ALBERT

Notes: The author has been involved in the manufacture of photogrammetric instruments for nearly 30 years. In particular, he was associated with the Thompson-Watts plotter and, at the present time, is concerned with the production of the CP1 and EMPD instruments which owe a great deal to his design and innovatory skills. This paper summarises his experiences and views of the production of photogrammetric equipment in England.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméPendant 30 ans l'auteur a participéà l'élaboration d'appareillages pour la photogrammétrie: en particulier les restituteurs Thompson–Watts; et maintenant les appareils CP1 et EMPD qui lui doivent beaucoup. Il condense ici l'expérience et les idées qu'il a dans ce domaine.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor ist seit fast 30 Jahren an der Herstellung photogrammetrischer Auswertegeräte beteiligt. Insbesondere verbunden war er mit dem Thompson–Watts Plotter und befasst sich gegenwärtig mit der Fertigung der Geräte CP1 und EMPD, an denen er durch seine schöpferischen Fähigkeiten grossen Anteil hat. In dem Artikel werden seine Erfahrungen und Ansichten bei der Produktion photogrammetrischer Geräte in England zusammengefasst.

Notes: An application of photogrammetry in the measurement of palatal surface area is described. The accuracy of the photogrammetric method in such applications is also discussed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméDétermination par photogrammétrie de l'aire du palais buccal; indications sur l'exactitude obtenue.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Anwendung der Photogrammetrie zur Vermessung der Gaumen-oberfläche wird beschrieben und die Genauigkeit photogrammetrischer Verfahren bei solchen Messungen werden diskutiert.

Notes: A camera calibration method for object distances of 1 m to 4 m is described.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une méthode d'étalonnage de chambres de prise de vues pour des distances de prises de vues de 1 à 4 mètres.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDiskussion eines Verfahrens zur Kammerkalibrierung für Aufnahmeentfernungen von 1 m bis 4 m.

Notes: Stereophotography with a pair of 35 mm cameras and stroboscopic illumination was used to record, reconstruct and measure the trajectories of falling hailstones under extremely adverse natural conditions. Since it was not possible either to fix or to measure precisely the camera positions and orientations, a method was devised to obtain both the three dimensional hailstone co-ordinates and the camera positions and orientations by making use of the otherwise redundant information contained in the stereo-photography.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn a utilisé deux cameras de 35 mm et un éclairage stroboscopique pour enregistrer en vue de leurs restitutions les trajectoires de grêlons; ceci n'a pu être réalisé que dans des conditions difficiles. Comme il n'était pas possible de stabiliser les cameras et de déterminer les coordonnées des points de station, on a mis au point une méthode spéciale.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Stereophotographie mit einem Paar von 35 mm Kameras und stroboskopischer Beleuchtung wurde angewendet, um die Kurven fallender Hagelkörner unter extrem von den natürlichen abweichenden Bedingungen zu registrieren, rekonstruieren und zu vermessen. Da es nicht möglich war, die Kammerstandpunkte und -orientierungen zu fixieren oder exakt zu vermessen, wurde ein Verfahren abgeleitet, um sowohl die dreidimensionalen Koordinaten der Hagelkörner als auch die Kammerparameter durch Verwendung der durch die Stereophotos gelieferten redundanten Informationen zu erhalten.

Notes: The Ordnance Survey's approach to the revision of the 1: 2500 scale series is discussed, with particular emphasis on the variety of photogrammetric methods which are used. The special problems of re-casting existing maps onto the National Grid projection, without losing the value of the existing detail, are outlined whilst emphasising the need to complete the revision with maximum speed to an adequate accuracy for a minimum cost.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On expose les méthodes de l′ Ordnance Survey en matière de révision des levés au 1: 2500; on examine le problème de l'adaptation des levés existants au système cartographique national, sans qu'il y ait perte de richesse.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Versuch des Ordnance Survey zur Laufendhaltung der Karte 1: 2500 beschrieben, wobei die verschiedenen photogrammetrischen Verfahren, die angewendet wurden, besonders betont werden. Die speziellen Probleme der Einpassung bestehender Karten in das Nationale Gitternetz ohne den Verlust der vorhandenen Details werden skizziert, wobei hervorgehoben wird, dass die Revision mit maximaler Geschwindigkeit ohne Genauigkeitsverlust bei minimalen Kosten durchgeführt werden muss.

Notes: The development of an automated photographic measuring system (APM) is described. A very accurate laser beam scanning microdensitometer is used to digitise the photographic plate and a series of on line computers analyses the data during scanning. The system is available as a national facility for United Kingdom astronomers and guest investigators.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit un systéme automatisé de saisie de données sur cliché. Un microdensitométre à laser numérise la plaque photographique et les données sont analysées en temps réel par ordinateur. Le systeme est destiné aux astronomes du Royaume Uni et aux chercheurs y séjournant.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines automatisierten photographischen Messsystems (APM). Ein hochgenaues Laser-Mikrodensitometer wird dabei zur Digitalisierung der Bilder benutzt, undeine Serie von On-line-Rechnern analysiert die Daten während der Abtastung. Das System steht für Astronomen im Vereinigten Königreich und anderen Forschern zur Verfügung.

Notes: Two complementary measuring instruments are described which use a very simple principle and which take three dimensional measurements or plots directly from small objects. The first instrument can achieve accuracies of ± 0·3 mm on objects whose largest dimension is 300 mm. The second can achieve ± 0·02 mm on objects smaller than a 25 mm cube.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn présente deux instruments de mesure complémentaires el de principe très simple permettant de relever dans l'espace des coordonnées sur de petits objets, le premier avec une exactitude de ± 0.3 mm sur des objets de dimension inférieure à 300 mm, le second avec une exactitude de ± 0.02 mm sur des objets de dimension inférieure à 25 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung von zwei Zusatzmessgeräten, die auf einem sehr einfachen Prinzip beruhen und mit denen dreidimensionale Messungen oder Auswertungen von kleinen Objekten direkt durchgeführt werden konnen. Mil dem ersten Gerät kann eine Genauigkeit von ± 0,3 mm bei maximalen Objekt abmessungen von 300 mm und mit dem zweiten von ± 0,02 mm bein Objekten, die kleiner als ein 25 mm-Kubus sind, erreicht werden.

Notes: This paper outlines the technical procedures used in commercial orthophotomap production and attempts to identify some of the main differences in technical approach between orthophotomapping and conventional line mapping.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit les techniques industrielles de production d'orthophotocartes et on compare leur emploi avec celui des techniques classiques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungSkizzierung der Technologien, die bei der kommerziellen Herstellung von Orthofotokarten angewendet werden, wobei versucht wird, die hauptsächlichen Unterschiede der Techniken zur Herstellung von Orthofotokarten und konventionellen Strichkarten aufzudecken.

Notes: This paper investigates the effect of the deviation of measured points from the standard locations when carrying out a relative orientation of a stereomodel. The analytical solution of more than 100 cases was considered and, for each case, the weights for the elements of relative orientation and the correlation coefficients were evaluated. The stability of the solution was studied by calculating the characteristic roots of the matrix of normal equations.It is shown that, theoretically, the solution of the relative orientation problem can always be achieved whenever the locations of the measured points satisfy stated geometrical requirements. However, the reliability of the solution depends on their exact positions in the stereomodel. When the accuracy is too low, in practice there is no solution.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn étudié l'effet sur l'orientation relative d'un couple de variations de position des points de base. Plus de 100 cas ont été considérés et à chaque fois ont été estimées les précisions des paramètres calculés ainsi que leur correlation. On a de plus, étudié la stabilité de la solution par l'intermédiaire des valeurs propres de la matrice normale.Il n'est pas indispensable, en principe, d'imposer de contraintes précises au choix des points de base; mais de ce choix dépend la fiabilité de la solution, faible s‘il est par trop fantaisiste.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn der Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Abweichung der gemessenen Punkte von ihrer Standardlage bei relativer Orientierung eines Stereomodells untersucht. Dazu werden mehr als 100 analytische Lösungen analysiert und für jeden Fall die Gewichte der Elemente der relativen Orientierung und die Korrelationskoeffizienten berechnet. Die Stabilität der Lösung wurde durch Berechnung der charakteristischen Wurzeln der Matrix der Normalgleichungen abgeschätzt.Es wird gezeigt, dass theoretisch immer die Lösung des Problems der relativen Orientierung erreicht werden kann, sobald die Lage der Messpunkte die geometrischen Anforderungen erfüllt. Die Zuverlässigkeit der Lösung hängt jedoch von der exakten Lage der Punkte ab. Wenn ihre Genauigkeit zu gering ist, gibt es praktisch keine Lösung.

Notes: Microrelief mapping of the sea bed can only be carried out by photo-optical methods. It is shown that suitable equipment, bought off the shelf, can produce useful results. The paper describes equipment performance trials and a practical application in a study of large scale sea bed topography.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLa cartographie du microrelief de fonds sous-marins ne peut être faite qu'à partir de photos. On montre, qu'avec un appareillage convenable on peut obtenir des résultats intéressants. On décrit les tests, ainsi qu'un travail pratique d'application à un levéà grande échelle de fonds sous-marin.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie kartographische Darstellung des Mikroreliefs des Meeresbodens kann nur auf photo-optischem Wege durchgeführt werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass mit einer geeigneten Ausrüstung günstige Ergebnisse erzielt werden können. Im Artikel werden Versuche zur Testung der Ausrüstung und eine praktische Anwendung zum Studium einer grossmassstäbigen Meerestopographie beschrieben.

Notes: An automatic plotting instrument development is described where the coordinate corrections are introduced in the optical system and not at the photograph. It is suggested that the opto-mechanical devices used for correction and the proposed use of microprocessors for control of these devices offer the possibility of producing a low cost automatic plotter and stereocomparator.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn decrit une solution au probléme de la correction des coordonnées cliché pour le restituteur analytique et le stéréocomparateur: ces corrections sont introduites dans la partie optique du système et commandées par l'intermédiaire de microprocesseurs. Ceci devrait permettre d'abaisser le coût de ce type d'appareil.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines automatischen Auswertegerätes, bei dem die Koordinatenkorrekturen nicht den Bildträgern, sondern dem optischen System zugeführt werden. Es wird angenommen, dass die zur Korrektur verwendeten optisch-mechanischen Vorrichtungen und die vorgeschlagene Verwendung von Mikroprozessoren zu deren Steuerung die Möglichkeit zum Bau eines billigen automatischen Auswertegerätes und Stereokomparators bieten.

Notes: The paper deals with the analytical plotter and its impact on numerical photogrammetry. A short introductory section is followed by examples of the use of a Zeiss (Oberkochen) Planicomp C100 in analytical aerial triangulation, close range photogrammetry and the generation of digital height models. The examples demonstrate the suitability of the analytical plotter for numerical photogrammetry. Computer assistance and computer control allow for advanced data acquisition of high accuracy and speed. In addition, the minicomputer controlling the analytical plotter can be used for subsequent data processing. As a result, projects involving numerical photogrammetry can be carried out entirely in-house, without the need of an external computer.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe restituteur analytique et la photogrammétrie numérique. On cite des applications du Planicomp C100: aérotriangulation analytique, photogrammétrie à courte distance, constitution de modéles numériques de terrain. Efficacité, rendement, haute exactitude, tels sont les avantages du restituteur analytique. On peut d'autre part bénéficier de l'ordinateur pour toutes sortes de traitements ultérieurs.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Analytischen Plotter (AP) und seiner Auswirkung auf die Numerische Photogrammetrie. Nach einem kurzen Einführungsteil wird über den Einsatz eines Zeiss (Oberkochen) Planicomp C100 in der Analytischen Aerotriangulation, in der Nahbereichsphotogrammetrie und beim A ufbau Digitaler Höhenmodelle berichtet. Die Beispiele veranschaulichen die Eignung des AP für die numerische Photogrammetrie. Einerseits erlauben Rechnerstützung und Rechnersteuerung eine allgemeine, genaue und schnelle Datengewinnung. Darüberhinaus aber ermöglicht der, für die Steuerung des AP verfügbare Minicomputer die rechnerische Weiterverarbeitung der Messdaten. Auf diese Weise können numerisch-photogrammetrische Projekte ohne Einsatz eines externen Computers vollständig bearbeitet werden.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:SPHERE, SPHEROID AND PROJECTIONS FOR SURVEYORS. By J. E. Jackson.REMOTE SENSING IN ARCHAEOLOGY, CULTURAL RESOURCES TREATMENT AND ANTHROPOLOGY: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN 1979. By J. I. Ebert and T. R. Lyons.A HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AIR PHOTOGRAPHY IN GREAT BRITAIN. By R. R. Downey.PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING SURVEY CONFERENCE, LONDON, 1980. Edited by M. A. R. Cooper.ANALYSIS AND ADJUSTMENT OF SURVEY MEASUREMENTS. By E. M. Mikhail and G. Gracie.A HISTORY OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY. Edited by W. A. Seymour.IN FOCUS: a rated guide to the best in photographic equipment. By J. Holtz.MAPS AND SURVEYS OF MALAWI. By C. G. C. Martin and other contributors.

Notes: When a member is thought to be domiciled or employed abroad, the name of the country has been added. Errors and omissions should be notified to the Honorary Secretary.

Notes: A brief review of work on airborne metric camera movement has been made. The tolerances for permissible image movement set by various investigators are discussed.The biggest single fault with most metric camera mountings in current use is that the centre of gravity of the camera is well above the line of action of the resilient elastic restoring forces. This results in coupling between the linear vibration of the airframe and the angular motion of the camera. There is a need for a simple device which can be attached to a survey camera in order to record angular motion during actual survey missions.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméAprès une brève revue des travaux concernant les mouvements d'une chambre de prise de vue en vol, on discute les tolérances couramment admises pour ces mouvements.Le défaut de montage le plus fréquemment rencontré, est que le centre de gravité de la chambre est au-dessus de la ligne d'équilibre des forces agissantes.D'où un couplage entre la vibration longitudinale du porte-chambre et le mouvement angulaire de la chambre. Il faudrait créer un dispositif simple permettant d'enregistrer ce mouvement pendant les vols.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird ein kurzer Überblick über die Arbeiten zur Bewegung von Luftbildmesskammern gegeben. Die von verschiedenen Autoren für die zulässige Bildwanderung angegebenen Toleranzen werden diskutiert. Der schwerwiegendste Fehler, der am meisten bei den gegenwärtig verwendeten Messkammern auftritt, ist der, dass der Kammerschwerpunkt über der Wirkungslinie der schwingungsdämpfenden Kräfte liegt. Daraus resultiert eine Paarung der linearen Vibration mit der Winkelbewegung der Kammer. Es besteht Bedarf für eine einfache Vorrichtung, die an einer Messkammer befestigt werden kann, um die Winkelbewegungen während des Bildflugs aufzuzeichnen.

Notes: . Micronuclear mitosis in living Spirostomum teres has been studied by sensitive polarization microscopy, and the dynamic aspects of micronuclear division are described. The small, spherical, interphase micronuclei lie in form-fitting depressions in the macronuclear surface. Nuclear division begins with the rounding and slight swelling of the macronucleus and, coincidentally, the micronuclei move out of the depressions and away from the macronucleus, increase in size, and become weakly birefringent. As mitosis proceeds, the micronuclei increase in uniaxial birefringence and elongate to form irregular ovoids that convert to angular structures displaying principal axes of positive birefringence so divergent as to appear oriented at a right angle to one another. Micronuclei maintain this appearance for as long as 60 min and then abruptly change to rectangular-shaped structures, increase in uniaxial birefringence, and begin anaphase elongation. The somewhat dumbbell-shaped micronuclei lengthen at the constant rate of 2.0 μm/min to reach lengths 〉70 μm. It appears that little half-spindle shortening occurs during spindle elongation. Accompanying the changes in micronuclear spindle length are changes in birefringence. Just before elongation begins, presumably metaphase, the micronucleus is uniformly and intensely birefringent. At the magnifications employed, a chromosome plate is not clearly visible as a region of reduced birefringence. As elongation begins, the putative half-spindles are more birefringent than is the interzone, a condition that is maintained until the spindles have achieved ∼30% elongation, at which time a region of increased birefringence develops at the center of the interzone. This pattern persists for a very short time, then gives way to a uniform birefringence of the entire separation spindle that is maintained until elongation is completed. The rate of micronuclear spindle elongation, changes in micronuclear dimensions, and corresponding changes in birefringence are discussed with respect to possible mechanisms of mitosis.

Notes: . Studies performed with the basidiomycete Laccaria trullisata collected from the sandy beach at the Hempstead Lake State Park, Long Island, New York, during the growing seasons of 1979 and 1980, have demonstrated a carposphere (equivalent to rhizosphere) effect. This region exerts a positive influence on the population density of amoebae when numbers are compared with those obtained in the bare sand 5 cm away. Moreover, amoebae have been shown to exist in, and have been recovered from, internal tissue of the cap (72%) and stalk (91%) of these mushrooms. A partial characterization of three strains of amoebae isolated from the internal tissue of L. trullisata and established in clonal culture is presented.

Notes: L'étude, par le protargol, des phénomènes infraciliaires et de leur corrélation avec les phénomènes nucléaires au cours de l'autogamie dans le genre Euplotes montre, par comparaison avec la conjugaison, que les diverses étapes de la morphogenèse sont liées à la progression de l'état nucléaire. Par ailleurs, l'étude comparative des différents types de morphogenèse (bipartition, phénomena sexuel, réorganisation induite par le jeǔne) permet de supposer qu'il existe deux territoires morphogènes soumis à des systèmes de régulation bien distincts. La comparaison des séquences de morphogenèse chez divers hypotriches conduit à dresser un plan général d'évolution de la régulation de l'activité corticale en relation avec l'étendue des remaniements associés à la stomatogenèse.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTThe changes in the arrangement of the infraciliature associated with autogamy in Euplotes are described and compared with similar events associated with conjugation. The successive steps of morphogenesis are strongly correlated with nuclear processes. The comparative study of different types of morphogenesis (binary fission, sexual phenomena, starvation-induced reorganization) leads to the hypothesis that two morphogenetic fields (a ventral one and a dorsal one) depend on separate regulatory systems. From the viewpoint of evolution, the morphogenetic sequences of some hypotrichs have been compared. A general scheme of the evolution of cortical regulation is proposed, taking into account the extension of the area concerned with stomatogenic activity.

Notes: Mouse omentum was studied after intraperitoneal challenge with tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasites inhabit omental histiocytes, fibroblasts, mesothelial cells, and free peritoneal macrophages. Recently infected cells showed enhanced metabolic and functional activity. Villous projections of the parasitophorous vacuole wall appeared, usually opposite the anterior pole of the parasite. In mesothelial cells, projections formed terminal swellings not observed in other infected cells. Activation of host cells was followed by reduction of the density of the cytoplasmic matrix, autophagosome formation, and intracellular edema, indicating the damage. The wall of the parasitophorous vacuole loses the supporting host cell endoplasmic reticulum that was attached to the vacuole just after entrance of the parasite into the cell. Then lysis of the parasitophorous vacuole and complete cell destruction occurs. The growth of parasites in undamaged cells does not coincide with the inflammatory response. Inflammation of the peritoneum develops only after the start of mass destruction of infected cells. Thus tachyzoites of Toxoplasma exert significant pathogenic effects by their ability to activate the host cell, causing lysis of the parasitophorous vacuole and subsequent destruction of the entire cell.

Notes: Discophrya collini is a free-living suctorian with retractile tentacles covered by a thick fibrous cortex. The tentacles contain a microtubular central canal surrounded at the base by a fibrous collar. Electrical stimulation induces a reproducible tentacle retraction. With extracellular electrodes, the tentacles nearest the anode respond initially, contracting by up to 75% of their original length. There is an inverse relationship between voltage level and duration of stimulus in producing a threshold response, and at a set voltage, between duration and degree of retraction. With intracellular electrodes, the membrane potential has been measured as -30 mV, and tentacle retraction occurs in response to as little as 1.25 nA when the intracellular electrode is made the cathode of the circuit. SEM studies show that retracted tentacles have a wrinkled cortex, while TEM shows that the microtubular canal bends as it enters the cytoplasm. No consistent changes occur in the microtubule configuration of the canal on retraction, suggesting that the microtubules are not directly involved in the contractile mechanism.

Notes: A rapid in vitro prescreen for Fe-binding chelators has been developed with growth of Crithidia fasciculata and the sparing of its heme requirement in a defined medium as a test system. The prescreen functions as an index of chelator-mediated Fe transport and as an index of growth inhibition, presumably by the interference with Fe and/or heme metabolism at intracellular chelatable sites. Of 161 chelators examined, 84 were active heme-sparers; 32 of these inhibited growth at low chelator concentrations. Twenty-eight other chelators inhibited growth and another 49 were inactive. Such chelating activity directed at Fe and heme targets in hemoflagellates may provide leads for chemotherapy.

Notes: Study of microorganism growth kinetics requires measurement of maximal specific growth rate. Standard methods of measurement-batch, semicontinuous and continuous steady state-have sources of imprecision that can be substantially reduced by a modification of the continuous steady-state method. Data are presented, using the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, that indicate that the theoretical foundation of the new method is firm and that precision can be increased.

Notes: Viable merozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi were isolated and the proteins that were labeled on intact merozoites by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination were identified. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of Triton soluble extracts of labeled merozoites demonstrated eight major bands ranging in apparent molecular weight from 150,000 D to 22,000 D. Exposure of intact merozoites to trypsin (10 μg/ml) for 10 min resulted in the loss of the two highest molecular weight proteins (150,000 D and 105,000 D) and the appearance of two new bands at 70,000 D and 62,000 D. Trypsin treatment under these conditions also removed the receptor(s) for merozoite attachment to erythrocytes. Therefore, these high molecular weight proteins are candidates for the merozoite component that attaches to erythrocytes. There was no evidence that the labeled membrane components were serum or erythrocyte membrane components, two potential contaminants in the preparation. Anti-rhesus erythrocyte antibody did not precipitate labeled merozoite proteins. Furthermore, the immunoprecipitation of labeled merozoite proteins by rhesus anti-merozoite serum was not inhibited by erythrocyte ghosts.

Notes: Species of trypanosomatids without endosymbionts (Leptomonas seymouri, L. collosoma, L. samueli, Crithidia fasciculata, C. luciliae, C. acanthocephali, Herpetomonas megaseliae, H. mariadeanei, H. samuelpessoai, H. muscarum muscarum, Trypanosoma cruzi) and species of trypanosomatids with endosymbionts (Crithidia deanei, C. oncopelti, Blastocrithidia culicis) were comparatively studied by means of electron microscopy. Artificially aposymbiotic strains derived from species with symbiont were also included in the survey. Species with symbiont were found to differ in some ultrastructural aspects from the group of species without symbiont. Paraxial rods of flagella or intraflagellar structure were found exclusively in species without symbiont. Peripheral branching of mitochondria, accompanied by absence of subpellicular microtubules in sites where the mitochondrial branches are appressed to the cell membrane, were found exclusively in species with symbiont. Networks of kinetoplast DNA fibrils were found to be larger and looser in species with symbiont. Symbiont-free strains of species with symbiont retained the same morphological characteristics of their parental species.

Notes: During a freeze-fracture electron microscopical study of the plasma membrane of Tetrahymena, several different types of organized particle assemblies were observed. Three of these were found only on the protoplasmic face and were localized in the anterior-ventral region of the cell. These consisted of plate-like arrays composed of 4–25 triplet rows of small 3–4 nm particles; long, paired linear arrays localized at the tops of cortical ridges and composed of 7–8 nm particles; and elongated tetragonal arrays located in the grooves between ridges and composed of approximately 10 nm particles. The distribution of these arrays is consistent with roles in cellular morphogenesis, chemoreception, or cell-cell pairing during conjugation. In addition, a unique particle track associated with the cytoproct (anal pore) was observed in the external face of the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the protoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is characterized by a high density of particles organized into localized microarrays, consisting of small paracrystals or strings, which exhibit a loose higher-order patterning most evident toward the anterior end of the cell. Particle distributions on the protoplasmic face do not appear to be significantly altered by conditions that cause clumping of alveolar membrane particles. Taken together, these observations are consistent with the idea that the proteins of the plasma membrane are highly ordered and relatively immobile and that the structure of the plasma membrane is regionally differentiated.

Notes: . A new species of Dactylosoma (Dactylosomatidae, Piroplasmia), for which the name Dactylosoma hannesi n. sp. is proposed, was discovered in blood erythrocytes of Mugil cephalus, Liza richardsoni, and L. dumerili (Mugilidae) from Swartkops estuary, located east of Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The life cycle of this species differs in some respects from that described for all other known species of Dactylosoma and Babesiosoma. Mature schizonts contain eight nuclei but undergo division only to two to four daughter cells. During cytoplasmic cleavage, schizonts assume triad, rosette, or cruciform shapes. Merozoites are finally produced through a series of binary fissions of these daughter cells which may also be involved in additional nuclear divisions.

Notes: Electron microscopy was used to examine the flagellar apparatus of Herpetomonas ampelophilae from the gut and malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster. The flagellates attach to the microvilli either by weaving their flagella between the microvilli or by engulfing several microvilli with an external flagellar membrane. The first type predominated in the gut while the second type was limited to the malpighian tubules. Desmosomes were not involved in either type of attachment. A subpellicular collar with emerging microtubules was found to be adjacent to the desmosome of the flagellar pocket of herpetomonads in the gut.

Notes: Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg, a free-living marine dinoflagellate, was used to test the intracellular toxic action of cadmium. The cells were cultivated in Erdschreiber medium, with Cd concentrations of 10–100 ppb. Thin sections of treated cells, examined ultramicroscopically, exhibited vacuolations, increased numbers of lysosomes, and severe mitochondrial damage. The first two alterations are a general response to toxicity; the third is Cd specific. Although some chloroplasts were affected by Cd, they were not very sensitive to its action. The nuclear apparatus was not morphologically affected.

Notes: Toxoplasma-like avian parasites inhabiting mononuclear phagocytes have been called Haemogregarina, Toxoplasma. avian Toxoplasma, Atoxoplasma, and Lankesterella by various authors. My attempts to transmit the parasites by bloodsucking mites or by transfer of blood and tissues of infected sparrows and canaries were unsuccessful. However, it was noted that the infection was exacerbated under conditions that favored transmission of coccidiosis: crowding and lack of cleanliness. Oral inoculation of sporulated oocysts of Isospora resulted in death from overwhelming macrophage infection with Toxoplasma-like organisms. Experiments using sparrows and canaries showed that the Isospora species involved was not cross infectious. Further investigations using canaries demonstrated that after oral oocyst inoculation, infection of macrophages spread from the submucosa of the duodenum to the liver. spleen, and lungs. After several generations in the internal organs, asexual multiplication, occured in the intestinal epithelium of the small intestinc. Fecal oocysts first appeared at the end of 9–10 days. Oocysts continued to be passed in the feces for months after infection. This chronicity may be explained by the relatively long life of the macrophages that serve as host cells for the asexual stages as compared to the intestinal epithelium which is the cell type parasitized by conventional coccidia.

Notes: Stages of mitosis of the micronuclei of Stentor coeruleus were described as seen by transmission electron microscopy. Cells in division and those regenerating new oral membranelles were studied. Microtubules were found in early prophase in the karyoplasm and interspersed between the condensing chromatin. A monaxial intranuclear spindle is formed by early metaphase, with kinetochore microtubule attachment sites on the chromosomes. The spindle elongates, separating the daughter nuclei at anaphase. A new nuclear envelope, consisting of two unit membranes, begins to form at late anaphase. Small segments of membrane found in the space between the newly forming and the old micronuclear envelopes appear to fuse to form the new nuclear envelope. No ultrastructural differences were found in the mitotic nuclei of cells in division or regeneration.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Endosymbiotic algae from Paramecium bursaria when added to the culture medium are ingested by Chlorella-bearing P. bursaria at a rate of 2,000 algae/organism/day. That the ingested algae are digested and assimilated by the ciliates is suggested by the more rapid growth of Paramecium when algae are added to the medium (G= 40 hr with algae compared to 190 hr without). The digestion by the ciliates of exogenous algae contrasts with the survival of these algae under normal growth conditions. It is suggested that the protection of the endogenous algae is related to their location in peripheral perialgal vacuoles.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Toxoplasma ranae sp. n. is described from the brain of a leopard frog, Rana pipiens, probably from Mexico. Its pseudocysts were 72(55-106) × 48(29-70) μm in fixed sections. They contained an average of ∼ 4,000 slightly curved elongate zoites measuring 4–5 × 0.5 μm, with a central, spherical, vesicular nucleus.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Pennycuick, C. J. 1974. Handy Matrices of Unit Conversion Factors for Biology and Mechanics.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Egestion of carmine particle-containing food vacuoles from the cytoproct of Tetrahymena pyriformis has been analyzed by high-speed cinemicrography. The vacuole may enter into position in the cytoproct ∼ 7 sec before ejection, and forms a distinct bulge beyond the outline of the cell surface for over 2 sec prior to ejection. The ejection process itself requires 20–80 msec.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Blood films were examined from 1477 birds of Taiwan (193 species, 49 families). Haemoproteus Kruse was by far the commonest parasite, with Leucocytozoon Danilewski a not very close second. It is probable that some of the Haemoproteus infections represented new species, and 1 occurring in the Bamboo Partridge (Bambusicola thoracica sonorivox Gould) seemed characteristic enough to justify recognition as such; the name Haemoproteus bambusicolae sp. n. is proposed for this organism. Malaria was found in 77 birds, the greatest number of infections occurring in the Bamboo Partridge. Most of them were caused by Plasmodium juxtanucleare Versiani & Gomes, a pathogen of chickens, but a number were due to an undetermined species of Plasmodium. The Bamboo Partridge may be a reservoir host of the former. A few other identified species (P. rouxi Sergent & Sergent, P. hexamerium Huff, P. tenue Laveran & Mesnil) were seen, as well as some unidentified ones. Plasmodium tenue was seen in Garrulax canorus taewanus Swinhoe, a babbler: until now it was known only from the Pekin Robin (Leiothrix luteus Scopoli), also a babbler, in which we have found it extremely common. Sixty-four microfilarial infections were identified; they were especially frequent in the Button Quail (Turnix suscitator rostrata Swinhoe).

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Short pulse-labeling of log phase Crithidia fasciculata cells with [3H]thymidine allowed the autoradiographic visualization of 2 sites of replication of kinetoplast DNA situated at the periphery of the networks and separated by 180°. Longer pulse-labeling led to the previously reported total peripheral labeling pattern. Pulse-labeled networks possess an intermediate density in ethidium bromide-CsCl equilibrium gradients between the densities characteristic of closed networks and open or linear DNA. Removal of ethidium bromide by several methods and treatment of intermediate band networks with RNase and pronase had no effect on the equilibrium rebanding pattern. Closed minicircles of Leishmania tarentolae are not labeled by a short pulse of intact cells with [3H]thymidine. A chase of ∼ 3–4 hr is required for the appearance of radioactivity in closed minicircles, a time delay which implies the existence of intermediate events between replication and eventual covalent closure of the minicircles.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. DNA synthesis during growth and differentiation in Naegleria gruberi strain NEG populations has been studied. Autoradiography of cells labeled with [3H]thymidine revealed that grains are concentrated over the nuclei in logarithmically growing populations of cells, whereas in differentiating cells, grains are scattered over the cytoplasm; i.e. no significant nuclear labeling is detectable. It was established by MAK chromatographic analysis that [3H]thymidine is incorporated into double-stranded DNA in Naegleria and that the actual amount of incorporation in the logarithmically growing populations of cells is 20 times greater than that in differentiating cells. These results suggest that nuclear DNA synthesis is reduced markedly soon after the initiation of differentiation, while cytoplasmic DNA synthesis continues. It was established from cell cycle analysis that the approximate intervals of G1, S, G2, and M phases were 180, 183, 90, and 28 min, respectively. Hence, the reduction in the nuclear DNA synthesis in differentiating cells is not due to the inhibition of initiation of DNA replication, but rather to the termination of the DNA replicating process. Thus DNA synthesis is curtailed in the presence of RNA and protein synthesis which are required for differentiation.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The activity and sedimentation of acid phosphatase (APase), acid deoxyribonuclease (DNase), and acid ribonuclease (RNase) were investigated throughout growth and encystment in Acanthamoeba castellanii. The activities/mg protein of all 3 hydrolases are high in young cultures and decrease to constant levels in postlog cells. The RNase activity/ ameba decreases 50% during growth, whereas the activity/cell of both APase and DNase remains constant. The percent sedimentation at 20,000 g of all 3 enzymes gradually increases from about 40% in midlog to a plateau of 80% in postlog cells. During encystment, the sedimentation behavior of RNase differs from that of APase and DNase. Encystment is characterized by a differential decrease in the activity/cell of the 3 hydrolases, with RNase decreasing most rapidly and APase least rapidly. APase is unique in that a transient increase of its specific activity is noted during encystment, even though its activity/cell is decreasing.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In cultures of Platymonas subcordiformis Hazen, grown in appropriate light-dark cycles, as many as 75% of the cells adhered to the surface of the glass culture vessel toward the end of the light period of each day. Cell division occurred primarily while the cells were attached. Subsequently, motile daughter cells were released into the growth medium by the rupture of the mother cell theca. The settling behavior appears to be an integral part of the life cycle being synchronized to the same extent as cell division.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The coccidian parasite Eimeria gadi was found in the haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, taken from the Nova Scotian fishing banks. The haddock infection rates ranged from a high of 58% on Emerald Bank to a low of 4% on Georges Bank, the average being 32%. There was no relationship between sex and degree or prevalence of infection. Although the probability of an occurrence of infection increased with size, small fish with heavy infections were observed. The degree of infection had no apparent effect on the condition factor (length/weight) of the fish. The infection rate reached a maximum in the fall of the year while the heaviest infections were observed in the spring. It is evident from the data that the infection is fatal.The parasite mass, appearing as a creamy viscous to a yellow semisolid material in the swimbladder, consisted of various parasite stages, fibrous and cellular debris, and lipid material. Some aspects of the sporocyst stage are described.No other gadoids from the Nova Scotian banks were found to be infected; however, a single specimen of the fourbeard rockling, Enchelyopus cimbrius, from St. John's, Newfoundland, was found to be heavily infected with E. gadi.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Synthesis of RNA in the macronucleus and appearance of RNA in the cytoplasm were studied in heat synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis GL and compared to those found under conditions of logarithmic growth (28 C) and during heat shocks (34 C).In macronuclei of logarithmically growing cells precursors were processed to 2 rRNA species (25S and 17S). In addition, another RNA (15S), more homogeneous than the RNA (8-15S) in the cytoplasm, was observed in the macronucleus. Both 17S and 25S rRNA species were found in the cytoplasm, 17S rRNA appearing more rapidly than 25S rRNA. Synthesis of rRNA was suppressed at 34 C in cells subjected to heat synchronization; 8-15S RNA synthesis appeared to be inhibited to a lesser extent.During the time preceding the first synchronized division, the synthesis of rRNAs in the macronucleus slowly recovered. Early in the cycle, almost no newly synthesized rRNAs were extracted. By 30 min after the last heat shock (EH), most of the RNA synthesized was not identified as rRNA. By 60 min after EH, the pattern of RNA synthesis had not returned to that observed in logarithmically growing cells.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cell-free preparations of Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites transfer glucose from UDP-[U-14C]glucose to a chloroform-soluble form. This radioactive material has been isolated by thin-layer chromatography; it contains an alkali-labile and an alkali-stable (unsaponifiable) component. Treatment of the enzymic product with 0.1 N KOH for 15 min at 0 C or 20 C releases radioactivity into the aqueous phase as glucose. During this treatment, 30–60% of the original glycolipid remains chloroform-soluble. It is considered to be an alkali-stable glycolipid because no further loss of radioactivity occurs during an additional 45-min of treatment with 0.1 N KOH. During incubation with 0.1 N HCI at 100 C glucose is released quantitatively from both the untreated glycolipid and the alkali-stable glycolipid with a half-time of 6 min. Glycolipid formation is inhibited by UDP and is reversible; extracts catalyze the formation of UDP-glucose from the alkali-stable glucolipid and UDP.The chemical and physical properties of the alkali-stable glycolipid are consistent with a glucosyl phosphoryl polyprenol structure. Extracts prepared from cysts catalyze the formation of glycolipids aiso, but the glucosyltransferase activity/cell decreases during the course of encystment. Radioactivity is incorporated into the fraction insoluble in chloroform-methanol-water (1:1:1:) during these incubations when UDP-[U-14C]glucose or [14C]glycolipid is the substrate.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In populations of Euglena gracilis strain Z synchronized by cultivation on a repetitive light-dark cycle, chloroplasts undergo cyclic changes in structure. During most of the light period chloroplasts are relatively compact with closely appressed lamellae; during the dark (division) period the chloroplasts become quite distended. This change persists for at least one cycle even when the cells are left in continuous light, suggesting that the periodicity may be related more to the age of the cell than to a direct effect of light. In addition, the pyrenoid in synchronized cells has a transient existence, being present only in the first half of the light period.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Although large hemoglobin inclusions are observed in intraerythrocytic Babesia microti parasites, they are absent from parasites freed of hamster red cells by immune lysis with antihamster erythsocyte serum. Babesia microti has no cytostome. This parasite, therefore, does not appear to feed by phagocytosis of large boluses of hemoglobin, as does Plasmodium. To determine whether Babesia can pinocytose protein, free parasites were fed ferritin in an in vitro system. Ferritin was taken up from the entire cell surface into narrow channels within 15 min at 37 C. Only merozoites, with their pellicular complex, failed to take up the protein. By 60 min, the ferritin was highly concentrated in many channels and vesicles, which formed interconnecting stacks. The ferritin-containing channels became associated with membrane whorls of the multimembranous structure. Membrane whorls were also observed in the process of extrusion in samples incubated for longer times. These events may represent steps in the digestion and excretion of the pinocytosed protein. Empty channels formed when Babesia was fed albumin. The diaminobenzidine reaction for hemoprotein was positive for the channels in both free and intraerythrocytic babesias. The staining reaction was completely inhibited by cyanide, but not at all by aminotriazole. These results further suggest that Babesia pinocytoses hemoglobin in vivo. Plasmodium lophurae parasites freed of red cells by immune lysis are surrounded by 2 membranes and apparently can ingest ferritin only through the cytostome. Extracellular cytostomal feeding involves both membranes, as it does in vivo. Ferritin was found in food vacuoles, some of which contained hemoglobin ingested before parasite isolation, connected to or near the cytostome. In both Plasmodium and Babesia low temperature inhibited ferritin uptake.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. During the course of infection in the rat, Trypanosoma lewisi produces 2 antigenic variants: the 1st represents the initial, reproducing population of cells; and the 2nd the nonreproducing, ablastin-inhibited adult population. The specificities of the agglutinins elicited by the variants were studied by adsorption and agglutination methods and the newer immunoelectroadsorption technic. It was found that the reproducing variant has a surface antigen that reacts with the agglutinin specific for the adult variant, but this antigen does not become immunogenic until transformation to the adult variant occurs. It was also found, with fractions of immune sera obtained by gel filtration, that the agglutinin specific for the reproducing variant is IgG and that specific for the adult variant, IgM. The antigenic variants of pathogenic and nonpathogenic trypanosomes are compared, and the roles of trypanocidal and ablastic antibodies in the induction of antigenic variation are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Living Trypanosoma musculi bloodstream trypomastigotes were agglutinated specifically with concanavalin A (ConA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and fucose-binding protein (FBP). The agglutination with these lectins of living cells from which the coat was removed by trypsinization was the same as with intact trypanosomes. Glutaraldehyde or formalin fixation did not affect the results with regard to agglutination with WGA, SBA, and FBP, but lower agglutination with ConA was observed upon fixation. By using a dense iron-dextran marker many fewer ConA marker particles were localized at the fine structural level in the intact than in trypsin-treated trypanosomes. On the basis of the results obtained by agglutination and electron microscopy, it is likely that fixation cross-links intact surface-coat components associated with the ConA binding sites. It is evident from the studies in which lectins were employed that ligands containing α-D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and α-L-fucose are randomly distributed in the outer surface of the pellicular and flagellar membranes of T. musculi trypomastigotes. Results obtained with α-amylase- and dextranase-treated trypanosomes suggested that lectin-binding sugar ligands in the cell surface were not directly associated with α-1,4 or repetitive α-1,6 glucan-bonded polysaccharide moieties. Similar conclusions can be drawn on the basis of neuraminidase treatment with regard to N-acetylated neuraminic acids.After thorough washing, intact, but not trypsin-treated trypomastigotes were agglutinated specifically with antisera against whole mouse serum and against mouse IgG. Evidently, adsorbed constituents of mouse serum are regular components of the T. musculi surface coat. After incubation in dilute whole mouse serum or in mouse IgG solutions, also the trypsinized cells were agglutinated by the 2 antisera. No such results were obtained with trypsinized cells incubated in serum-free buffers. It was concluded that mouse serum proteins were readily readsorbed on, and firmly bound to the trypsinized cells' surfaces. Specific agglutinations were obtained with trypsinized cells after incubation in dilute rat, rabbit, bovine, and human sera and in solutions of rat and rabbit IgG in reactions with the corresponding antisera. It seems, therefore, that the host serum proteins are adsorbed nonspecifically to the cell surface of trypsinized T. musculi bloodstream forms.When examined by electron microscopy, the intact trypomastigotes were covered by an ununiform, slightly granular, fibrillar extracellular coat, applied to the entire outer lamina of the pellicular and flagellar membranes. No indication of such a coat was noted in the trypsinized organisms. Flocculent surface coat-like matrix could, however, be discerned in cells which, after trypsinization, were incubated in various sera.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Leptomonas pessoai from the reduviid hemipteron Zelus leucogrammus, was cloned. The original strain (ATCC 30252) and clones can differentiate from promastigote to opisthomastigote. Differentiation is faster at high temperature (37 C) and in a defined medium as compared with a complex medium. It is suggested that Leptomonas pessoai be designated Herpetomonas samuelpessoai.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Vol. 1, no. 1, Sept. 1975. Hemisphere Publishing Corp.Maloine, S. A., ed. 1974. Diagnostique Immunologique des Parasitoses a Protozoaires et Helminthes.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarina bigemina was found in all Blennius pholis which exceeded 5.0 cm in length, but in none measuring less than 3.5 cm. No exoerythrocytic development was recorded. The first B. pholis eggs hatched in May while the first patent infections of H. bigemina occurred from September onward in metamorphosed fish. Consequently, if the life cycle of H. bigemina includes a vector, that organism is active between May and September at least. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the hematophagous isopod, Gnathia maxillaris and not leeches, could be a vector of H. bigemina. Developmental stages of sporozoa were found in a small number of the isopods which had fed on infected B. pholis but the parasites could not be identified as H. bigemina with certainty. Subcellular organization, typical of sporozoa, was recorded by electron microscopy of H. bigemina.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Leptomonas pessoai promastigotes cultivated in a synthetic medium were agglutinated with concanavalin A (Con A). Agglutination was predominantly of the flagellar-flagellar type, and was inhibited with sucrose or α-methyl-D-mannoside.Cell surface polysaccharides and/or glycoproteins were demonstrated by several cytochemical methods at the fine-structural level. A Con A-horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (DAB) technic was used to detect Con A receptors in the pellicular membrane of the flagellar pocket region and in the flagellar membrane proper. Somewhat less of the Con A-DAB reaction product was observed in the pellicular membrane enclosing the rest of the cell.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Phylogenetic relations are ultimately determined by homologous relationships, including both structural and functional data. Following the establishment of those relationships, the direction of evolutionary change must be determined using paleontologic, developmental, and especially morphocline, data. From that perspective the direction of subsequent development becomes clearer and the problems of origins become more explicit.Using the foregoing methodology it has been possible to identify plausibly monophyletic groups of animal protists or protozoa. Allowing for attendant difficulties, there nevertheless emerges certain fairly convincing generalities: (a) the predominantly pseudopodial forms, with a few minor exceptions, have direct origins from apochlorotic algae; (b) the predominantly kinetidal forms (zooflagellates and ciliates), though also derived originally from apochlorotic algae, give evidence of extended evolutionary development with the especially noteworthy emergence of a permanent ingestatory structure; (c) both groups have increased size, a tendency towards multinuclearity and polyploidy, cytoplasmic differentiations of various sorts, and complex life cycles.In terms of further evolution, namely the emergence of multicellular animals, the pseudopodial forms are almost certainly a dead end while the kinetidal forms are arguably the ancestors of at least 2 metazoan phyla.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A clone of Cyclidium citrullus, adapted to growth at 18, 27, 37, 43, and 46 C had an optimum at 43 C, with 6.5 divisions/day. Transfer of cells previously grown at 43 or 46 C to 18 C resulted in death of most of the cells, transfer to 27 C increased the lag period, and transfer from 18 C to 37 or 46 C was followed faster division. All cells died at 48 C; some divided before death. At the temperatures employed maximum cell sizes (length and width) were achieved in the early log phase. At 43 C, however, the early log phase cells were smaller. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the free amino acids in the cells were found in ciliates grown at 18, 43, and 46 C; the highest amount/cell was found at 18 C, and the lowest at 43 C. High concentration of proline was noted only at 18 C.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Additional information on host interactions with trypanosomatid membranes was obtained from studies of a monomorphic strain of Trypanosoma brucei harvested at peak parasitemia from intact and lethally irradiated rats. Pellets of trypanosomes were fixed briefly in glutaraldehyde and processed for thin section electron microscopy or freeze-cleave replicas. Observations of sectioned material facilitated orientation and comparison of details seen in replicas. Fracture faces of cell body and flagellar membranes as well as 3-dimensional views of the nuclear membrane were studied. Cell body membranes of 80% of the organisms from intact rats contained random arrays of intramembranous particles (IMP). Aggregated clusters of particles appeared on the fracture faces of 20% of the trypanosomes. Some of these membranes had nonrandomly distributed particles aligned in distinct rows on the outer fracture face of both cell body and flagellum. Many inner face fractures of the cell body membranes had a particle arrangement similar to the longitudinal alignment of cytoskeletal microtubules. No aggregated particle distribution was seen in membranes of trypanosomes harvested from lethally irradiated rats. Replicas of trypanosome pellets also had plasmanemes as a series of attached, empty, coated membrane vesicles. These structures were found in close association with, as well as widely separated from the parasites. The shedding of these vesicles and the variation of particles in cell body membranes are discussed in light of antibody-induced architectural and antigenic changes in surface properties of trypanosomatids.The convex face of the inner membrane of the nucleus also is covered with randomly arrayed particles. More IMP were observed on the inner than on the outer nuclear membranes. Images of nuclear pores were also seen. The importance of these structures in drug and developmental studies of trypanosomes is discussed.On fracture faces of the flagellar membrane there were miniature maculae adherentes, unique to the inner fracture face and occurring only at regions of membrane apposition between cell body and flagellum. Each cluster of particles exposed by the freeze-cleave method corresponds to an electron-dense plaque seen in thin section images. However, because of a unique fracture pattern, these plaques were not revealed on the apposing body membranes, as illustrated in thin sectioned organisms.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Phytomonas davidi (Trypanosomatidae) originally discovered by Lafont in 1909 on the island of Mauritius was rediscovered in Euphorbia cyathophora in Florida. Successful cultures were established in diphasic medium consisting of duck blood agar and modified Phillips’medium as overlay. Optimal growth was obtained when Mansour's medium was used as overlay and poorest growth when Cowperthwaite's medium buffered at pH 5.0 was utilized for this purpose. Marked changes tending toward choanomastigotes rather than the elongate twisted promastigotes were observed in cultures.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Past reports of Synophrya, the only apostome ciliate known to harm its host, indicated that it was restricted in its distribution and in the hosts it can infect. In recent collections of decapods from the off-shore waters of North Carolina and Georgia, 30% of all specimens were infected with Synophrya. Forty-four percent of all the species collected had individuals infected with Synophrya, and 63% of all the families collected contained species that had infected individuals. There is no obvious structural or phylogenetic relationship between these families that explain why they are infected. The presence of Synophrya may be related to salinity since decapods captured in estuaries were never infected and decapods captured close to shore were only rarely infected. The salinities of these waters range from 15–35%, but the salinity of the off-shore waters where the great majority of infected specimens was found ranges only from 35–36%.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Pirt, S. J. 1975. Principles of Microbe and Cell Cultivation.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium lophurae serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) was partially purified and characterized by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The enzyme, precipitated by 3.0–3.3 m (NH4)2SO4, had a molecular weight of 68,300 as estimated by exclusion chromatography on G-100. The pH optimum of the enzyme was 6.8–7.6 in sodium phosphate-citrate buffer. Citrate stabilized the enzyme during storage in phosphate buffer at 4 C. The Km was 4.3 × 10−3m for l-serine and 2.5 × 10−4m for tetrahydrofolate.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Cordero del Campillo, M. et al. 1975. Indice-Catalogo de Zooparasitos Ibéricos. I. Protozoos. II. Trematodos.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarina balli sp. n. is described from the blood and organs of the common snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina serpentina and from the gastric and intestinal ceca of the presumed invertebrate hosts, the leeches Placobdella parasitica and Placobdella ornata. In the peripheral blood of the turtle, male and female gametocytes and immature erythrocytic schizonts are found within erythrocytes. The maturation of erythrocytic schizonts containing 6–8 merozoites is recorded from liver imprints. Schizonts with 13–25 merozoites are found in various cells of the liver, lung and spleen. In the gastric ceca of the leeches the host erythrocytes are digested, releasing the gametocytes and immature erythrocytic schizonts. Immature erythrocytic schizonts degenerate. Association of the gametocytes occurs in the intestinal ceca. The microgametocyte apparently gives rise to 4 nonmotile microgametes, one of which fertilizes the macrogamete while the other remain as condensed, residual nuclei on the periphery of the developing oocyst. The oocyst increases in size with maturity. A mature oocyst produces 8 sporozoites from a single germinal center. Sporozoites liberated from the oocyst are found in the tissues of the leech. Transovarial transmission of the parasite does not occur in the turtle. Attempts at experimental transmission failed. Previously unfed (control) leeches were negative for the parasite. Haemogregarina balli is compared with other haemogregarines described from C. serpentina. Features of species of Haemogregarina and Hepatozoon as well as the taxonomy of these genera are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In low viscosity media, Euglena gracilis strain Z responds to a sudden change in light intensity by a cessation of forward movement, followed by a reorientation of the locomotor flagellum which results in turning of the cell around the lateral axis (photophobic response). At a viscosity interface between low [∼ 1 cP (centipoise)] and high (4000 cP) media, the cells exhibit avoidance responses or become immobilized in the higher viscosity medium. Upon changing the light intensity, free swimming cells have photophobic responses, while immobilized ones undergo body contractions. For cells immersed in media of varying viscosity, the delay between light stimulation and body contraction (transduction time) is shortest at high viscosities. From 500 to 2000 cP, where the cells are capable of both movement and light-induced body contractions, there is a logarithmic dependence of the transduction time on the viscosity. The transduction time does not vary appreciably with the intensity of the primary light stimulus within a range of 0.14-1.13 kW/m2.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eight species representing 8 genera of gallinaceous birds were used: Alectoris graeca; Colinus virginianus; Coturnix coturnix; Gallus gallus; Meleagris gallopavo; Numidia meleagris; Pavo cristatus; Phasianus colchicus. Three-week-old birds were dosed with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella Beltsville strain. At 4, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hr after inoculation, 1-3 infected birds and uninoculated controls of each species were killed by cardiac exsanguination. Pieces of intestines were fixed and examined for stages of E. tenella as stained paraffin sections or indirect fluorescent antibody preparations. Oocyst counts were made in droppings collected for the first 6 days of the patent period. Sporozoites were found in the lamina propria of some birds of 5 species at 4 hr postinoculation, but no stages were found thereafter except in the breeds of G. gallus and A. graeca. At 144 and 168 hr postinoculation, a few macrogametes were found in the ceca of 2 A. graeca, but no oocysts were found in the feces. No statistical difference was found between the number of oocysts produced/bird in the breeds of G. gallus examined. It is evident from these observations that E. tenella did not complete its life cycle in several close phylogenetic relatives of G. gallus, even though in other studies this parasite was found to complete its life cycle in cell cultures derived from the same birds.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Faust, E. C., Beaver, P. C. & Jung, R. C. 1975. Animal Agents and Vectors of Human Disease.

Notes: . Strains of Tetrahymena thermophila were examined in an attempt to establish what role certain ions (Na+, K+, Li+, Ba++, Ca++, Mg++, Mn++, Al+++, Fe+++) play in influencing cell survival time in a culture medium. In short-term experiments (20–30 min), cell survival time in a 1% peptone medium is directly related to the valence of the ion employed. Long-term observations (lasting up to five days) in a 1% peptone medium containing lower ion concentrations revealed that the effects on cell-cycle time are not correlated with the valence state of the ion. Comparisons were made among the ionic resistances of strains of T. thermophila, of T. pyriformis sensu stricto, and of two subspecies of T. pigmentosa. Strains within a species are highly correlated in their patterns of ionic response, while marked differences between species occur. The most distinctive group of strains examined came from one of the subspecies (syngen 6) of T. pigmentosa.

Notes: . A two-stage chemostat modified to accommodate the growth of adhesive organisms was used to determine the yield constant, Y, of a representative soil amoeba, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, utilizing as its prey Pseudomonas paucimobilis. The first stage consisted of a glucose-limited bacterial culture in steady state. The second stage consisted of a simplified predator-prey system, nongrowing bacteria serving as the limiting substrate for amoebae. A refined methodology to more accurately determine Y was developed, and Y for Acanthamoeba polyphaga in batch and continuous culture was determined to be 19.1%.

Notes: . The swiftness of thermotaxis of Paramecium caudatum has been investigated for various populations of organisms by measuring the transient spatial distribution of the gathering process of organisms that are transferred to a temperature-gradient cell from the culture medium. The dispersion obtained from the spatial distribution for each population is found to decrease linearly with time and finally reach a steady state value. The gathering rate determined by the slope of the dispersion strongly depends on population; it increases with population.

Notes: . Blastocystis hominis, an anaerobic intestinal protozoan parasite of man, has a generation time (GT) in axenic culture of 8.5–19.4 h, depending on the strain tested. Average GT of the eight strains was 11.7 h. Zero growth time cell counts of 5.0 × 105/ml to 2.0 × 106/ml rose in 3–5 days to 1 × 107 or 1 × 108 cells/ml. The GT was determined for the 24-h period during which the most rapid growth occurred; about 2% of the B. hominis cells were in division during this time. Division under the culture conditions provided was by binary fission, the usual mode for B. hominis in vitro as well as in vivo. Division times were determined also by direct observation of individual dividing cells in slide cultures. These were usually ca. 40–60 min but sometimes as low as 20 min.

Notes: In contrast to the situation in 13 other species of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex, in which the condensed degenerating old macronucleus lies in the posterior end of the cell during the late stages of conjugation, in Tetrahymena tropicalis that nucleus is found in the anterior portion. This developmental characteristic may be useful for taxonomic purposes as well as being of value in investigations on nucleocytoplasmic interaction.

Notes: Eimeria nuttalli oocysts were found in 58% (21/36) and E. procyonis oocysts in 25% (9/36) of raccoons Procyon lotor in Illinois, and sporocysts of Sarcocystis sp. in 17% (2/12) of other raccoons in Illinois. The oocysts of E. nuttalli were ellipsoidal to ovoid. 15–21 × 12–17 μm, with a one-layered, smooth, colorless wall. The oocysts of E. procyonis were 22–28 × 18–22 μm, with a rough, striated, brownish, two-layered wall. The sporulated sporocysts of Sarcocystis sp. were 11–13 × 8–10 μm. Attempts to infect baby pigs by feeding them sporocysts of Sarcocystis sp. from the raccoon failed.

Notes: Comments are made concerning the work reported at this Conference by Dr. Edith Box. The importance of stress on the animals used in experimental work is emphasized. Difficulties in identification of isosporan species in birds are mentioned.

Notes: A trypanosomatid flagellate, Leptomonas sp., develops and multiplies in the macronucleus (only) of natural and laboratory-reared populations of the ciliate Euplotes. Up to 90% of the natural populations of Euplotes in our test pond had such nuclear infections. Laboratory infections were transmitted to this ciliate by feeding it liberated parasites. Paramecium resisted infections. All laboratory-induced infections were lethal to Euplotes, while control clones of the uninfected ciliates remained viable. This leptomonad, unlike Leptomonas karyophilus (found in Paramecium), shows no leishmanial forms in its several ciliate hosts and shows a varied pattern of locomotion.

Notes: Some generalizations of a decade ago are reexamined in light of modern advances in coccidiology. Perhaps surprisingly, not many modifications need or can yet be made. Future successes of significance will be in areas of immunology and chemical genetics.

Notes: Stocks of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex have been collected in North America and their mating reactivity has been studied. In addition to stocks mating with Tetrahymena americanis, T. borealis, T. pigmentosa, T. hyperangularis, and T. australis, stocks belonging to old syngen 5 and three new mating groups, numbers 13, 14, and 15, were discovered. Syngen 5 and groups 13 and 14 are distinct “biological” species, based on their reproductive isolation from other groups and on the ability of withingroup crosses to produce immature progeny. These species have been named T. hegewischi n. sp., T. sonneborni n. sp., and T. nipissingi n. sp., respectively. The cross between the two group 15 stocks did not produce immature progeny, and there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that this pair of stocks represents a separate species. Temperature tolerance measurements have been made on stocks representing all known micronucleate members of “pyriformis” complex. Within each species, the range of temperature tolerances is narrow; the average within-species standard deviation is 0.63°C. The species averages range from 32.7 to 40.7°C. Using syngen numbers, the order from lowest to highest temperature tolerance is 9, 8, 10, 7, 6, 4, 13, 14, 12, 11, 5, 3, 2, 1. The large differences among species make temperature tolerance a useful aid in identification, but the origins of the differences among species are unknown.

Notes: Members of the family Sarcocystidae, as defined by Frenkel, have had a complicated history, principally due to the existence of both coccidial and cystic stages. This formerly clandestine relationship resulted in dual or partial designations of nomenclature for individual species. The problem was further compounded by the obligatory heteroxeny of several of the genera, making it impossible to transmit the parasites from one individual to another of a single host. As a result, oocysts similar in appearance, though from hosts separated taxonomically up to the familial level, were sometimes considered to be identical. Discoveries within the last decade have generated much interest and some understanding. Current studies of these and other coccidia should emphasize complete cyclical transmissions with cognizance of potential heteroxeny with the production of tissue cysts in intermediate hosts.

Notes: Book reviews in this article: Ecology and Parasitology. Alexander, M., ed. 1980. Advances in Microbial Ecology Smith, H. G. 1978. The Distribution and Ecology of Terrestrial Protozoa of Sub-Antarctic and Maritime Antarctic Islands Taylor, Angela E. R. & Muller, R., eds. 1980. Vaccines Against Parasites Kreier, Julius P., ed. 1980. Malaria New Textbook of Protozoology Farmer, John N. 1980. The Protozoa: Introduction to Protozoology Phytoflagellates and Serial Endosymbiosis Theory Cox, Elenor R., ed. Phytoflagellates Tappan, Helen. 1980. The Paleobiology of Plant Protists. Margulis, Lynn. 1981. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Life and Its Environment on the Early Earth. Intercellular Communication and Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Interactions O'Day, Danton H. & Horgen, Paul A., eds. 1981. Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes Whitson, Gary L., ed. 1980. Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Interactions in the Cell Cycle. Invertebrate Texts Alexander, R. McNeill. 1979. The Invertebrates Barnes, Robert D. 1980. Invertebrate Zoology Engemann, Joseph G. & (the late) Hegner, Robert W. 1981 Invertebrate Zoology ATCC Catalogue of Strains Hatt, Harold D., ed. 1980. The American Type Culture Collection: Catalogue of Strains I.

Notes: Polyamines are multiply amine-substituted straight-chain aliphatics; their content in different tissues may vary widely, and their functions are many. Their main routes of biosynthesis originate from ornithine and methionine. Polyamine content and biosynthesis in tryposomatid flagellates are reviewed concluding with emphasis on their possible role as critical drug targets in these parasitic protozoa so pathogenic for man in large areas of the world.

Notes: During spring and autumn, the total number of amoebae and the number of Acanthamoeba species able to grow at 37°C were determined in six thermally polluted factory discharges and the surrounding surface waters. The isolated Acanthamoeba strains were studied for growth in axenic medium, cytopathic effect in Vero cell cultures, and virulence in mice. Although more amoebae were isolated in autumn, the number of Acanthamoeba species was lower than in spring, when the percent of pathogenic strains among the isolates was highest. Higher concentrations of amoebae were found in warm discharges, and more virulent strains occurred in thermal discharges than in surface waters.

Notes: Eight species of loricate choanoflagellates (Acanthoecidae), Acanthoecopsis spiculifera Norris, Bicosta antennigera Moestrup, Bicosta spinifera Throndsen, Calliacantha multispina Manton & Oates, Calliacantha simplex Manton & Oates, Crinolina aperta Leadbeater, Diaphanoeca multiannulata n. sp., and Parvicorbicula socialis (Meunier) Deflandre, have been observed, by light and electron microscopy, in samples obtained from the Weddell Sea during the austral summer of 1977. Diaphanoeca multiannulata is described for the first time from these samples: the other organisms are discussed. The distribution of most species within the Weddell Sea was widespread. Habitats in which choanoflagellates were found included the water column, the edge of (or ponds on) ice floes, and the interior of ice floes. The distributional, environmental, habitat, and/or morphological range of all previously described species is expanded. Methods of variation of transverse costal diameters between genera may be potentially useful to the understanding of taxonomy and phylogeny of this family.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A video technic is described that permits a quantification of the degree of attraction of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes to vertebrate cells in vitro. Bovine embryo skeletal muscle cells (BESM), HeLa cells and Vero cells all attract a myotropic strain of T. cruzi trypomastigotes. BESM cells, however, are 2-fold more attractive to trypomastigotes than HeLa cells and 10-fold more attractive than Vero cells. Heat-inactivation of BESM cells abolishes their ability to respire and also to attract T. cruzi trypomastigotes. As there is no difference in the endogenous oxygen consumption between BESM, HeLa, and Vero cells, it is unlikely that differences in the attraction of trypomastigotes to the 3 cell types are due to variations in the magnitude of pO2 or pCO2 gradients in the milieu around the cells.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Euglena gracilis strain Z has a motor response which results in orientation with respect to the polarization of a light stimulus. Cells swim preferentially in a direction perpendicular to the plane of polarization of the stimulus. If 2 polarized stimuli are given from opposite directions, the preferred direction is, under certain circumstances, at right angles to the directions of both stimuli. Euglena also preferentially assumes an orientation that is at right angles to the force of gravity. The relationships between these responses and phototactic movements oriented with respect to the direction of the stimulus are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The behavior of Paramecium caudatum in small capillary glass tubes was investigated under various ionic conditions and at the various tube diameters. Along the inner walls of the tubes ciliates undergo regular spiral motion, which is completely different from natural spirallings or random walk-like movements observed usually in large vessels. The curvature calculated from the tracks of spiral motions was independent of the inner diameters of capillary tubes, but depend specifically on ionic conditions.A plausible law governing such regular spiral motions of Paramecium caudatum is proposed. A definite part of the anterior end of a ciliate seems to contact the curved surface of the inner wall of a capillary tube during the motion so that the organism receives a constant tactile stimulus, and the direction of motive force keeps a certain angle against the surface.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Observations of the ultrastructure of marine scuticociliatids, tentatively assigned to the genus Uronema, were made by light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy. Giant, cortically oriented mitochondria filled the subpellicular, intermeridional areas, and were in close association with the epiplasm immediately under the inner alveolar sac membranes. Reconstructions of serial sections of the posterior poles of ciliates indicated that the intermeridional mitochondria could fuse at that point and the entire chondriome might at times be a single organelle. A system of tubules was observed to be intimately associated with the mitochondria in the posterior region. The tubules anastomosed and were directed posteriorly into the region of the nephridial-contractile vacuole system. The outer surfaces were coated with projections arranged in helical patterns. The system may be regarded as a fluid segregation organelle. The tripartite nature of the polar basal body complex observed by silver impregnation was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The 3 structures were the basal body of the caudal cilium and 2 parasomal sacs. A prominent ring around the caudal cilium was observed by scanning electron micrcscopy; it is probably responsible for the silver deposition surrounding the polar basal body complex that can be seen by light microscopy of silver-impregnated specimens. The ultrastructure of the nonmotile caudal cilium and its kinetosome was unremarkable, being like that of the motile, somatic cilia. The micronuclear and macronuclear outer membranes were continuous at several sites. Such interconnections explain the intimate physical relationship between the nuclei during interphase in many ciliates, and could be a structural basis for chemical communication between the 2 nuclear types. Within the cytoplasm surrounding the opening of the cytoproct, numerous clear vesicles were observed. Their position and appearance suggested that the cytoproct may be involved in the elimination of solutions as well as solids. Food vacuoles, cortical microtubules, lamellar vesicles, disc-shaped vesicles, mucocysts, and a contractile vacuole and its pore were also observed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The occurrence and levels of activity of various enzymes of carbohydrate catabolism in culture forms (promastigotes) of 4 human species of Leishmania (L. brasiliensis, L. donovani, L. mexicana, and L. tropica) were compared. These organisms possess enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway but lack lactate dehydrogenase. No evidence could be found for the production of lactic acid by growing cultures and lactic acid could not be detected either in cell-free preparations or after incubation of cell-free extracts with pyruvate and NADH under appropriate conditions. All 4 species possess α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and α-glycerophosphate phosphatase which together could regenerate NAD, thus compensating for the absence of lactate dehydrogenase. The oxidative and nonoxidative reactions of the hexose monophosphate pathway are present in all 4 species. Cell-free extracts have pyruvate dehydrogenase activity which allows the entry of pyruvate into and its subsequent oxidation through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. All enzymes of this cycle, including a thiamine pyrophosphate dependent α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase are present. Both NAD and NADP-linked malate dehydrogenase activities are present. The isocitrate dehydrogenase is NADP specific. There is an active glutamate dehydrogenase which could compete with α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase for the common substrate (α-ketoglutarate). Replenishment of C4 acids is accomplished by heterotrophic CO2 fixation catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase. All 4 species have high levels of NADH oxidase activity. Several enzymes thus far not found in any species of Leishmania have been demonstrated. These are: phosphoglucose isomerase, triose phosphate isomerase, fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, α-glycerophosphate phosphatase, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, citrate synthase, aconitase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and NADH oxidase.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Isospora vulpina were found in silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on a fox farm in Wisconsin. They were 29.7 (25-38) × 24.3 (21-32) μm. The sporocysts were 17.7 (15–23) × 13 (11–16) μm. Five coccidia-free puppies were inoculated with 22,000–42,000 oocysts each of I. vulpina from the fox: a patent infection resulted after 6-7 days. The infection was then transferred from 1 of these dogs to another coccidia-free puppy. After a 7-day prepatent period the puppy passed oocysts for 7 days.