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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Animal cognition 2 (1999), S. 103-107 
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Social learning ; Temporal constraints ; Public information ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It has been proposed that use of socially acquired information by animals should increase as the time available for individual resource sampling decreases. We gave Norway rat “observers” either 2 or 5 h day–1 to sample four foods. Three of these foods were relatively palatable, but protein-poor; the fourth was relatively unpalatable, but protein-rich. We found that observer rats that for 2 h day–1 both sampled foods and interacted with demonstrators eating only the protein-rich food ate more of the protein-rich food than did observers that sampled for 2 h day–1 but had no opportunity to interact with demonstrators. On the other hand, observer rats that could sample foods for 5 h day–1 ate equal amounts of protein-rich food whether they interacted with a demonstrator fed protein-rich food or not. Subsequent analyses showed that the time available to observers to sample foods, rather than the opportunity to interact with demonstrators determined whether such interaction influenced observers’ food choices. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that animals increase their use of public information in response to temporal constraints on opportunities for resource sampling.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Keywords: Key words Otolith ; Chemistry ; ICP-MS ; Stock discrimination ; Epinephelus striatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the utility of otolith minor and trace element chemistry, assayed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as a means of delineating population structure in the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus). We characterized the elemental composition of otoliths collected in 1993 from three locations in Exuma Sound, Bahamas and from Glover Reef, Belize in 1995. A single location in Exuma Sound was sampled in 1994 to test temporal variability in otolith composition. Five elements (Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb) were routinely detected, at levels significantly above background, by solution-based ICP-MS. Results from analysis of variance of elemental data, expressed as a ratio to Ca, indicated that there were no significant differences among the Exuma locations for any element, but significant variability was found between Glover Reef and the pooled Exuma localities for Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. Significant inter-annual differences at one Exuma Sound location was restricted to Ba/Ca ratios. Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 86% and 95% of the Belize and pooled Exuma sites, respectively. Otoliths from Belize were characterized by low Zn/Ca and high Ba/Ca and Pb/Ca ratios compared to otoliths from fish collected in Exuma Sound. Although differences in Ba levels may be related to upwelling at Glover Reef, more data are needed to definitely link otolith composition with regional differences in water chemistry.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 38 (1999), S. 261-266 
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Keywords: Key words Iodine uptake ; Lead ; Lithium ; Rats ; Thyroid ; Thyroid hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The influence of lead acetate (50 mg per kg body weight) on the 131iodine (131I) biokinetics (uptake and retention) in rat thyroid and serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) as well as thyroxine (T4) was evaluated as a function of time and in combination with lithium treatment. The 2-h and 24-h uptake of 131I in the thyroid was stimulated significantly by lead treatment. The 24-h uptake showed a maximum stimulation after 4 months of lead treatment. Lithium supplementation, however, showed the opposite effect by reducing the iodine uptake, whereby the maximum decrease was noticed after 2 months of treatment. Further, simultaneous lead and lithium treatment resulted in an even more pronounced increase of 2-h 131I uptake with a maximum after 3 months. However, the 24-h uptake after 3 months and 4 months of treatment did not differ significantly from the lead treated reference groups. The thyroidal biological half-life of 131I (Tbiol) was found to have clearly increased following the lead/lithium treatment. Interestingly, the combined lead/lithium treatment applied for 4 months caused a further growth of Tbiol, thus reflecting an increased retention of 131I. A maximum increase of Tbiol was seen after 2 months of combined treatment. A progressive decline of the circulating T3 and T4 levels following lead or lithium treatment was noticed and was more pronounced after combined treatment.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance ; Chromium ; Rats ; Cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 3 O(O2CCH2CH3)6 (H2O)3]+ 1 and a naturally occurring, biologically active form of chromium, low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr), to rats are described. Given that the complexes are proposed to function by interacting with insulin receptor, trapping it in its active conformation, in contrast to current chromium-containing nutrition supplements, which only serve as sources of absorbable chromium, changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism would be expected. After 12 weeks administration (20 μg/kg body mass), compound 1 results in 40% lower levels of blood plasma LDL cholesterol, 33% lower levels of total cholesterol, and significantly lower HDL cholesterol and triglyceride; these results are in stark contrast to those of administration of other forms of Cr(III) to rats, which have no effect on these parameters. LMWCr, in contrast to 1, has no effect as it probably is degraded in vivoor excreted. These results are interpreted in terms of the mechanism of chromium action in response to insulin and the activation of insulin receptor, and the potential for the rational design of chromium-containing therapeutics is discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatids ; Nucleus ; Chromatoid body ; Golgi complex ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The movement and transport of material between intranuclear dense particles, the chromatoid body and the Golgi complex have been studied in early spermatids of the rat. The analyses involved observation of living accurately identified cells, time-lapse cinemicrography and electron microscopy. The chromatoid body establishes transient contacts with intranuclear material during early spermiogenesis. The chromatoid body also makes contacts with the Golgi complex. It is suggested that the chromatoid body receives material from the nucleus during the postmeiotic period and participates in the early formation of the acrosomic system.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Animal cognition 2 (1999), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Animal spatial cognition ; Spatial ; representation ; Rats ; Navigation mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three tests investigated how the geometric relation between object/landmarks and goals influenced spatial choice behavior in rats. Two groups searched for hidden food in an object-filled circular arena containing 24 small poles. For the “Proximal” group, four distinct objects in a square configuration were placed close to four baited poles. For the “Distal” group, the identical configuration of objects was rotated 45° relative to the poles containing the hidden food. The Proximal group learned to locate the baited poles more quickly than the Distal group. Tests with removed and rearranged landmarks indicated that the two groups learned to use the objects differently. The results suggested that close proximity of objects to goals encouraged their use as beacons, while greater distance of objects from goals resulted in the global encoding of the geometric properties of the arena and the use of the objects as landmarks.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The olefin-metathesis of multiple unsaturated carboxylic esters like methyl linolate and methyl linolenate in the presence of WCl6/(CH3)4Sn catalyst leads to linear oligomeric olefines, mono- and diesters besides of a cyclic product. The reaction products were identified by mass spectrometry. The distribution of the linear products in equilibrium was calculated statistically and was compared with the experimental distribution.
    Notes: Die Olefin-Metathese von mehrfach ungesättigten Carbonsäureestern wie Linol- und Linolensäureester in Gegenwart eines WCl6/(CH3)4Sn-Katalysators führt neben einem cyclischen Produkt zu linearen oligomeren Olefinen, Mono- und Diestern. Die Produkte werden durch Massenspektrometrie identifiziert. Die sich im Gleichgewicht einstellende Verteilung der Linearprodukte wird statistisch berechnet und mit der experimentellen Verteilung verglichen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Statistische Copolymere aus Styrol und Methacrylsäure mit unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung wurden hergestellt und ihre Konformationen in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln durch potentiometrische Methoden untersucht. In Abhängigkeit vom Ionisationsgrad (α) tritt eine Konformationsumwandlung ein. Die Änderung der freien Enthalpie (ΔG0) für die Umwandlung der beiden ungeladenen Konformationen wurde bestimmt. Die Abhängigkeit von ΔG0 vom Styrolgehalt sowie von der Zusammensetzung der Lösungsmittelmischung und der Temperatur zeigt, daß die ungeladenen Polyelektrolytketten eine kompakte (kugelförmige) Konformation einnehmen, die durch hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen maximaler Stärke stabilisiert wird. Grobe Abschätzungen der freien elektrostatischen Energie des Makroions zeigen, daß die Dimensionen der kompakten Form zwischen α=0 und dem Umwandlungspunkt ansteigen, so daß eine von Lösungsmittel freie “Kugel” nicht an der Konformationsumwandlung beteiligt sein kann. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß letztere in einem eindimensionalen System erfolgt, abhängig von der Wechselwirkung benachbarter Gruppen.
    Notes: Random copolymers of styrene and methacrylic acid were prepared in a wide composition range, and their conformational properties were investigated by potentiometric methods in different solvent media. A conformational transition occurs as a function of the degree of ionization (α). The Gibbs free energy change of the transition between uncharged conformers (ΔG0) was determined. The dependence of ΔG0 on styrene content as well as on the composition of the solvent mixture and the temperature, shows that the uncharged polyelectrolyte chains assume a compact conformation (globule) stabilized by hydrophobic interactions of maximum strength.Rough considerations on the electrostatic free energy of the macroion indicate that the dimensions of the compact form increase between α=0 and the transition point, so that the “globule” does not participate in the conformational change. It is suggested that this latter occurs in a one-dimensional system, depending on the interaction of neighboring groups.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 75-88 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Kinetik der Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat (MMA), initiiert durch Butan-thiol/Dimethylsulfoxid in Benzol, wurde gravimetrisch untersucht. Das Thiol stellt die reduzierende Komponente des Katalysatorsystems dar und gleichzeitig das Übertragungs-reagenz. Die Reaktionsordnung in bezug auf Butanthiol ist 0,48. In den niederen Konzen-trationsbereichen zwischen 4,69.10-4 und 9,38.10-2mo11-1 verhalt sich DMSO wie die oxidierende Komponente des Initiatorsystems und die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit ist der Quadratwurzel der DMSO-Konzentration proportional. Oberhalb dieser Konzen-tration bis 1,40 moll- verhält sich DMSO sowohl als Oxidans als auch als Hemmsub-stanz, indem es ein Addukt mit dem wachsenden Radikal bildet, dessen Wachstumge-schwindigkeit vermindert ist. Die Reaktionsordnung in bezug auf das Monomere ist 1,04, wenn die DMSO-Konzentration im unteren Bereich liegt, und sie steigt an auf 1,25, wenn die DMSO-Konzentration großer als 9,38.10-2 mol 1-1 ist. Die Struktur des Thiols hat einen deutlichen Einfluß auf die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit, die außerdem von der Polarität und Viskosität des Löosungsmittels abhangig ist; sie ist am größten in Benzol und am kleinsten in Äthylacetat. Die «efficiency» der Initiierung liegt zwischen 60 und 80% und die Aktivierungsenergie betragt 72,45 kJ mol-1. Ein kinetischer Ausdruck zur Beschreibung der Ergebnisse wurde abgeleitet.
    Notes: The kinetics of butanethiol/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) initiated polymerization of methyl methacrylate in benzene medium was studied gravimetrically. The thiol acts as the reducing component of the initiator system and also as a transfer agent. The order with respect to [Butanethiol] is 0,48. In the lower concentration region between 4,69.10-4 and 9,38.10-2mol 1-1, DMSO behaves simply as the oxidant of the initiator system, and the rate of polymerization has the usual square root dependence on [DMSO]. But above the concentration of 9,38.10-2mol 1-1 and up to 1,40mol 1-1, DMSO acts both as an oxidizing agent and as a retarder, forming an adduct with the growing radicals, which propagates the reaction with a retarded rate. The order with respect to monomer concentration is 1,04, when DMSO is used in the lower concentration range and it increases to 1,25 when [DMSO] is higher than 9,38.10-2mol 1-1. Thiols of different structures affect the rate significantly. The rate of polymerization is also dependent on the polarity and viscosity of the solvent being a maximum in benzene and a minimum in ethyl acetate. The efficiency of initiation of the initiator system is 60-80% and the overall activation energy is 72,45 kJ mol-1. An appropriate kinetic expression was derived to explain the results.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The apparent kinetic parameters of the thermal and the thermal and thermooxidative degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) for non-isothermal conditions were evaluated. The dependence of these parameters on the heating rate, the mean molecular weight, and the degree of conversion was also established. It is shown that the degradation in nitrogen probably occurs by a short chain mechanism, while the degradation in air is more complex. In the latter case, the exothermic character of the DTA-curves suggests that the chain degradation reaction is overlapped by oxidation processes.
    Notes: Es wurden die scheinbaren kinetischen Parameter der thermischen und thermooxidativen Abbaureaktionen von Polyäthylenterephthalat für nicht-isotherme Bedingungen bestimmt und die Abhängigkeit dieser Werte von der Aufheizgeschwindigkeit, dem mittleren Molekulargewicht und vom Umsatzgrad festgestellt. Es wurde gefunden, daß der Abbau in Stickstoff nach einem einheitlichen Kettenmechanismus mit kurzen kinetischen Ketten erfolgt, wogegen sich in Luft der Kettenabbaureaktion Oxidationsprozesse überlagern, bemerkbar an einem exothermen Ausschlag der DTA-Kurven.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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