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  • General Chemistry  (2,047)
  • Chemical Engineering  (890)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (1,683)
  • 1975-1979  (1,254)
  • 1982  (1,683)
  • 1976  (1,254)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (1,683)
  • 1975-1979  (1,254)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of incompatible blends of two elastomers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 742-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mold flows and melt viscosities of an incompatible bi-component EPDM and “Viton” fluoroelastormer system were examined. A marked reduction in the melt viscosities of either component was observed when a small amount of the other component was present. It was speculated that the phenomenon was a result of a slippage between the polymer and the coated capillary surface due to the presence of a minor amount of the incompatible polymer. Evidence is given to indicate that this effect cannot be accounted for using the “melt structural heterogeneity” mechanism proposed for a different system by Andtrianova.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase of adhesive bond strength through the mechanochemical creation of free radicals Part II. Shear and peel test resultsBased on Report No. TDM 73-06 (Technion, Haifa 1973) to the NBS, Washington, D.C, and the National Research Council of Israel. Presented in part at the XXIVth International Symposium on Macromolecules (IUPAC) 1975, Jerusalem Israel. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 760-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Part I paper described the mechanochemical basis for achieving high adhesive strength in bonds between polymeric surfaces such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and Teflon, using the SABRA method (Surface Activation Beneath Reactive Adhesives). This paper gives a brief survey of bonding techniques as well as results of shear tests of simple lap joints and scarfed tube joints. They compared favorably with other methods such as CASING, Peeling test results are also presented. Mixed systems were examined such as glass fiber reinforced polyester bonded to polypropylene and aluminum with thin films of polymeric material sandwiched between. A start was made towards of optimization and exploration of primer specificity for different materials, The implications and further applications of the SABRA method are discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161108
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoplastic urethane elastomers V. Compatible and incompatible blends with various polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 771-776 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Various blends over extended compositional ranges have beer, prepared for combinations of a thermoplastic urethane elastomer with polystyrene, a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, a polyhydroxyether (Phenoxy A), and poly(vinyl ethyl ether). The thermoplastic urethane elastomer was based on a polycaprolactone diol of approximately 2100 number average molecular weight, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol at a molar ratio of 1/2/1, respectively. At ambient temperature, the tensile properties of the blends typically are intermediate between the values of the two separate components. Characterizations of the dynamic mechanical properties of the blends show the relative degree of compatibility for the thermoplastic urethane elastomer and the respective polymers. Two separate glass transitions are obtained for blends of polystyrene and the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer with the thermoplastic urethane elastomer. This behavior demonstrates that these blend systems are incompatible. The blends of Phenoxy A and the thermoplastic urethane elastomer exhibit a single glass transition for which the temperature is dependent on the respective concentration of the components. These mixtures are considered to be compatible in nature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161109
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological changes during a urethane network polymerization (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 803-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Trifunctional poly-ε-caprolactone polyol was polymerized with a chain-extended 1,6-hexane diisocyanate, and the rheology followed by cone and plate flow. Viscosity was found to be independent of shear rate up to at least 102 N.s/m2 (103 poise) and 30s-1. Extent of reaction was monitored by a periodic titration for isocyanate groups. Using branching theory, viscosity was related to extent of reaction and temperature. Such relations should be useful for process models. Normal force data for the curing system are also reported.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161205
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Influence of long-chain branching on the viscoelastic properties of low-density polyethylenes (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 811-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Melt How data has been determined for a series of fractionated and whole low density polyethylenes which has been characterized in terms of their molecular weights and degree of long-chain branching, (LCB). The resulting data indicate that low LCB influences melt flow both through a reduction in molecular size and an increased level of intermolecular interaction. Die swell measurements on whole polymers indicate an increase in melt elasticity with increase in degree of LCB for samples of similar melt flow (MI). Comparison of GPC data with observed die swell characteristics indicates that die swell is a molecular size dependent property and independent of intermolecular entanglement effects, suggesting that the measurement of elastic properties of LDPE melts will provide a means of determining relative degrees of LCB for commercial resins.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161206
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  • 6
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    High pressure non-isothermal processing, of linear polyethylenesPresented at the 33rd ANTEC, Atlanta, Georgia, May 5-8, 1975. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Articles with increased rigidity can be obtained by compression molding at high pressures as shown by experiments with five types of linear polyethylene. The materials, with weight average molecular weight ranging up to 1,000,000 were molded at pressures as high as 80,000 psi. The material temperature was 149-204°C, and the tooling was at 38°C. The duration of load was typically 3 mins, and the thickness of the molded disks was 12.7 mm. The results show that at high molding pressure the tensile modulus of the material is nearly twice that of materials molded conventionally at low pressures. This increase in modulus occurs for all the materials studied and even for a duration of load of only one min. The causes for this large increase in modulus were investigated with the help of density and melting point measurements and optical and electron microscopy. It was observed that the spherulites showed a distinctive and systematic change with the forming pressure. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the high modulus phenomenon on the basis of the kinetics of spherulite formation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160104
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  • 7
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    Phase structure and continuity in polymer blends and composites (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer blends and composites are composed of two different components, and usually, two different phases. Sometimes one phase is continuous and the other clearly discontinuous. Often, however, both phases retain some degree of continuity, as in certain fiber reinforced composites, block copolymers, materials composed of alternating lamellae structures and interpenetrating networks. A semi-empirical theory is developed to express mathematically not only the known structures, but also two-phase morphologies not yet synthesized or characterized. Many structures both real and proposed are shown to exhibit dual phase continuity, although for most systems, one phase can be said to be “more continuous” and the other “less continuous”.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160205
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  • 8
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    Experimental studies on the biaxial extensional viscosity of polypropylene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 82-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For fabrication processes such as blow molding, vacuum forming, film blowing and fiber spinning, extensional flow is the dominate mode of melt deformation. Under these conditions, extensional viscosity is a significant rheological property. Thus, the biaxial extensional viscosity was measured for several samples of polypropylene. A technique based on the bubble inflation method of Denson and Gallo was used. Experimental values of biaxial extensional viscosities ranging from 1014 to 1010 poise as a function of strain rate, 10-5 to 10-2 reciprocal seconds, were obtained at 25°C. The technique used was critiqued and found to be useful in characterizing unoriented and biaxially oriented films, Uniaxially oriented films gave unsatisfactory results. It may be possible to use this testing method to assist in materials selection decisions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160204
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  • 9
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    Strain-induced crystallization I. Limiting extents of strain-induced nucleiPreviously presented at the ACS Symposium on Fiber and Yarn Professing, Philadelphia (April 9, 1975) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 138-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper points out that interpretations from stress changes alone during oriented crystallization have led to widely different proposed chain conformations and consequently very different crystallization mechanisms for strain-induced crystallization (SIC). Many of the proposals, including the one by Keller and Machin which takes into account some electron microscopy and X-ray observations, show varying degrees of incompatibility with existing stress relaxation, kinetic or morphological data on SIC. Another problem lies in the difficulty with proper interpretation of observed morphology on samples which have been Subjected to additional thermally-induced crystallization (TIC) after SIC, especially, in the absence of prior characterization of SIC crystallites, the finding of a fibrillar-to-lamellar transformation in stretched polymers upon additional TIC (Part H) also indicates that the generally-observed oriented lamellar morphology has a much more subtle origin than-that depicted by most crystallization models. Part I discusses our previously published morphological data on the characteristics of SIC crystallites from the melt, which includes: (a) their melting point elevation, (Tm » T°m), (b) their nearly perfect crystalline orientation function (fc ∼ 1), (c) their fast rates of crystallization (t1/2 〈 1 sec), and (d) their fibrillar morphology and limited dimensions along the fibrillar stretch axis (∼100Å). Examples of morphology of SIC from the glass and from stirred solution are also included to show the overall similarity of fibrillar morphology brought about by stretching.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160304
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  • 10
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    Optical studies of the stress-induced crystallization of polymersSupported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the Army Research Office (Durham), the General Tire Co., Xerox Corp., and by a contract (DAAG-46-75-0-0052) with the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 152-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress-induced crystallization may be studied by the birefringence technique and by low-angle light scattering. From measurements of the change in birefringence and stress during the crystallization of a polymer above its Tg and from a calculation of the intrinsic birefringence of a polymer crystal, the change in volume fraction crystallinity may be calculated. The technique is illustrated for several polymers and found to give values in reasonable agreement with other methods for the study of crystallinity. Crystallization is also accompanied by the development of a low-angle light scattering pattern, the size and shape of which is indicative of the amount, size and morphology of the crystalline superstructure.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160306
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  • 11
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    The interaction of fluid mechanics and crystal growth in the formation of shish kebabs from solution (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 158-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several observations are made regarding the role of the fluid mechanics involved in the process of flow-induced, fibrillar crystallization from solution. Computational evaluation and discussion of various flow effects in the nucleation step, including combined shear and extensional flows, are presented in terms of the elastic dumbbell model. These results indicate the important role extensional kinematics in the growth process. A qualitative evaluation of concentration effects is also given. The evaluation of facts concerning the growth morphology is presented in terms of a model for the growth process along with data concerning rinsing and quench rate effects on the morphology and inciting behavior of shish kebab crystals.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160307
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  • 12
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    Crystallization of networks under stress (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 168-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theory of crystallization under stress is developed about the premise that the direction a chain takes through a crystallite, relative to its end-to-end vector, is determined by the first few links of a chain that initially deposit onto the crystallite surface. Since these few links are quickly trapped by subsequently crystallizing chains, their orientational probability prior to deposition governs the chain direction through the crystallite, and the properties of the system depend upon a statistical distribution of all vector orientations. Such a model leads to a relationship between the melting temperature and the degree of network orientation, and relates the retractive force to temperature in the crystallization region. The theory appears to adequately describe some of the published data on rubber and polychloroprene networks.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160309
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  • 13
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    Extrusion of highly oriented polyolefin fibers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 204-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study demonstrates that it is possible to extrude highly oriented polyethylene fibers using only a plasticating single screw extruder, specially designed and operated dies, and a simple take up mechanism. The degree of orientation achieved is as high as that achieved in solid state extrusion studies but accomplished at a fraction of the pressure. The degree of orientation is significantly greater than that of commercial grade fibers. The orientation is developed in the elongational flow of the “wine glass stem” region preceding the die entrance and is retained by crystallization in the die. Crystallization is inhibited in the pre-die region by maintaining a temperature above the effective melting point of the flowing, oriented (hence lowered entropy) melt.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160314
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  • 14
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    Using system identification to determine the thermal properties of plastics (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a new experimental and analytical method for determining the specific heat and thermal coductivity of plastic materials. This method arrives at these temperature-dependent properties by analyzing the thermal history of a slab of the plastic material. The procedure is as follows: 1) A partial differential equation model of the heat flow through the slab is established a priori. 2) A varying heat flux is a applied to the slab, and temperature readings throughout the plastic are recorded at fixed time intervals. 3) This temperature data is fed into a digital computer (along with the established mathematical model) and the required specific heat and thermal conductivity values are extracted. The extraction is done by using the maximum likelihood system identification technique.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160402
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  • 15
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    Relationship between torque and capillary rheometer thermal stability measurements for PVC compounds (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 240-245 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is described to predict the time-temperature behavior and hence thermal stability of PVC melts in a Brabender Plasticorder torque rheometer from basic rheological data(flow and thermal stability observations) obtained on an Instron capillary rheormeter. The predicted and experimentally determined values of the Brabender thermal stability are shown to be in good agreement.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160404
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  • 16
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160501
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  • 17
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    Bubble growth in thermoplastic structural foams (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 270-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The inflation and growth kinetics of bubbles in thermoplastic structural foams are discussed in some detail using a model which assumes the initial existence of very small voids in the pressurized polymer melt. The effects of a drop in external pressure, the presence of a distribution of bubble sizes, and the diffusion of gas between neighboring bubbles are considered. It is shown that at a given pressure the number of growing bubbles present in the melt at any onetime depends on the ratio of the critical radius to the average radius of the microvoids assumed to be present in the melt It is also demonstrated that gas diffusion between neighboring bubbles reduces the growth rate appreciably only when the interbubble distance is reduced to a micron or less.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160409
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  • 18
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    Some new aspects of the crystallization of bisphenol-A polycarbonate (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 276-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper concerns the action of plasticizers and nucleating agents on the crystallization of bisphenol-A polycarbonate. The influence of plasticizers is to increase the rate of crystallization to a great extent using 10 percent of a plasticizer such as trimellitic acid, tridecyloctyl ester. The influence of nucleating substances on plasticized and undiluted polycarbonate is investigated. A large number of substances have been found capable of nucleating polycarbonate crystallization. The un-plasticized semi-crystalline polycarbonate is characterized by a much higher melting point (300°C) than the plasticized semi-crystalline systems (210-245°C). The stability of bisphenol-A polycarbonate in the presence of nucleating salts is also examined. We observe a substantial decrease in the molecular weight in the presence of a great number of nucleating substances. The modulus-temperature curves of two semi-crystalline polymers are reported in the last series of experiments.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160410
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  • 19
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    Introductory remarks prospects for molecular engineering (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 294-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160503
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  • 20
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    Tris-benzil crosslinked polyphenylquinoxalines (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 318-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyphenylquinoxalines (PPQ) were crosslinked with a tris-benzil comonomer, to alleviate the inherenthigh temperature thermoplasticity, and evaluated as matrices in graphite reinforced composites. The room temperature flexural strength/modulus of Modmor IJ laminates were as high as 245,000 psi/16,6 × 106 psi. Essentially 100 percent retention of ambient mechanical properties was obtained at 371°C using a PPQ matrix from the fully-crosslinked polymer prepared from 4,4′-bis(4″-oxybenzilyl) benzil (BOBB) and 3,3′-diaminQbenzrdine. The degree of high temperature thermoplasticity in the composite was found to be more closely related to the final postcure temperature than to the BOBB crosslink density. The thermoplasticity essentially disappeared when the BOBB comonomer-PPQ laminates were postcured at 482-510°C in nitrogen. Substitution of DMAC for the commonly used m-cresol solvent system allowed facile preparation of prepreg to fabricate low-void laminates and NOL rings.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160508
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  • 21
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    The influence of anisotropic phase structure on the properties of crystalline polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 327-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By combining quantitative molecular, microscopic and macroscopic information from an oriented crystalline polymer, it becomes possible to unify, predict, and explain not only processing behavior but such important material properties as failure, shrinkage, modulus, yielding, melting, and storage and loss moduli. Among the advantages gained by this approach are the ability to: (a) identify the particular phase of the two-phase system which controls a given property-(b) correlate internal structure quantitatively with a large number of seemingly different types of properties; (c) identify quantitative behavioral rules which are generally valid for Very different crystalline polymers; (d) clarify component roles such that new techniques and processes result; and (e) predict the properties of a crystalline polymer for structural states not previously tested. Using two dissimilar crystalline polymers, isotactic polypropylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate), as examples, the general validity and unifying power of the structural approaches is demonstrated.
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    Constitutive relationships for the mechanical properties of anisotropic, partially crystalline polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 334-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Constitutive relationships are presented to relate the directional dependence of the mechanical properties of anisotropic, partially crystalline polymers to (a) the percent crystallinity, (b) characteristics of the crystalline and amorphous orientation distribution, and (c) the mechanical properties of the crystalline and amorphous components. These relationships were tested with structural and dynamic mechanical data obtained for isotactic polypropylene films in various states of crystalline and amorphous orientation. The dynamic mechanical properties of the crystalline and amorphous components were treated as parameters and evaluated from dynamic mechanical measurements along the longitudinal and transverse direction of three different film samples. These mechanical parameters, and the associated structural parameters, were in turn used to predict the dynamic mechanical spectra for a fourth, independent, film sample. The predicted values for the storage and loss modulus, along various directions of loading, were within 10 percent of the measured values over the temperature range of -80°C to 80°C.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    The Halpin-Tsai equations: A review (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 344-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Halpin-Tsai equations are based upon the “self-consistent micromechanics method” developed by Hill. Hermans employed this model to obtain a solution in terms of Hill's “reduced moduli”. Halpin and Tsai have reduced Hermans' solution to a simpler analytical form and extended its use for a variety of filament geometries. The development of these micromechanic's relationships, which form the operational bases for the coniposite analogy of Halpin and Kardos for semi-crystalline polymers, are reviewed herein.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Annealing effect on the microstructure of poly(vinyl chloride) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 465-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of annealing on the microstructure of commercial grade poly(vinyl chloride) was investigated by calorimetric, X-ray and viscoelastic measurements. The degree of crystallinity increases with increasing annealing temperature from above the glass transition temperature up to 130°C, at which point the degree of crystallinity takes on a maximum value. Also, the crystal melting temperature increases with increasing annealing temperature. Thermal analysis and X-ray study suggest that the crystallite of poly (vinyl chloride) decomposes by thermal degradation when annealed, above 170°C. The isothermal crystallization process is analyzed using Avrami's equation employing the degree of crystallinity as a function of annealing time at various annealing temperatures. The crystallization rate has a maximum value at around 140°C. It is expected that the crystalline texture grows in the shape of a lineal-like habit, judging from the magnitude of Avrami's constant and from a study of the X-ray intensity distribution. The αf-transition was observed to occur at temperatures 5 to 10°C lower than the crystalline melting temperatures for annealed specimens of poly(vinyl chloride) using a dynamic spring analysis. The αf-transition may be attributed to thermal molecular motions with a long time scale, resulting from the cross-link points introduced by the small crystallites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160702
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    Poly-para-xylelene: Its chemistry and application in coating technology (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chemistry of p-xylelene and of its analogues has been reviewed. Its modes of formation and polymerization to poly-p-xylelene have been described, and the initiation and hypothetical termination steps have been discussed. The reactions taking place in the gas phase and in the deposited film are contrasted with those taking place in solutions. The problems of crystallization of the polymer simultaneously proceeding with its growth have been stressed. Finally, the properties of poly-p-xylelenes and their application in the coating industry have been described in some detail, emphasizing the special advantages of gas-deposition leading directly to a solid and coherent film. Some future fields of application of this technique have been outlined.
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    An approach to thermodynamics of polymer flow based on internal state variables (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 490-495 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two kinds of thermodynamic theories, which seem to be applicable to polymer deformation and flow, have been developed in the recent literature. One of these approaches utilizes entropy far from equilibrium as a primitive undefined concept. The alternate kind of theory involves the idea of a quasi-static process as a primitive concept. In this work, an approach based on internal state variables (specifically, the micro structure of the polymeric material) is used to argue that both primitive concepts are in some sense legitimate on physical grounds. In particular, the legitimacy of the quasi-static process concept is related to the smoothness of the function delivering the rate of change of the microstructure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160705
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    A new apparatus to measure the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 480-489 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new apparatus has been constructed to measure the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity of reactive and nonreactive liquids and solids. The method used consists in suddenly subjecting the test specimen to a thermal flux and measuring the velocity of the heat wave across the sample. Maintaining the heat flux leads to a steady thermal gradient across the sample from which the thermal conductivity can be determined. The test duration is short relative to durations employed by existing conventional techniques and thus causes only a small thermal disturbance to the sample of the order of 1 to 2°C. Thermal properties of liquids and solids, including thermoplastics and a typical epoxy resin during cure with different equivalents of an aromatic diamine hardener have been measured near room temperature. Experimental data compare favorably with literature values for similar systems. Variations in thermal conductivity and diffusivity during cure have been obtained through a series of individual discrete measurements to cover the whole isothermal cure history. The results have been analyzed and discussed with respect to the cure characteristics of the resin and the nature of the physicochemical changes the material undergoes during cure.
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    Morphology and dynamic mechanical spectra of crystalline copolymers of ethylene and acenaphthylene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 507-509 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In a previous paper, results of morphological studies using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were reported concerning random and non-random olefin copolymers of ethylene. As comonomers, relatively low concentrations of n-alpha alkenes and 5-methyl norbornene-2 were used. It was tentatively concluded that one possibility for morphological changes observed in the n-alpha alkene copolymers was a change in direction of chain folding. These studies have been continued with copolymers of ethylene and acenaphthylene. The intent was to pursue effects of vicinal substitution; however, the result was to produce ethylene copolymers of quite high comonomer content which were crystalline and showed no evidence of an independent beta mechanical transition. Further, definite evidence was found to indicate a change in the direction of chain folding in the polymer crystals.
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    Mechanical properties of oriented polyethylene/polystyrene blends (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 496-506 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Incompatible blends comprised of polystyrene and various high density polyethylenes were processed into tapes, in which both the phase and molecular orientations were parallel to the machine direction, by a combination of extrusion and mechanical stretching of the melt prior to quenching. Machine direction tensile yield strengths and ultimate elongations were found to be considerably higher than those obtained for comparable compression molded samples throughout the range of blend compositions and processing conditions investigated. Transverse tape properties were consistently poor due to poor interfacial adhesion. An optimum in machine direction properties was observed as the stretch ratio was increased at various melt temperatures. This optimum is likely due to a competition between morphological and molecular orientation rates during the stretching process and is a complex function of stretching rate and melt temperature as well as blend composition, relative phase viscosities, polyethylene crystallinity, and interfacial adhesion. Tapes stretched at high melt temperatures tended to show decreasing ductility and increasing tensile strength as room temperature storage time increased. This is believed to be due to secondary crystallization of the polyethylene phase. Oriented tapes were found to be easily fibrillated by mechanical heating to form a pulp. This material may prove suitable as a high grade replacement for cellulose pulp in paper making and could be formed at low cost from waste plastic feed stock.
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    A crystalline ethylene, acenaphthylene, n-hexene-1 terpolymer exhibiting both high modulus and high elongation (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 510-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyolefins are generally known either as partially crystalline thermoplastics or as elastomers. With the finding in the ethylene-acenaphthylene copolymer system of the unusual properties of high crystallinity, high modulus, and no independent beta thermomechanical transition at high comonomer contents, it appeared that it might be possible to prepare a block polymer system which would retain the desirable low temperature transition near -110°C and “hard” acenaphthylene copolymer segments as well. Attempts were made, and the resulting terpolymer is described. An intermediate crystallinity polymer of apparently broad composition distribution was obtained with the modulus of high density polyethylene but the elongational characteristics of low density polyethylene.
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    Flow-induced crystallization of linear polyethylene above its normal melting point (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 512-525 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phenomenon of flow-induced crystallization was investigated using a linear polyethylene above its normal melting point flowing continuously in a Biconical Rheometer. It was found that the resin crystallized in the superheated state at rates which increased with increasing shear rate and decreasing temperature. A method of analysis of the temperature dependence of the various stages of flow induced crystallization is proposed. It deals with and attempts to explain the experimental fact that a higher viscosity enhances the rate of flow-induced crystallization in contrast to the effect of viscosity on the rate of quiescent crystallization. Some of the flow-induced crystallization samples were transparent and exhibited a high DSC thermogram “tail”.
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    Cold compaction molding and sintering of polystyrene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 529-536 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is the objective of this paper to demonstrate the applicability of cold compaction molding followed by a sintering treatment to the processing of polystyrene powders. The influence of pressure, compaction speed, and peak pressure dwell time on the green (as compacted) density and the green tensile strength, as well as the effect of sintering on the tensile strength and dimensional change, were evaluated. The resulting data indicate that room temperature compaction alone is insufficient to provide adequate tensile strength for the compacts. Sintering the green compacts at temperatures of 150 to 173°C markedly improves the tensile strength while simultaneously causing a thickness change in the compacts. This thickness change results from gas evolution, pore shrinkage, and viscoelastic recovery of the residual stresses induced by pressure. For compacts of 0.225 in. thickness, an optimum sintering treatment of 173°C for 30 mins is recommended to provide a tensile strength of 4,000 psi and a thickness change of less than + 7 percent. Coining (repressing) the green compacts does not appreciably affect the sintered strength. However, a finer particle size improves the sintered properties. A review of the literature on the flow behavior of polystyrene suggests that a non-Newtonian viscous flow mechanism is followed by a Newtonian one as sintering progresses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160802
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    Parameter testing of epoxy polymer concrete (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 575-578 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ultimate strength of polymer concrete was investigated utilizing epichlorohydrin/bisphenol A-type epoxy resin. Parameters were tested in an effort to conclude how variation of a specific parameter would affect the compressive strength of the polymer concrete. The parameter testing included studies to determine the effect of the polymer loading; the catalyst; the exothermic reaction; aggregate type, gradation and moisture content; curing age; and aggregate additives of portland cement and lime-stone powder.
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    Hydrostatic extrusion of polypropylene and properties of extrudates (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 567-574 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solid-state extrusion of polypropylene by hydrostatic pressure has been investigated at four different temperatures: 25, 50, 75, and 100°C. The pressure to effect extrusion was found to be essentially a linear function of the extrusion ratio at each temperature, while the magnitude of the extrusion pressure, for any given extrusion ratio, decreased appreciably with increasing temperature. With increase in extrusion-ratio, the polypropylene extrudates became increasingly transparent. After passing through the extrusion dies; the Sample showed some elastic recovery. The amount of this recovery decreased with increasing extrusion ratio, X-Ray diffraction measurements taken before and after extrusion showed reduction in sharpness of the crystalline Peaks. Differential, scanning calorimetric measurements, on the other hand, indicate that the relative heat of fusion of the extrudates increases with the extrusion ratio at each extrusion temperature. It also increases with extrusion temperature for a given ratio. Tensile stress-strain tests were made at various hydrostatic pressure levels on the extrudates obtained at 25°C and the extrusion ratio of 2.8. Unlike on the virgin sample of polypropylene, ho yield maximum was observed on the extrudate sample at all pressures investigated. However, the effects of pressure on the relative increase in the yield stress-and the modulus of the extrudate are comparable to those of original, unoriented samples.
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    Transition behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(ethyl methacrylate) blends (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 593-601 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previous work has shown evidence that PMMA and PEMA are miscible with PVF2. The present paper examines in detail the behavior of PEMA/PVF2 blends by thermal analysis and dynamic mechanical testing. All transitions and relaxations are affected by blond composition but in a complex manner owing to the crystallization of PVF2 from blends rich in this component. Inadequacies of the simple two-phase picture of semi-crystalline polymers is believed responsible for some of the transitional behavior observed here. The melting point depression observed for PVF2 was found to be consistent with an exothermic heat of mixing for this pair comparable in value to that found for PPMA/PVF2/All evidence here are consistent with the previous conclusion of miscibility for these systems.
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    Stress measurement in polymeric materials by X-ray diffraction (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 602-608 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experiments are described which show that stresses in amorphous polymers can be measured by diffracting X-rays at high Bragg angles from a filler consisting of crystalline particle or powders. The method is applicable, when calibrated, to both applied and residual stresses, to stress relaxation studies, to both tensile and compressive stresses, to both interior and surface positions in an object, and to composites of various types as well as to polymers that are substantially homogeneous. In the lower (Hookian) range, strains and stresses in metallic embedded particles increase linearly with applied stresses and strains in the matrix. When applied stresses exceed an apparent yield point, which correlates with the yield strength of the metallic filler, the elastic strains in the particles increase only slightly or even decrease as the matrix strains are increased, and with constant applied strain, the particles reveal changes due to relaxation. Strains in the particles are found to be smaller, and stresses higher, than in the matrix. Tests of graphite-fiber epoxy composites with embedded filings of silver or aluminum alloy show that compressive residual stresses from curing at 350°C and cooling to room temperature are registered in the particles as well as stresses externally applied to the cured composite. Precision of the order of 1000 psi (0.7 kg/mm2 or 6.9 M Pa) was obtained with measurements made and evaluated rapidly and simply; with more refined techniques, much higher precision would be possible.
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    Fracture of fiber reinforced composites (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 609-614 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Characteristics of the fracture of fiber reinforced plastic composites are described in terms of the elastic stress distribution at the crack tip, the mechanism of crack tip damage, and the modes and conditions of final fracture. The three-dimensional, stress field at the tip of a sharp crack in a laminate is presented and contrasted to traditional two-dimensional models. The response of the material in the form of inter- and intraply damage formation and growth under increasing load is characterized, and its effect in blunting the main crack is examined. The final fracture conditions, which may range from quasi-brittle to notch insensitive, are discussed and related to the damage zone extension. Observed and anticipated effects of various material and geometric parameters are also discussed.
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    Prediction of the onset of extrudate distortion in polyethylenes from rheological data (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 626-637 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An extensive set of rheological data, including steady shear, normal stress, and oscillatory response functions, have been obtained for several polyethylene melts, and a modified form of the Spriggs nonlinear co-rotational model has been used to represent the data. The resulting model was used to predict the transient stress response of the melts in a simplified model of the extrusion process, with a resulting criterion for the onset of melt distortion in terms of readily evaluated rheological parameters. The predicted occurrence of melt distortion based on this criterion agreed well with observations for the polymers in this study as well as for a variety of other polymers reported in the literature.
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161001
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    Mechanical properties of biaxially oriented poly(vinyl chloride) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 638-644 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This report describes the influence, of (a) degree of biaxial orientation, (b) stretching rate, and (c) stretching temperature on the tensile, dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties of non-impact modified PVC. A new parameter designated “planar strain” is used to correlate anisotropic property values with both equal and unequal biaxial stretching in a single two-dimensional plot, thereby providing a direct comparison of the effects of two or more biaxial stretching ratios. It is shown that optimum stretching conditions depend to some extent upon end use and that a 2 × 2 stretch ratio is optimum for impact resistance. The actual property/processing condition relationships exhibit very complicated interactions and are correlated empirically in this study. The dynamic measurements suggest that overall local segmental beta motion is increased after orientation but that the relative chain alignment makes it more difficult to activate this motion.
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    New techniques for mixing viscous reacting liquids. Part II. Electrical-mechanical hybrid mixerPortions of tins paper were presented November 6, 1975 at a symposium sponsored by the MIT-Industry Polymer Processing Program. An abbreviated version of this paper was presented at the 1976 Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 672-679 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on an understanding of the basic mechanisms and governing laws for liquid mixing, a new concept for increasing the efficiency of laminar mixing is advanced. The new concept is motivated in part by the observation that in laminar flows, the interface between two fluid components tends to line up parallel to the streamlines, leading to decreased mixing efficiency. This decrease in effectiveness can be overcome by simultaneously applying mechanically induced shear forces and electrically induced destabilizing forces (which act on the interfaces) to mix the liquids. Results show a dramatic increase in mixing efficiency with the electrical-mechanical hybrid system. Descriptions of the analytical and experimental work done to characterize the concept and prove its efficacy are presented in detail. Scale-up factors are discussed in terms of dimensionless groups.
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    A critical examination of the prepreg resin flow experimentThis work was conducted while the author was at Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 687-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper takes a critical look at the applicability of the currently accepted Resin Flow Method of prepreg evaluation. The Resin Flow test is generally a high pressure, small dimension lamination experiment which is used to characterize materials processed tit high pressures and large dimensions. Several simple experiments are described which support previously reported theory and provide a basis-for more meaningful comparison of materials based on appropriate scaling via an analytical flow model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161006
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    Studies on multilayer film coextrusion I. The rheology of flat film coextrusion (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 697-705 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multilayer flat film coextrusion was studied, both experimentally and theoretically. For the experimental study, a sheet-forming die with a feedblock was designed, and plastic films of three and five layers were coextruded. The die was provided with three pressure transducers in the axial direction in order to determine the pressure gradient in the die, allowing the determination of the reduction in pressure drop when different combinations of two polymer melts were coextruded. Polymers used for coextrusion were: (1) low density polyethylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate; (2) low density-polyethylene and high density polyethylene; (3) low density polyethylene and polystyrene. For the theoretical study, the z-component of the equations of motion for steady fully-developed flow were solved using a power law non-Newtonian model, Comparisons were made between the experimental and the theoretically predicted volumetric flow rates. Predictions of the velocity distributions, shear rate profiles, and shear stress distributions were made as functions of the processing conditions and the rheological properties of the individual polymers concerned.
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    A generalized melt viscosity-temperature dependence for styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile based polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 690-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the melt flow of polymers on temperature is of both theoretical and commercial importance. A useful representation of the temperature dependence of the shear-dependent viscosity, based on superposition of flow curves at various temperatures, has previously been presented by the author for several olefin polymers. This method is extended in the current work to styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile based polymers. The melt viscosity-temperature dependence of a broad range of styrenic polymers and copolymers, ranging from polystyrene to 82 percent AN styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, with and without rubber inclusions, was investigated. Flow curves at the various temperatures were found to be superimposable, as had earlier been found to be the case for olefin polymers, and a unique quantitative relationship between the superposition shift factors and temperature was found applicable to the entire family of polymers. The resultant energy of activation for viscous flow is in excellent agreement with previously published results for polystyrene Newtonian viscosities, and the magnitude of the shift factors is consistent with a limited set reported for ABS polymers. Independent tests of the derived relationships provided excellent prediction of measured viscosities. Thus, it is considered that a general viscosity-temperature relationship has been defined for this family of polymers, independent of molecular structural detail.
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    An experimental technique for predicting foam processability and physical propertiesPresented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the A.I.Ch.E. in Los Angeles, California, November, 1975. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 706-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermoplastic foam properties and processing stability depend strongly on the ability to obtain the proper rheological properties for the polymer melt at temperatures where the decomposition of a chemical blowing agent may be controlled. An experimental technique has been developed which allows stable processing conditions to be determined for the continuous extrusion of foamed thermoplastics with known foam properties. The technique involves a thermal analysis of the polymer-blowing agent formulation to determine the range of controllable extrusion temperatures. Rheological analysis was carried out using a slit die to establish a relationship between the thermal blowing characteristics of the polymer composition and rheological data which correlate with foam extrudability and the physical properties of the foam. This provides a means of predicting both processability and foam properties which aid in the scale-up to production. The rheological-foam property correlations were confirmed by continuous foam extrusion on a laboratory extruder.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161009
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    The preparation of ultra-high modulus polypropylene films and fibres (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 721-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Following the discovery that linear polyethylene can be drawn to very high draw ratios to produce oriented fibres and films with ultra-high initial moduli, a similar study has been undertaken for polypropylene. In particular, the modulus/draw ratio relationship has been obtained for a range of polymers of different molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. The effects of thermal history and draw temperature were studied, and it was shown that under optimum conditions material with an initial modulus at room temperature of 1.9 × 1010 Nm-2 (205 gdtex, 3 × 106 psi) can be obtained. This value is at least 50 percent greater than those previously recorded for drawn fibres and about one half of the theoretical modulus.
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    Modeling of polymeric film-blowing processesPresented at the 52nf Annual Meeting, Society of Rheology, February 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 172-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Industrial film-blowing processes are characterized by large deformation rates, rapid changes of temperature and high stress levels. A pilot scale process was set up to simulate these variables. The pivotal element in modeling the process is a rheological constitutive equation which describes the fluid properties accurately over the entire range of conditions encountered; it was found that contributions to the stress in the material which arise out of the changing thermal history of a fluid element were a significant fraction of the total. When the deforming film is subjected to stretching but to little or no blowing, the axial stresses in the film are predicted excellently by the model under both isothermal and non-isothermal processing conditions. With rapid blowing and major deviations from uniaxial extension, the axial stresses are predicted less well, but still satisfactorily, under the conditions used. In no case are the circumferential stresses predicted accurately: i.e. unequal biaxial extensional deformations represent complications which have not been resolved.
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    A dynamic mechanical study of the curing reaction of an unsaturated polyester (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 254-259 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The curing process of an unsaturated polyester was followed by employing the dynamic spring analysis (DSA) technique attached to the Rheovibron viscoelastometer. The storage and loss moduli and the gel times of the resin with various concentrations of initiator (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) were determined at several temperatures. The activation energy for the curing process studied was about 40 kJ/mol. Temperature effects on films partially cured below the ultimate glassy transition temperature (Tg) were studied similarly using the tensile mode on the Rheovibron from room temperature to 120°C. Two modulus peaks were observed upon heating and these were independent of precure conditions. The lower temperature peak was the result of continued curing and the higher temperature peak was attributed to the glassy relaxation of the cured product. The DSA technique were found to be useful for characterization of the curing process and the results showed good qualitative agreement with those obtained by tensile measurements using cast films when the shapes of the curves were compared.
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    Property-morphology relationships of polymethylmethacrylate/polyvinylidenefluoride blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 234-240 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation was conducted to establish property-morphology relationships in polymethylmethacrylate/polyvinylidenefluoride (PMMA/PVDF) blends. All blends were compounded in a twin-screw extruder and then processed by injection molding Mechanical properties of blends of various compositions were studied by dynamic mechanical and impact strength measurements. The presence of crystalline regions in blends was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Morphology of fracture surfaces of blends was studied by Spinning Electron Microscopy (SEM). PMMA/PVDF blends were found to form compatible mixtures over a wide range of blend composition. Changes in dynamic mechanical properties upon annealing were found to be a direct function of blond morphology. Electron microscopic evidence showed no signs of phase separation. DSC measurements detected crystalline regions in all blends containing 40 percent or more (by weight) PVDF.
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    The limiting pressure-velocity (PV) of plastics under unlubricated sliding (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 248-253 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The limiting pressure-velocity (PV) of plastics materials under normal contacting pressure P and sliding velocity V when the sliding goes on continuously unlubricated has been discussed theoretically in this study. The sliding friction tests between the rotating edge of a hollow cylinder against a stationary metal surface were carried out in room air and when the metals were cooled with circulating water.The results obtained were as follows: The relation between PVmax and the critical temperature τbmax of the surface above which ordinary frictional conditions are not maintained may be represented by the following formula, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm PV}_{max} = C(\tau _{bmax } - \tau _a)} & {(1)} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} Where C = Hn/μk, and H is the mean total heat conductivity between materials and environment in cal/cm2. °C · s, n the area ratio of heat radiation surface to frictional surface, μ the kinetic frictional coefficient, k the thermal equivalent of frictional work in cal/kg · cm · s, and τa the cooling or environment temperature.The value of C ranges from 1 to 10 in cal/kg · cm s · °C, and the value of PVmax from 45 to 750 in kg/cm2 · cm/s under prevailing room temperature air cooling in this experiment, however, the value of C has been increased about 2.3 times as much as those values by circulating water of 2°C around the lower side of the test piece.
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    Solid-phase backward extrusion of thermoplastics (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 269-279 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The backward extrusion process was studied as a means of forming projections and ribs on flat sections of thermoplastic parts. The simplified, open-die axisymmetric and plane-strain extrusion cases were mainly considered. The results were applied to the development of a continuous solid-phase-forming process. Commercial-grade polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) were used in the investigation. The projection height and extrusion loads in the unconstrained extrusion were measured as a function of the initial temperature of the material, the load hold time, and geometric variables. Cold dies were used in the experiments, and the samples were kept below their melt temperatures. The dimensional recovery of the flange section of the formed samples was also measured as a function of the hold time for given initial temperature and geometric variables. The slab and the upper-bound methods-in plasticity analysis were used to theoretically derive the projection heights and forming loads. The degree of correlation between the predictions and the experimental results depended on the estimates used for the frictional factors at the interfaces between the deforming material and the dies.
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    Effect of compaction rate during the cold forming of polymeric powders (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 300-306 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During many plastics processing methods, both conventional and novel, plastic powders or granules are subjected to pressure. The pressure transmissibility through the powder has an important effect on the success and efficiency of the process, and so it is desirable to be able to predict the pressure at any point from a knowledge of the applied pressure and the geometry of the system. To examine this pressure transmissibility effect, poly(vinylidene chloride) powder has been compacted in a metal die under different rates using either load or displacement control. It has been found that rate effects are particularly important for loading rates greater than 8 MPa/s and displacement rates greater than 7.5 mm/s. The ratio of transmitted pressure (P2) to applied pressure (P1) has been measured for a range of compact geometries, and it has been found that the ratio is approximately constant during the latter stages of the compaction process. Various laws for predicting the transmitted pressure have been studied, but it has been found that the simplest equation that agrees with the data is of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{P_2 }}{{P_1 }} = e^{- \alpha \mu ch/D} $$\end{document}
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    Molecular weight distribution of polyethylene terephthalate in homogeneous, continuous-flow-stirred tank reactors (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 314-323 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) formation in homogeneous, continuous-flow-stirred tank reactors (HCSTRs) operating at steady state has been simulated. The feed to the reactor is assumed to consist of the monomer bis-(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate and monofunctional compound (MF1) cetyl alcohol. The overall polymerization is assumed to consist of the polycondensation, reaction with monofunctional compounds, redistribution, and cyclization reactions. At a given time, the reaction mass consists of polyester molecules (Pn), polyester molecules with an ending of molecules of monofunctional compound (MFn), and cyclic polymers (Cn). A mass balance for each of these species in the reactor gives rise to a set of algebraic equations to be solved simultaneously. The MWD calculations show that the redistribution reaction plays a major role and cannot be ignored, This result is in contrast lo the observation for semi-batch reactors, for which redistribution becomes important when the cyclization reaction is included. For the same residence times of semi-batch and HCSTRs, the latter gives considerably lower-number average molecular weight, Nav, and polydispersity index, ρ. However, for the same conversions, the ρ for CSTR is higher. The concentration of the monofurctional compound, [MF1]0, in the feed and the reactor temperature both influence ρ, but the effect is small within the range studied.
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    An improved lattice-fluid equation of state for pure component polymeric fluids (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 345-348 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Fluid-Lattice Theory (Ising Fluid), recently tested by Lacombe and Sanchez, has been modified by introducing the typical Flory's surface-to-volume ratio of the characteristic-segment of a polymeric liquid. This surface-to-volume ratio is not an adjustable parameter. It is obtained from Bondi's tabulations. The resulting new equation of state has three adjustable parameters per component and it represents a definite improvement for the fitting of P-V-T data for polymeric liquids. Extension to mixtures is not tested in this work but, in principle, it can be done by well-established methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220603
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    Capillary and slit flow behavior of concentrated solutions of a rod-like polymer (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 521-527 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the flow behavior of isotropic solutions of the rod-like polymer, poly(p-phenyleneterephthalamide) (PPT), in 100 percent sulfuric acid. Studies include entry flow visualization in a slit die and solution fracture, and die swell in capillaries and a slit die. It was observed that solutions of PPT exhibit nearly negligible die swell, a slip-stick type of fracture that disappears at high shear rates, and radial entry flow patterns similar to Newtonian fluids. Fracture was associated with the plateau in the shear stress vs shear rate curve. Because values of the wall shear stress (τw.) obtained from capillary measurements were in good agreement with those obtained from a cone-and-plate rheometer and values of the loss modulus (G″) obtained from small-strain dynamic oscillatory measurements, it is believed that the rheological properties lead to the flow instability. These results are in agreement with the predictions of a recent theory by Doi and Edwards for concentrated solutions of rod-like molecules. Data are also presented for a flexible chain polyamide, nylon 6,6, in 100 percent H2SO4 for the purpose of comparing the flow characteristics of rigid and flexible chain polymers.
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    The elastic change of volume in pressurized bottles made from polymeric materials (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 472-477 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relations describing the elastic change of volume of thermoplastic cylindrical pressurized containers are presented. Discussions have been made on various cases including isotropic (i.e., un-oriented), uniaxially, and biaxially oriented materials. These relations are expected to be helpful for selecting the optimum processing conditions (i.e., draw ratio) in order to achieve the desired properties of polymeric pressurized containers.
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    The hydrolytic stability of some commercially available polycarbonates (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 370-375 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of commercially available polycarbonates, including formulations made flame retardant by two different modifications, have been exposed to conditions producing moderately rapid hydrolysis. Hydrolysis rates were calculated from molecular weight data determined by gel permeation chromatography and, in some cases, from melt flow rate data. The rates calculated by the two methods are in good agreement. In general, the standard formulations containing minimal additive packages are the most hydrolytically stable. Although one relatively new flame retardant polycarbonate demonstrates generally good resistance to hydrolysis, most of the flame retardant formulations appear to be quite susceptible to hydrolytic degradation. For these materials, hydrolysis under conditions encountered in use could cause significant decreases in impact strength within a few years.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220608
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    Low temperature thermal aging of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 382-387 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The crystallites of semicrystalline polymers formed at low temperatures are subject to partial partial melting and recrystallization resulting in a systematic increase in the size and perfection of the nascent crystallites. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray studies suggest that ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH), in particular, may undergo these secondary crystallization processes upon storage at temperatures far below Tm. DSC scans have been run on “as received” and quenched samples; the mole percent of vinyl alcohol in the copolymers studied was 0, 62, 70, 72, 82 and 100 percent. Tests on secondary crystallization kinetics, performed at different temperatures, further confirm the hypothesis of an increased degree of perfection (lamellar thickening) of the bulk crystallites achieved upon long term storage at temperature between Tg and Tm.
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    Rheology of polymer blends: Simultaneous slippage and entrance pressure loss in the ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM)/viton system (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 507-511 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Because the exact nature of the mechanism governing the marked viscosity reduction in the highly incompatible EPDM/“Viton” fluoroelastomer system is not fully understood, a study was undertaken to shed more light on the phenomenon. Interracial. Slippage in the blend has been suggested as the mechanism by which a substantial reduction in the melt viscosities of either component takes place upon addition of a small amount of the other, In the present investigation, a Mooney slip analysis demonstrated wall slippage in the EPDM/Viton system over the shear stress range of 40 kPa to 160 kPa. The capillary surface was examined for evidence of coating by the minor component of the blend (Viton), and 9-fold enrichment was found by elemental analysis. However, on no occasion was pure Viton found. In other experiments, the dynamic linear viscoelastic properties and the transient squeezing flow response of the blend were found to be no different from those of the neat elastomer. In addition, the slip velocity in a capillary (and consequently, the viscosity-lowering effect) was reduced by a factor of 2 to 3 in capillaries with a 90° included entrance angle. It is postulated that the reduction in the flow resistance for the blend is unique to the sharp-entry capillary geometry and results from removal of Viton from the melt in the recirculating flow at the entrance. This material then feeds along the capillary wall, disrupting the already tenuous adhesion of the elastomer to the metal surface.
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    Unsaturated polyesters from 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 556-559 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series unsaturated polyesters were made from 2,2-di-methyl-l,3-propanediol, propylene glycol, fumaric acid, and isophthalic acid by a two-step fusion process. The effect of catalyst, conversion, composition, unsaturation, and styrene content were studied, and the relationship between composition and properties was established.
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    Effect of the addition of ethylene-propylene random copolymers on the properties of high-density polyethylene/isotactic polypropylene blends: Part 1 - morphology and impact behavior of molded samples (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 536-544 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two random commercial ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPM) with different ethylene content have been added to binary isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) blends by melt mixing in a Brabender-like apparatus. Impact Izod tests and a morphological analysis on the fractured surfaces of broken specimens have been performed and discussed, in order to improve the deficiency in toughness of the binary HDPE/iPP mixtures. The results show that the impact performance of both homopolymers and HDPE/iPP binary blends is strongly improved by the addition of the EPM copolymers. Such an effect is related to the fact that the overall morphology, as well as the mechanism and mode of fracture, are greatly modified by the presence of such additives. The extent is dependent on factors such as the nature of the matrix (HDPE or iPP), the composition, and the chemical structure and/or the molecular mass of the added copolymer.
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221001
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    Estimation of injection pressure during mold fillingPresented in part at the “Second World Congress of Chemical Engineering,” Montreal, Canada, Oct, 4-9, 1981.This paper is a corrected reprint of the paper that originally appeared in POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, Mid-April, 1982, Vol, 22, No. 5. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 589-593 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dimensionless diagrams for estimating the bulk temperature of the flow front and injection pressure in the limit of small viscous generation are obtained. Also, a criterion for neglecting viscous generation is identified, The diagrams, based on the Lord and Williams model, refer to rectangular geometry and amorphous materials. A satisfactory comparison is obtained with literature data taken on polystyrene. A reasonable estimate of polyethylene injection pressure was obtained by roughly accounting for latent heat of crystallization through modified thermal diffusivity.
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    The relationship of carbon black dispersion to electrical resistivity and vulcanizate physical properties (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 601-609 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degree of dispersion of carbon black in rubber is known to be a determining factor in the physical properties of the composite. It is important, therefore, to have a reliable, quantitative technique for assessing carbon black dispersion. It has been known for some time that the degree of dispersion of carbon black is reflected in its electrical resistivity. A resistivity instrument, developed by B. Boonstra, has been redesigned and constructed for use in this study. Factors that influence resistivity (i.e., black type, volume loading, and mixing time) are examined. Physical property and dynamic mechanical measurements are made, and their relationship to black dispersion is investigated. Light microscopy is also used to evaluate dispersion, and these data are compared to the resistivity results.
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    On the dynamics and control of a plasticating extruder (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1095-1106 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In recent years, there have been many papers published on the application of process control to plasticating extruders. Much of the literature concentrates on the more classical control techniques. However, recent research has studied the application of stochastic identification techniques for building transfer function models for the extruder. In particular, the relationship of screw speed to die pressure and temperature has been studied. In the present work, both step tests and pseudorandom binary sequence tests were used to study the process dynamics of a 38 mm Killion extruder having a Iength-to-diameter ratio of 24:1. This study concentrates on the regulation of the extruder pressure in the face of its inherent surging characteristics. Variations in the quality of the feed plastic were studied through pulse and step changes in input polymer composition. Significant control problems resulted from measurement noise, which appeared at the same frequency as the screw rotation speed. Various mathematical filters to reduce the effect of this noise on the control variables were studied.
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    Siloxane-poly(Methylmethacrylate) amphoteric blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1123-1126 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly([4-(methacryloyloxy) butyl]pentamethyldisiloxane), PMBPD, has been prepared for the first time. At the weight average molecular weight of 55,900, it is a clear, viscous liquid with a glass transition temperature, Tg, of 236K. Copolymers with methylmethacrylate have also been prepared. The homo-and copolymers, all of which have methacrylate backbones with pendant siloxane groups, were blended with poly(methyl-methacrylate), PMMA. Using the existence of a single Tg as a definition of miscibility, it was found that blends of either PMMA or PMBPD with random copolymers are miscible. However, in spite of a clear appearance, the blend of the two horriopolymers were found to have two distinct Tgs.
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    Recent advances in interpenetrating polymer networks (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1143-1152 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We review the synthesis, morphology, and physical and mechanical properties of IFNs as well as the related pseudo-IPNs, in which only one of the polymers is crossliriked. Recent studies have shown that the degree of phase separation achieved in these materials is strongly dependent on the compatibility of blends of the linear polymer constituents of the IPN components as well as the kinetics of chain extension and the presence of grafting between component polymers. We illustrate this by a series of IPNs consisting of a polyurethane and an acrylic copolymer. The acrylic is a typical automotive enamel. An enhancement in properties results, which is dependent on the amount of grafting and the kinetics of polymerization. Also discussed are IPNs of a polyurethane and an epoxy, which exhibit a synergism in adhesive properties, and IPNs of a RIM polyurethane with several epoxies and unsaturated polyesters. In addition, also reported are the preliminary studies on the first successful preparation of a three-component IPN, consisting of a polyurethane, an epoxy, and an acrylic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221715
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    Development of industrial polyolefin blends using melt rheology data (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1153-1165 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The review of current knowledge of the composition dependence of polymer-blend processability and morphology shows that development of industrial blends requires use of a semiempirical approach, based on the particular rheological composition (PRC) concept. Selecting blend composition in the close proximity to PRC and employing factorial experiments for the mixing process allows the development of successful industrial polyethylene/polypropylene blends designed for film and blow-molding applications.
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    Composition and processing effects on the properties of one-component polyurethanesPresented at Second World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Montral, Canada, October 4-9, 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1177-1183 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A polyurethane consisting of a poly(propylene oxide) soft segment and a diphenylmethane diisocyanate - hydroquinone di-(b̃-hydroxyethyl) ether (HQEE) hard block has been characterized over the composition range of 30 to 60 percent hard block. The flexural modulus varied from 60 to 900 MPa over this composition range. The elongation was approximately 250 percent at the lower hard block contents but fell below 100 percent at 60 percent hard block. Differential scanning calorirnetric measurements showed that the crystallinity associated with the hard phase increased with increasing hard block content but decreased with increasing cure temperature. The heat sag was found to decrease with increasing hardblock and increase with increasing cure temperature. A material with properties comparable to current fascia materials had a significantly better heat sag resistance than a current RIM (reaction injection molding) polyurethane. The combination of the solid chain extender, HQEE, and a solid catalyst, zinc stearate, lowing it to be processed as a one-component resin having a pot life of greater than 8 h at 20°C al-injection molding machines. The one-component nature of the resin has made it possible to use a continuous in-line mexer and to reduce the amount of scrap by using cold runner molds. In addition, any scrap that is generated can be used as regrind in the system.
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    Fractography of polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate doped with polymethyl methacrylate (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1199-1204 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The presence of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) can greatly affect the properties of materials made by polymerization of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM). Fracture surfaces, examined by scanning electron microscopy, show a much wider range of morphologies in mist regions than observed in previous work on PEGDM alone. These morphologies are attributed to the moderation of brittle fracture by localized plastic deformation. It is suggested that the effect of PMMA is due to its segregation around clusters of highly cross-linked particles of PEGDM that, as a result, become more discrete and, hence, more susceptible to interparticle displacements during fracture. In agreement With this suggestion, the mist regions usually exhibit a particulate microstructure.
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    Studies of epoxy resin systems: Part D: Fracture toughness of an epoxy resin: A study of the effect of crosslinking and sub-Tg aging (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1228-1236 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture toughness of an epoxy resin system, diglycidyl ether of butanediol, DGEB, cured with 4-4′ diaminodiphenyl sulphone, DDS, has been studied by varying the crosslinking density and state of aging. A stable, but rough, crack propagation was observed with specimens that were 99 percent cured and quenched. When the extent of curing was less than 99 percent or the material was aged for more than 20 min at 62°C, crack propagation was of the unstable stick-slip nature. Aging was found to decrease the initiation fracture toughness dramatically, but the arrest fracture toughness was almost unchanged. This result was associated with a change of relaxation strength of the primary, a, transition with aging. An increase of crosslinking density was found initially to reduce the fracture toughness of this epoxy resin, but the fracture toughness increased after 87 percent of curing. The initial decrease of the fracture toughness was attributed to a decrease of relaxation strength of the primary transition (i.e., the area under the α-relaxation peak), while the increase of the fracture toughness after 87 percent curing was explained by the onset of the stablerough crack propagation, Micrographs taken by scanning electron microscopy-showed possible existence of blunting during crack propagation and a decrease of blunting with the extent of aging.
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    Mathematical modeling of the blow-molding process (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1075-1083 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical simulation of the blow-molding cycle has been developed by combining general conservation principles along with appropriate constitutive relations for the material. A model of the parison formation stage has been devised by considering the competing effects due to swell and drawdown. A more rigorous numerical analysis of parison formation is also discussed. A theoretical treatment of parison inflation is described for both inelastic and viscoelastic materials by assuming uniform radial growth, Comparisons are made with experimental data for all phases of the molding cycle. The mathematical model is in reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental results and is capable of elucidating the influence of material properties and process conditions on the dynamics and performance of the blow-molding process.
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    Editor's note (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1107-1107 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221708
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    13C NMR characterization of intermolecular interactions for polymers. Part 3. Solvent effect on the blend compatibility of poly(vinyl methyl ether) and polystyrene (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1109-1116 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solvent has an influence on the homogeneity of the poly(vinyl methyl ether)-polystyrene, PVME-PS blends Prepared by drying cosolutions. This influence has been analyzed in terms of the competition among polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent interactions. Model solutions have been prepared in which intermoleeular interactions correspond to the interactions in this blend and in some of the cosolutions. These interactions in the model solutions have been detected and identified by applying Rummens' method. The 13C NMR spectra have been determined for PVME and for styrene oligomer dissolved in n-alkanes, cyclohexane, diethyl ether, isopropyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, and chloroform, and for PVME dissolved in benzene, toluene, and cumene. The chemical shifts have been plotted against the parameter g2 = [(n22 - 1)/(n22 + 1)]2, where n2 is the refractive index of the solvent. If the structural segment represented by certain carbon and some solvent has an interaction that is stronger than dispersive, the chemical shift for this carbon will deviate from the line formed by its shifts in n-alkane solutions, these deviations indicate characters and intensities of the intermoleeular interactions. Results indicate that cyclohexane exhibits weak interactions with both of the polymers and does not interfere with their mutual interaction, leading to a compatible blend. Results also suggest that benzene and toluene interact in the PVME in the same manner as PS. This leads to a gradual increase of the number of polymer-polymer interactions as the concentration of the polymers is increased by solvent removal, resulting in a compatible blend. Chloroform apparently interacts more strongly with PVME than with PS but interacts strongly enough with both to restrict interaction among the two polymers. As the concentration of polymers in the cosolution is increased, PS forms a separate phase. This leads to an inhomogeneous blend when the solvent is evaporated.
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    Fracture toughness (KQ) testing with a mini-compact tension (CT) specimen (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1190-1198 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A testing method using the Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer as the loading instrument to measure the fracture toughness KQ, which is related to a specific sample geometry and dimensions (half-inch compact tension) is reported. The small sample size requirement makes it attractive to do fracture toughness testing on newly synthesized material for preliminary material study and comparison purposes. Commercially available epoxy resins were used to check the procedure at different temperatures (-150° to 250°C). An empirical crack length averaging method was used that appears to give constant KQ values independent of the a/W ratio values. The fracture surfaces were studied using scanning electron microscopy.
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    Studies of epoxy resin systems: Part A: A study of the origins of the secondary relaxations of epoxy resins by thermally stimulated depolarization (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1205-1212 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relaxation behavior of several epoxy resin systems, which have systematic structural differences, has been studied by the thermally stimulated discharge (TSD) technique. Two TSD peaks centered at about 115°K (β peak) and 185°K (β peak) were found for epoxy resins cured with a diamine. Structural change, either in the epoxy resin molecule or the amine molecule, did not seem to affect those two peaks. The TSD thermogram of the DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of disphenol A) epoxy resin part only showed a small new peak at 160°K instead of the ft peak at 185°K. This result, together with the fact that postcuring increased β peak height, leads to the conclusion that the ft peak is most likely due to the newly-created molecular segment during the curing reaction. The peak at 160°K was assigned to the epoxy group. This assignment was based on the fact that the 160°K peak of an epoxy homopolymer, which has fewer epoxy groups, was smaller than that of the parent DGEBA. The β and γ peaks were found to be of distributed characteristics, and the distribution of activation energy was studied by the partial heating method.
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    An extensiometer for molten plastics (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 799-802 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new rheometer has been developed to measure the extensional viscosity of molten thermoplastics at typical extrusion temperatures. It is at the same time versatile and easy to operate. One end of the test specimen is held in a fixed position by an oil-cooled chimp mounted on the end of a force transducer. The other end of the specimen is held by, a moving, oil-cooled chimp. The moving clamp is suspended from a carriage mounted on a ball nut which travels on a long lead screw. The lead screw is driven by an electric motor operating through a gear box, and its speed can be controlled to produce either a constant stress (creep) or a constant strain-rate (stress growth) experiment. Experimental results have verified that in the “constant strain rate” mode the strain rate does rise rapidly to a constant level. Measurements on several polyethylene resins indicated that the extensional viscosity rises with strain rate at low strain rates.
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    Toughness and brittleness of plastics: A summary of an ACS/SPE symposium (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 823-826 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A recent and joint ACS/SPE symposium featured 40 papers on the fundamental mechanism of brittle fracture, low-speed crazing and fracture, high-speed impact mechanisms, fatigue failure, multi-phase polymer systems, and reinforcing fibers. A survey of these papers indicates the present state of our knowledge in this field, and the rapid progress it is making toward the development of high-performance plastic materials.
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    Extrusion of polymer tubing using a rotating mandrel (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 827-830 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A rotating mandrel in a tubing die produces multiaxial orientation in the extruded melt. If the polymer melt is quenched rapidly, some multiaxial orientation is retained in the resultant tubing. Multiaxially oriented tubing exhibits reduced crack propagation and some enhancement of yield and fracture strengths. During the processing of multiaxially oriented tubing, relaxation occurs after the melt leaves the die and gives rise to wall thickening and reduction in the lumen of the tubing; the magnitude of these effects is a function of the rate of mandrel rotation.
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    Residual stresses in polymers and their effect on mechanical behavior (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 785-791 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Plates of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and poly(methyl methacrylate) have been quenched in ice water from temperatures slightly above their glass transition temperatures. Residual stresses are thus created, Measurement of these residual stresses has been accomplished by the “layer removal” method and the stress distributions through the thickness are presented. Compressive stresses, approximately 3000 psi, exist at the surface while tensile stresses-of at least 1000 psi exist in the interior. It is shown that these residual stresses can influence the notched Izod impact strengths for polycarbonates. The mechanism is thought to be suppression of craze initiation in advance of the notch due to the presence of residual compressive stresses for specimens notched prior to quenching. In the case of poly(methyl methacrylate), it is shown that compressive residual stresses at the surface can cause plastic yielding to occur in bending experiments resulting in permanent deformation and greater energy absorption.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161202
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    New sources of monomers and polymers - A review (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 817-820 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In spite of the availability of- almost fifty commercial synthetic plastics, many new ones were announced at the recent First Chemical Congress of the North American. Continent at Mexico City. Among these are the high temperature resistant aramides and imides, poly(phenylene sulfide), poly(phenylene oxide), poly(aryl sulfone), H resin, modified phenolic resins and the phosphazenes. Other new polymers are block and graft copolymers, conductive polymers, barrier resins, poly 1,2-butadiene, polyolefins and polyurethanes. New coupling techniques and shortages of feed stocks have resulted in a renewed interest in filled plastics and recycled polymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161207
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    Properties, environmental stability, and molding characteristics of polyphenylene sulfide (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 831-835 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyphenylene sulfide is a new engineering plastic characterized by a unique combination of useful environmental, mechanical, and flame resistant properties. This paper presents a variety of new developments in molding methods and long term properties of polyphenylene sulfide. Optimum conditions for fabrication by injection molding, compression molding, and free sintering techniques are described along with a comprehensive tabulation of mechanical, factional, and electrical properties of various filled and unfilled compositions. The effect of injection molding conditions and post-treatments, such as annealing, on mechanical behavior is discussed. Long term stability of molded specimens of the polymer to a variety of chemical environments as well as oven aging studies are reported. The significance of these properties is illustrated by a discussion emphasizing new applications for various compositions based on polyphenylene sulfide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161211
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    Inhibitor selection for vinyl monomers by differential scanning calorimetry (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 836-840 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Inhibitors to prevent vinyl polymerization were selected rapidly and effectively by differential scanning calorimetry. The autopolymerization temperature (APT) and the relative polymerization rate constants were used to define the type and amount of inhibitor necessary to prevent polymerization of acrylic esters and acrylamides. The APT was also used to determine the amount of inhibitor in a vinyl monomer. The rate of polymerization and storage stability of vinyl monomers were determined by these methods.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161212
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    The SPE international award address - 1975 polymerization by oxidative coupling - an historical review (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The history of PPO®, polymers of 2,6-dimethylphenol, and Noryl® resins is described from the initial discovery through commercialization. The scope of oxidative polymerization as applied principally to phenols and acetylenes is outlined as well as the chemical reactions which can be performed on the resulting polymers.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    A Comparison of Gel Permeation Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography for Epoxy Resin Analysis (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 11-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gel permeation chromatography and liquid Chromatography are used for analyzing various epoxy resins. The chromatograms are compared with related information available from each. Because the separation is based on different principles, each method gives unique and different information about the same sample. For a complete analysis of epoxy resins, both techniques seem to be required.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160103
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    Dynamic mechanical evidence for the glass transition of high density polyethylene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 36-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of shock cooling and swelling with carbon tetrachloride on the dynamic mechanical spectrum of high density polyethylene have been studied with a torsional pendulum. The resulting spectra have a well-defined loss peak at -65°C which is associated with the glass transition of high density polyethylene. Similar experiments on polypropylene and low density polyethylene demonstrate the similar effects of these treatments on their glass transitions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160106
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  • 87
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    Thermal expansion transients of a cis-1,4 polybutadiene elastomer at various levels of strain (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The length-temperature behavior of elongated elastomeric networks of cis-1,4 polybutadiene was observed following abrupt, nearly step-function changes in the temperature of the specimen environment. The thermal expansion behavior is reversible, and the transient length changes are in the direction anticipated from rubber elasticity theory, i.e., dL(t)/dT is negative. The observed long-time values of the thermal expansion coefficient are in good agreement with equilibrium length-temperature coefficients reported for other elastomers. Results indicate that both thermal diffusion and retarded creep deformation contribute to the transient phenomenon, with the latter mechanism dominating.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160107
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    Characterization and piezoelectric activity, of stretched and poled poly(vinylidene fluoride). Part I: Effect of draw ratio and poling conditionsPresented in part at Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Symposium-Workshop, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, April 15 and 16, 1975. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of investigators have reported on the high degree of piezoelectricity manifested by oriented films of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2). To develop applications for this piezoelectric effect, our laboratory is involved in a systematic investigation of the factors responsible for this remarkable behavior of PVF2. In a unique high-speed process, commercial PVF2 film was uniaxially stretched to a series of draw ratios ranging up to 7/1. The resulting films were characterized by techniques involving infrared spectroscopy, density, birefringence, sonic modulus, X-ray diffraction, and dynamic mechanical response. The films were then poled at various electric field strengths, temperatures, and times. Correlations have been made between draw ratio, physical properties, poling conditions, and piezoelectric activity of the films. It was found that the piezoelectric activity increased to limiting values with draw ratio, poling voltage, poling temperature, and poling time. It was evident that for PVF2 film a significant amount of oriented phase I crystalline material is required for high degrees of piezoelectric activity. The Appendix gives the apparent rate dependence observed for the piezoelectric effect when signal is measured with a voltage sensor of relatively low input impedance.
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    Rheovibron determination of the dynamic moduli of polymer melts (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 46-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes the use of the Rheovibron Model DDV-III-B with a parallel plate modification of the sample holders to obtain oscillatory data in the shear mode for several high density polyethylene melts. A detailed analysis of the Rheovibron to obtain the dynamic shear: moduli of polymer melts using the new sample holders is given, as well as a procedure for determining the instrument compliance and inertia parameters which must be considered in analysis of the data. Using the principle of time-temperature superposition, the data are extended to an equivalent frequency range of 1500 rad/sec. These data are compared with those obtained using the Weis-senberg Rheogoniometer Model R-17 for the same polymers. It is concluded that reliable measurements for dynamic shear moduli for polymer melts using the Rheovibron Model DDV-III-B with the modified sample holders can be made for melts with indices of about 5 or less (i.e., zero shear viscosities of 6.0 × 104 poise or greater).
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160108
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160201
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    Silicone-polyethylene blendsPresented May, 1975 meeting of the Society of Plastics Engineers in Atlanta, Georgia. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 54-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene and reactive, high molecular weight polydimethylsiloxanes have been blended under conditions of shear and elevated temperature in order to form uniform, thermoplastic blends. The materials can be extruded, coated on wire, injection molded, or compression molded. Despite the thermoplastic nature, a high gel fraction is present. A structure is proposed consisting of microgelled and grafted particles of silicone dispersed in polyethylene. When compared to pure polyethylene, the blends show lowered modulus over a temperature range of -150 to +65°C increased gas permeability, and lowered mixing energies. Electrical properties include corona resistance superior to polyethylene and a resistance to degradation under conditions simulating those experienced by buried cables superior to typical silicone rubber. Other electrical properties are intermediate between the values observed in the component polymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160109
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    The migration of plasticizers from poly(vinyl chloride) into edible oils (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The migration of phthalate plasticizers from poly (vinyl chloride) into edible oils has been analyzed. The principal method used involved 14C-labeled dibutyl and dioctyl phthalates with detection by liquid scintillation spectrophotometry. In most cases, the migration of the main plasticizer was accompanied by the migration of the secondary plasticizer, when present, and by diffusion of the oil into the polymer. Comparison of the scintillation results with those obtained by weight loss measurements can give quantitative information on the amount of the liquid medium that diffuses during the migration process. The effect of the following factors on the migration process was examined; (a) the nature and acidity of the edible oil, (b) the composition and amount of phthalate plasticizer, (c) the amount of epoxy plasticizer, and (d) the temperature and time of contact.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160110
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    Induced photodegradation of styrene polymers: A survey (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Although polymeric materials have a relatively minor role in our solid waste disposal problems, they display a particular prominence as litter because of their environmental permanence, Photodegradation has been suggested as one possible solution, but considerable debate has centered on the need, costs, and limitations of such degradable systems. The chemical mechanisms involved in practical photodegradation are illustrated by a review of the oxidation schemes for normal and sensitized polystyrene. The different mechanisms associated with the use of additives, comonomers, and halogens are considered in some detail. A listing of patent literature relating specifically to photodegradable polystyrene is included in the review.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160202
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    Introductory remarks (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 125-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160302
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    Crystallization from a strained melt or solution (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 126-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elongation and orientation of randomly coiled macromolecules in a strained melt or solution reduces their entropy and thus increases the crystallization or melting temperature of the ideal lattice. At any given temperature of experiment this enhances nucleation and crystal growth rate. As a rule, linear primary nuclei are formed. They contain more or less extended chains. The existence of row nuclei reduces the local gradient in the liquid to such an extent that further crystallization proceeds by epitaxial overgrowth of folded chain lamellae. Densely packed cylindrites are formed with the ribbon-like lamellae radiating from the central row nucleus. The irregular shish-kebab structure observed in stirred or sonicated solutions seems to be formed by subsequent exial deformation of cylindrites in the flow field. It displaces the lamellae irregularly and thus produces a great many microfibrillar elements parallel to the original row nuclei. The almost completely extended chains in the shish yield a high elastic modulus and tensile strength for exial loading. The shish-kebab morphology in fibers as spun does not affect to a great extent the mechanical properties obtainable by subsequent drawing. The lamellae are transformed into microfibrils in very much the same manner as in spherulitic samples. But the highly regular orientation of lamellae seems to result in a more uniform drawing and hence a stronger fiber. In an extremely high temperature and pressure gradient, the melt extrusion produces hard elastomers where the lamellae of the cylindrites seem to be locally stapled. Upon application of tensile load in the extrusion direction, the intervening sections bend like beams, thus forming thin holes extending in the direction perpendicular to the load. The holes enormously enhance the permeability for gases and liquids. The elastic bending of lamellae yields the high recoverable strain and low tensile modulus.
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    Structure studies of chemically etched poly(ethylene terephthalate) film (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 222-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A macrostructure consisting of 1500 Å long network, elements has been studied in unoriented and oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. The long dimension of the structure is oriented transverse to the stretch direction. A length to width ratio of approximately 10:1 is observed. The structure is observed by scanning electron microscopy after room temperature etching with n-propylamine under special conditions. Also studied are weight loss measurements for up to 80 hrs of etching and molecular weight degradation by gel permeation chromatography. The induction time before weight loss commences depends on sample elongation and thermal history. A coincidence of the following times are observed: (I) commencement of weight loss, (2) development of a well-defined macrostructure by SEM, and (3) completion of molecular weight degradation. Therefore, visual evidence of a macrostructure occurs when weight loss has commenced which requires degradation to products soluble in the etchant. The GPC curves vs rich time show that etched film oriented to a crystalline state possesses two molecular weight peaks. The peak for polymer in which no degradation occurred is replaced by a peak for polymer of nine to ten repeat units which is highly crystalline and, therefore, resistant to further attack.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160317
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    The injection molding of thermosets (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Current industry trends toward increasing automation, as well as increased flexibility in material selection have focused a strong spot light on thermoset injection molding. The growth of thermoset injection molding is reviewed comparatively with the technical history and growth of thermoplastic injection. The progress we see to date and the promise for the future in material characteristics and properties, mold design features, equipment features, changing concepts and new thoughts are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160403
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    Polyphenylquinoxalines - high performance thermoplastics (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 303-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis, processing characteristics, thermal propers, and adhesive and composite properties of polyphenvlqmnoxahnes are briefly reviewed. In addition, new high molecular weight soluble carbonate/phenylquinoxaline copolymers from the cyclopolycondensation of aromatic bis(o-diamines) with a bis(benzilyl) carbonate are reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160505
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    High performance fibers from aromatic polymersPresented in part fit the International Symposium on Man-Made Fillers, Kalinin, USSR, May 1548, 1974. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 298-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Examples are given to show how molecular structures may be synthesized to prepare polymers useful for the formation of fibers intended for specific end uses, particularly for high performance applications. Current trends and developments taken from the literature are reviewed and some new work from the laboratories of Monsanto Company is presented concerning the use of aromatic polymers for heat and flame resistant fibers. Some new polymers and new routes of synthesis are described. Correlations are made between flame resistance as measured by oxygen index (O.I.) values and the structure of a large number of aromatic polymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160504
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    New aromatic silicon-containing polyamides (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As part of an ongoing program to prepare and evaluate thermally-stable, processable materials, 18 aromatic, silicon containing polyamides (structures shown below) have been synthesized via interfacial polymerization of six silicon-containing diacid chlorides with 3,3′-diaminodiphenyl-nethane, 3,3′-diaminobenzophenone, and l-(3′-amino-benzy)-4-(3″aminobenzoyl)benzene. All polyamides were soluble in m-cresol and N,N-dimethylacetamide and had glass transition temperatures between 178 and 254°C, Thermogravimetric analyses conducted in static air on film specimens were-1 used to show 5 and 10 percent weight losses between 331-400°C and 354-440°C, respectively. 3,3′- and 4,4′-silane isomersR = R′ = Me; R = Me; R′ = Ph; R = R′ = Ph
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160506
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