a gas. The effective frequency transformation was performed at the nonlinear interaction of three fields resonant with coupled transitions in neon. Due to the resonance conditions an efficiency of the frequency transformation in a gas proved to be 8–10 orders higher than that in nonlinear optical crystals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920597
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of tunable cw infrared radiation by difference frequency mixing (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 363-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Tunable cw infrared radiation has been generated by noncollinear difference frequency mixing in LiIO3, using the output of an argon ion laser at 514 nm or 488 nm and the intracavity radiation of a Rhodamine 6 G dye laser. Infrared powers up to 4 μW in multimode and 0.5 μW in single-mode operation tunable in the range of 2.3 μm to 4.6 μm have been obtained. Properties and possibilities of the noncollinear mixing geometry and the intracavity mixing system are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00919365
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of calcium depletion and subsequent repletion on parathyroids, parafollicular (C) cells and bone in the growing pig (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 373-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium ; Bone ; Parathyroid ; Parafollicular cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the chief cells of the parathyroid gland and thyroid parafollicular (C) cells and the morphology of bone in calcium depletion and subsequent repletion were examined in young growing pigs. A low calcium diet resulted in osteopenia, increased removal of the cartilaginous core, osteoclasia and osteocytic osteolysis. Subsequent repletion quickly returned bone to normal. In pigs fed the low calcium diet, there was a marked depletion of secretory granules but a striking increase in the number of microtubules in chief cells. Increasing the calcium content of the diet to normal quickly returned the ultrastructural appearance of chief cells to apparent normal. In the initial response to calcium repletion, chief cells exhibited large number of lysosomes and occasionally prominent paracrystalloid bodies. Electron microscopic examination of parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland failed to reveal differences in ultrastructure between test and control pigs. These findings support the view that bone resorption following calcium deficiency may be the result of a secondary hyperparathyroidism rather than of calcium deficiency per se.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215314
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The subcellular localization of calcium in vertebrate smooth muscle: Calcium-containing and calcium-accumulating structures in muscle cells of mouse intestine (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 221-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Calcium ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Mitochondria ; Microprobe analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intracellular localization of calcium by means of cytochemical techniques was studied in smooth muscle cells of mouse intestine. When the lead acetate method according to Carasso and Favard (1966) was used calcium was found in mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum and occasionally between the myofilaments. The active ATP-dependent accumulation of calcium into cell structures was investigated by the oxalate method (Heumann and Zebe, 1967). After appropriate treatment the only structures of smooth muscle cells which contained calcium oxalate (identified by microprobe analysis) were elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The results are discussed in relation to the role of calcium in the control of muscle activity during the contraction-relaxation cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214210
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    The effect of the ionophore A23187 on the ultrastructure and electrophysiological properties of frog skeletal muscle (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 193-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Ionophore A23187 ; Calcium ; Muscular dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The divalent cation ionophore A23187 has three major effects on the thin cutaneous pectoris muscle of frog: (1) The membrane potential is depolarized, an action that is found only when the [Ca2+] of the bathing saline is very low. (2) It causes an increase in resting tension and the development of contraction. This action is produced at both normal and low values of [Ca2+]o and is, therefore, independent of Ca2+ entry and of changes in Em. The ionophore is believed to act primarily by releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores. (3) It causes major ultrastructural damage to the muscle filaments. It is believed that this damage is the result of the action of A23187 on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the elevation of [Ca2+]i and we suggest that the action of this ionophore may serve as a useful model for the study of certain myopathies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221375
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Microcirculatory changes in the mucous membrane of the retrobuccal pouch during experimental traumatic shock in hamsters (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 82 (1976), S. 1770-1773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: shock ; microcirculation ; retrobuccal pouch of hamsters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Substantial disturbances of the microcirculation in the mucous membrane of the retrobuccal pouch were observed in acute experiments on hamsters in which severe shock was induced by standardized mechanical trauma to the thigh. All the animals died within 24 h of such trauma. If the animals died not less than 1 h after trauma the microcirculatory changes were definitely phasic in character; in particular, a phase of temporary relative adaptation and stabilization of the peripheral circulation was observed in these animals, followed inevitably by a phase of decompensation and a terminal phase ending in death. In shock proceeding rapidly to a lethal termination within 1 h, no definite phasic pattern of the microcirculatory changes was observed, but all the indices worsened more or less rapidly. Unlike most other investigators, the authors saw no marked intravascular aggregation of red cells in these experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00785688
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Venous stasis and the state of the microcirculation in synovial membranes (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 626-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Venous stasis ; microcirculation ; synovial membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The state of the microcirculation of the synovial membranes in venous stasis was investigated in dogs. After ligation of the femoral vein disturbance of the blood flow leads to changes in the microcirculation in the synovial membranes and to congestion of the venules. Thinning of the capillary walls and the formation of swellings and protrusions are observed. The severity of the changes in the vessel wall depends on the caliber of the vessels. One month after ligation of the vein, the signs of stasis in the tissues of the articular capsule are reduced, indicating the development of a collateral venous circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00797588
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Disturbance of vascular permeability and the microcirculation during short-term immobilization stress (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 796-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: vascular permeability ; microcirculation ; stress ; histamine ; mast cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immobilization of rats for 1 or 3 h leads to an increase in vascular permeability for ink particles and disturbances of the microcirculation in the mesenteric microvessels (formation of aggregates, appearance of “plasmatic vessels,” closure of arteriolar-venular shunts). An important role in the pathogeneis of these changes is played by histamine liberated from the mast cells without their undergoing degranulation. Liberation of histamine may be the trigger mechanism in the development of disturbances of vascular permeability during prolonged immobilization stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00802981
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Changes in the microcirculation in the rat mesentery after repeated skin burns (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 82 (1976), S. 982-984 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: burn shock ; toxemia ; microcirculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acute experiments on rats showed that repeated extensive burns inflicted on animals convalescing from previous burns are tolerated better, do not cause death, and are accompanied by moderate changes in the microcirculation. Similar burns in intact rats lead to severe, lethal shock, intravascular aggregation of erythrocytes, and substantial disturbances of the microcirculation, so that tissue nutrition is impaired. It is postulated that these results could be indirect evidence that toxemia plays an essential role in the genesis of intravascul aggregation of erythrocytes in burns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00789846
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Changes in the microcirculation during poisoning by organophosphorous cholinesterase inhibitors (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 33-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: microcirculation ; gas exchange ; acid-base balance ; organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative study of the microcirculation based on certain indices of the gas exchange and acid-base balance of the blood was carried out in rats and rabbits during poisoning by compound GA-70, an organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor with peripheral action. Comparison of the findings shows that a disturbance of the microcirculation plays the leading role in the development of hypoxia during GA-70 poisoning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00800158
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  • 16
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    Dilatation of arterioles of the frog submaxillary muscle under the infuence of visible light (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 135-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: arterioles ; vasodilatation ; microcirculation ; effect of light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Visible light, as usually used for intravital microscopy, causes dilatation of the arterioles of the denervated frog submaxillary muscle. The minimal effective intensity of illumination of the object was 15 lx. The degree of dilatation of the arterioles in response to maximal intensity of light (250 lx) was inversely proportional to the initial diameter of the vessel. Arterioles 20–40 μ in diameter differed in their reactivity depending on the thickness of their walls. Highly reactive arterioles have thick walls. Their diameters were doubled or moreby illumination with visible light. Photic vasodilatation is reversible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00801049
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  • 17
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    Effect of toxin of burned skin on the state of the hemodynamics in rats (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 310-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: burns ; burn toxin ; microcirculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Toxin for burned rat skin, purified immunochemically, possesses definite physiological activity against the cardiovascular system of homologous animals. If injected into the blood stream, the toxin lowers the systemic arterial pressure within 2 h from 125±7 to 74±8 mm Hg. The development of systemic hypotension is accompanied by secondary disorders of the microcirculation in the mesentery of the small intestine, characterized by constriction of the arterioles, slowing of the blood flow along the venules, and reduction of the capillary blood flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00804903
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  • 18
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    Changes in the mesenteric microcirculation of rats with acute hypoxic hypoxia (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 313-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: microcirculation ; hypoxic hypoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hypoxia was induced in rats by administration of a gas mixture corresponding to the composition of the atmosphere at an altitude of 6000 m above sea level. Mesenteric arteries and veins measuring from 9 to 43 μ in diameter were studied. Their diameter and the pressure and velocity of the blood flow in them were measured. The arterial microvessels were dilated in hypoxia. Their diameter was increased by the greatest amount (by 3–5 μ) during the first 3–5 min of administration of the gas mixture. The blood pressure and velocity of blood flow in these vessels were reduced throughout the experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00804904
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  • 19
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    Action of bradykinin on the mesenteric microcirculation in rats (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 289-291 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: microcirculation ; bradykinin ; split-image method ; application of drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Responses of the mesenteric microvessels of rats to application and intravenous injection of bradykinin were studied in acute experiments using intravital microscopy. No clear bioelectric response of the smooth-muscle cells of the microvessels to local application of bradykinin could be found in electrophysiological experiments. In another series of experiments the dynamics of vasomotor activity were studied after the same treatment by the split-image method. The response of the microvessels to bradykinin application was shown to vary in character depending principally on whether the preparation was being applied for the first or subsequent time. It is suggested that bradykinin acts on the mesenteric microvessels through the intermediary of other vasoactive substances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00804897
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  • 20
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    Microcirculation of the small intestine in various phases of its motor activity (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 292-294 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: small intestine ; microcirculation ; motor activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments on guinea pigs, rabbits, and rats with simultaneous recording of motor activity of the small intestine and the state of its microcirculation showed that the diameter of the intramural vessels of the intestine depends on its contractile activity. On the basis of their data the authors suggest an explanation for the mechanism of disturbance of the secretory and absorptive function of the small intestine after blocking of its nervous reflexes and transplantation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00804898
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  • 21
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    Dynamics of reactivity of mesenteric microvessels in rats with experimental renal and hormonal hypertension (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 146-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: microcirculation ; reactivity of arterioles ; vasoactive substances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Reactivity of mesenteric arterioles 10–30 μ in diameter to application of histamine (100–500 μg) adrenalin, and noradrenalin (1–10 μg) was studied in rats with experimental renal and hormonal hypertension. The sensitivity of the microvessels to the vasoactive substances was shown to vary with the stage of development of experimental hypertension.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00801052
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  • 22
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    Simulation of microcirculatory disorders by the use of an ultraviolet laser (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: microcirculation ; vascular permeability ; hemmorrhage ; thrombus formation ; lasers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Responses of venules, capillaries, arterioles, and mast cells of the rat mesentery to irradiation by the LGI-21 pulsed ultraviolet laser (λ=337 nm) was studied by intravital microscopy. The diameter of the laser beam varied from 2 to 100 μ. The processes studied were recorded and analyzed by a photographic and videorecording method. Depending on the intensity and duration, irradiation caused either an increase in permeability of the vessel walls, or thrombus formation, or hemorrhage. Besides injury to the vessel wall, an important role in thrombus formation was played by factors appearing on destruction of erythrocytes and other blood cells. The change in diameter and permeability of the vessels during laser irradiation of the mast cells could be associated with liberation of the histamine and serotonin contained in them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00800154
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  • 23
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    Blood-flow distribution at branches of arterial microvessels in the frog mesentery (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 357-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: microcirculation ; mesentery ; velocity of blood flow ; resistance to blood flow ; architectonics of the vascular system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The blood-flow distribution was studied in 49 bifurcations of arterial trunks 25.7 μ in diameter into branches 0.9 μ in diameter in the mesentery ofR. temporaria. The flow was calculated as the product of the linear velocity of blood flow and the area of cross-section of the vessel. The linear velocity was measured by impulse digital chronometry of the erythrocyte transit time, and the geometry of the bifurcation was studied in intravital photographs. The asymmetrical structure of the bifurcation was established: One branch had a lumen 2.2 times greater than the other, and a smaller angle of turn (29° and 59°). The flow into branch I was 3 times greater than the flow into branch II, as the result of its larger lumen and the greater linear velocity of the blood flow. According to calculations, the specific resistance of turn of the branch was negligible compared with the total resistance to its blood flow; hence it follows that the angle of turn of the branches is not an important regulator of the blood volume flowing through it. The correlation found experimentally between the blood flow in the branches, their radius, and their angle of turn is well described by equations of an “optimal” model of vascular ramification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00804919
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