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  • Drosophila melanogaster  (14)
  • 42.65
  • Calcium
  • Springer  (24)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (24)
  • 1976  (24)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (24)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
Years
  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (24)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A model for volume hologram formation in thick dichromated gelatin films is given. Using the model and a few basic film measurements, we can quantify the index modulation vs. exposure curve. The effects of saturation and dynamic absorption increase during exposure are considered in the generation of spatial harmonics. The effects of exposure with non-unity beam-ratio and multiple incoherent exposures are predicted and experimentally verified. The thick transmission grating diffraction efficiencies resulting from first-and higher-order index modulations are calculated and compared to experiments. The methods and conclusions are applicable to other phase materials.
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  • 2
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    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 52 ; 42.65 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We compare two nonlinear optical effects which show promise of yielding directly plasmon frequencies, damping rates, and intensities in small, transient (submicrosecond) plasmas. The Raman-induced Kerr effect is shown to offer significant advantages over three-wave mixing when the plasma screening length is much smaller thanc÷[plasmon frequency]. When the screening length is much smaller than the optical wavelengths, then the former effect can yield an electron-density fluctuation spectrum with laser powers (∼MW) that are readily available.
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  • 3
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    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An efficient conversion of the tunable cw dye laser radiation to the UV region was achieved by intracavity SHG. The conversion efficiency depends strongly on the total cavity loss. This paper gives a survey on conventional and thermally induced loss mechanisms and discusses ways of loss reduction. A system is described that yields 50 mW and 4 mW of tunable UV radiation in multimode and single mode operation, respectively, where the wavelength can be varied from 285–315 nm.
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  • 4
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    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mode-locked operation has been observed in a Q-switched, ruby laser using a quartz crystal as the passvie mode-locking element and a laser cavity length which is a whole fraction of that which is commensurate in mode-frequency spacing with the lowfrequency stimulated Brillouin scattering (lf S BS) in the crystal element. In addition, high-bit-rate operation has been observed, suggesting that the passive modulation of the lf S BS process is sufficiently strong to maintain a fixed-phase relation between several neighboring oscillating modes of the laser.
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  • 5
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    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Tunable infrared radiation was produced in the spectral range 11 μm to 23 μm by nonlinear mixing of two ruby-pumped dye lasers in proustite. A peak power of about 3 watts was observed at 19 μm. A 7o crystal angle was sufficient to achieve phase matching over the entire wavelength range. Ordinary wave absorption measurements in proustite correlate well with the observed difference frequency output, once allowance has been made for the convergence of the dye laser beams.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper offers a scheme of synthesis and measurement of frequency of 0.63 μm laser radiation based on mixing of three frequencies of a cascade He-Ne laser generating simultaneously the three lines: 3.39, 2.39, and 1.15 μm. Reported is an experimental observation of coherent radiation with a wavelength of 0.63 μm arising in mixing of the three frequencies in a gas. The effective frequency transformation was performed at the nonlinear interaction of three fields resonant with coupled transitions in neon. Due to the resonance conditions an efficiency of the frequency transformation in a gas proved to be 8–10 orders higher than that in nonlinear optical crystals.
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  • 7
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    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 363-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Tunable cw infrared radiation has been generated by noncollinear difference frequency mixing in LiIO3, using the output of an argon ion laser at 514 nm or 488 nm and the intracavity radiation of a Rhodamine 6 G dye laser. Infrared powers up to 4 μW in multimode and 0.5 μW in single-mode operation tunable in the range of 2.3 μm to 4.6 μm have been obtained. Properties and possibilities of the noncollinear mixing geometry and the intracavity mixing system are discussed.
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  • 8
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    Development genes and evolution 180 (1976), S. 107-119 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Cell lines ; Isoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our previous isoenzyme investigation ofDrosophila melanogaster cell lines in vitro has been completed with twelve further enzyme systems. The “enzyme profiles” seem to be in good agreement with a previous hypothesis concerning the precise origin of these cell lines (probably from imaginal discs or nervous tissues). Our results have been summarized with reference to the biochemical genetic map ofDrosophila melanogaster in order to consider a possible functional organization of the genome.
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  • 9
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    Development genes and evolution 180 (1976), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ecdysones ; Imaginal discs ; Fat body ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of suboptimal levels of α-ecdysone on the differentiation in vitro ofDrosophila melanogaster wing discs was enhanced by the addition of larval fat body to the cultures. However, similar experiments with β-ecdysome showed no enhancement. It is suggested that a partial conversion of α-ecdysone to β-ecdysone by the fat body may well account for these results.
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  • 10
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    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 357-371 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; poly(A)-containing RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The size range of poly(A)-containing RNA from Drosophila melanogaster embryos has been estimated by hybridization with 3H-labeled poly(U) and subsequent fractionation on sucrose gradients. The median size of nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA is about 30 S (6000 nucleotides), and the median size of cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA is about 17 S (1800 nucleotides). The relationship of these sizes to messenger RNA needed to code for protein and to the length of DNA contained in a chromomere is discussed.
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  • 11
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    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: GTP cyclohydrolase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; pteridines ; dihydroneopterin triphosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The first enzyme (named GTP cyclohydrolase) in the pathway for the biosynthesis of pteridines has been partially purified from extracts of late pupae and young adults of Drosophila melanogaster. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolytic removal from GTP of carbon 8 as formate and the synthesis of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(d-erythro-1′,2′,3′-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine triphosphate (dihydroneopterin triphosphate). Some of the properties of the enzyme are as follows: it functions optimally at pH 7.8 and at 42 C; activity is unaffected by KCl and NaCl, but divalent cations (Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Ca2+) are inhibitory; the K m for GTP is 22 μm; and the molecular weight is estimated at 345,000 from gel filtration experiments. Of a number of nucleotides tested, only GDP and dGTP were used to any extent as substrate in place of GTP, and these respective compounds were used only 1.8% and 1.5% as well as GTP.
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  • 12
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    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 611-617 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; phenol oxidases ; spectrophotometry ; electrophoresis ; suppression ; ribosomal proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An interaction between the lozenge gene and the suppressor of forked gene of Drosophila melanogaster has been investigated both spectrophotometrically and electrophoretically. The nature of this interaction is such that certain lozenge alleles appear to be phenotypically suppressed while others are enhanced or unaffected, and the results reported demonstrate that the effect can clearly be observed at the biochemical level. Earlier observations have suggested that the suppressor of forked gene codes for a ribosomal protein, and this hypothesis is discussed.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; GTP cyclohydrolase ; pteridine biosynthesis ; development ; mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The enzyme guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase (GTP cyclohydrolase), which in bacteria is known to be the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of pteridines, has been discovered in extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Most of the enzyme (80%) is located in the head of the adult fly. An analysis of enzyme activity during development in Drosophila has revealed the presence of a relatively small peak of activity at pupariation and a much larger peak that appears at about the time of eclosion. Enzyme activity declines rapidly as the fly ages. Analyses for the production of the typical pteridine pigments of Drosophila have indicated that the small peak of GTP cyclohydrolase activity evident at pupariation coincides with the appearance of isoxanthopterin, sepiapterin, and pterin, and the larger peak at eclosion roughly corresponds to the accumulation of drosopterin as well as to the appearance in larger amounts of pterin and sepiapterin. These observations strongly suggest that in Drosophila, like bacteria, GTP cyclohydrolase is involved in the biosynthesis of pteridines. Analyses of a variety of zeste mutants of Drosophila melanogaster have shown that these mutants all contain GTP cyclohydrolase equal approximately to the amount found in the wild-type fly. These observations do not support the suggestions made by Rasmusson et al. (1973) that zeste is the structural locus for GTP cyclohydrolase.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; enzyme biological activity ; toxicity of alcohols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The toxicity of the first eight primary alcohols and of four secondary alcohols was compared in a wild-type strain (having active ADH) and an ADH-negative mutant. Differences between lc 50 measured in the two strains allowed an evaluation of the biological activity of the enzyme. In vitro, ADH is mainly active on secondary alcohols, while in vivo its main role is the detoxification and metabolism of ethanol. These observations suggest that originally ADH was involved in unknown metabolic pathways and that its utilization in ethanol metabolism could be a recent event.
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  • 15
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    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 237-243 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: null alleles ; antibody purification ; Drosophila melanogaster ; immunological methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts from an acid phosphatase CRM− null mutant of Drosophila melanogaster were used to eliminate contaminating antibodies in a nonspecific preparation of anti-acid phosphatase serum. This method of producing specific antisera makes unnecessary the rigorous purification of an antigen prior to immunization attempts in those cases where CRM− null mutants of the antigen are available. Antisera so prepared could be used for a wide variety of purposes.
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  • 16
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    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: allozymes ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Keeping Drosophila cultures at 28 C results in elimination of all minor multiple ADH bands, thought to be due to conformational change. Thus in diploid and triploid adults heterozygous for the Adh F and Adh Salleles, relative staining intensities are found for the three bands which were in conformity with the assumption that both alleles are equally expressed. Among all polymorphic strains derived from natural Central European and Mediterranean populations, the strain +Tüb is unique in that its Adh Fallele is closely linked to a new recessive lethal factor, named 1(2)Stm. All Adh F 1/AdhF 1 pupae are unable to emerge, and die. The lethal effect is obvious 50 hr earlier by retarded eye, bristle, and body wall pigmentation. Although all pupae of the phenotype F die, Adh F allele frequency scarcely seems to be lowered in this natural population.
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  • 17
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    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 383-387 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: allozymes ; thermostability ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two Drosophila melanogaster strains, each heterozygous for “fast” and “slow” alleles at the Adh locus, and each having balanced second chromosomes, were found to differ in the apparent thermostability of the slow allozyme. The two strains were crossed, and F1heterozygotes were separated on the basis of the origin of the slow allele. After electrophoresis, the cellulose acetate strips were treated 1 1/2 min at 35 C. The putatively more sensitive allozyme showed a strikingly greater response to heat. These findings further support the conclusion that electrophoretically cryptic allelic differences exist which are expressed in thermostability differences. Further application of this approach has revealed one similar sensitive slow allozyme and three cases of a relatively resistant fast ADH allozyme in wild-caught flies.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: electrophoresis ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; isozymes ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult Drosophila melanogaster flies collected from populations broadly dispersed over ecological and geographic strata of North Carolina, and over a period of 4 years, were analyzed for alcohol dehydrogenase phenotypes by gel electrophoresis. Gene frequencies in spring-summer-fall field collections were remarkably stable over all strata. Two winter collections exhibited contrasting gene frequency changes. In one case the results are interpreted in terms of long-distance migration from Florida, while the other is explicable by assignment of a causal role to environmental factors which accompany the winter season.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium ; Bone ; Parathyroid ; Parafollicular cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the chief cells of the parathyroid gland and thyroid parafollicular (C) cells and the morphology of bone in calcium depletion and subsequent repletion were examined in young growing pigs. A low calcium diet resulted in osteopenia, increased removal of the cartilaginous core, osteoclasia and osteocytic osteolysis. Subsequent repletion quickly returned bone to normal. In pigs fed the low calcium diet, there was a marked depletion of secretory granules but a striking increase in the number of microtubules in chief cells. Increasing the calcium content of the diet to normal quickly returned the ultrastructural appearance of chief cells to apparent normal. In the initial response to calcium repletion, chief cells exhibited large number of lysosomes and occasionally prominent paracrystalloid bodies. Electron microscopic examination of parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland failed to reveal differences in ultrastructure between test and control pigs. These findings support the view that bone resorption following calcium deficiency may be the result of a secondary hyperparathyroidism rather than of calcium deficiency per se.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Calcium ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Mitochondria ; Microprobe analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intracellular localization of calcium by means of cytochemical techniques was studied in smooth muscle cells of mouse intestine. When the lead acetate method according to Carasso and Favard (1966) was used calcium was found in mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum and occasionally between the myofilaments. The active ATP-dependent accumulation of calcium into cell structures was investigated by the oxalate method (Heumann and Zebe, 1967). After appropriate treatment the only structures of smooth muscle cells which contained calcium oxalate (identified by microprobe analysis) were elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The results are discussed in relation to the role of calcium in the control of muscle activity during the contraction-relaxation cycle.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Ionophore A23187 ; Calcium ; Muscular dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The divalent cation ionophore A23187 has three major effects on the thin cutaneous pectoris muscle of frog: (1) The membrane potential is depolarized, an action that is found only when the [Ca2+] of the bathing saline is very low. (2) It causes an increase in resting tension and the development of contraction. This action is produced at both normal and low values of [Ca2+]o and is, therefore, independent of Ca2+ entry and of changes in Em. The ionophore is believed to act primarily by releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores. (3) It causes major ultrastructural damage to the muscle filaments. It is believed that this damage is the result of the action of A23187 on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the elevation of [Ca2+]i and we suggest that the action of this ionophore may serve as a useful model for the study of certain myopathies.
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  • 22
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    Behavior genetics 6 (1976), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: behavioral phenotype ; mating speed ; assortative mating ; Drosophila melanogaster ; progeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Time to copulation was measured in matings within and between two inbred Drosophilamelanogaster strains, Edinburgh (E) and 6C/L, using groups of one or five flies of each sex. The E males, which mated faster, usually mate with E females, which are less likely to be fertilized and have fewer progeny whose adult viability is lower. Although generally E males mated far faster with E females than did 6C/L males, there was no difference between the males when with 6C/L females. This need not imply any mating discrimination by E females, but only differences between the strains in the use of preening as a general repulsion movement toward other flies. It is suggested that a greater variety of behavioral and other characteristics (the “behavioral phenotype”) should be considered in studies of mating speed and assortative mating, especially where mating speed is being considered as a major component of fitness.
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  • 23
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    Behavior genetics 6 (1976), S. 385-389 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; data analysis ; mating speed ; truncated distributions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of mating speeds in wild-typeDrosophila melanogaster is shown to be log normal. The analysis of mating speeds by methods for truncated distributions is validated, and unbiased estimates of the mean mating speed, the variance of mating speed, and the proportion of flies capable of ever mating are produced. In pair matings, not all pairs are capable of copulating, given even a 7-day mating period.
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  • 24
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    Behavior genetics 6 (1976), S. 407-420 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: chemical attractant ; Drosophila melanogaster ; genetics ; olfactory response ; strain difference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A simple olfactometer was constructed for measuring the responses of adultDrosophila to odoriferous substances, and an index (attractability index, AI) is proposed to evaluate the response. Five strains ofDrosophila melanogaster of different geographic origins were tested for their responses to five chemical attractants: ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, lactic acid, ethyl acetate, andn-butyraldehyde. Statistical analysis has shown that the differences of AI among strains are highly significant for all the odorants except acetic acid and that male flies are, in general, less sensitive than females. The number of flies which were inactive in the olfactometer also varied with strain, sex, and odorant, suggesting the involvement of some other behaviors, and this raises some difficulties in interpreting the heterogeneities of AI. Nevertheless, these results suggest that a considerable amount of genetic variation for olfactory response exists in natural population ofD. melanogaster.
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