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  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (468)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (468)
  • 1977  (219)
  • 1976  (249)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (468)
Year
  • 1
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    Instrumentation for space flight experiments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The selection of measurement systems for experiments conducted in the context of a space flight must be guided by the criteria applicable to any scientific study requiring objective measurements of physiological variables. Steps fundamental to the process of choosing the best instrumentation system are identified and the key factors in matching the operational characteristics of the instrumentation to its intended use are discussed. Special problems in obtaining data from nonhuman primates, whether restrained or unrestrained, are explored. Choices for data processing are evaluated as well as the use of prototype flight tests and simulations to assess future life science experiments for spacelab or payloads for the space shuttle biomedical scientific satellite.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Use of Nonhuman Primates in Space; p 225-243
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  • 2
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    Mass-dependent channel electron multiplier operation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The absolute counting efficiency and pulse height distributions of a continuous-channel electron multiplier used in the detection of hydrogen, argon and xenon ions are assessed. The assessment technique, which involves the post-acceleration of 8-eV ion beams to energies from 100 to 4000 eV, provides information on counting efficiency versus post-acceleration voltage characteristics over a wide range of ion mass. The charge pulse height distributions for H2 (+), A (+) and Xe (+) were measured by operating the experimental apparatus in a marginally gain-saturated mode. It was found that gain saturation occurs at lower channel multiplier operating voltages for light ions such as H2 (+) than for the heavier ions A (+) and Xe (+), suggesting that the technique may be used to discriminate between these two classes of ions in electrostatic analyzers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Aug. 197
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  • 3
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    Galatry profile convolved with the Fabry-Perot instrument function (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The physical conditions in laboratory gases and in the upper atmosphere of the planets, including earth, can be deduced from a measurement of the intensity and line profile of different radiating molecules. Because of the low pressures in the upper atmospheres, many molecular lines with small pressure-broadening coefficients are collisionally narrowed. These lines are resolvable with a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Analytical expressions are given relating the measured line intensity and profile to the true line intensity and profile. A deconvolution of the measured profile gives the parameters A, beta, and K characterizing the collisionally narrowed Galatry profile. General expressions for the nonideal interferometer are discussed, and, specifically, mirror defects and a limited detector aperture are treated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; June 197
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  • 4
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    A CW ultrasonic bolt-strain monitor (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There exists a need for a relatively inexpensive system for measuring strain in bolts. The torque wrench is one technique for straining bolts which has been widely applied. Unfortunately, friction in the bolt threads and between the nut and the work tend to make such a simple system inaccurate. In practice, a torque wrench is unacceptable for many situations where strain is critical. In this article, an ultrasonic technique is described which can indicate changes in bolt strain to better than one part in 10,000. The technique is based on the one-dimensional propagating-ultrasonic-wave model and uses a new ultrasonic instrument called a Reflection Oscillator Ultrasonic Spectrometer which is a closed-loop feedback marginal-oscillator system that frequency locks the device to the peak of a mechanical resonance in the bolt. The instrument indicates a shift in the bolt resonance frequency due to elongation and changes in velocity of sound due to strain. Data are presented comparing a standard torque wrench to the ultrasonic monitor for different measured stresses on the bolt as well as for different bolt conditions. The strain instrument can be used to monitor changing stresses, to measure material properties and may be applied as a strain gage or load cell.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experimental Mechanics; 17; May 1977
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  • 5
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    A combined boundary-profile and automated data-reduction and analysis system (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A portable boundary-layer meteorological data-acquisition and analysis system is described which employs a small tethered balloon and a programmable calculator. The system is capable of measuring pressure, wet- and dry-bulb temperature, wind speed, and temperature fluctuations as a function of height and time. Other quantities, which can be calculated in terms of these, can also be made available in real time. All quantities, measured and calculated, can be printed, plotted, and stored on magnetic tape in the field during the data-acquisition phase of an experiment.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 10; Aug. 197
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  • 6
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    Reconstructing color images of astronomical objects using black and white spectroscopic emulsions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A color photograph of the peculiar elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) has been reconstructed from three Kodak 103a emulsion type photographs by projecting positives of the three B&W plates through appropriate filters onto a conventional color film. The resulting photograph shows color balance and latitude characteristics superior to color photographs of similar astronomical objects made with commercially available conventional color film. Similar results have been obtained for color reconstructed photographs of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. These and other results suggest that these projection-reconstruction techniques can be used to obtain high-quality color photographs of astronomical objects which overcome many of the problems associated with the use of conventional color film for the long exposures required in astronomy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Photographic Engineering; 2; Spring 1
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  • 7
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    Testing of a photoelectric photometer. 2: Observational testing (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The versatility is demonstrated of the 41 cm. Tortugas reflector's photoelectric system through observations of V566 Oph and R CrB with four associated AAVSO comparison stars. These observations were made between May and October, 1974.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Contrib. of the Observatory of N. Mex. State Univ., Vol. 1, No. 4; p 154-158
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  • 8
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    Quasi-microscope concept for planetary missions (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking lander cameras have returned stereo and multispectral views of the Martian surface with a resolution that approaches 2 mm/lp in the near field. A two-orders-of-magnitude increase in resolution could be obtained for collected surface samples by augmenting these cameras with auxiliary optics that would neither impose special camera design requirements nor limit the cameras field of view of the terrain. Quasi-microscope images would provide valuable data on the physical and chemical characteristics of planetary regoliths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Sept
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  • 9
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    Large-area multi-crystal NaI/Tl/ detectors for X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An array of large multicrystal NaI(Tl) detectors was constructed and used in a balloon-borne experiment to observe weak transient bursts of cosmic origin. The array had an active area of about 1 sq m and was sensitive to photons above 50 keV. Localized bursts which were observed are attributed to long-lived phosphorescence following large energy deposits by cosmic rays in the crystals.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 140; 1976
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  • 10
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    Maximum theoretical angular accuracy of planar and linear arrays of sensors (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The maximum theoretical accuracy in the angular location of a radiating object that can be obtained by using a planar or linear array is studied. The elements are assumed to have identical radiation patterns and the complex voltages observed at their ports are assumed to be subject to phase measurement errors, having normal probability density. An optimum scheme for the statistical extraction of the parameters defining the direction is established noting that the presence of thermal noise does not affect the structure of the estimator. Comparisons with the conventional multiple interferometric techniques are made.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-13; Mar. 197
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  • 11
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    Ultraviolet response of InGaAsP photocathodes (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three type VPM 164 photomultiplier tubes with III-IV compound InGaAsP reflective photocathodes were developed for use in ground-based and space-borne astronomical detectors. Although the achieved response of about 0.02% quantum efficiency at 1.083 microns fell short of the goal of 1% quantum efficiency, the broadband characteristics are still considerably better than those of the S-1 photocathode.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Apr. 197
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  • 12
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    Airborne bathymetric charting using pulsed blue-green lasers (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laboratory and airborne experiments have proven the feasibility and demonstrated the techniques of an airborne pulsed laser system for rapidly mapping coastal water bathymetry. Water depths of 10 plus or minus 0.25 m were recorded in waters having an effective attenuation coefficient of 0.175 m. A 2-MW peak power Nd:YAG pulsed laser was flown at an altitude of 600 m. An advanced system, incorporating a mirror scanner, a high pulsed rate laser, and a good signal processor, could survey coastal zones at the rate of several square miles per hour.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Jan. 197
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  • 13
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    CCD correlation techniques (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two CCD techniques were discussed for performing an N-point sampled data correlation between an input signal and an electronically programmable reference function. The design and experimental performance of an implementation of the direct time correlator utilizing two analog CCDs and MOS multipliers on a single IC were evaluated. The performance of a CCD implementation of the chirp z transform was described, and the design of a new CCD integrated circuit for performing correlation by multiplication in the frequency domain was presented. This chip provides a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) or inverse DFT, multipliers, and complete support circuitry for the CCD CZT. The two correlation techniques are compared.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; 6 p
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  • 14
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    RECON 6: A real-time, wide-angle, solid-state reconnaissance camera system for high-speed, low-altitude aircraft (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The maturity of self-scanned, solid-state, multielement photosensors makes the realization of "real time" reconnaissance photography viable and practical. A system built around these sensors which can be constructed to satisfy the requirements of the tactical reconnaissance scenario is described. The concept chosen is the push broom strip camera system -- RECON 6 -- which represents the least complex and most economical approach for an electronic camera capable of providing a high level of performance over a 140 deg wide, continuous swath at altitudes from 200 to 3,000 feet and at minimum loss in resolution at higher altitudes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 129-134
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  • 15
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    High data rate performance of a BCCD for rapid scan imaging (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A commercially available 1728 element shallow bulk channel CCD line array was clocked at output data rates up to 30 MHz. Temporal noise was near 200 electrons and was largely independent of clock rate. Charge transfer efficiency was in excess of 0.9999 at 30 MHz. Utilization is feasible for visual simulation and aerial mapping.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 72-82
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  • 16
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    Development of large area CCD imagers (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High performance CCD imagers with 800 x 50 resolution elements were fabricated using a coplanar, double polysilicon, electrode system. The imager was developed as a prototype to demonstrate the feasibility of an 800 x 800 array for application to deep space photography where data rates of 10K to the 2nd power and operating temperatures of -40 C are required. The performance is discussed and comparisons made to the existing 400 x 400 imager.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; 3 p
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  • 17
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    Improved acoustic viscosimeter technique (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An improved technique has been developed for studies of the shear viscosity of fluids. It utilizes an acoustic resonator as a four-terminal electrical device; the resonator's amplitude response may be determined directly and simply related to the fluid's viscosity. The use of this technique is discussed briefly and data obtained in several fluids is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 60
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  • 18
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    Problems in the use of interference filters for spectrophotometric determination of total ozone (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of the use of ultraviolet narrow-band interference filters for total ozone determination is given with reference to the New Zealand filter spectrophotometer under the headings of filter monochromaticity, temperature dependence, orientation dependence, aging, and specification tolerances and nonuniformity. Quantitative details of each problem are given, together with the means used to overcome them in the New Zealand instrument. The tuning of the instrument's filter center wavelengths to a common set of values by tilting the filters is also described, along with a simple calibration method used to adjust and set these center wavelengths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 19
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    Liquid helium-cooled MOSFET preamplifier for use with astronomical bolometer (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A liquid helium-cooled p-channel enhancement mode MOSFET, the 3N167, is found to have sufficiently low noise for use as a preamplifier with helium-cooled bolometers that are used in infrared astronomy. Its characteristics at 300, 77, and 4.2 K are presented. It is also shown to have useful application with certain photoconductive and photovoltaic infrared detectors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Apr. 197
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  • 20
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    Apparatus for measuring the force of gravity on freely falling electrons (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An apparatus and data analysis technique for measuring the gravitational force on freely falling electrons are described. The measurement required that all forces acting on the electrons be uniform and measurable to about ten to the negative 11th power eV/m. The electrical force along the axis of the 5-cm-diam, vertical copper tube used in the experiment was found to be about six times ten to the negative 11th power eV/m when the tube was cooled to 4.2 K. Forces on electrons due to magnetic field gradients were reduced well below the electrical ones by selecting only ground state electrons for measurement. The absence, at 4.2 K, of much stronger electric fields, which were expected to arise from the patch effect and from differential lattice components, contrasts strongly with measurements of electric fields near metal surfaces made at room temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Jan. 197
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  • 21
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    The effect of bandwidth on filter instrument total ozone accuracy (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of the width and shape of the New Zealand filter instrument's passbands on measured total-ozone accuracy is determined using a numerical model of the spectral measurement process. The model enables the calculation of corrections for the 'bandwidth-effect' error and shows that highly attenuating passband skirts and well-suppressed leakage bands are at least as important as narrow half-bandwidths. Over typical ranges of airmass and total ozone, the range in the bandwidth-effect correction is about 2% in total ozone for the filter instrument, compared with about 1% for the Dobson instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 22
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    Spectral radiance calibrations between 165-300 nm - An interlaboratory comparison (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectral radiance of deuterium lamps calibrated by the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astronomie (MPI), by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) are compared to check the agreement of UV radiometric scales. The NBS group used the optically thin continuum radiation from a wall-stabilized hydrogen arc as its fundamental radiometric standard, while the MPI and PTB groups used the synchrotron radiation facility in DESY. It is found that the spectral radiance scales based upon the DESY synchrotron and the NBS hydrogen arc are consistent, at least for one wavelength relative to another.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; July 197
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  • 23
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    Photographic image intensification by autoradiography (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Images on developed photographic emulsions can be significantly intensified by making the image silver radioactive and exposing a second emulsion to this radiation. Because the print, an autoradiograph, reproduces the original with significant increases in density and contrast, the method can be used to enhance underexposed emulsions and to increase the limits of photographic detection. This paper reports a new, practical chemical method for activating the silver, using thiourea labeled with sulfur-35, a process convenient for use in photographic laboratories. Speed increases of 13 and contrast increases of 18 were achieved with Kodak Plus-X film in this initial phase.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Nov. 197
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  • 24
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    A K-band radiometer for the microwave weather project (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The design of a K-band radiometer for use in the microwave weather project is discussed. The major components of the system, such as feedhorn, waveguide switch, and receiver assembly are described. The system will be installed at DSS 13 at Goldstone, California, when completed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 66-69
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  • 25
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    Charge coupled device integration-time coding for detection of images moving with unknown velocities (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Existing techniques for the detection of a moving low light level image by a CCD array have required velocity synchronism between the image and the photogenerated charges. This was necessary to prevent blurring during the long duration of charge integration. A new detection scheme is described which causes the image to be convolved with a clock modulation signal as the photocharges are collected. The charge accumulating from each image point will now be spread over many photoelements due to the absence of velocity synchronism, but the output is not blurred in the usual sense. Instead the charge is distributed through the array in a controlled way so that the image can be reconstructed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 139-144
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  • 26
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    Recent progress in photoelectron image detection with CCDs (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Intensified CCDs (ICCDs) were built and operated. These ICCDs were electrostatically and magnetically-focussed image tubes which use CCDs as anodes. The ICCDs detected single photoelectrons, and have electron gain very near that which was predicted. The first single-pixel pulse-height distributions were presented, and the leakage current was shown to increase as a function of photoelectron irradiation. The advantages and disadvantages of front- and rear-illuminated designs were discussed in light of differing applications requirements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 101-105
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  • 27
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    Low-noise video amplifiers for imaging CCD's (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Various techniques were developed which enable the CCD (charge coupled device) imaging array user to obtain optimum performance from the device. A CCD video channel was described, and detector-preamplifier interface requirements were examined. A noise model for the system was discussed at length and laboratory data presented and compared to predicted results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 83-88
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  • 28
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    Si/Li/ X-ray astronomical spectroscopy (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The principles of operation of solid state nondispersive spectrometers are reviewed. Si(Li) is shown to be the preferred nondispersive X-ray spectrometer because of its inherent resolution advantages and its adaptability to the constraints and philosophy of the HEAO-B observatory. A schematic diagram is presented of the geometry of the HEAO-B solid state detector assembly as a block diagram of the primary logic mode of the HEAO-B X-ray spectrometer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 29
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    Development of a water vapor radiometer to correct for tropospheric range delay in DSN applications (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The rationale for a Water Vapor Radiometer (WVR) as an aid in predicting tropospheric delay correction is presented. Included is a block diagram and a description of the present developmental WVR with the semiautomated operating sequence outlined. A brief summary of field tests at El Monte airport and Pt. Mugu is given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 77-84
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  • 30
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    Digital high density (80 Mb/s) tape (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Work with a state-of-the-art high density PCM tape recorder reproducer system is described. The tape recorder is designed for 80 Mb/s operation at an overall bit error rate of .00001and for 40 Mb/s operation at .000001. The article describes the process of measuring the error rate. Also detailed is a data rate buffer designed for use in recent radar experiments and generalizable to most potential uses of the recorder system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 110-118
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  • 31
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    Mechanical testing - In situ fracture device for Auger electron spectroscopy (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An in situ fracture device for Auger spectroscopy is described. The device is designed to handle small tensile specimens or small double-cantilever beam specimens and is fully instrumented with load and displacement transducers so that quantitative stress-strain measurements can be made directly. Some initial test results for specimens made from 4130 and 1020 steel are presented. Results indicate that impurity segregation at interfaces other than grain boundary may play a significant role in the mechanism of ductile fracture.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 47; Apr. 197
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  • 32
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    Noise calibration repeatability of an airborne third-generation radiometer (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A third-generation S-band radiometer has been calibrated at intervals over 3.5 years. The built-in stabilization concepts have proven to be very effective. In spite of some nonideal conditions (on runway, in wind, and in rain), an rms value of 0.7-K calibration repeatability has been observed with an average temperature deviation (bias error) of 0.03 K.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-25; Oct. 197
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  • 33
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    Instrumental sensing of stationary source emissions (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A variety of programs have been conducted within EPA to evaluate the capability of various ground-based remote-sensing techniques for measuring the SO2 concentration, velocity, and opacity of effluents from coal-burning power plants. The results of the remote measurements were compared with the results of instack measurements made using EPA reference methods. Attention is given to infrared gas-filter correlation radiometry for SO2 concentration, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for SO2 concentration, ultraviolet matched-filter correlation spectroscopy for SO2 concentration, infrared and ultraviolet television for velocity and SO2 concentration, infrared laser-Doppler velocimetry for plume velocity, and visible laser radar for plume opacity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Environmental Science and Technology; 11; Oct. 197
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    Sensitivity of an astronomical infrared heterodyne spectrometer (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The factors determining the sensitivity of a real astronomical heterodyne spectrometer are described. The deviation from the ideal heterodyne system for line detection is described in terms of a series of degradation factors. A discussion of degradation due to a low local oscillator power and to line profile detection is presented. Representative values for the degradation factors are given. Even with a total degradation of not less than 30, the heterodyne spectrometer is still found to be a highly sensitive tool in IR astronomy.
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    Infrared upconversion for astronomical applications (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The performance of an upconversion system is examined for observation of astronomical sources in the low to middle IR spectral range. Theoretical values for the performance parameters of an upconversion system for astronomical observations are evaluated in terms of the conversion efficiencies, spectral resolution, field of view minimum detectable source brightness, and source flux. Experimental results of blackbody measurements and molecular absorption-spectrum measurements using a lithium niobate upconverter with an argon-ion laser as the pump are presented. Estimates are given of the expected optimum sensitivity of an upconversion device that may be built with presently available components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Apr. 197
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    Upconversion spectrometry for astrophysical applications (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Black body measurements and absorption spectra of methane near 3.3 microns are presented and used as examples in a discussion of upconversion spectrometry for astrophysical application. Factors determining the system conversion efficiency and the minimum detectable flux for a typical system are presented. The spectrometer described uses an Argon-ion laser and a temperature turned LiNbO3 crystal in a CW mode. Satisfactory agreement between measured and calculated performance parameters is obtained. An estimate of the highest performance parameters attainable using current technology is given.
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    Effect of velocity gradients on measurements of turbulent shear stress (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of normal velocity gradients on hot wire measurements in a subsonic boundary layer of the same size as the flow investigated by Johnson and Rose (1975). Both hot wire and film anemometers were used to measure the turbulent properties of the boundary layer. A special X-wire probe with one wire vertical and the other at an angle of about 40 deg to the flow was used to demonstrate the gradient effects. The results indicate that major errors are encountered when mean and turbulent velocity gradients exist along the length of hot wire sensors, the problem being more pronounced at high speeds. Although the split film sensor results show a significant improvement over the X-wire sensor, further reduction in the space resolution of sensors by roughly an order of magnitude would appear to be necessary to reduce the error to acceptable values near the wall.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 14; Mar. 197
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    VLBI clock sync and the earth's rotational instability (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Preparation is being made by the DSN to monitor the stability of its clocks and frequency standards in the 64 meter net by means of VLBI. Since variations in the earth's rotation rate represent an error source to VLBI clock synchronization, the Allan Variance of the earth rotation was calculated to find that, in a long-term sense at least, these variations do not noticeably increase the differential instability of two clocks as measured by Intercontinental VLBI.
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    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 81-84
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    Experimental design of laminar proportional amplifiers (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-19
    Description: An experimental program was initiated at Langley Research Center to study the effects of various parameters on the design of laminar proportional beam deflection amplifiers. Matching and staging of amplifiers to obtain high-pressure gain was also studied. Variable parameters were aspect ratio, setback, control length, receiver distance, receiver width, width of center vent, and bias pressure levels. Usable pressure gains from 4 to 19 per stage can now be achieved, and five amplifiers were staged together to yield pressure gains up to 2,000,000.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AGARD Fluidics Technol.; p 209-227
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  • 40
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    Variable temperature pressure cell for polycrystalline X-ray studies down to 2 K - Application to Bi (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A variable pressure diamond anvil cell is described for operation at temperatures continuously variable from 300 down to 2 K and controllable within 10 mK. Polycrystalline X-ray data are collected from the pressure cavity by means of either (1) standard photographic techniques, (2) diffractometer measurements, or (3) energy dispersive diffractometry. The facility has been used to examine parts of the phase diagram of Bi. Results from this study indicate that the Bi-I and Bi-III structures are retained to low temperatures; however, there is no evidence to support a structural transition from Bi-V to Bi-VIII.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; July 197
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  • 41
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    Primary aberrations for grazing incidence (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Beginning with exact relations between object and image coordinates for a single reflective surface, a systematic analysis of general grazing incidence systems is presented. A complete set of primary aberrations for single-element and two-element systems is developed. The importance of a judicious choice for a coordinate system in showing field curvature to be clearly the predominant aberration for a two-element system is discussed. The validity of the theory is verified through comparisons with the exact ray-trace results for the case of a telescope.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Sept
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  • 42
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    Application of the high resolution return beam vidicon (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) is a high-performance electronic image sensor and electrical storage component. It can accept continuous or discrete exposures. Information can be read out with a single scan or with many repetitive scans for either signal processing or display. Resolution capability is 10,000 TV lines/height, and at 100 lp/mm, performance matches or exceeds that of film, particularly with low-contrast imagery. Electronic zoom can be employed effectively for image magnification and data compression. The high performance and flexibility of the RBV permit wide application in systems for reconnaissance, scan conversion, information storage and retrieval, and automatic inspection and test. This paper summarizes the characteristics and performance parameters of the RBV and cites examples of feasible applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 16; May-June
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  • 43
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    Photographic film and the Skylab environment (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An overview is presented of an investigation which was conducted to determine the actual effects of the Skylab environment on flight films. Examples of the flight film performance data are provided. Attention is given to the Skylab film, the environmental parameters, a major events profile of the Skylab mission, and a film environmental effects analysis. Representative Skylab film environmental response data are shown in a graph.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Apr. 197
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  • 44
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    Experimental study of error sources in skin-friction balance measurements (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An experimental study has been performed to determine potential error sources in skin-friction balance measurements. A floating-element balance, large enough to contain the instrumentation needed to systematically investigate these error sources has been constructed and tested in the thick turbulent boundary layer on the sidewall of a large supersonic wind tunnel. Test variables include element-to-case misalignment, gap size, and Reynolds number. The effects of these variables on the friction, lip, and normal forces have been analyzed. It was found that larger gap sizes were preferable to smaller ones; that small element recession below the surrounding test surface produced errors comparable to the same amount of protrusion above the test surface; and that normal forces on the element were, in some cases, large compared to the friction force.
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  • 45
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    Vacuum ultraviolet radiometry. III - The argon mini-arc as a new secondary standard of spectral radiance (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A miniature argon arc has been designed and tested as a new transfer standard of spectral radiance for the wavelength range from 114 nm to 330 nm. Calibration has been performed using two primary standard sources: the hydrogen arc from 130 nm to 330 nm and the blackbody line radiator from 114 nm to 130 nm. The mini-arc provides an intense, stable, and reproducible UV continuum with dc power requirements of less than 1.5 kW. The arc characteristics have been investigated, and the sensitivity of the radiant power output to various operating parameters has been measured. The rms uncertainty in the spectral radiance is estimated to be 5.3% above 140 nm and 10.1% between 114 nm and 140 nm, due primarily to uncertainties in the primary standard sources.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Feb. 197
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  • 46
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    Slow scan SEC vidicon system (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A slow scan SEC vidicon system is described here. This system is coupled to the 152.4-cm (60-in) McMath telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. An anamorphic lens system is used to couple optically the vertical spectrograph to the vidicon system. The resolutin of the over-all system is 55 mA, while the resolution of the spectrograph alone is 50 mA. Actual observational results are used to evaluate the system performance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Jan. 197
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  • 47
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    Magnetometers using RF-driven squids and their applications in rock magnetism and paleomagnetism (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 14; Nov. 197
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  • 48
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    Diffraction effects on angular response of X-ray collimators (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Angular responses have been measured for X-ray collimators with half-widths ranging from minutes of arc down to 10 arcsec. In the seconds-of-arc range, diffraction peaks at off-axis angles can masquerade as side lobes of the collimator angular response. Measurements and qualitative physical arguments lead to a rule of thumb for collimator design; namely, the angle of first minimum in the Fraunhofer single-slit diffraction pattern should be less than one-fourth of the collimator geometrical full-width at half-maximum intensity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 47; Aug. 197
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  • 49
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    Single-axis gyroscopic motion with uncertain angular velocity about spin axis (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A differential game approach is presented for studying the response of a gyro by treating the controlled angular velocity about the input axis as the evader, and the bounded but uncertain angular velocity about the spin axis as the pursuer. When the uncertain angular velocity about the spin axis desires to force the gyro to saturation a differential game problem with two terminal surfaces results, whereas when the evader desires to attain the equilibrium state the usual game with single terminal manifold arises. A barrier, delineating the capture zone (CZ) in which the gyro can attain saturation and the escape zone (EZ) in which the evader avoids saturation is obtained. The CZ is further delineated into two subregions such that the states in each subregion can be forced on a definite target manifold. The application of the game theoretic approach to Control Moment Gyro is briefly discussed.
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    Estimation of spectral reflectance curves from multispectral image data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique is presented for estimating spectral reflectance curves from multispectral image data even if the spectral samples are obtained from channels whose spectral responsivity is not narrowband. It is demonstrated that these reflectance estimates can be written as a linear combination of the spectral samples and that, analogous to Shannon's sampling theorem, if the spectral reflectance is a natural cubic spline, it can be estimated exactly provided the number of spectral channels is sufficiently large. Simulation results suggest that the accuracy of the spectral reflectance estimates is quite good and very insensitive to the spectral responsivity shapes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Dec. 197
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    Spectral interpolation - Zero fill or convolution (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Zero fill, or augmentation by zeros, is a method used in conjunction with fast Fourier transforms to obtain spectral spacing at intervals closer than obtainable from the original input data set. In the present paper, an interpolation technique (interpolation by repetitive convolution) is proposed which yields values accurate enough for plotting purposes and which lie within the limits of calibration accuracies. The technique is shown to operate faster than zero fill, since fewer operations are required. The major advantages of interpolation by repetitive convolution are that efficient use of memory is possible (thus avoiding the difficulties encountered in decimation in time FFTs) and that is is easy to implement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Nov. 197
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    Evaluation of a hydrogen chloride detector for environmental monitoring (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes a hydrogen chloride detector designed to monitor concentrations of hydrogen chloride gas in the ambient environment. The detector was developed for NASA for use in launch vehicle effluent monitoring. The detector operates on chemiluminescence principles with a lower detection limit of less than 5 x 10 to the -3rd ppm (by volume). The hydrogen chloride in the air sample reacts with a bromide-bromate coating in the inlet tube of the instrument producing bromine. Bromine is then quantitated by chemiluminescent oxidation of luminol. The visible light generated in the chemiluminescent reaction is proportional to the hydrogen chloride concentration of the sampled airstream. The detector is most suited to laboratory or field studies where hydrogen chloride is the dominant pollutant, as compared to the interfering species. Interferences include strong acids, acid-forming gases, and halogen gases. Of the interferences investigated the most serious in these groups are hydrochloric and sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine, respectively. The detector has been in use since 1974 and has been found to be highly portable, rugged, and stable under extreme environmental conditions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Nov. 197
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    Photometric calibration of planetary photographs (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The basic data and approach for calibrating photographic plates obtained with the 61 cm telescope at the Tortugas Mountain Station of New Mexico State University are summarized. Since this is the fundamental calibration of planetary data it is of use to all in-house users as well as other individuals who use the data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Contrib. of the Observatory of N. Mex. State Univ., Vol. 1, No. 4; p 159-163
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    Testing of a photoelectric photometer. 1: Determination of operational parameters (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations over four months are used to evaluate magnitude and color transformations, extinction coefficients, and a gain table for the photoelectric photometer of the 41 cm. reflector at the Tortugas Mountain site. Ways of increasing the efficiency and accuracy of this system are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Contrib. of the Observatory of N. Mex. State Univ., Vol. 1, No. 4; p 148=153
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    Sensitivity limits of an infrared heterodyne spectrometer for astrophysical applications (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A discussion and an evaluation of the degradation in sensitivity are given for a heterodyne spectrometer employing a HgCdTe photodiode mixer and tunable diode lasers. The minimum detectable source brightness is considered as a function of the mixer parameters, transmission coefficient of the beam splitter, and local oscillator emission powers. The degradation in the minimum detectable line source brightness that results from the bandwidth being a fraction of the line width is evaluated and plotted as a function of the wavelength and bandwidth for various temperature to mass ratios. It is shown that the minimum achievable degradation in the sensitivity of a practical astronomical heterodyne spectrometer is about 30. Estimates of SNRs with which IR line emission from astronomical sources of interest may be detected are given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Feb. 197
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    Use of dynamic theory to describe experimental results from volume holography (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The general applicability of dynamic theory to the description of the recording and readout characteristics of volume (thick) hologram gratings is indicated. In dynamic theory (as opposed to static theory), the volume nature of the thick holographic grating allows the interference of an incident light beam with its own diffracted beam inside the recording medium. This effect causes the continuous recording of another grating that alters the initial one, producing a resultant grating that is not uniform through the thickness of the recording material and a grating whose writing and reading characteristics may vary dramatically, depending on the recording material and the experimental conditions. A large number of diverse types of writing, reading, and angular-selectivity behavior have been reported. The dynamic theory of thick-hologram writing and reading is shown to predict qualitatively all of these various types of experimental behavior.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 47; Jan. 197
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    Image quality prediction - An aid to the Viking lander imaging investigation on Mars (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Image quality criteria and image quality predictions are formulated for the multispectral panoramic cameras carried by the Viking Mars landers. Image quality predictions are based on expected camera performance, Mars surface radiance, and lighting and viewing geometry (fields of view, Mars lander shadows, solar day-night alternation), and are needed in diagnosis of camera performance, in arriving at a preflight imaging strategy, and revision of that strategy should the need arise. Landing considerations, camera control instructions, camera control logic, aspects of the imaging process (spectral response, spatial response, sensitivity), and likely problems are discussed. Major concerns include: degradation of camera response by isotope radiation, uncertainties in lighting and viewing geometry and in landing site local topography, contamination of camera window by dust abrasion, and initial errors in assigning camera dynamic ranges (gains and offsets).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; July 197
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    Contactless method of measuring resistivity (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method is described for measuring the conductivity of materials without having to make electrical contact with the material. Currents which are magnetically induced in the conducting sample are measured by means of the magnetic fields they produce. Although induction techniques have been used in the past for this type of measurement, the configuration presented here makes it possible to perform absolute measurements of resistivity over a wide range of values for relatively small samples. The theory of the technique, the results of measurements made with it, and a comparison of the technique with other methods are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 47; June 197
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    Doppler-shifted reflections of X rays in beamfoil spectroscopy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Carbon foils were positioned at roughly 10 deg to the conventional perpendicular position so that the spectrometer would view the beam on emergence from the foil, with no radiation shielded by a bowed or wrinkled foil or by the foil holder. Extraneous peaks due to reflected radiation were detected in the spectrum obtained with the tilted foil. A large satellite appears longward of the spectral line and is attributed to Doppler-shifted radiation reflected from the foil surface. Special tests arranged to validate the origin of the satellites are described. The relative intensity of the reflected radiation compared with the direct radiation observed is at variance with the relative intensities reported for longer wavelengths. The reasons for this, possible effects of spectrometer geometry, and applications in the investigation or generation of polarization remain to be investigated
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Aug. 197
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    Refractive-index profile and physical process determination in thick gratings in electrooptic crystals (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method for determining the refractive index profile of thick phase gratings in linear electrooptic crystals is presented. This method also determines the effective photovoltaic electric field and the relative contributions of diffusion and drift during hologram recording. The method requires only a knowledge of the modulation ratio during hologram recording and the fundamental and the higher-order diffraction efficiencies of the grating. As an illustration of the method, the refractive index profile, the effective photovoltaic field, and the relative contributions of diffusion and drift are determined from experimental measurements for a lithium niobate holographic grating.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Aug. 197
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    Oversampling of digitized images (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Oversampling is defined as sampling with a device whose characteristic width is greater than the interval between samples. This paper shows why oversampling should be avoided and discusses the limitations in data processing if circumstances dictate that oversampling cannot be circumvented. Principally, oversampling should not be used to provide interpolating data points. Rather, the time spent oversampling should be used to obtain more signal with less relative error, and the Sampling Theorem should be employed to provide any desired interpolated values. The concepts are applicable to single-element and multielement detectors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 81; Apr. 197
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    Optical and acoustical measuring techniques (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reviews the techniques of laser and acoustic Doppler measurement of fluid velocities in confined and free flows. The main mathematical relations are presented, and some systems are studied. Resolution properties of coaxial, bistatic, and pulsed CO2 laser Doppler velocimeter systems are compared. Schematics for pulsed and continuous wave acoustic Doppler systems are discussed. Both of these types of systems benefit from using a bistatic configuration instead of a coaxial system. The pulsed systems avoid contamination of source noise by not sampling until after the source noise has passed the receiver. Comparison of wind velocity measured with a pulsed acoustic Doppler and with a boundary layer profile is made.
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    Auger spectroscopy analysis in adhesion, friction and wear studies (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reviews the current use of Auger electron spectroscopy in adhesion, friction, wear and lubrication studies. Conventional Auger spectroscopy is adopted to complement LEED studies of the adhesion of metal single crystals. In addition, Auger cylindrical mirror analysis is applied to the study of changes in surface chemistry during dynamic friction and wear experiments on polycrystalline metals and alloys. Important conclusions are that (1) segregation of alloying elements to the surface of metals can alter adhesion behavior; (2) hydrocarbons are adsorbed readily to clean iron surfaces at 23 C; (3) transfer from one surface to another for dissimilar materials in contact can be followed in sliding or rubbing friction studies; and (4) the friction process can enhance surface activity for metals with hydrocarbons.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Advances in Nondestructive Testing; 5; 1977
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  • 64
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    Magnetic bearing momentum wheels with magnetic gimballing capability for 3-axis active attitude control and energy storage (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A 3-axis active attitude control system with only one rotating part was developed using a momentum wheel with magnetic gimballing capability as a torque actuator for all three body axes. A brief description of magnetic bearing technology is given. It is concluded that based on this technology an integrated energy storage/attitude control system with one air of counterrotating rings could reduce the complexity and weight of conventional systems.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Res. Center The 11th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 45-55
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    High temperature strain gage evaluation (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The structural thermal test of an advanced ramjet missile section required strain measurements as high as 922 K (1200 F). Since there is relatively little experience in the use of strain gages above the 700-755 K (800-900 F) level, a program was initiated to select and evaluate the best available gage. Candidate gages suitable for measurements up to 922 K (1200 F) were selected. This involved the determination of their operating characteristics, availability, cost, installation aspects, etc. The evaluation involved the following tests: strain as a function of load at room temperature and apparent strain as a function of temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Ninth Conf. on Space Simulation; p 407-423
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    The role of light microscopy in aerospace analytical laboratories (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Light microscopy has greatly reduced analytical flow time and added new dimensions to laboratory capability. Aerospace analytical laboratories are often confronted with problems involving contamination, wear, or material inhomogeneity. The detection of potential problems and the solution of those that develop necessitate the most sensitive and selective applications of sophisticated analytical techniques and instrumentation. This inevitably involves light microscopy. The microscope can characterize and often identify the cause of a problem in 5-15 minutes with confirmatory tests generally less than one hour. Light microscopy has and will make a very significant contribution to the analytical capabilities of aerospace laboratories.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Ninth Conf. on Space Simulation; p 277-287
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    Scanning and focusing mechanisms of METEOSAT radiometer (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The scanning and focusing mechanisms settled onboard the METEOSAT Radiometer are described. A large camera which will take line by line pictures of the earth from a geostationary satellite in the same manner as a TV picture using both the spin of the spacecraft and the tilt of a telescope is included. The scanning mechanism provides the + or - 9 degrees tilt angle of the telescope through 2,500 elementary steps of 1.256 0.0001 radian. As the radiometer image quality is closely dependent on the characteristics of the scanning law, the mechanism is required to fulfill functional performances specifications particularly severe in terms of linearity of the scan curve, accuracy of each step as well as repeatability of the short-term scanning. The focusing mechanism allows + or - 12 millimeters shift of the telescope focus by step increments of 0.140 mm. The focus adjustment is achieved by moving a dihedral reflector according to a pure straight-line motion. The main requirements of each mechanism are summarized and their design and performances are described in detail.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Res. Center The 11th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 13-22
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    An alpha particle instrument with alpha, proton, and X-ray modes for planetary chemical analyses (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The interaction of alpha particles with matter is employed in a compact instrument that could provide rather complete in-situ chemical analyses of surfaces and thin atmospheres of extraterrestrial bodies. The instrument is a miniaturized and improved version of the Surveyor lunar instrument. The backscattering of alpha particles and (alpha, p) reactions provide analytical data on the light elements (carbon-iron). An X-ray mode that detects the photons produced by the alpha sources provides sensitivity and resolution for the chemical elements heavier than about silicon. The X-rays are detected by semiconductor detectors having a resolution between 150 and 250 eV at 5.9 keV. Such an instrument can identify and determine with good accuracy 99 percent of the atoms (except hydrogen) in rocks. For many trace elements, the detecting sensitivity is a few ppm. Auxiliary sources could be used to enhance the sensitivities for elements of special interest. The instrument could probably withstand the acceleration involved in semi-hard landings.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods (ISSN 0167-5087); 134; 1976
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    Portable reflectance spectrometer (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A portable reflectance spectrometer is disclosed. The spectrometer essentially includes an optical unit and an electronic recording unit. The optical unit includes a pair of thermoelectrically-cooled detectors, for detecting total radiance and selected radiance projected through a circular variable filter wheel, and is capable of operating to provide spectral data in the range 0.4 to 2.5 micrometers without requiring coventional substitution of filter elements. The electronic recording unit includes power supplies, amplifiers, and digital recording electronics designed to permit recordation of data on tape casettes. Both the optical unit and electronic recording unit are packaged to be manually portable.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NAS 1.71:NPO-13556-1
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    Data handling for the geometric correction of large images (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Several geometric distortions are present in remotely sensed images depending on the type of sensors and the object being observed. It is often desirable to compensate for these distortions and store the images in reference to a standard coordinate system. Digital techniques for correction are versatile and introduce a minimum of radiometric errors. The main problems to be considered in this area are the determination of the corrective transformation, resampling, and the management of the large quantities of data. It is shown that, by a judicious rearrangement of the input data, considerable reductions in the required memory capacity can be achieved. The rearrangement can be accomplished in several stages. The method presented here is amenable to pipeline implementation for processing a continuous stream of images.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Computers; C-26; Nov. 197
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  • 71
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    Fourier and Hadamard transform spectrometers - A limited comparison. II (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A mathematical approach was used to compare interferometric spectrometers and Hadamard transform spectrometers. The principle results are reported, noting that the simple Hadamard spectrometer encodes more efficiently than a Michelson interferometer which, in turn, encodes less efficiently than is usually acknowledged. Hirschfeld's (1977) major objections to these findings are discussed, although it is noted that none of his objections is supported by evidence.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Dec. 197
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  • 72
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    Fresnel-Fizeau effect in a rotating optical fiber ring interferometer (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of the Fresnel-Fizeau effect in a fiber ring interferometer gyroscope are reported. The presence of the dispersion term in the Fresnel drag coefficient was discernable. The temperature dependence of the coefficient bears on the temperature sensitivity of the optical fiber gyroscope. An alternate approach to measuring fiber dispersion is an added benefit, leading to determination of maximum pulse rate transmitted through single-mode fibers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Oct. 197
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  • 73
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    Apparatus for measuring a sorbate dispersed in a fluid stream (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A sensitive, miniature apparatus was designed for measuring low concentrations of a sorbate dispersed in a fluid stream. The device consists of an elongated body having a surface capable of sorbing an amount of the sorbate proportional to the concentration in the fluid stream and propagating acoustic energy along its length. The acoustic energy is converted to an electrical output signal corresponding to the concentration of sorbate in the fluid stream. The device can be designed to exhibit high sensitivity to extremely small amounts of sorbate dispersed in a fluid stream and to exhibit low sensitivity to large amounts of sorbate. Another advantage is that the apparatus may be formed in a microminiature size and at a low cost using bath microfabrication technology.
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    Projection system for display of parallax and perspective (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A projection system for the display of parallax and perspective of a real image from a hologram is presented. A reference beam was projected in a sequence of several projections at selected angles of perspective through the hologram, this sequence being rapidly performed. The resulting angular spaced images emitting from the hologram were directed onto a mirror which was coordinately tilted to reflect all of the resulting images to register onto a screen where they appeared as a single three dimensional image.
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    Advanced very high resolution radiometer (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The advanced very high resolution radiometer development program is considered. The program covered the design, construction, and test of a breadboard model, engineering model, protoflight model, mechanical structural model, and a life test model. Special bench test and calibration equipment was also developed for use on the program.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-156682
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    Characterization of gigahertz (GHz) bandwidth photomultipliers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The average impulse response, root-mean-square times jitter as a function of signal level, single photoelectron distribution, and multiphotoelectron dark-count distribution have been measured for two static crossed-field and five electrostatic photomultipliers. The optical signal source for the first three of these tests was a 30 picosecond mode-locked laser pulse at 0.53 micron. The static crossed-field detectors had 2-photoelectron resolution, less than 200 ps rise times, and rms time jitters of 30 ps at the single photoelectron level. The electrostatic photomultipliers had rise times from 1 to 2.5 nanoseconds, and rms time jitters from 160 to 650 ps at the same signal level. The two static crossed-field photomultipliers had ion-feedback-generated dark pulses to the 50-photoelectron level, whereas one electrostatic photomultiplier had dark pulses to the 30-photoelectron level.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78028 , G-7802-F5
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    Systems for measuring response statistics of gigahertz bandwidth photomultipliers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: New systems have been developed for measuring the average impulse response, the pulse-height spectrum, the transit-time statistics as a function of signal level, and the dark-count spectrum of gigahertz bandwidth photomultipliers. Measurements showed that the 0.53 microns pulse used as an optical test source had a 30 picoseconds and less than 70 ps pulse width. Calibration data showed the system resolution to be less than 20 ps for root mean square transit-time measurements. Test data for a static crossed-field photomultiplier showed 2-photoelectron resolution and less than 30-ps time jitter over the 1- to 100-photoelectron range.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78029 , G-7703-X31
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    A system for measuring the pulse height distribution of ultrafast photomultipliers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system for measuring the pulse height distribution of gigahertz bandwidth photomultipliers was developed. This system uses a sampling oscilloscope as a sample-hold circuit and has a bandwidth of 12 gigahertz. Test results are given for a static crossed-filed photomultiplier tested with a demonstration system. Calculations on system amplitude resolution capabilities are included for currently available system components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78027 , G-7802-F2
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    Performance evaluation of electrochemical concentration cell ozonesondes (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Laboratory calibrations of more than a hundred electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes were determined relative to UV-photometry. The average intercept and slope, 0 plus or minus 5 nb and 0.96 plus or minus 0.06, respectively, indicate reasonable agreement with UV photometry, but with considerable variation from one ECC ozonesonde to another. The time required to reach 85% of the final reaction to a step-change in ozone concentration was found to average 51 seconds. Application of the individual calibrations to 20 sets of 1976 flight data reduced the average of the differences between ozonesonde and Dobson spectrophotometric measurements of total ozone from 3.9 to 1.3%. A similar treatment of a set of 10 1977 flight records improved the average ECC-Dobson agreement from -8.5 to -1.4%. Although systematic differences were reduced, no significant effect on the random variations was evident.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-155561
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  • 80
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    Triaxial digital fluxgate magnetometer for NASA applications explorer mission: Results of tests of critical elements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tests performed to prove the critical elements of the triaxial digital fluxgate magnetometer design were described. A method for improving the linearity of the analog to digital converter portion of the instrument was studied in detail. A sawtooth waveform was added to the signal being measured before the A/D conversion, and averaging the digital readings over one cycle of the sawtooth. It was intended to reduce bit error nonlinearities present in the A/D converter which could be expected to be as much as 16 gamma if not reduced. No such nonlinearities were detected in the output of the instrument which included the feature designed to reduce these nonlinearities. However, a small scale nonlinearity of plus or minus 2 gamma with a 64 gamma repetition rate was observed in the unit tested. A design improvement intended to eliminate this small scale nonlinearity was examined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-156664 , IGPP-PUBL-1698
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  • 81
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    Selective image area control of X-ray film exposure density (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system for accurately determining the exposure density required for X-ray photography of a particular area of interest is provided. The light received from an X-ray image intensifier is applied to a beam splitting mirror which divides the light between a motion picture film camera and a television film camera. Between the beam splitter and the motion picture film camera, there is positioned another light beam splitter to direct some of the light at a mask having an opening which encloses only the image area of interest. Behind that opening there is positioned a photomultiplier intensity sensor for determining the exposure required and varying X-ray beam intensity accordingly.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 82
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    Flow separation detector (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An arrangement for sensing the fluid separation along a surface which employs a thermally insulating element having a continuous surface blending into and forming a part of the fluid flow surface is described. A sudden decrease in the temperature of the downstream sensor conductor and concomitant increase in the temperature of the upstream sensor conductor is an indication of the separation. When the temperatures are returned to the state achieved during normal flow, the indicator thereby indicates the normal, attached fluid flow. The conductors may be, for example, wires or thin films, and should be within the viscous sub-layer of the expected fluid flow. A single heater and several pairs of sensors and corresponding sensor conductors may be used to detect not only the fluid flow and the separation, but the direction of the fluid flow, over the fluid flow surface.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 83
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    A gas filter correlation monitor for CO, CH4, and HCl (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A fast response instrument for monitoring the atmospheric constituents CO, CH4, and HCl, using a modified nondispersive infrared technique, was designed, assembled, and tested. This gas filter correlation method uses a sample of gas to provide a selective filter for radiation absorbed in a gas mixture containing the specified gas. Depending on the spectral line broadening, temperature, and optical depth of the gas selected, exceptionally high spectral resolution may be attained. A description of the single beam rotating cell system and its specific application is presented along with the signal processing circuit. Calibrations of the instrument show that the technique can be used to measure CO, CH4, and HCl concentrations as small as 5 ppm-m. A field version was employed to measure diurnal variations of CO and CH4 and the interfering effects of other atmospheric gases were analyzed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-1113 , L-11868
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    Reliability analysis of forty-five strain-gage systems mounted on the first fan stage of a YF-100 engine (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The reliability of 45 state-of-the-art strain gage systems under full scale engine testing was investigated. The flame spray process was used to install 23 systems on the first fan rotor of a YF-100 engine; the others were epoxy cemented. A total of 56 percent of the systems failed in 11 hours of engine operation. Flame spray system failures were primarily due to high gage resistance, probably caused by high stress levels. Epoxy system failures were principally erosion failures, but only on the concave side of the blade. Lead-wire failures between the blade-to-disk jump and the control room could not be analyzed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-73724 , E-9274
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    Microbial load monitor (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Design analysis of a microbial load monitor system flight engineering model was presented. Checkout of the card taper and media pump system was fabricated as well as the final two incubating reading heads, the sample receiving and card loading device assembly, related sterility testing, and software. Progress in these areas was summarized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-151565 , MDC-E1781
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    Optically selective, acoustically resonant gas detecting transducer (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A gas analyzer is disclosed which responds to the resonant absorption or emission spectrum of a specific gas by producing an acoustic resonance in a chamber containing a sample of that gas, and which measures the amount of that emission or absorption by measuring the strength of that acoustic resonance, e.g., the maximum periodic pressure, velocity or density achieved. In the preferred embodiment, a light beam is modulated periodically at the acoustical resonance frequency of a closed chamber which contains an optically dense sample of the gas of interest. Periodic heating of the absorbing gas by the light beam causes a cyclic expansion, movement, and pressure within the gas. An amplitude is reached where the increased losses were the cyclic radiation energy received. A transducing system is inclined for converting the pressure variations of the resonant gas into electronic readout signals.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    Low gravity phase separator (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An apparatus is described for phase separating a gas-liquid mixture as might exist in a subcritical cryogenic helium vessel for cooling a superconducting magnet at low gravity such as in planetary orbit, permitting conservation of the liquid and extended service life of the superconducting magnet.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    Photo sensor array technology development (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of an improved capability photo sensor array imager for use in a Viking '75 type facsimile camera is presented. This imager consists of silicon photodiodes and lead sulfide detectors to cover a spectral range from 0.4 to 2.7 microns. An optical design specifying filter configurations and convergence angles is described. Three electronics design approaches: AC-chopped light, DC-dual detector, and DC-single detector, are investigated. Experimental and calculated results are compared whenever possible using breadboard testing and tolerance analysis techniques. Results show that any design used must be forgiving of the relative instability of lead sulfide detectors. A final design using lead sulfide detectors and associated electronics is implemented by fabrication of a hybrid prototype device. Test results of this device show a good agreement with calculated values.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-145269 , MCR-77-563
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  • 89
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    Channel electron multipliers - Detection efficiencies with opaque MgF2 photocathodes at XUV wavelengths (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Detection efficiencies of channel electron multipliers (CEM) with opaque MgF2 photocathodes obtained in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV), 44 A to 990 A, are reported. A stable highly efficient response is reported for that interval, with no adverse effects on CEM performance. Efficiencies twice those of uncoated CEMs are obtained for 50 A to 350 A. The Mullard B419BL and Galileo 4510WL single-stage cone-cathode CEMs were used in the experiments. A rare-gas double ionization chamber was employed as absolute standard detector for 406 A to 990 A, and a flow Geiger counter filled with 96% argon and 4% isobutane for 44 A to 256 A. Absolute detection efficiencies are 10% higher from 67 A to 990 A when photocathodes are illuminated at an angle of incidence 45 deg. The photocathodes suffered no loss of response in storage (in vacuum or air) after an initial aging period. Effects of scattered UV radiation are greatly reduced when MgF2-coated CEMs are used in the XUV.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; May 1976
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    A gated, wideband magnetic direction finder for lightning return strokes (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A magnetic direction finder has been developed which utilizes only the initial few microseconds of wideband return stroke waveforms to provide accurate directions to the channel bases of lightning discharges to ground. Bearing errors are minimized because, near the ground, most channels tend to be straight and vertical with no large branches or horizontal sections. Tests on a number of lightning storms at distances of 10 to 100 km indicate the angular resolution is in the range 1-2 deg, with little or no systematic dependence on azimuth or distance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Mar. 197
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  • 91
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    High-resolution imaging X-ray detector (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper describes an X-ray detector using microchannel plates as a photocathode surface and imaging photoelectron multiplier, and a crossed wire grid as a two-dimensional position-sensitive detector. The position resolution is 10 microns. The crossed wire grid consists of 100-micron-diam wires on 200-micron centers. Position sensing is accomplished by electronic interpolation to 1/20 of the wire spacing. The quantum efficiency of the microchannel plates varies from 29% at 0.28 keV to 5% at 3 keV. This detector will provide second-of-arc X-ray imaging in the focal plane of the 342.9-cm focal length grazing-incidence telescope being prepared for the HEAO-B observatory. By addition of suitable photocathodes, it can be used for single-photon imaging light detection in the UV, visible, and near-IR-ranges. In all cases, it gives a very low dark counting rate, allows timing of individual events to 1 microsec or less, and can handle counting rates up to 10,000 per sec.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 47; Mar. 197
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  • 92
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    Pulsed resonance spectroscopy applied to turbulent combustion flows (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The application of pulsed resonance spectroscopy to the measurement of species concentrations in chemically reacting turbulent flows is discussed. The theory of such measurements is developed. An uncertainty analysis is performed, and the results are applied to typical combustion conditions. Experimental aspects are discussed. The method shows a significant theoretical improvement in accuracy over Raman and Reyleigh scattering techniques, and no significant barriers appear to block its development.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Apr. 197
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  • 93
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    Channel electron multiplier - Its quantum efficiency at soft X-ray and vacuum ultraviolet wavelengths (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Apr. 197
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  • 94
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    A very-long-baseline interferometer system for geodetic applications (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A very-long-baseline interferometer system was designed and built for geodetic applications. Each interferometer terminal records a 360-kHz spectral band of noise from a compact extragalactic radio source. The center frequency of the spectral band can be selected to sample sequentially bands covering a much wider frequency range to obtain subnanosecond accuracy in group-delay measurements. A tunnel-diode pulse generator is used to calibrate the delays in the receiver. The necessary sets of algorithms and computer programs have been developed to analyze the data and have allowed the system to be employed to make accurate determinations of vector baselines, radio-source positions, polar motion, and universal time.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Radio Science; 11; May 1976
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  • 95
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    Visible optical isolator using ZnSe (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A compact Faraday effect optical isolator was constructed for visible wavelengths and tested at 5145 A. The nonreciprocal element of the isolator was polycrystalline zinc selenide placed in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. For 5145 A the isolator had a 2.06-dB insertion loss and a 25.5-dB isolation. Indices of refraction and Verdet constants were measured for zinc selenide in the wavelength region from 4700 to 6300 A.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; June 197
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  • 96
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    Self-scanned anode array with a microchannel plate electron multiplier - The SSANACON (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A photoelectron counting detector utilizing a 128-element linear self-scanned anode array to collect the output of a dual microchannel plate electron multiplier is described. The operation of the detector, its spatial resolution and detection efficiency, and radiation behavior are discussed. The low-noise detector was developed for the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn mission UV spectrometer, and offers a large dynamic range and count rate of 0.003 per anode-sec. It can measure simultaneously two spatially separated signals differing by more than six orders of magnitude in count rate.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; June 197
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    Interferometer mirror tilt correcting system (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An interferometer is described, having several means for automatically adjusting the angular tilt of a reflecting surface in one of two paths to maintain the exit beams from the two paths parallel to each other. Three detectors at the output of the interferometer were disposed on mutually perpendicular axes which define a plane normal to the nominal exit beam axis. One detector at the origin of the axes was used as a reference for separate phase difference comparison with the outputs of the other two detectors on the X and Y axes to develop servo error signals.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 98
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    Unknown
    Cameras for semiconductor process control (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The application of X-ray topography to semiconductor process control is described, considering the novel features of the high speed camera and the difficulties associated with this technique. The most significant results on the effects of material defects on device performance are presented, including results obtained using wafers processed entirely within this institute. Defects were identified using the X-ray camera and correlations made with probe data. Also included are temperature dependent effects of material defects. Recent applications and improvements of X-ray topographs of silicon-on-sapphire and gallium arsenide are presented with a description of a real time TV system prototype and of the most recent vacuum chuck design. Discussion is included of our promotion of the use of the camera by various semiconductor manufacturers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-150459
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 99
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    Unknown
    Gas compression apparatus (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Apparatus for transferring gas from a first container to a second container of higher pressure was devised. A free-piston compressor having a driving piston and cylinder, and a smaller diameter driven piston and cylinder, comprise the apparatus. A rod member connecting the driving and driven pistons functions for mutual reciprocation in the respective cylinders. A conduit may be provided for supplying gas to the driven cylinder from the first container. Also provided is apparatus for introducing gas to the driving piston, to compress gas by the driven piston for transfer to the second higher pressure container. The system is useful in transferring spacecraft cabin oxygen into higher pressure containers for use in extravehicular activities.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Unknown
    Sounder design considerations in the selection of temperature sensing channels (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Simulation studies on the performance of IR sounders under varying conditions of cloud cover and cloud heights are carried out for Nimbus 6. An analytic function is derived for calculating the relative response to cloud height errors for arbitrary cloud-sensing channels. Based on the values of the response function, the best choice of channels for determining cloud amounts are obtained. An algorithm is described for determining cloud heights, and the sensitivity of cloud-height sensing channels is tested. It is found that for the HIRS instrument, the most transparent channel in the 4.3-micron band is optimal for adjusting cloud heights, while the channel in the 15-micron band peaking closest to the surface is best for determining cloud amounts
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Apr. 197
    Format: text
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