ALBERT

Notes: The paper describes two research projects on the application and value of satellite imagery taken, by ERTS 1 and Skylab, for small scale mapping. It describes the methods used in controlling a block of normal system corrected imagery and the accuracies achieved.The interpretation and evaluation of the imagery are discussed and the results of ERTS 1 and Skylab in this field are compared. Finally, some examples are described where ERTS 1 imagery has proved of practical value as a navigational aid when flying conventional photography and airborne geophysical surveys and for providing base maps when concerned with resource evaluation of poorly mapped areas.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On présent les résultats de deux projets de recherche sur les applications possibles el la valeur pratique des imageries satellitaires, prises avec ERTS 1 et Skylab en vue de la cartographie à petite échelle. On décrit les méthodes utilisées pour “appuyer” un bloc à imagerie corrigée (système normal) et l'exactitude obtenue. On compare de ce point de vue ERTS 1 et Skylab. Enfin on donne quelques applications pratiques qui se sont révélées utiles: aide à la navigation pour les levés photographiques et géophysiques aériens; établissement de cartes expédiées en vue d'inventaire de régions souscartographiées.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Beschreibung von zwei Forschungsprojekten über die Anwendung und den Nutzen von Satelliten-Bildern, die von ERTS 1 und Skylab aus aufgenommen wurden, für die Herstellung kleinmassstäbiger Karten. Es werden die Verfahren beschrieben, die beim Festpunktanschluss von korrigierten Bildern angewendet wurden. Die dabei erreichten Genauigkeiten werden mitgeteilt. Diskussion der Interpretation und Bewertung der Bilder und Vergleich der diesbezüglichen Ergebnisse von ERTS 1 und Skylab. Schliesslich werden einige Beispiele beschrieben, wo Bilder von ERTS 1 von praktischem Wert als Navigationshilfe zur Luftbildaufnahme und geophysikalischen Lufterkundung und bei Beschaffung von Grundkarten bei der Ressourcenerkundung in kartographisch schwach erfassten Gebieten waren.

Notes: The author reviews the present state of aerial triangulation methods and outlines the requirements for future research which were suggested at the symposium of Commission III of the International Society for Photogrammetry in 1974. He maintains that none of these research topics is very relevant to aerial triangulation as it is practised in Britain today. A combination of complacency, the natural inertia imposed by economic arguments and the higher priorities accorded to younger developments such as automated cartography is conspiring to prevent replacement of adequate but out-dated methods. He considers that there are nevertheless, strong arguments for selecting a newly designed, optimum, modern system, based on a modular approach, which can be introduced on a national basis and made fully available to all interested organisations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméRevue de l'état actuel des méthodes de triangulation aérienne et rappel des voies de recherches recommandées au symposium de la Commission III de la SIP en 1974. Aucune de ces voies n'a malheureusement de rapport avec ce qui est actuellement pratiqué en Grande Bretagne en matière de triangulation aérienne. Une certaine complaisance, mêlée à une inertie assez naturelle due à des raisons économiques et à la plus grande priorité accordée à des domaines plus neufs comme la cartographie automatique, a perpétué l'emploi des méthodes pertinentes mais désuètes. L'auteur pense qu'il y a de puissants arguments pour qu'on choisisse et mette en oeuvre une méthode moderne, avec approche modulaire dont l'emploi se ferait à l'échelle nationale et à laquelle tout organisme intéressé pourrait recourir.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor referiert über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Verfahren der Aerotriangulation und skizziert die Anforderungen für künftige Forschungs-arbeiten, die auf dem Symposium der Kommission III der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie 1974 vorgeschlagen wurden. Er bekräftigt, dass keiner dieser Forschungsgegenstände bezüglich der gegenwärtig in Grossbritannien praktizierten Aerotriangulation relevant ist. Eine Kombination von Selbstzufriedenheit, natürlicher Beschränkung infolge ökonomischer Argumente und der höheren Prioritäten wegen der neueren Entwicklungen z.B. in der automatischen Kartographie verhindert den Ersatz passender, aber unmoderner Verfahren. Der Autor ist der Meinung, dass es trotzdem starke Argumente zur Auswahl eines neuen optimalen, modernen Systems gibt, das auf dem Bausteinprinzip beruht und das auf nationaler Grundlage eingeführt und allen interessierten Organisationen zugänglich gemacht werden kann.

Notes: A plot of relative parallax measurements in a student exercise is proposed for revealing errors in parallax bar readings taken from a stereo-pair of aerial photographs. The sensitivity of the computed heights to measurement error is also evaluated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn propose un tracé graphique des mesures de parallaxe pour mettre en évidence des erreurs de lecture à la barre de parallaxe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Auswertung relativer Parallaxenmessungen bei einer studentischen Übung vorgeschlagen, um Fehler der an einem Stereomikrometer vorgenommenen Ablesungen aufzudecken, die an Hand eines Luftbildpaars erfolgten. Der Einfluss des Messfehiers auf den Höhenfehler wird ebenfalls abgeschätzt.

Notes: 1:70 000 scale photographs taken over Syria with a Russian AFA topographic camera equipped with a Russar 29b super-wide angle lens have been tested. The tests included (i) the measurement of a field of points using several different instruments and a comparison of the photogrammetrically derived co-ordinates with the values derived by field survey; (ii) the production of plots at 1: 25 000 scale for comparison with a check plot produced from large scale, wide angle photography; and (iii) production of orthophotographs, also at 1: 25 000 scale. Difficulties were experienced with the asymmetrical lens distortion pattern and the variations in illumination and resolution present in the photography. The former were overcome by manufacture of asymmetrical lens distortion correction plates. When this was done, the accuracies attained were comparable to those achieved in previous tests using photographs taken at the same scale with the Wild RC 9 camera equipped with the Super Aviogon I lens and measured on the same or similar types of measuring equipment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On décrit ici un test relatif à une couverture aérienne au 1: 70 000 exécutée en Syrie avec une chambre russe AFA dotée d'un super-grand angulaire 29 b. Le test comprenait: la détermination d'un polygone au sol, et la comparaison des determinations géodésiques et des déterminations photogrammétriques; la restitution de parcelles au 1: 25 000 en vue de les comparer avec une parcelle-test provenant de photos à grande échelle; et la réalisation d'ortho-photos au 1: 25 000. La distorsion disymétrique de l'objectif a conduit à quelques difficultés, ainsi que des inégalités d'éclairement et de finesse sur les clichés. On a surmonté les premières en faisant fabriquer des plaques correctives. Ceci fait, l'exactitude atteinte s'est trouvée du même ordre que celle de restitutions provenant des clichés aux même échelles pris avec le Wild RC9 et effectuées dans des conditions très voisines.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Bericht über die Testung von Luftbildern (mb= 70 000), die über Syrien mit einer sowjetischen Überweitwinkelkammer mil einem Russar-Objektiv 29b aufgenommen wurden. Die Untersuchungen umfassten (a) die Aus-messung eines Punktfeldes mit verschiedenen Auswertegeräten und einen Vergleich photogrammetrisch und geodätisch bestimmter Koordinaten, (b) die Durchführung einer Auswertung 1: 25 000 und den Vergleich mit einer aus grossmassstäbigen Weitwinkelbildern abgeleiteten Kontrollkarte, (c) die Herstellung von Orthophotos im Massstab 1: 25 000. Schwierig-keiten resultierten aus der asymmetrischen Objektivverzeichnung und den Variationen in der Bildhelligkeit und -auflösung. Die Verzeichnung konnte durch Herstellung von Kompensationsplatten reduziert werden. Danach waren die erreichten Genauigkeiten mit den in früheren Tests erzielten vergleichbar, bei denen mit einer Wild RC9- Kammer (Super Aviogon I) aufgenommene Luftbilder gleichen Massstabs an denselben oder ühnlichen Auswertegeräten ausgemessen wurden.

Notes: With present day trends towards smaller scale photography for topographic mapping and photomapping, there is an increasing need for high quality photography and a corresponding need for diagnostic information on potential sources of degradation. Hence subjective judgements must be supplemented by quantitative analyses of image quality that go beyond mere determinations of resolution level. A methodology for evaluating three important parameters governing image quality (development, exposure and spatial frequency content) is presented. By sequentially comparing the values measured on production or test photographs with standard values, the faults most commonly responsible for image degradation (such as errors in development and exposure, excessive image motion, vacuum failure and poor camera focus) can be isolated and measured.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLa tendance actuelle en matière de plans topographiques et de photocartes est de diminuer l'échelle de la couverture photo; se fait done jour le besoin d'émulsions de haute qualité et simultanément la nécessité de pouvoir juger objectivement de cette qualité. II faut alors recourir á des analyses quantitatives qui aillent au-delá de la simple mesure du pouvoir de résolution. On présente ici une méthodologie relative au problème de l'évaluation de trois des principaux paramètres effectuant la qualité de l'image (développement, durée d'exposition, résolution de fréquence spatiale). Avec des tests d'homogénéïté on peut alors déceler les variations de qualité, et en particulier déterminer et mesurer les causes d'altération les plus fréquentes (erreurs lors du développement ou lors de la phase d'exposition, filé, défauts internes, qualité médiocre de la chambre).〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBei dem gegenwärtigen Trend, den Bildmassstab zur Herstellung von topographischen Karten und Photokarten zu verkleinern, ergibt sich zunehmend die Notwendigkeit, Hochleistungsphotos aufzunehmen und diagnostische Informationen über mögliche Quellen der Qualitätsverschlechterung zu erlangen. Insbesondere müssen subjektive Bewertungen durch quantitative Analysen der Bildqualität ergänzt werden, die über Bestimmungen des Auflösungsvermögens hinausgehen. Es wird eine Methodologie zur Bewertung von drei wichtigen Parametern (Entwicklung, Belichtung, Inhalt der Orts-frequenz), die die Bildqualität beeinflussen, angegeben. Durch Vergleich der auf Produktionsbildern oder Testbildern gemessenen Werte mit deren Standards können die Fehler, die meistens eine Bildverschlechterung verursachen (wie zum Beispiel Fehler bei der Entwicklung und Belichtung, unzulässige Bildwanderung, ungenügende Planlage oder Kammerabstimmung) aufgedeckt und gemessen werden.

Notes: Le microscope électronique à balayage donne l'image de la surface d'un objet situé dans une boîte à spécimen où a été fait le vide. Un fin pinceau d'électrons balaie la surface synchroniquement avec un tube cathodique dont l'intensité est modulée en fonction du signal secondaire émanant du spécimen. Le système présente une grande profondeur de champ; on peut donc obtenir différentes perspectives du spécimen en le photographiant sous diverses inclinaisons (perspectives qui sont centrales, mais cependant justiciables d'être traitées comme parallèles pour de forts grandissements) et donc le restituer spatialement. On donne dans la première partie les limitations pratiques de l'appareillage, ainsi que le type et les causes de distorsion de l'image. Dans la deuxième partie, on décrit les caractéristiques d'un appareil de restitution adaptéà un cas standard: grandissement des deux clichés d'un stéréogramme: fixe-angle d'ouverture du faisceau perspectif négligeable (c'est le cas pour de forte grossissements) et convergence relative des deux positions de la plaque porte-spécimen est fixe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das Abtast-Elektronen-Mikroskop liefert Bilder der Oberfläche von Objekten, die sich in einer Vakuum-Kammer befinden. Ein feiner Elektronenstrahl tastet die Oberfläche in Synchronisation mit einer Kathodenstrahlröhre ab, deren Lichtpunkthelligkeit von dem sekundären Elektronensignal, das von der Probe ausgeht, moduliert wird. Das System gestattet eine grosse Schärfentiefe und erlaubt dadurch verschiedene Projektionen des zu photo-graphierenden Musters durch Neigung desselben zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Aufnahmen. Aus der Kenntnis der Geometrie der Projektion (die eine Zentralprojektion ist, jedoch für sehr stark vergrösserte Bilder annähernd als Parallel- oder Orthogonalfall behandelt werden kann) ist es daher möglich, zu dreidimensionalen Analysen durch Messung von Parallaxen zu kommen. Teil I der Arbeit handelt von den praktischen Problemen, die sowohl aus den Grenzen für die mechanische Konstruktion von Muster-Halterungen und Auswertegeräten als auch den Verzerrungen der Bilder resultieren. Teil II beschäftigt sich mit praktischen Gesichtspunkten der bewährten Auswerteinstrumente, die speziell für die Lösung eines standard-isierten Problems der Elektronenmikroskopie konstruiert wurden. Bei diesen wird die Vergrösserung der beiden Halbbilder eines Stereobildpaars konstant gehalten, der Divergenzwinkel der peripheren “Strahlen”, die sich aus dem zentralen “Strahl” ergeben, wird als vernachlässigbar angesehen (was bei Bildern mit starker Vergrösserung der Fall ist) und die Neigungswinkeldifferenz zwischen den zwei Lagen der Probe ist konstant.

Notes: The article describes an experiment in which a production block of aerial triangulation, observed by the method of independent models, was repeatedly computed using differing amounts and configurations of control. The block was recomputed to investigate the effects of control errors, of dispensing with the tie strips and of applying different weights to control and tie points. The connexion between the quality of the join of individual models and that of the adjusted block was also investigated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une série d'essais effectués sur un bloc de production de triangulation aérienne analytique traité par la méthode des modèles indépendants, destinés àétudier l'influence du nombre et de la configuration des points du canevas d'appui, l'effet d'erreurs sur les points d'appui, l'effet des bandes transversales, et du choix des poids pour les points d'appui et de liaison. On a aussi examiné la corrélation entre la qualityé de l'enchaînement des modèles individuels et celle du bloc compensé.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines Versuchs, bei dem ein Aerotriangulationsblock aus der Produktion, der nach der Methode der unabhängigen Bildpaare beobachtet worden war, wiederholt bei verschiedenen Anzahlen und Anordnungen von Passpunkten berechnet wurde. Die Berechnungen erfolgten zur Abschätzung der Einflüsse von Passpunktfehlern. Weiter wurde der Anschluss zu Nachbarstreifen und die Anwendung verschiedener Gewichte für Pass- und Verbindungspunkte untersucht. Desgleichen wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Qualität des Zusammenschlusses einzelner Modelle und der des ausgeglichenen Blockes untersucht.

Notes: : The increased agricultural efficiency of the American farmer has been a substantial impetus to this nation's rapid urbanization. In many western regions where total water supplies are limited, urbanization has required the transfer of heretofore agricultural water rights to the urban use. A major problem in such transfers has been the value or price of the water. A management level model of a typical urban water system was developed to optimize water supply, distribution, and wastewater treatment alternatives. The values of agricultural transfers were determined as the cost advantages of increasing allowable reuse levels of urban effluents which imply the use of a downstream right. This procedure is justified by the economic theory of alternative cost. Results for a test application to the Denver, Colorado area indicate values on the order of $1,000 per acre-foot of transferable water depending on effluent water quality restrictions and operational policies.

Notes: : The purpose of this paper is to describe a land use and environmental planning model. Map overlays were used for analyzing and aggregating economic, social, and environmental data. Various land use categories were evaluated using a numerical scoring system. These scores were then used to assist in the development of land use regulations in a coastal county in South Carolina.

Notes: : Land development projects that are presumed to have regional impact according to the Florida Land and Water Management Act of 1972 are forced to minimize adverse environmental impact through a detailed procedure called Application for Development Approval (ADA). In Southeast Florida, as part of this review process, the water-supply and flooding conflicts must be resolved with the regional water management agency, Central and South Florida Flood Control District (FCD). This paper discusses the efforts to resolve these two conflicts for a large proposed residential development in Broward County, Florida. The project, as envisioned by Leadership Housing, Inc., places 25,000 dwelling units on the 3,960-acre site. The project is located in a flood prone area of the Hillsboro Canal Basin and is at the northwest edge of the Biscayne Aquifer. Significant land modification is required to flood-proof the project. The water-supply conflict was resolved only when the FCD was assured that the ultimate water demand for the project was balanced by the natural recharge to the site. Significant water-resources studies were required to produce these conflict resolutions.

Notes: : Systematic sampling of waterways and irrigation runoff from agricultural lands in the North Platte Project of Nebraska in July and August of 1972–1974 demonstrated that phytopathogenic organisms were disseminated. The organisms monitored included the bean common blight bacterium Xanthomonas phaseoli, the bean white mold fungus Whetzelinia sclerotiorum and various nematodes. Although many types of nematodes often were recovered from irrigation water, Heterodera sp. cysts which cause significant disease problems in the valley were found infrequently. Patterns of movement of the bacterial and fungal organisms were correlated with previous or current season infection of bean plants. The short-term survival of X. phaseoli in sterile deionized water may explain the detection of this organism only in runoff or ditches receiving runoff from common blight infected bean fields. Sclerotial bodies of W. sclerotiorum remained viable for at least 10–21 days in flowing water and were found throughout the irrigation waterways. Irrigation of beans with contaminated water can result in both common blight and white mold diseases. Dissemination of phytopathogenic organisms in irrigation reuse systems as well as agricultural land runoff should be considered in irrigation planning and system design.

Notes: : The tolerance of a community to stress is dependent on the nature of the receiving system, and the nature and degree to which the stress is applied. However, where the stress is sufficient to cause a response, either the numbers of organisms or taxa, or both, will be affected. A simple method of ordination was used to assess the effects of stressed conditions on macroinvertebrate communities in the New River, Virginia, and compared to the diversity index (d) of Wilhm and Dorris. A principal of the method was that standing crop, as reflected by the total numbers of specimens and taxa collected, served as an indicator of community health. The most healthy situation in the study was defined as the one in which standing crop and niche partitioning were greatest.

Notes: : The State of Louisiana created in 1972 the Deep Draft Harbor and Terminal Authority (commonly called Superport Authority) to plan, promote, and develop a deepwater (crude oil) terminal off the coast of Louisiana, and empowered it to establish an Authority development program to promote the economic and social welfare of its citizens. Simultaneously, the Authority was also charged with developing an environmental protection plan to preserve the environmental values of Louisiana's unique coastal marshland while permitting beneficial industrial and economic development. Consequently, in January 1974, an Environmental Protection Plan was promulgated, consisting of a series of regulations, design standards, and operating procedures aimed specifically at protecting the fragile estuarine environment of coastal Louisiana during the construction and ultimate operation of the superport. The paper describes the development of the Superport Authority's Environmental Protection Plan and the current status of the superport project.

Notes: : Traditional development in South Florida has in many cases resulted in undesirable degradation of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, due to overdrainage and overenrichment of surface waters. The study described in this paper was undertaken in order to establish guidelines under which urban development may take place in coastal areas, while minimizing unwanted environmental changes. The study area consists of approximately 70 square miles of relatively flat land in Collier County, Florida. The coastal wetlands of the region are a highly valued natural resource containing the Rookery Bay Wildlife Sanctuary. The upland properties are mainly pine woodlands and have great potential for development. A master plan was developed which will (1) provide adequate drainage for existing and projected development within the study area and (2) maintain the integrity of the estuarine zone. The major recommendations of the plan relate to land use, physical control of surface waters, including construction and maintenance of the water management system, and implementation of the plan.

Notes: : This study examines agricultural land use change in the flood plain of the Iowa River as a result of building the Coralville Dam. Estimates of land use change and the benefits realized from the project are compared to the original project study benefits estimated by the Corps of Engineers. An analysis of the factors affecting land use change is carried out through a regression model to determine those variables that explain observed land use change.

Notes: : Bacterial populations in nontreated and herbicide-treated waters were subjected to three different herbicides. Diuron, dichlobenil, and diquat were added (100 mg/l) to water samples from two fresh water lakes and two herbicide-treated ponds. Total numbers of bacteria were monitored. Bacterial populations in fresh lake water decreased after herbicide additions; however, final populations were significantly greater than the controls. Similar observations were recorded for bacteria in dichlobenil- and diuron-treated waters. Selective enrichment is probably expressed in these experiments.

Notes: . Middle and high management levels within water utilities would find their decision making activities greatly enhanced if provided with a set of techniques having the following characteristics: (1) the ability to procure information and knowledge about real-life systems, (2) the ability to promote analysis of the real life system and (3) the capacity to gauge the impact of decisions. A model/simulation is presented, having the capability to mime operational aspects of water supply systems. The simulation produces time series of what are considered relevant operational variables. These series are amenable to analysis of both static and dynamic effects of alternative policies, changing environmental conditions and varying parametric specifications. Because of its modular structure and the ad hoc programming language utilized, it offers great flexibility. The model/simulation allows extensions, deletions and modifications without consequent reformulation or extensive reprogramming. It performs a number of statistical tests useful for its own verification and validation. Also available are a suggested methodology and procedures for model use, possible difficulties with data gathering and operation, plus an idea of what cannot be done with the currently extant model version.

Notes: Books reviewed in this articles:Handbook of Chlorination, by George Clifford White.Water Quality Management: An Analysis of Institutional Patterns, by David C. Ranney.Radioactive Tracers in Hydrology, by E. Gaspar and M. Oncescu.

Notes: : The use of synthetic time series (artificially simulated time series with specific and useful properties built into them) to increase the confidence in the statistical parameters of limited hydrometeorological time series is the subject matter of this paper. By constructing fourteen synthetic time series, a sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the net effect of nonstationarity, number of lags and small sample size on estimated spectral densities. Similarly, the effects of the harmonic-removal procedure on the resulting residual series and the confidence limits in cross spectral analysis are examined in the light of synthetic time series analysis. These analyses clearly indicate the useful supplemental role of synthetic time series in data analysis.

Notes: : The interaction between the level of taxation and the firms accruing choice of treatment technology is discussed. It is shown that there is a risk of overtaxation, that is, simply increasing taxation may fail to improve environmental quality but only increase production costs and thus consumer prices.

Notes: : This paper details the increasing tendency to overdevelop lands adjacent to public reservoirs. The impact on water quality of the pollutant load carried in surface runoff from developed lands is described as well as the depreciation in recreational experience due to loss of scenic horizons. The case study, Spruce Run Reservoir in Clinton, New Jersey, included population and demand projections. Land speculation and proposed development are evaluated on a physical constraint basis. Areas of conflict are outlined and conflict resolutions proposed.

Notes: : The St. Johns River basin is the largest watershed entirely within the State of Florida, and is one of the few northward flowing rivers in the United States. The river basin contains 11,431 square miles, of which 9,430 square miles are drained by the river and its tributaries. The remainder drains into the Atlantic Ocean or the Intracoastal Waterway. Its largest sub-basin is the Oklawaha River basin, which has a drainage area of 2,870 square miles. Ground elevations range from sea level to 200 feet above mean sea level in the main river basin and as high as 300 feet above mean sea level in the Oklawaha River basin. This study was designed to investigate the surface water resources of the St. Johns River and the existing consumptive uses. The analysis revealed that the river is an extremely large and valuable resource which has been under-utilized and could play a much stronger role in serving the needs of the people in the basin.

Notes: : Having determined various statistical parameters for five mean monthly hydrometeorological time series of the United States, directional variation of the autocorrelation numbers, their spatial distribution over the United States and statistical significances are presented in this paper. Two conceptually different approaches (one using directional strips of large combined watersheds and the other with analysis of variances) are employed to explore the geographic variation of the statistical parameters (autocorrelations and explained variances) in question. Results adequately indicate the correspondence between these variations and the observed topographic, climatologic and hydrologic characteristics over the United States.

Notes: The purpose of this paper is to describe how the Level B Water Resources Planning Process was applied to Long Island Sound and the land area around it, to summarize the major findings and recommendations of the study and to comment on the effectiveness of that process and suggest how it might be made more effective in the future.

Notes: : By field investigations and planning, it is profitable to rehabilitate gravel pits as recreational lakes in urban areas. Some of the important aspects to be considered are topography, soil, surface water and groundwater. A case study is presented and some general guidelines in the rehabilitation process are given. This kind of a use for derelict land is important at the present time as there is a growing demand for recreational lakes in urban areas.

Notes: : The records of the seasonal peaks in snow accumulation on 24 snow courses show that the relative variability (measured by the coefficient of variation) is inversely related to elevation in the San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado. Analysis on an annual basis shows that this is due to a tendency for the peak snowpack at high elevations to be closer to the long-term mean while that at low levels is further from the normal. This is true in both above-normal and below-normal accumulation seasons. Extrapolation of 20 annual elevation-accumulation trends suggests that mean accumulation is reached at 4107 ± 186 m elevation. This is approximately the height of the topographic harrier of the San Juan Mountains suggesting that the pattern of variability is a partial function of an atmospheric-topographic interaction.

Notes: . Land subsidence due to groundwater overdraft has been assumed to be one of Arizona's major water related problems. This paper investigates the premise from an economic point of view and concludes that in the case of Arizona the physical fact of land subsidence has little or no economic significance.

Notes: This paper gives an account of the life of Dr. H. G. Fourcade and describes his pioneer photogrammetric achievements.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBiographie du Dr. H. G. Fourcade; description de ses recherches en matière de photogrammétrie.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird ein Bericht über das Leben von Dr. H. G. Fourcade und seine Pionierleistungen auf dem Gebiet der Photogrammetrie gegeben.

Notes: The principles of holography are described. Illustrations are given of the use of reconstructions of objects from holograms instead of the objects themselves. These reconstructions may be made for the purposes of measurement, especially when the object is in a transitory or inaccessible condition at the time at which measurement is needed. Interferometric methods using holograms are shown to be capable of high sensitivity and great convenience. Finally reference is made to related measurement techniques using non-holographic methods which have been derived from experience with holography.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn donne les principes de l'holographie. On montre ensuite pourquoi on petit avoir avantage à travailler sur l'image d'un objet restituée par holographie plutôt que sur l'objet lui-même: quand on veut effectuer des mesures sur un objet non accessible ou à définition variable dans le temps. Les méthodes interferométriques faisant appel aux hologrammes sont susceptibles d'une grande sensibilité et d'une grande efficacité. Enfin mention est faite de techniques métrologiques utilisant des méthodes non holographiques mais qui découlent de l'expérience acquise en hologrammétrie.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung der Prinzipien der Holographie. Wiedergabe von Abbildungen bezüglich der Verwendung der Rekonstruktion von Objekten aus Hologrammen anstelle der Objekte selbst. Die Rekonstruktionen können zum Zwecke der Messung erfolgen, insbesondere, wenn das Objekt zu der Zeit, wo die Messung benötigt wird, veränderlich oder unzugänglich ist. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Interferenz-Verfahren auf der Basis von Hologrammen eine hohe Empfindlichkeit und Bequemlichkeit besitzen. Zum Schluss wird Bezug auf Messverfahren genommen, die nicht-holographische Methoden verwenden und die aus Erfahrungen mit der Holographie abgeleitet wurden.

Notes: In late May/early June and mid-July 1971, panchromatic and multiband photographs were taken of a locality in Breckland, East Anglia. Panchromatic and red waveband photographs are of similar value for interpreting and mapping soils and are far superior to photographs exposed to the blue and the green wavebands. Photographs exposed in July are more useful than those exposed in June but are best taken in March and April when most land has been ploughed. In July, near infrared photographs emphasise differences in growth within crops which are related to differences in depth of sand over sand-chalk drift. The multiband signature technique appears to have little application for soil mapping and classification but further investigation is needed, particularly in the field, of those factors which govern image response.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméFin mai, début juin, et à la mi-juillet 1971 ont été prises des photos panchromatiques et multicanales d'une localité située dans le Breckland (est de l'Angleterre). On a constaté que les photographies panchromatiques et celles prises dans la bande rouge étaient d'un interêt égal quant à l'identification de la nature des sols et à leur cartographie; il n'en n'est pas de même pour celles prises dans les bandes bleues et vertes qui leur sont dans ce type d'étude très inférieures. La prise de vue doit être effectuée en juillet, de préférence, en juin, mats mieux encore en mars et avril après les labours. Les prises de vues de juillet en proche infra-rouge mettent en évidence les différences de hauteurs des moissons dues aux variations de l'épaisseur de la couche superficielle de sable du bane sable-craie. Les prises de vue en plusieurs canaux et les techniques d'exploitation actuelles ne semblent pas d'un très grand intérêt pour la cartographie et la classification des sols, du moins tant que n'auront pas été accomplis des progrès décisifs dans l'étude des facteurs qui induisent la réponse-image.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEnde Mai, Anfang Juni und Mitte Juli 1971 wurden panchromatische und multispektrale Photos eines Gebietes in Breckland, Ostanglia, aufgenommen. Panchromatische und infrarote Bilder sind für die Interpretation und Kartierung etwa gleichbedeutend und Aufnahmen im blauen und grünen Bereich des Spektrums weit überlegen. Die im Juli aufgenommenen Bilder sind gegenüber den Junibildern günstiger, aber am besten sind Aufnahmen im März und April, wenn das meiste Ackerland gepflügt wird. Im Juli werden durch Infrarotphotos Wachstumsdifferenzen bei Cetreide sichtbar gemacht, die aus Tiefenunterschieden des Sandes über Kalksandschichten resultieren. Die multispektrale Aufzeichnung scheint für die Kartierung und Klassifizierung von Boden geringe Bedeutung zu haben, jedoch sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, besonders hinsichtlich der Faktoren, die die Bildaufzeichnung beeinflussen.

Notes: This paper draws attention to several effects of convergence in photogrammetry.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméDe certains effets de la convergence en photogrammétrie.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn dem Artikel wird die Aufmerksamkeit auf einige Effekte der Konvergenz in der Photogrammetrie gelenkt.

Notes: This paper considers the apparent inconsistency between the number of elements of data required and the number of unknowns to be found in resection.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméDe l'apparente surabondance des données requises pour effectuer un relèvement dans l'espace par rapport au nombre de paramètres à déterminer.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn der Arbeit wird die scheinbare Unstimmigkeit zwischen der Anzahl der geforderten Elemente von Daten und der Anzahl der Unbekannten beim Rückwärtseinschnitt untersucht.

Notes: A simple technique is described which makes use of the Rapidograph type of pen and which enables a drawing to be made directly in ink on the table of a photogrammetric plotting instrument. The method is described in relation to a Thompson-Watts Mk. II plotter but it should be applicable to other plotting instruments.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn explique ici comment avec une pointe du type Rapidographe on peut tracer directement à l'encre sur le coordinatographe. Ce procédé essayé ici sur un Thompson-Watts Mk. II peut être adaptéà d'autres appareils de restitution.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines einfachen Verfahrens, das auf der Anwendung einer Rapidograph-Zeichenfeder beruht und das direkte Zeichnen mit Tinte auf dem Kartiertisch eines Stereoauswertegerätes ermöglicht. Obwohl sich die Beschreibung auf den Thompson-Watts Mk. II Plotter bezieht, ist es auch bei anderen Stereokartiergeräten anwendbar.

Notes: Most photogeological work in the field of mineral exploration has been concentrated on the production of base maps and the delineation of favourable geological structures (Allum, 1966; Norman, 1969), the latter generally being medium to large scale phenomena. Since the likelihood of discovery of a new mineral deposit by its surface outcrop is slight, indirect methods of prospecting using geochemical, geobotanical and geophysical techniques are used, as well as remote sensing methods using infra-red linescan and multispectral photography. With the increased data available from the multi-spectral photography, it is suggested that more sophisticated methods of interpretation are required in addition to the conventional interpretation techniques. In this connexion, the use of the microdensitometer and filtering techniques are described in relation to small scale phenomena associated with mineral deposits.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméJusqu'à présent la plupart des travaux photo-géologiques faits en vue de l'exploration minière s'appliquent à des gisements de taille moyenne et se traduisent par des cartes générales ou des cartes de delimitation des structures géologiques prometteuses (Allum, 1966; Norman, 1969). Depuis qu'il n'est plus guere permis d'espérer la découverte de nouveaux gisements par la localisation d'affleurements à l'air libre, on utilise des procédés de prospection indirects, faisant appel à la géobotanique et la géophysique, aussi bien qu'à la télédétection. Dans ce dernier domaine, il conviendra par suite de l'accroissement considérable de données enregistrées par les méthodes de prise de vue multispectrales d'élaborer de nouvelles méthodes d'interprétation. On peut, entre autres, faire appel aux techniques de microdensimétrie et de filtrage, utiles dans l'étude des mini-phénomènes provoqués par la proximité d'un gisement minier.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie meisten photogeologischen Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Mineraliener-kundung konzentieren sich auf die Herstellung von Grundkarten und die Ableitung günstiger geologischer Strukturen (Allum, 1966; Norman, 1969), die im allgemeinen mittel- bis grossmassstäbige Erscheinungen sind. Weil die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Entdeckung neuer Minerallagerstätten durch deren Vorkommen auf der Erdoberfläche gering ist, werden bei der Prospektierung sowohl indirekte geochemische, geobotanische und geophysikalische Verfahren als auch Methoden der Fernerkundung mit Infrarot-Abtastesystemen und Multispektralaufnahmen angewendet. Es wird vermutet, dass die aus Multispektralphotos resultierenden grösseren Datenmengen eine Verfeinerung der bisher üblichen konventionellen Interpretationsmethoden erfordern. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Anwendung der Mikrodensitometer- und Filterverfahren in bezug auf kleinmassstäbige Erscheinungen, die mit Minerallagerstätten verbunden sind, beschrieben.

Notes: The Photogrammetric Society held its third biennial symposium at the University of Birmingham from 18th to 20th April, 1975. The symposium programme contained six separate sessions. The formal papers appear in the following pages but, in addition, panel discussions took place on “The Society; the profession; the future”, “Non-topographic photogrammetry” and “Future needs in instrument design”.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe 3ème symposium biannuel s'est tenu à l'Université de Birmingham du 18 au 20 avril, 1975. Il y a eu six sessions. On reproduit les communications. De plus, des discussions furent organisées sur le thème: “La société, la profession, l'avenir”, “La photogrammétrie non topographique” et “Les tendances dans la conception des instruments”.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Photogrammetrische Gesellschaft hat in der Zeit vom 18. bis 20. April, 1975 ihr 3., alter zwei Jahre stattfindendes, Symposium an der Universität Birmingham durchgeführt. Das Tagungsprogramm wies 6 getrennte Sitzungen aus. Die Vorträge, die gehalten wurden, werden auf den folgenden Seiten wiedergegeben. Zusätzlich fanden Podiumsdiskussionen über “Die Gesellschaft, der Beruf, die Zukunft”, “Nicht-topographische Photogrammetrie” und “Zukünftige Tendenzen bei der Konstruktion von Auswertegeräten” statt.

Notes: Details are given of four jobs which have been carried out on a commercial basis and where the measuring problems involved were simplified by the application of non-topographic photogrammetry. The subjects described are: (i) the measurement of the altitude of storm cloud tops; (ii) a study of a method of measuring distortions on the fuselages of aircraft; (iii) the determination of the trajectories of parachutists; and (iv) recording the shape of a respirator mould.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit quatre opérations où la photogrammétrie non topographique a été utilisée: détermination de l'altitude des sommets de nuages de tempête; vérification des normes de construction de fuselages d'un avion; détermination des trajectoires de parachutistes; restitution de la forme d'un moule respiratoire.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungAngabe der Details von vier Arbeiten, die auf kommerzieller Basis durchgeführt warden und wo die aufgetretenen Messungsprobleme durch die Anwendung der nicht-topographischen Photogrammetrie vereinfacht werden konnten. Die beschriebenen Beispiele beziehen sich auf (a) die Höhenbestimmung der Spitzen von Sturmwolken (b) eine Studie über ein Verfahren zur Vermessung der Verzerrungen eines Flugzeugrumpfes (c) die Bestimmung der Flugbahn von Fallschirmspringern (d) die Registrierung der Form eines Gasmaskenmodells.

Notes: The scanning electron microscope forms images of the surfaces of objects located in a vacuum specimen chamber. A fine beam of electrons scans the surface in synchronism with a cathode ray tube whose spot brightness is modulated by the secondary electron signal emanating from the specimen. The system is capable of giving a large depth of focus and thus allows different projections of the specimen to be photographed by tilting the specimen between successive exposures. From a knowledge of the geometry of the projection (which is central or perspective, but may be justifiably treated as a parallel or orthogonal case for high magnification images), it is therefore possible to proceed to three dimensional analyses from the measurement of parallaxes. Part I of this paper deals with the practical problems resulting from mechanical design limitations of specimen stages and plotting instruments, as well as the nature and sources of image distortions. Part II deals with the practical features of the successful plotting instruments designed especially for the solution of a standardised scanning electron microscope problem in which the magnification of the two members of a stereoscopic pair of images is held constant, the angle of divergence of the peripheral “rays” of the projection from the central “ray” is assumed to be negligible (which is the case for high magnification images) and the tilt angle difference between the two specimen attitudes is constant.

Notes: Following a brief discussion of his current research interests in testing properties of materials and in model measurement, the author discusses the purpose and design of a test field for close range camera calibration.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméPolygones pour étalonnages de chambres à courte distance de prise de vue.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungNach kurzer Diskussion gegenwärtiger Forschungen zur Testung von Materialeigenschaften und zur Vermessung von Modellen diskutiert der Autor den Verwendungszweck und den Aufbau eines Testfeldes zur Kalibrierung von Aufnahmekammern für die Nahphotogrammetrie.

Notes: An honorary member and former president of the International Society for Photogrammetry looks back over the past sixty years and concludes with some questions on the future of photogrammetry.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn membre honoraire, ancien président de la SIP, considère soixante années de photogrammétrie, et pose quelques questions quant à son devenir.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Ehrenmitglied und der frühere Präsident der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie hält Rückblick auf die vergangenen 60 Jahre und schliesst mit einigen Fragen über die Zukunft der Photogrammetrie.

Notes: PHOTOGRAMMETRIC GUIDE. By J. Albertz and W. Kreiling. Second edition. H. Wichmann Verlag, Karlsruhe, 1975.ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY. BY P. R. Wolf. MCGRAW-HILL, 1974.REMOTE SENSING: TECHNIQUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS. Edited by J. E. Estes and L. W. Senger. Hamilton Publishing Company, Santa Barbara, California, 1974.AN APPRAISAL OF PHYSIOGRAPHIC UNITS FOR PREDICTING SITE CONDITIONS IN ARID AREAS. By R. M. S. Perrin and C. W. Mitchell. Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment, Christchurch, Hampshire,1969 and 1971.

Notes: All methods of aerial triangulation are applied in the United States, including independent models, strip adjustments, block adjustments, the bundles method and mixed systems. Seven private firms advertise that they perform analytical aerial triangulation exclusively and 24 others indicated that the practice is included as part of their mapping functions. The bundles system of the National Ocean Survey serves as a detailed example of one system; a new long term effort has begun to reduce the resultant error on the ground to ± 30 mm as an adjunct to geodetic control surveys.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméToutes les méthodes d'aérotriangulation analytique sont appliquées aux Etats-Unis: modèles indépendents, compensation par bandes, compensation par blocs, par faisceaux, et méthodes mixtes. Sept entreprises privées se consacrent exclusivement aux travaux d'aérotriangulation analytique, et 24 autres l'emploient. On décrit à titre d'exemple, la méthode de compensation par faisceau du National Ocean Survey; on s'est récemment fixé comme but à long terme de réduire les erreurs de détermination au sol à± 30 mm de façon à assurer l'homogénéïté avec les levés géodésiques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn den USA werden alle Verfahren der Aerotriangulation angewendet, wie die Methode der unabhängigen Modelle, Streifenausgleichungen, Blockausgleichungen, die Bündelmethode und kombinierte Systeme. Sieben Privatfirmen annoncieren, dass sie ausschliesslich analytische Aerotriangulationen ausführen und 24 andere, dass die Aerotriangulation Bestandteil der Kartenherstellung ist. Die beim National Ocean Survey praktizierte Bündelmethode dient als Beispiel für ein System. Auf Grund längerer Bemühungen konnte der Fehler im Gelände auf ± 30 mm reduziert werden, wodurch die Aerotriangulation zur geodätischen Punktbestimmung genutzt werden kann.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:THE NATIONAL GRAVITY REFERENCE NET 1973 (NGRN73). By D. Masson Smith, P. M. Howell, A. B. D. E. Abernethy-Clark and D. W. Proctor (Editor). Ordnance Survey Professional Paper No.THE PRECISE ALIGNMENT SURVEY OF A 5 KM RADIO TELESCOPE AERIAL ARRAY FOR THE CAVENDISH LABORATORY, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY. By W. J. Preiss, D. W. Proctor and P. E. Haywood. Ordnance Survey Professional Paper No.REMOTE SENSING EVALUATION FLIGHTS, 1971. Part 1 edited by L. F. Curtis and A. Mayer; Part 2 edited by J. G. W. Greenwood.PHOTO-HYDROLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYS. By A. M. J. Meijerink.EVIDENCE IN CAMERA. The story of photographic intelligence in World War II. By C. Babington Smith.STABILIZATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC SILVER HALIDE EMULSIONS. By E. J. Birr.

Notes: : Bayesian and non-Bayesian flood levee design methods that account for the uncertainty due to limited record length are compared using a case study. The first method, Bayesian decision theory (BDT), imbeds the uncertainty in the parameters of the yearly peak stage into a loss function. The optimum design of the flood levee, called Bayes design, corresponds to the minimum expected loss, called Bayes risk. The second method, induced safety algorithm (ISA), computes a margin of safety to be added to either an existing levee or a levee designed by classical benefit-cost analysis. The design decision is shown to fluctuate as different record lengths are considered. For short record lengths, BDT, which takes small sample bias into account, appears to yield a more conservative design than ISA. On the other hand, ISA, which is simple to implement, seems to be preferable to BDT for longer record lengths.

Notes: : In a joint undertaking by The MITRE Corporation and the EPA Office of Water Programs Operations, three indices were developed: (1) An index of water quality; (2) An index of the need for abatement action; and (3) An index of the need for water quality management planning. These indices were evaluated for some 1000 planning areas (sub basins, regional planning jurisdictions, metropolitan areas, etc.) which together cover essentially all of the area of the 48 contiguous states.

Notes: : A lake or reservoir, heated mainly through the air-water interface, is visualized as a solid which is bounded by the interface plane (x = 0) and extends to infinity in the positive x-direction. Analytical expressions give the surface temperature, the temperature profile (with depth) and the position of the thermocline as a function of time (Julian Day). Preliminary model results indicate that the general shape of the temperature profile and the position of the thermocline are influenced primarily by the air-water heat exchange and the time lapse since an isothermal condition existed in the water body.

Notes: : An environmental simulation model of the Upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, has been developed in order to predict hydrologic responses under proposed management plans. Land use projections for each of 19 hydrologic planning units are provided by a linear programming analysis of agricultural activities. Inputs to the model include rainfall, runoff, evapotranspiration (ET), aquifer properties, topography, soil types, and vegetative patterns. A water balance is developed in the uplands based on infiltration, ET, surface runoff, and groundwater flow. Valley continuity is based on stage-volume relationship for inflows and outflows and a variable roughness coefficient dependent on vegetative patterns. Land use changes form the basis for predicting hydroperiod variation under alternative management schemes. Plans are ranked according to two criteria, deviation from a natural hydroperiod and flood or drought control provided. Results indicate that (1) a single reservoir without irrigation and (2) floodplain preservation plans are superior to (3) multiple reservoir with irrigation and (4) uncontrolled floodplain plans with regard to both criteria.

Notes: : This study presents generalized and special forms of hydraulic solutions of surface water lag time, as conceptualized by Overton (1970), for the converging overland flow. It is shown that these solutions can be used to estimate lag time from physically measurable information on a given watershed.

Notes: : Deoxygenation process in which carbonaceous BOD is biochemically oxidized to reduced inorganic compounds is of great significance in the oxygen demand of stream waters. The BOD decay rate traditionally determined in a laboratory might not necessarily be the same as estimated for a natural stream. The variation in biochemical activity could occur due to differences in adsorption, dispersion, and biophysical processes taking place in the two environments. The first stage biochemical oxygen demand and benthal oxygen demand that occur simultaneously in a stream, have been considered together to calculate the gross rate of deoxygenation in polluted waters. The available data on deoxygenation measurements has been analyzed in this study to calculate the carbonaceous BOD rate constants in natural streams. The analysis indicates that the dimensionless deoxygenation parameter is a function of the ratio of the Reynolds number and Froude number of flow. The functional relationship between these two parameters essentially follows a straight line on a log-log plot. The applicability of the relationship does not depend upon the volume of the organic load, size, or location of the stream.

Notes: : Sewage effluent is commonly disposed of on land in arid regions, and the majority usually recharges the groundwater. Few evaluations have been made of the effect of effluent disposal on groundwater quality in the west. Groundwater hydrologists are rarely involved with treatment plant design and operation or effluent disposal in the San Joaquin Valley, California. The author's purpose is to evaluate the effect of regional sewering programs on groundwater quality in this valley. Research was conducted on past studies of sewage effluent disposal. An extensive water sampling program was undertaken near the Fresno Sewage Treatment Plant. Chloride contents were used to trace recharged effluent. The extent of recharged effluent was delineated and traced for about ten miles. Sampling between the plant and the urban Fresno area indicated a high probability of large-scale leakage of raw sewage into the groundwater.

Notes: : The individual hydrologic components are assumed to be normally distributed for each month and linear regression equations are estimated for predicting the value of the individual monthly hydrologic components. It is shown that some of the hydrologic components for downwind (in this case downstream) lakes are dependent upon hydrologic events for the upwind lakes. This is particularly so for precipitation in the downwind lake basins which appears to be dependent upon evaporation values for upwind lakes.

Notes: : Recent watershed research indicates that many timber management practices have profound effects on the water quality of small headwater streams. These streams often support fisheries of high value. Current knowledge seems to indicate that a definite potential exists for a symbiotic relationship between timber and fisheries management. Maximum development of both resources is attainable only if further research efforts recognize the mutually benefiting aspects of these heretofore separate disciplines. Future research should carefully examine the complex interrelationships between small headwater aquatic ecosystems and the riparian forest environment.

Notes: : The planning of water supply reservoirs has traditionally been based on the Rippl or sequent peak analysis which applies to the design of a single reservoir. This paper incorporates the sequent peak method as the central feature in establishing a procedure for determining the sizes of several potential reservoirs located in a system of one or more rivers. Separate algorithms are developed for sites on parallel streams and for sites on the same stream. In both cases the approach is to find the combination of reservoirs which can satisfy a given constant monthly demand at a minimum total construction cost. It is shown that both problems can be cast in the form of a dynamic programming problem. A more complex system is then a combination of reservoirs in parallel and in series. An extension is given if the monthly demand is not constant but each reservoir satisfies a constant fraction of the monthly demand.

Notes: : A two-phase titration method was developed and evaluated to determine the concentration of linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS), branched-chain alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), dishwashing detergents, and laundry detergents in water. This method is capable of quantitatively determining anionic surfactants in either fresh water or saline water and it is therefore superior to the widely used Methylene Blue Method. To simplify the titration method for adoptation to remote field utilization, a field test kit was developed. This test kit includes only a separatory funnel, a titration burette, a set of liquid measuring apparatus, and some chemicals. Emphasis was placed on compactness of the kit and simplicity in the test manipulation, so that its operation can be performed by relatively unskilled wastewater monitoring personnel.

Notes: : In order to handle the probabilistic nature of treated waste effluent characteristics, the reliability associated with a basin-wide quality management goal has been included in the modeling process. Meanwhile, the quantitative and qualitative variations of the irrigation return flows and the urban runoff also exhibit a probabilistic nature in terms of both temporal and spatial measurements. Computer simulation has been utilized in analyzing the reliability and sensitivity of a river basin quality management. In this paper, a simulation-optimization scheme for the determination of policies in regional water quality management was developed subject to specific water quality standards. Stochastic quadratic programming techniques have been used in the optimization analysis. A series of simulation models describing the statistical water quality control phenomena was developed. Meanwhile, a simulation analysis for the description of probabilistic nature of the stream quality was developed for the control strategies of the return flows in the regional management system. As an illustration of the applicability of this water quality control approach, the major wastewater treatment facilities in the San Antonio River Basin were analyzed. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the most satisfying strategies for a regional water quality management system subject to probabilistic standards.

Notes: : A dynamic programming procedure for the planning and operation of a wastewater treatment plant over a long period of time is presented. In order to meet increased demands for wastewater treatment in the future, the expansion of existing plants must be considered. Dynamic programming is employed to determine the optimal schedule of expansion at each plant, simultaneously determining an optimal operating policy (treatment level). The optimal schedule of expansion at each plant depends on the following: (1) the shape of the projected wastewater demand function; (2) the interest rate used; (3) the locations and capacities of the facilities available; and (4) the rates of increase of the costs of construction, labor, chemicals, and electric power. An example illustrating the use of the procedure is presented.