ALBERT

Notes: The reform that contained all other reforms -- The subtlety of things -- The perfection of personality -- A l'e;cole des choses -- The yoke of necessity

Notes: Mentalities from crime -- The social meaning of witchcraft, 1560-1680 -- Witches in society and culture, 1680-1750 -- The problem of coiners and the law -- Towards a solution? Coining state and people -- Crimes of blood and their representation -- Murder: police, prosecution and proof -- A transition from belief to certainty?

Notes: Introduction -- Minds, bodies and people -- Mental states -- Mental content -- Sensation and appearance -- Perception -- Thought and language -- Human rationality and artificial intelligence -- Action, intention and will -- Personal identity and self-knowledge

Notes: The interpretation of Mary and Martha -- The ideal of the imitation of Christ -- The orders of society

Notes: Race, media, and multiple publics -- Historicizing the public spheres: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago -- Watts uprisings of 1965 -- Rodney King beating -- Rodney King 1992

Notes: The paper describes two research projects on the application and value of satellite imagery taken, by ERTS 1 and Skylab, for small scale mapping. It describes the methods used in controlling a block of normal system corrected imagery and the accuracies achieved.The interpretation and evaluation of the imagery are discussed and the results of ERTS 1 and Skylab in this field are compared. Finally, some examples are described where ERTS 1 imagery has proved of practical value as a navigational aid when flying conventional photography and airborne geophysical surveys and for providing base maps when concerned with resource evaluation of poorly mapped areas.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On présent les résultats de deux projets de recherche sur les applications possibles el la valeur pratique des imageries satellitaires, prises avec ERTS 1 et Skylab en vue de la cartographie à petite échelle. On décrit les méthodes utilisées pour “appuyer” un bloc à imagerie corrigée (système normal) et l'exactitude obtenue. On compare de ce point de vue ERTS 1 et Skylab. Enfin on donne quelques applications pratiques qui se sont révélées utiles: aide à la navigation pour les levés photographiques et géophysiques aériens; établissement de cartes expédiées en vue d'inventaire de régions souscartographiées.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Beschreibung von zwei Forschungsprojekten über die Anwendung und den Nutzen von Satelliten-Bildern, die von ERTS 1 und Skylab aus aufgenommen wurden, für die Herstellung kleinmassstäbiger Karten. Es werden die Verfahren beschrieben, die beim Festpunktanschluss von korrigierten Bildern angewendet wurden. Die dabei erreichten Genauigkeiten werden mitgeteilt. Diskussion der Interpretation und Bewertung der Bilder und Vergleich der diesbezüglichen Ergebnisse von ERTS 1 und Skylab. Schliesslich werden einige Beispiele beschrieben, wo Bilder von ERTS 1 von praktischem Wert als Navigationshilfe zur Luftbildaufnahme und geophysikalischen Lufterkundung und bei Beschaffung von Grundkarten bei der Ressourcenerkundung in kartographisch schwach erfassten Gebieten waren.

Notes: The author reviews the present state of aerial triangulation methods and outlines the requirements for future research which were suggested at the symposium of Commission III of the International Society for Photogrammetry in 1974. He maintains that none of these research topics is very relevant to aerial triangulation as it is practised in Britain today. A combination of complacency, the natural inertia imposed by economic arguments and the higher priorities accorded to younger developments such as automated cartography is conspiring to prevent replacement of adequate but out-dated methods. He considers that there are nevertheless, strong arguments for selecting a newly designed, optimum, modern system, based on a modular approach, which can be introduced on a national basis and made fully available to all interested organisations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméRevue de l'état actuel des méthodes de triangulation aérienne et rappel des voies de recherches recommandées au symposium de la Commission III de la SIP en 1974. Aucune de ces voies n'a malheureusement de rapport avec ce qui est actuellement pratiqué en Grande Bretagne en matière de triangulation aérienne. Une certaine complaisance, mêlée à une inertie assez naturelle due à des raisons économiques et à la plus grande priorité accordée à des domaines plus neufs comme la cartographie automatique, a perpétué l'emploi des méthodes pertinentes mais désuètes. L'auteur pense qu'il y a de puissants arguments pour qu'on choisisse et mette en oeuvre une méthode moderne, avec approche modulaire dont l'emploi se ferait à l'échelle nationale et à laquelle tout organisme intéressé pourrait recourir.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor referiert über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Verfahren der Aerotriangulation und skizziert die Anforderungen für künftige Forschungs-arbeiten, die auf dem Symposium der Kommission III der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie 1974 vorgeschlagen wurden. Er bekräftigt, dass keiner dieser Forschungsgegenstände bezüglich der gegenwärtig in Grossbritannien praktizierten Aerotriangulation relevant ist. Eine Kombination von Selbstzufriedenheit, natürlicher Beschränkung infolge ökonomischer Argumente und der höheren Prioritäten wegen der neueren Entwicklungen z.B. in der automatischen Kartographie verhindert den Ersatz passender, aber unmoderner Verfahren. Der Autor ist der Meinung, dass es trotzdem starke Argumente zur Auswahl eines neuen optimalen, modernen Systems gibt, das auf dem Bausteinprinzip beruht und das auf nationaler Grundlage eingeführt und allen interessierten Organisationen zugänglich gemacht werden kann.

Notes: A plot of relative parallax measurements in a student exercise is proposed for revealing errors in parallax bar readings taken from a stereo-pair of aerial photographs. The sensitivity of the computed heights to measurement error is also evaluated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn propose un tracé graphique des mesures de parallaxe pour mettre en évidence des erreurs de lecture à la barre de parallaxe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Auswertung relativer Parallaxenmessungen bei einer studentischen Übung vorgeschlagen, um Fehler der an einem Stereomikrometer vorgenommenen Ablesungen aufzudecken, die an Hand eines Luftbildpaars erfolgten. Der Einfluss des Messfehiers auf den Höhenfehler wird ebenfalls abgeschätzt.

Notes: 1:70 000 scale photographs taken over Syria with a Russian AFA topographic camera equipped with a Russar 29b super-wide angle lens have been tested. The tests included (i) the measurement of a field of points using several different instruments and a comparison of the photogrammetrically derived co-ordinates with the values derived by field survey; (ii) the production of plots at 1: 25 000 scale for comparison with a check plot produced from large scale, wide angle photography; and (iii) production of orthophotographs, also at 1: 25 000 scale. Difficulties were experienced with the asymmetrical lens distortion pattern and the variations in illumination and resolution present in the photography. The former were overcome by manufacture of asymmetrical lens distortion correction plates. When this was done, the accuracies attained were comparable to those achieved in previous tests using photographs taken at the same scale with the Wild RC 9 camera equipped with the Super Aviogon I lens and measured on the same or similar types of measuring equipment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On décrit ici un test relatif à une couverture aérienne au 1: 70 000 exécutée en Syrie avec une chambre russe AFA dotée d'un super-grand angulaire 29 b. Le test comprenait: la détermination d'un polygone au sol, et la comparaison des determinations géodésiques et des déterminations photogrammétriques; la restitution de parcelles au 1: 25 000 en vue de les comparer avec une parcelle-test provenant de photos à grande échelle; et la réalisation d'ortho-photos au 1: 25 000. La distorsion disymétrique de l'objectif a conduit à quelques difficultés, ainsi que des inégalités d'éclairement et de finesse sur les clichés. On a surmonté les premières en faisant fabriquer des plaques correctives. Ceci fait, l'exactitude atteinte s'est trouvée du même ordre que celle de restitutions provenant des clichés aux même échelles pris avec le Wild RC9 et effectuées dans des conditions très voisines.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Bericht über die Testung von Luftbildern (mb= 70 000), die über Syrien mit einer sowjetischen Überweitwinkelkammer mil einem Russar-Objektiv 29b aufgenommen wurden. Die Untersuchungen umfassten (a) die Aus-messung eines Punktfeldes mit verschiedenen Auswertegeräten und einen Vergleich photogrammetrisch und geodätisch bestimmter Koordinaten, (b) die Durchführung einer Auswertung 1: 25 000 und den Vergleich mit einer aus grossmassstäbigen Weitwinkelbildern abgeleiteten Kontrollkarte, (c) die Herstellung von Orthophotos im Massstab 1: 25 000. Schwierig-keiten resultierten aus der asymmetrischen Objektivverzeichnung und den Variationen in der Bildhelligkeit und -auflösung. Die Verzeichnung konnte durch Herstellung von Kompensationsplatten reduziert werden. Danach waren die erreichten Genauigkeiten mit den in früheren Tests erzielten vergleichbar, bei denen mit einer Wild RC9- Kammer (Super Aviogon I) aufgenommene Luftbilder gleichen Massstabs an denselben oder ühnlichen Auswertegeräten ausgemessen wurden.

Notes: With present day trends towards smaller scale photography for topographic mapping and photomapping, there is an increasing need for high quality photography and a corresponding need for diagnostic information on potential sources of degradation. Hence subjective judgements must be supplemented by quantitative analyses of image quality that go beyond mere determinations of resolution level. A methodology for evaluating three important parameters governing image quality (development, exposure and spatial frequency content) is presented. By sequentially comparing the values measured on production or test photographs with standard values, the faults most commonly responsible for image degradation (such as errors in development and exposure, excessive image motion, vacuum failure and poor camera focus) can be isolated and measured.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLa tendance actuelle en matière de plans topographiques et de photocartes est de diminuer l'échelle de la couverture photo; se fait done jour le besoin d'émulsions de haute qualité et simultanément la nécessité de pouvoir juger objectivement de cette qualité. II faut alors recourir á des analyses quantitatives qui aillent au-delá de la simple mesure du pouvoir de résolution. On présente ici une méthodologie relative au problème de l'évaluation de trois des principaux paramètres effectuant la qualité de l'image (développement, durée d'exposition, résolution de fréquence spatiale). Avec des tests d'homogénéïté on peut alors déceler les variations de qualité, et en particulier déterminer et mesurer les causes d'altération les plus fréquentes (erreurs lors du développement ou lors de la phase d'exposition, filé, défauts internes, qualité médiocre de la chambre).〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBei dem gegenwärtigen Trend, den Bildmassstab zur Herstellung von topographischen Karten und Photokarten zu verkleinern, ergibt sich zunehmend die Notwendigkeit, Hochleistungsphotos aufzunehmen und diagnostische Informationen über mögliche Quellen der Qualitätsverschlechterung zu erlangen. Insbesondere müssen subjektive Bewertungen durch quantitative Analysen der Bildqualität ergänzt werden, die über Bestimmungen des Auflösungsvermögens hinausgehen. Es wird eine Methodologie zur Bewertung von drei wichtigen Parametern (Entwicklung, Belichtung, Inhalt der Orts-frequenz), die die Bildqualität beeinflussen, angegeben. Durch Vergleich der auf Produktionsbildern oder Testbildern gemessenen Werte mit deren Standards können die Fehler, die meistens eine Bildverschlechterung verursachen (wie zum Beispiel Fehler bei der Entwicklung und Belichtung, unzulässige Bildwanderung, ungenügende Planlage oder Kammerabstimmung) aufgedeckt und gemessen werden.

Notes: This paper is concerned with a new technique (the terrestrial/photogrammetric (TP) technique) for the detection and compensation of systematic height errors in block aerial triangulation. The technique improves the height accuracy of such triangulation by reducing the original bridging distance, using new bands of corrected photogrammetric tie points as height control together with the original bands of the terrestrial (or ground) height control. A number of photogrammetric blocks with different characteristics and configurations have been tested in a comprehensive manner. The tests show that the TP technique gives consistent results over a wide range of circumstances and that it is a most effective, simple and inexpensive method for the compensation of systematic errors.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCet article relate une technique nouvelle permettant de détecter et de compenser les erreurs altimétriques systématiques dans l'aérotriangulation par blocs: la technique terrestre/photogrammétrique (TP). Cette technique améliore la précision altimétrique de l'aérotriangulation en réduisant la distance de l'aérocheminement original, grâce à l'utilisation d'un canevas de points d'appuis altimétriques composés de points de liaison photogrammétriques corrigés, en supplément du canevas original de points d'appui altimétriques déterminés sur le terrain.On a essayé de manière approfondie un grand nombre de blocs dotés de caractéristiques et de configurations diverses. Les essais montrent que la technique TP fournit des résultats fiables dans un large éventail de circonstances et que c'est une méthode de compensation des erreurs systématiques efficace, simple et peu coûteuse.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird ein neues Verfahren behandelt (das terrestrisch-photogrammetrische Verfahren (TP)), das zur Aufdeckung und Kompensation system-atischer Höhenfehler in der Block triangulation dient. Es wird die Höhengenauigkeit durch Verkürzung der ursprünglichen Überbrückungsdistanz verbessert, indem neue Streifen korrigierter Verbindungspunkte als Höhenpasspunkte zusammen mit den ursprünglichen Reihen der terrestrischen Höhenpasspunkte verwendet werden. Eine Anzahl photogrammetrischer Blöcke unterschiedlicher Figur und Charakteristik wurde umfassend getestet. Die Tests zeigen, dass die TP-Methode konstante Ergebnisse für einen grossen Bereich van Möglichkeiten ergibt und dass es ein höchst effektives, einfaches und billiges Verfahren zur Eliminierung systematischer Fehler ist.

Notes: During June and July 1981, synthetic aperture radar imagery was acquired of selected sites in ten European countries as part of the European SAR 580 campaign. Evaluation of this imagery in the UK will be carried out by 18 approved experiments (out of 56 for Europe) when the processed data becomes available to investigators. To assist the evaluation process, a review is given of some recent research on applications of imaging radar in agricultural and urban areas. Research is described which considered the effects of terrain parameters and radar parameters on crop classification accuracy. The relative merits of a quantitative or a qualitative approach in classification of radar data are considered. Combined use of radar and Landsat data achieves a marked improvement in classification accuracy. The development of spatial filtering techniques may assist in the problem in urban areas resulting from the dependence of image tone on the relative alignment of ground features and radar look direction.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméPendant les mois dejuin et juillet 1981, on a, dans le cadre de la campagne européenne SAR 580, recueilli des données de radar imageur à synthèse d'ouverture sur des sites choisis dans une dizaine de pays d'Europe. Ces données seront évaluées au Royaume-Uni au moyen de 18 expériences ayant été acceptées (sur un total de 56 menées en Europe); ce travail commencera dès que les données une fois traitées seront distribuées aux chercheurs. Pour accompagner cette procédure d'evaluation, on fournit une analyse de quelques recherches récentes sur les applications de l'imagerie radar aux zones agricoles et urbaines.L'une de ces recherches prenait en compte les effets des paramètres liés au terrain sur l'exactitude de la classification des cultures. Les mérites réciproques des approches quantitatives et qualitatives dans la classification des données radar sont également examinés.Le recours à une combinaison de données radar et Landsat permet d'améliorer de manière significative l'exactitude de la classification. La mise en oeuvre des techniques de filtrage spatial peut aider à réduire, dans les zones urbaines, les conséquences néfastes sur la tonalité de l'image, d'objets au sol en alignement relatif avec la direction d'observation du radar.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Juni und Juli 1981 erfolgten Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur von ausgewählten Gebieten in 10 europäischen Ländern als Teil der Europäischen SAR 580 Kampagne. Die Analyse dieser Aufzeichnungen wird im Vereinigten Königreich durch 18 (aus insgesamt 56 für Europa) bestätigte Experimente erfolgen, nachdem die Daten zur Verfügung stehen. Um den Analysenprozess zu unterstützen, wird ein Überblick über kürzliche Forschungen zu Radaraufzeichnungen in landwirtschaftlichen und städtischen Gebieten gegeben. Es werden auch Forschungen beschrieben, bei denen die Einflüsse von Geländeparametern auf die Genauigkeit der Ernteklassifizierung untersucht wurden. Der relative Wert eines quantitativen oder qualitativen Versuchs zur Klassifizierung von Radardaten wird abgeschätzt. Eine Kombination von Radarund Landsat-Daten ergibt eine merkliche Verbesserung bei Klassifizierungsgenauigkeit. Die Entwicklung von Verfahren der räumlichen Filterung kann von Wert bei städtischen Gebieten sein, weil es eine Abhängigkeit des Grauwertes von der relativen Ausdehnung von Geländecharakteristika und der Richtung der Radaraufnahme gibt.

Notes: Some aspects of the XYZBLC suite of programs for aerial triangulation are described. The Ordnance Survey Bute block of photography at a scale of 1: 24000 is computed by independent models using XYZBLC. Three of the strips in the block are treated as a test block and are computed with different configurations of control. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the usefulness of height control doublets and other dense control configurations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Quelques aspects de l'ensemble XYZBLC de logiciels d'aérotriangulation sont décrits. Le bloc Bute de l'Ordnance Survey, composé de photographies à l'échelle du 1: 24000, a été calculé par modèles indépendants avec les logiciels XYZBLC. On a considéré trois des bandes du bloc comme formant un bloc d'essai et on les a calculées avec diverses combinaisons de canevas de points d'appui. On en tire des conclusions quant à l'utilité des doublets de points d'appui altimétriques et de diverses autres configurations denses de canevas d'appui. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Beschreibung einiger Aspekte des XYZBLC-Programmsystems zur Aero-triangulation. Ein Block des Ordnance Survey im Bildmassstab 1: 24000 wurde damit nach der Methode der unabhängigen Modelle berechnet. Drei der Streifen des Blocks wurden als Testblock behandelt und mit verschiedenen Passpunktanordnungen berechnet. Es werden Schlussfolgerungen in bezug auf die Nützlichkeit von Zwillingspunkten zur Höhenorientierung und andere dichte Passpunktanordnungen gezogen.

Notes: The wide availability of reconnaissance frame photography, together with the advantage of high image resolution that such photography provides and the extreme flight conditions under which it can be taken, means that it is of great interest to photogrammetrists. However, the geometry of the image is invariably distorted due to the mode of operation of the camera. In this paper, the effects of the focal plane shutter and apparent image motion compensation on the geometry of the photographs are considered.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe fait que la photographic de reconnaissance soil très répandue, conjointe-ment aux avantages que présente la grande résolution des images fournies par ces systèmes et les conditions extrêmes de vol dans lesquelles on peut les prendre, milite pour une prise en compte de lew intérêt par les photogrammètres. Toutefois la géométrie de ces images est systématiquement déformée par suite du mode de fonctionnement de la chambre. On traite dans cet article des effets de l'obturateur focal et de la compensation du filé de l'image sur la géométrie des photographies.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie grosse Verbreitung von Erkundungsfotos zusammen mit der grossen Auflösung solcher Fotos und den extremen Bedingungen unter denen sie auf-genommen wurden, lassen diese auch für den Photogrammeter interessant erscheinen. Die Geometrie dieser Bilder ist jedoch infolge der speziellen Kamera-funktion verzerrt. Im Artikel werden die Einflüsse des Schlitzverschlusses und des Bildwanderungsausgleichs auf die Bildgeometrie untersucht.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. By G. S. Kumar.MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (Fourth Edition). Editor-in-Chief: C. C. Slama.

Notes: Le microscope électronique à balayage donne l'image de la surface d'un objet situé dans une boîte à spécimen où a été fait le vide. Un fin pinceau d'électrons balaie la surface synchroniquement avec un tube cathodique dont l'intensité est modulée en fonction du signal secondaire émanant du spécimen. Le système présente une grande profondeur de champ; on peut donc obtenir différentes perspectives du spécimen en le photographiant sous diverses inclinaisons (perspectives qui sont centrales, mais cependant justiciables d'être traitées comme parallèles pour de forts grandissements) et donc le restituer spatialement. On donne dans la première partie les limitations pratiques de l'appareillage, ainsi que le type et les causes de distorsion de l'image. Dans la deuxième partie, on décrit les caractéristiques d'un appareil de restitution adaptéà un cas standard: grandissement des deux clichés d'un stéréogramme: fixe-angle d'ouverture du faisceau perspectif négligeable (c'est le cas pour de forte grossissements) et convergence relative des deux positions de la plaque porte-spécimen est fixe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das Abtast-Elektronen-Mikroskop liefert Bilder der Oberfläche von Objekten, die sich in einer Vakuum-Kammer befinden. Ein feiner Elektronenstrahl tastet die Oberfläche in Synchronisation mit einer Kathodenstrahlröhre ab, deren Lichtpunkthelligkeit von dem sekundären Elektronensignal, das von der Probe ausgeht, moduliert wird. Das System gestattet eine grosse Schärfentiefe und erlaubt dadurch verschiedene Projektionen des zu photo-graphierenden Musters durch Neigung desselben zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Aufnahmen. Aus der Kenntnis der Geometrie der Projektion (die eine Zentralprojektion ist, jedoch für sehr stark vergrösserte Bilder annähernd als Parallel- oder Orthogonalfall behandelt werden kann) ist es daher möglich, zu dreidimensionalen Analysen durch Messung von Parallaxen zu kommen. Teil I der Arbeit handelt von den praktischen Problemen, die sowohl aus den Grenzen für die mechanische Konstruktion von Muster-Halterungen und Auswertegeräten als auch den Verzerrungen der Bilder resultieren. Teil II beschäftigt sich mit praktischen Gesichtspunkten der bewährten Auswerteinstrumente, die speziell für die Lösung eines standard-isierten Problems der Elektronenmikroskopie konstruiert wurden. Bei diesen wird die Vergrösserung der beiden Halbbilder eines Stereobildpaars konstant gehalten, der Divergenzwinkel der peripheren “Strahlen”, die sich aus dem zentralen “Strahl” ergeben, wird als vernachlässigbar angesehen (was bei Bildern mit starker Vergrösserung der Fall ist) und die Neigungswinkeldifferenz zwischen den zwei Lagen der Probe ist konstant.

Notes: The article describes an experiment in which a production block of aerial triangulation, observed by the method of independent models, was repeatedly computed using differing amounts and configurations of control. The block was recomputed to investigate the effects of control errors, of dispensing with the tie strips and of applying different weights to control and tie points. The connexion between the quality of the join of individual models and that of the adjusted block was also investigated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une série d'essais effectués sur un bloc de production de triangulation aérienne analytique traité par la méthode des modèles indépendants, destinés àétudier l'influence du nombre et de la configuration des points du canevas d'appui, l'effet d'erreurs sur les points d'appui, l'effet des bandes transversales, et du choix des poids pour les points d'appui et de liaison. On a aussi examiné la corrélation entre la qualityé de l'enchaînement des modèles individuels et celle du bloc compensé.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines Versuchs, bei dem ein Aerotriangulationsblock aus der Produktion, der nach der Methode der unabhängigen Bildpaare beobachtet worden war, wiederholt bei verschiedenen Anzahlen und Anordnungen von Passpunkten berechnet wurde. Die Berechnungen erfolgten zur Abschätzung der Einflüsse von Passpunktfehlern. Weiter wurde der Anschluss zu Nachbarstreifen und die Anwendung verschiedener Gewichte für Pass- und Verbindungspunkte untersucht. Desgleichen wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Qualität des Zusammenschlusses einzelner Modelle und der des ausgeglichenen Blockes untersucht.

Notes: The algorithm presented assumes a preliminary determination of the elements of inner orientation and bases its mathematical model on the collinearity condition, from which projective equations are derived. Linearisation of condition equations is based on Taylor's expansion, whilst the subsequent solution follows iteration cycles. The method aims to derive composite corrections to image coordinates, with the aid of test field data.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'auteur présente un algorithme oú l'on suppose déterminés au préalable les éléments d'orientation interne. La modélisation mathématique s'appuie sur les conditions de co-linéarité et sur les équations qui en résultent en projection. On linéarise les équations de conditions en utilisant un développement en série de Taylor, et l'on obtient la solution correspondante par itération. La méthode vise à apporter des corrections aux coordonnées images en utilisant les données d'un polygone d'essai.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBei dem dargestellten Algorithmus wird die vorläufige Bestimmung der Elemente der inneren Orientierung angenommen, und das mathematische Modell basiert aufder Kollinearitätsgleichung, woraus perspektive Gleichungen abgeleitet werden. Die Linearisierung der Bedingungsgleichungen erfolgt durch Anwendung der Taylor-Reihe, was für die folgenden Berechnungen einen iterativen Prozess bedingt. Mit der Methode wird angestrebt, Bildkoordinaten mit Hilfe von Testfelddaten zu verbessern.

Notes: There is a growing interest in the potential of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for mapping and for gathering intelligence for map revision. This paper first gives a simple guide to the characteristics of SAR and then describes a study carried out to investigate the geometric properties of the imagery and the information content which is of interest for topographic mapping and the production of large scale plans. The conclusions cautiously indicate a potential although better quality images are required and more information must be known about the optimum conditions which should obtain when the data are recorded.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn assiste à un intérét croissant envers le radar à ouverture synthétique (SAR) et ses possibilityés pour la cartographie et pour la collecte de renseignements utiles à la révision. Ce texte commence par donner un simple rappel des caractéristiques de ces radars pour décrire ensuite une étude effectuée sur le contenu informatif et les proprietyés géométriques de l'imagerie radar, qui intèresse la cartographie topographique et la confection de plans à grande échelle.Les conclusions font prudemment état d'une potentialité mais soulignent qu'il faudrait disposer d'images de meilleure qualityé et avoir davantage d'informations sur les conditions optimales à respecter lors de l'enregistrement des données.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs besteht zunehmendes Interesse an den Möglichkeiten von Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur (SAR) zur Kartenherstellung und Erfassung von Daten zur Laufendhaltung. Zunächst wird im Artikel eine einfache Einführung in die SAR-Charakteristika gegeben. Dann erfolgt eine Beschreibung eines Versuches zur Untersuchung der geometrischen Eigenschaften und des Informationsgehalts, der von Interesse für die Herstellung topographischer und grossmassstäbiger Karten ist. Vorsichtige Schlussfolgerungen ergeben Möglichkeiten zur Verwendung solcher Informationen, wobeijedoch eine bessere Bildqualität zu fordern ist. Auch müssen noch mehr Kenntnisse über die optimalen Bedingungen bezüglich der Datenregistrierung bestehen.

Notes: Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and return beam vidicon (RBV) image data in both analogue and digital formats were used to assess the performance of the MSS and RBV sensor systems, and to determine their potential for recording information associated with topographic or land use maps of selected Chinese study areas (Beijing, Tianjin and the Huang He elbow). MSS images permitted the detection of 40 per cent to 50 per cent of the features identified on maps of 1: 250000 scale and larger, whereas the higher resolution Landsat 3 RBV images provided 10 per cent to 20 per cent additional information. Completeness of information extracted from a colour cathode ray tube display exceeded that obtained from analogue single band black and white MSS images by only 5 per cent to 10 per cent. Only through major improvements in spatial resolution will it be possible to compile maps at scales of 1: 250000 and larger from satellite data. Significantly, it appears that instantaneous field of view values of 5 m to 10 m will be required to produce image data of sufficient resolution for topographic mapping or detailed thematic studies of the Asian environment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On a utilisé les données de l'imagerie spatiale provenant du scanneur multispectral (MSS) et du tube vidicon à retour de faisceau (RBV) de Landsat, à la fois sous forme analogique et numérique, pour évaluer la performance des systèmes de capteurs MSS et RBV, et pour déterminer leur aptitude à contenir l'information figurant dans les cartes topographiques et les cartes d'occupation du sol, sur des polygones d'essais sélectionnés en Chine (Pekin, Tianjin, et le coude du Huan He). Les images MSS ont permis de détecter 40 à 50 pour cent des détails figurant sur les cartes à une échelle supérieure ou égale à 1: 250000, tandis que les images RBV à meilleure résolution de Landsat C fournissaient 10 à 20 pour cent d'informations supplémentaires. Le volume des informations extraites sur un écran cathodique de visualisation en couleurs n'a dépassé le volume obtenu à partir d'images d'une seule bande MSS en noir et blanc que de 5 à 10 pour cent seulement. Il semble que ce ne soit que par des améliorations importantes dans la résolution spatiale que l'on pourra tirer des données de satellites des cartes à des échelles supérieures ou égales à 1: 250000. Il apparait de manière significative qu'un champ instantané de prise de vues de 5 à 10 m (pixel) sera nécessaire pour obtenir des images ayant une résolution suffisante pour la cartographie topographique ou pour des études thématiques détaillées sur l'environnement asiatique.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Verwendung von Landsat-aufzeichnungen, die mit Hilfe des multispektralen Scanners (MSS) und des Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) aufgenommen wurden und sowohl in analoger als auch digitaler Form vorlagen. um die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Aufnahmesysteme zu ermitteln und die Möglichkeiten zur Gewinnung von Informationen zur Herstellung von topographischen oder Landnutzungskarten in ausgewählten chinesischen Versuchsgebieten (Beijing, Tianjin undder Huang He Bogen). MSS-Bilder gestatteten die Erkennung von 40 bis 50% der auf Karten im Massstab 1: 250 000 oder grösser identifizierten Objekte, während die RBV-Bilder von Landsat 3, die eine grössere Auflösung hatten, 10 bis 20% zusätzliche Informationen lieferten.Die Vollständigkeit der Information, die von einem Farbdisplay erhalten wurde, überstieg die von analogen einkanaligen schwarzweissen MSS-Bildern erhaltenen nur um 5 bis 10%. Nur durch wesentliche Verbesserungen der Objektauflösung wird es möglich sein, Karten 1: 250000 und grösser nach Satellitendaten herzustellen. Es wird offensichtlich eine Objecktauflösung von 5 bis 10m gefordert, um Bilddaten genügender Auflösung für die Herstellung topographischer Karten oder thematischer Studien des asiatischen Raums zu erzeugen.

Notes: . When a streptomycin-bleached mutant of Euglena gracilis strain Z was cultured in the dark at 33, 26, or 15°C, the content of paramylon was higher at lower growing temperature while that of wax esters was higher at higher temperature. Transfer of the cells grown at 33°C–15°C decreased the wax ester content while increasing the paramylon content; transfer in the reverse direction caused reverse changes. On incubation with labeled acetate, the cells grown at 33°C showed more distribution of radioactivity in wax esters than the cells grown at lower temperatures. Apparently the two energy-reserve substances have different physiological functions.

Notes: The sessiline peritrich Ellobiophrya conviva n. sp. is described from marine ectoprocts of the genus Bugula, the first report of an ellobiophryid on bryozoan hosts. The new species is distinguished from others of its genus by its different body proportions, size, host, and structure of the clasping holdfast (for which the new name cinctum is chosen). Ellobiophrya conviva has been found only on B. neritina and B. turrita and shows a marked seasonal cycle of abundance. The family Ellobiophryidae Chatton & Lwoff is revised on the basis of new information provided by E. conviva, with the single species of the genus Clausophrya removed to Ellobiophrya as E. oblida Naidenova & Zaika n. comb. The genus Caliperia Laird remains unchanged. The two genera of the revised family are distinguished from one another by differences in the structure of the cinctum. Hypotheses are advanced to explain the morphogenesis of the cinctum and the evolution of ellobiophryids from other peritrichs.

Notes: The spatial and seasonal distribution of Paramecium bursaria in two small Indiana ponds was studied using a sampling grid. Very small (5.0 ml) samples were taken so that the individual microhabitats could be studied. The results were evaluated in comparison to the data collected for the P. aurelia complex collected in the same manner and at the same sites. It was found that P. bursaria exist in a clumped distribution, but that the distribution was not very different from random. Paramecium bursaria also exist at the surface and at the mud-water interface. Temperature does not seem to play a statistically significant role in determining population size. The breeding system of P. bursaria is optimized for an outbreeding population of low density. In comparison, the species of the P. aurelia complex exist in a very clumped distribution, are found only at the mud-water interface, and are inbreeders. The evolutionary strategies of the two types of paramecia are discussed.

Notes: L'étude du caractère planctonique de différentes spores d'Actinomyxidies montre une complexité croissante dans leur adaptation au milieu aquatique. Au contact de l'eau, les trois cellules épéisporales de chaque spore se transforment en flotteurs de forme différente suivant les espèces. Ces flotteurs peuvent s'unir entre eux en un style équivelent à un quatrième flotteur ou associer diversement les huit spores issues d'un měme pansporocyste. C'est le cas dans le genre Synactinomyxon dont la diagnose est modifiée pour inclure une deuxième espèce S. Iongicauda n. sp. Un type nouveau est décrit chez lequel la preéence d'ancres à l'extrémité des cellules épisporales permet de maintenir efficacement réunies plusieurs dizaines de spores émises simultanément. Nous avons observé dans les genres Aurantiactinomyxon, Synactinomyxon, Echinactinomyxon l'emission du sporoplasme. II est libére en entier et capable de se déplacer dans l'eau pendant plus d'une heure grǎce à des mouvements amoeboïdes. Chez Aurantiactinomyxon eiseniellae les études ultrastructurales montrent que l'enveloppe du pansporocyste, d'une part, les épispores et les capsules polaires d'autre part sont réalisées à partir de cellules distinctes et profondément modifiées. Quant au sporoplasme, autrefois décrit comme un plasmode avec de nombreuses paires de noyaux, il contient, en fait, des ensembles identiques dont chacun est constitué de l'union d'un noyau satellite et d'une cellule uninucléée.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTThe study of the planktonic character of different Actinomyxidia spores reveals increasingly complex adaptations to an aquatic environment. On contact with water, the three episporal cells of each spore transform into floats, the forms of which differ according to species. These floats can join together so that a fourth type of float is formed, or they can unite in various ways the eight spores originating from the same pansporocyst. This is the case in the genus Synactinomyxon whose diagnosis is modified to include a second species S. Iongicauda n. sp. A new type is described in which the presence of anchors at the extremities of the episporal cells permits several dozen spores that have been emitted simultaneously to be kept together. We have observed the emission of the sporoplasm in the genera Aurantiactinomyxon, Synactinomyxon, and Echinactinomyxon. It is freed completely and for more than an hour is capable of changing its position in the water by amoeboid movements. In the case of Aurantiactinomyxon eiseniellae, ultrastructural studies show that the pansporocyst envelope on the one hand, and the epispores and polar capsules on the other hand, are formed from separate but profoundly modified cells. The sporoplasm, however, sometimes described as a plasmodium with numerous pairs of nuclei, contains, in fact, identical complexes, each consisting of a uninucleate cell united with a satellite nucleus.

Notes: Paramecia detect and accumulate in or disperse from some chemicals. Cells do this by changing frequency of turning and speed of swimming. There are at least two mechanisms by which cells respond: one dependent on ability to turn, one dependent on speed modulation. There are also two classes of chemicals: those that require the cells' ability to turn in order to cause accumulation and dispersal (type I), and those that apparently require only speed modulation (type II). Attractants of type I cause qualitatively similar changes in behavior to repellents of type II and the converse; therefore, assays are needed to distinguish between these two classes of chemicals, despite qualitatively similar behavior of some attractants and repellents. We examined two assays of paramecium chemoresponse, T-maze assay and well test, to understand how the T-maze distinguishes between attractants of type I and repellents of type II and why the well test does not.

Notes: The morphology of spore germination in Didymium nigripes was studied using scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski phase optics. First, the outer spore wall splits, revealing a fibrillar inner wall. Remnants of the inner wall continue to cover the newly emerged amoeba. A single nucleus and a prominent vacuole are visible throughout germination. Germination is more rapid in glucose-peptone-yeast extract than in phosphate buffer. Germination is completely inhibited at 4°C, and is very slow at 18°C. Germination is most rapid at 26°C; at 21°C or 32°C it is slightly slower. Germination is reversibly inhibited by 20 μ/ml cycloheximide, but not by 200 μ/ml 5-fluoro uracil or 200 μ/ml proflavin. It is completely inhibited by 10-3 M Na azide.

Notes: Crithidia fasciculata (Anopheles, Culex, and Nöller strains), C. hutneri, C. luciliae thermophila, and Herpetomonas samuelpessoai were grown in a defined medium with different values of osmolarity at different temperatures. C. fasciculata (all strains) grew best between 300 to 500 mOsm; H. samuelpessoai, 400–500 mOsm; and C. hutneri and C. luciliae thermophila, 500–800 mOsm. At higher temperatures better growth was obtained at the upper osmolarities.

Notes: Crypthecodinium cohnii, a small marine heterotrophic homothallic dinoflagellate, has diversified into a complex of morphologically very similar breeding groups (biological species or sibling species), some of which have become widely dispersed. Membership of two clones in the same sibling species is shown by their sexual compatibility as determined by genetic complementation in zygotes formed from motility mutants derived from the two stocks. Membership in different sibling species may be inferrec when motility mutants of one strain do not complement those of another. Fifty-six clones representing seaweed enrichments from *** geographic sites have been found to belong to 28 sibling species; 35 clones are members of seven wide-ranging biological species, and 21 are single representatives of 21 other breeding groups within the ranges of the others. Of 174 clonal isolates in our possession, 168 conform in size and shape to C. cohnii. Six others which have smaller cells and only one-fifth the standard DNA and chromosome number belong, we believe, to another species. The C. cohnii complex provides a unique opportunity for the study of evolutionary divergence and geographical dispersion of a dinoflagellate.

Notes: Until recently, pansporoblastic microsporidia that produce a variable and large number of sporoblasts from a sporont have been included in a single genus, namely Pleistophora Gurley, 1893. Ultrastructural studies have been used to determine whether the resemblance of these species is fundamental or superficial. The results indicated that the multisporous pansporoblastic forms belong to at least three genera and, thus, that Pleistophora is a “composite genus.” The term pansporoblast was originally used for stages in myxosporidian development. The term sporophorous vesicle adopted from Gurley is suggested for the spore-containing vesicle in the Microspora. Three species were studied: Pleistophora typicalis, the type-species; Pleistophora culicis, for which a new genus Vavraia has already been proposed; and Pleistophora simulii. P. typicalis and V. culicis have isolated nuclei throughout their development, and the sporophorous vesicle wall enveloping the sporoblasts is derived from amorphous secretions laid down during merogony external to the plasmalemma. Pleistophora and Vavraia are differentiated principally in terms of the structure of the sporophorous vesicle wall and mode of division of the sporogonial plasmodium. The nuclei of young sporonts of P. simulii are in diplokaryon arrangement and undergo meiosis to give haploid nuclei in the sporoblasts. The sporophorous vesicle wall is membranoid and is laid down external to the plasmalemma at the onset of sporogony. A new genus, Polydispyrenia n. g., is suggested for this species, the affinities of which are closer to the dimorphic species of microsporidia than to Pleistophora or Vavraia. The terms “merontogenetic sporophorous vesicle” and “sporontogenetic sporophorous vesicle” are used to distinguish between the two groups.

Notes: Plasmodium berghei infection was more severe in pregnant than in nonpregnant mice. Infection initiated on gestation day 7 resulted in rapidly increasing parasitemia and deaths of all pregnant mice within 12 days, while some nonpregnant mice survived until day 21 postinfection. When mice were infected on gestation day 12 or 14, a proportion of mice died before parturition; but some animals survived to deliver living pups. Reduced birthweights and increased spleen weight to body weight ratios were seen in pups from infected mice as compared with pups from uninfected animals. Histopathological abnormalities of placentae from infected animals included degeneration of the normal labyrinthine architecture and thickening of the trophobast separating maternal and fetal blood vessels.

Notes: Tetrahymena pyriformis strain WH-14 secreted large quantities of intracellular proteases into its culture medium during growth. Extracellular enzymes were purified to homogeneity from cell-free medium by ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-Sephadex column chromatography, gel filtration, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The DEAE-cellulose eluates were separated into four peaks (P-I, P-II, P-III, and P-IV), each of which exhibited a different specific activity toward azocasein and α-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-ρ-nitroanilide (Bz-Arg-Nan). These four forms of the protease showed similarity in amino acid composition, molecular weight (21,000–24,000), and antigenic reactivity. They had pH optima at neutral range. P-I showed the highest specificity to azocasein whereas P-IV was most effective toward the synthetic substrates. The Km values for hydrolysis of Bz-Arg-Nan were 2.4, 1.6, 1.3, and 1.4 mM for P-I, P-II. P-III, and P-IV, respectively, and the corresponding Kcat/Km values were 5.0, 9.4, 28.5, and 114.3 S-1.M-1. These properties of secreted proteases were compared with those of intracellular proteases purified by the same procedure except for the initial Triton X-100 extraction. There were similarities in specific activity toward two substrates, molecular weight, Km, pH optima, and antigenic reactivity between the proteases from two sources, providing evidence that the intracellular proteases may be secreted into the extracellular medium without modification.

Notes: The separation of extracellular protozoan parasites from host cells based on a difference in surface charge has been described. However, with Trypanosoma cruzi no method exists for the isolation of pure parasite stages from heterogeneous mixtures. Studies on the electrophoresis of mixed stage populations confirm significant surface charge density differences exist among epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes. In ascending order of electronegativity, amastigotes have the lowest charge density, try-pomastigotes next, followed by epimastigotes. A technique has been developed for the separation of purified populations of parasites based on these charge differences using a continuous free-flow electrophoresis apparatus. The separated populations are morphologically intact and maintain their infectivity to mice. This separation method is applicable for preparative and analytical isolation of pure stages of T. cruzi for biochemical and immunological studies.

Notes: Cellular levels of protein and two acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and acid proteinase, were followed during cyst differentiation, arbitrarily divided into five stages, in the ciliate Histriculus muscorum Kahl. Extracellular enzyme activities were also measured. Protein content decreased gradually during cyst differentiation. In mature cysts the protein content was ca. 60% that of stationary phase organisms. The activities of both acid hydrolases remained unchanged during stage 1 and then decreased gradually; acid proteinase decreased more rapidly. Both enzymes remained slightly active in the mature cysts. The acid proteinase activity of stage 1 was reduced by cycloheximide treatment at time zero, whereas the enzyme was no longer sensitive to the inhibitor when treated at 1.5 h (late stage 1) after the first wash with encysting medium. Acid phosphatase activity was insensitive to the inhibitor. Extracellular release of acid phosphatase increased linearly at least until stage 5, although the extracellular release of acid proteinase was not detected. Cycloheximide blocked the extracellular release of acid phosphatase after stage 1. These results suggest that de novo synthesis of acid proteinase occurs during stage 1 and that lysosomes may play an important role during early stages of cyst differentiation.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Fine structure and development of Encephalitozoon cuniculi from rabbits were studied in rabbit choroid plexus (CP) cell cultures and were compared to hamster and mouse microsporida.Sporoplasms had a single limiting membrane and contained a large nucleus. Proliferative forms (schizonts) had double outer membranes, the outermost being associated with the formation of the limiting membrane of vacuoles formed within the host cell cytoplasm. These organisms were often binucleate and divided to form sporonts. Sporonts divided once to form 2 sporoblasts which developed into electron-dense spores. Spores had a thick, 3-layered wall and contained a polar filament.The developmental cycle of E. cuniculi in rabbit CP cultures progressed rapidly. Sporoplasms were observed in host cells at 3 hr postinoculation (PI). By 24 hr PI proliferative forms were associated with host cell cytoplasmic vacuoles which contained developing organisms. Mature spores were present in vacuoles by 2 days PI, indicating that the life cycle in the CP system is ∼ 48 hr.The fine structure and the sequential developmental cycle of the mouse and hamster isolates were observed to be identical to those of the rabbit isolate and different from those of the genus Nosema. It is proposed, therefore, that the 3 organisms represent the same species, Encephalitozoon cuniculi.

Notes: RESUME. Deux espèces d'Enteromonas sont observées, provenant, l'une de l'intestin de Triton, l'autre des crottes du Lapin domestique. La cellule piriforme porte un noyau antérieur et 4 flagelles insérts près du pôle ventral du noyau. Le flagelle récurrent (R) est logé dans une dépression ventrale ou cytostome. Les cinétosomes, disposés en une paire antérieure (#1, #2) et une paire postérieure (#3, R), sont liés entre eux par des microfibrilles. Une fibre microtubulaire située au-dessus du noyau est reliée au cinétosome #1. Une autre fibre microtubulaire sous-nucléaire est homologue de la fibre microtubulaire croisée qui existe chez les cellules de Diplozoaires. Le cytostome est bordé par 2 lèvres: la gauche proéminente et armée par plusieurs rangées de microtubules, la droite contenant seulement une mince fibre microtubulaire associée à des microfibrilles. Le cytostome occupe les 2/3 de la face ventrale. Le flagelle récurrent pénètre dans le cytostome puis dépasse l'extrémite de la cellule. Les Bactéries sont phagocytées au fond du cytostome, entre les 2 lèvres distendues. Elles sont digérées dans les nombreuses vacuoles et les corps résiduels sont évacués par rupture de la membrane cellulaire. L'ergastoplasme est concentré près de la périphérie de la cellule. Il n'y a pas de mitochondrie ni d'appareil de Golgi. Dans les kystes observés la cellule plurinucléée est enfermée dans une enveloppe kystique microfibrillaire, les axonèmes sont libres dans le cytoplasme.Les formes diplomonades sont nombreuses et ressemblent aux cellules d'Hexamita, excepté par le cytostome qui est différent. Dans ces formes, les 2 monades sont souvent disposées selon une symétrie axiale binaire mais quelquefois elles sont associées de façon plus anarchique. La cinétide d'Enteromonas est organisée comme celle d'un zoïde de Diplozoaire. Il est possible que le genre Enteromonas soit à l'origine des Diplomonadida et que l'état diplomonadien transitoire chez Enteromonas se soit stabilisé ensuite chez les Diplomonadida. Enteromonas apparaît plus primitif que les autres genres de Diplomonadida aussi nous proposons de créer 2 sous-ordres: celui des Enteromonadina avec le genre Enteromonas et celui des Diplomonadina avec les genres Trepomonas, Trigonomonas, Hexamita, Spironucleus, Octomitus, Giardia. La disposition des cinétosomes et l'existence du cytostome sont les principaux caractères communs entre Enteromonas et les Retortamonadida, cependant les fibres annexes ne sont pas homologues. Une étude plus complète de la division nucléaire et cellulaire de ces 2 ordres de Zooflagellés est nécessaire pour donner un meilleur schéma évolutif.SYNOPSIS. Fine structure of 2 species of Enteromonas, one from the intestine of the salamander, Triturus vulgaris, and another from the feces of domestic rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculi, is described. The pyriform cell has an anteriorly located nucleus. The 4 flagella originate from an area near the anterior end of the nucleus. The recurrent flagellum (R) is lodged in a ventral depression or cytostome. The kinetosomes, arranged into 2 pairs, anterior (#1, #2) and posterior (#3, R), are interconnected by microfibrils. One microtubular fiber, connected to kinetosome #1, is situated near the anterior surface of the nucleus. Another, subnuclear, microtubular fiber is homologous to the “crossed'’fiber found in Diplozoa. The cytostome is bordered by 2 lips: the preeminent left lip is equipped with several rows of microtubules, while the right lip contains only a thin microtubular fiber associated with microfibrils. The cytostome occupies 2/3 of the ventral surface. The recurrent flagellum passes over the anterior surface of the cell and then comes to lie in the cytostome. The bacteria are phagocytosed in the bottom part of the cytostome between the 2 distended lips. They are digested in numerous vacuoles. The undigested residual bodies are evacuated by a rupture of the cell membrane. The ergastoplasm is concentrated near the cell periphery. Mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus are absent. In the cyst stage, the multinucleate cell is enclosed in a microfibrillar membrane; the axonemes lie free in the cytoplasm.Diplomonad forms of Enteromonas resembling Hexamita are numerous, except that the cytostome is different in these 2 genera. In such forms, the arrangement of the 2 individuals often has binary axial symmetry, but on occasion they are associated in a more anarchic fashion. The mastigont of Enteromonas is organized like that of a single zooid of a diplozoon. It is possible that the genus Enteromonas is ancestral to Diplomonadida and that the diplomonad state, transitory in Enteromonas, became permanently established in Diplomonadida. Enteromonas appears to be more primitive than the other genera of Diplomonadida. Thus we propose 2 suborders: Enteromonadina, subord. nov. with the genus Enteromonas, and Diplomonadina Wenyon, emend., with the genera Trepomonas, Trigonomonas, Hexamita, Spironucleus, Octomitus, Giardia. The arrangement of the kinetosomes and the existence of a cytostome are the principal characters common to Enteromonas and Retortamonadida, while their “accessory'’fibers are not homologous. A more complete study of division of the 2 zooflagellate orders is necessary for the presentation of a more detailed evolutionary scheme of these groups.

Notes: Precursors of 2-aminobutanoic acid (2-ABA), found in the incubation medium of mixed rumen ciliate protozoa, were examined with washed or starved bacteria-free ciliates. Threonine and methionine strongly stimulated the formation of 2-ABA. Formation of 2-ABA by direct conversion of threonine and dethiomethylation of methionine was confirmed by radiotracer experiments with [U-14C]L-threonine and [carboxyl-14C] and [methyl-14C]L-methionine.

Notes: The effects of irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis by pactamycin in either infective forms of Trypanosoma cruzi or mammalian host cells on cellular invasion by this human pathogen were investigated. Treatment of bloodstream forms of T. cruzi with pactamycin markedly reduced their ability to bind either fibroblast-like cells of monkey origin or myoblasts of rat origin. The number of amastigote forms that could be established intracellularly was also significantly decreased with respect to control values obtained when mock-treated (medium alone) trypomastigotes were incubated with the cells. Pactamycin treatment also reduced the infectivity of T. cruzi trypomastigotes for mice as evidenced by both significantly reduced parasitemia levels and mortality rates when compared with those of control mice infected with mock-treated parasites. Inhibition of protein synthesis in the host cells neither prevented cell infection by untreated trypomastigotes nor altered the percentages of infected cells or the magnitude of the infection in vitro. These results indicate that protein synthesis is a requirement for cell invasion by T. cruzi and that the parasite can establish itself and replicate within cells relying on its own protein synthesis ability.

Notes: One hundred eighty-eight stocks of Paramecium primaurelia, P. biaurelia, P. tetraurelia, and P. octaurelia were grown axenically and tested for five esterases, visualized by starch gel electrophoresis, in a search for variant stocks. The five esterases can be distinguished on the bases of their substrate specificity, sensitivity to an inhibitor, and response to different growth conditions. This paper addresses the nature of the electrophoretic change in mobility of the variant stocks in order that species relationships can be more accurately assessed. Crosses carried out in all four species show that single genes determine the differences in mobility between variant and common subtypes. Extracts of variant stocks that gave similar patterns were run against each other, tested for their sensitivity to the inhibitor, and the pattern was compared to that found in extracts of stocks with variant and common subtypes in other species. The majority of the variants in P. primaurelia, P. tetraurelia, and P. octaurelia show an electrophoretic mobility characteristic of a common subtype, or a variant, in another species. The same proportion of variant subtypes as common subtypes have mobilities similar to esterase subtypes found in other species. Of the four species examined in this paper, P. tetraurelia and P. octaurelia appear to be most closely related on the basis of shared esterase subtypes. In P. biaurelia the mobilities of most of the variants are unique, as are the common esterase subtypes in this species. P. biaurelia stands out as having the greatest number of esterase subtypes, with very few of them homologous to subtypes found in other species. This observation supports the idea of greater diversification of stocks within P. biaurelia than for the other three species.

Notes: Glycogen phosphorylase and synthase activities were detected in the sonic lysate of rumen ciliates of the genus Entodinium. The ciliate phosphorylase had the following properties. The pH optimum was narrow and centered at pH 5.9. The activity was maximum at 30°C; above 40°C a rapid inactivation occurred. The Km value for glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) and for glycogen was 15 mM and 0.069% (w/v), respectively. NaF and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid had no stimulative effect on the enzyme activity, though adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and theophylline activated it. NaHSO3 inhibited the enzyme activity at a concentration of 1 mM. The inhibition of glucose was noncompetitive for G-1-P. Glycolytic intermediates and nucleotides had a minor effect on phosphorylase activity. Glycogen synthase existed in two forms, glucose-6-phosphate dependent and independent forms: the proportion of the latter form increased with the decrease of reserve polysaccharide levels in the ciliates. Correlations between glycolytic enzyme activities included phosphorylase and synthase activities and reserve polysaccharide contents in the ciliates were determined, and a possible regulatory mechanism of polysaccharide synthesis and degradation was discussed.

Notes: The structure of the major protein of the pellicular membrane of Leishmania tropica was investigated. This protein is composed of two polypeptides, of ca. 50,000 d molecular weight, that were found to cross-react immunologically with the α and β subunits of pig brain tubulin. The polypeptides and pig brain tubulin subunits were partially digested with S. aureus V8 protease, and the peptides obtained analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A comparison of the patterns showed that the β subunits of Leishmania and pig tubulin have very similar primary structures, while the α subunits have evolved divergently. These experiments demonstrate that the major polypeptides found in the pellicular membrane of L. tropica are α and β subunits of tubulin. Immuno-electron microscopy indicates that the tubulin is located in the microtubules associated with the pellicular membrane of Leishmania. Arrays of microtubules were prepared by nonionic detergent treatment of the cells and observed by electron microscopy after negative staining. Optical diffraction reveals a 5 nm spacing between protofilaments in the microtubule and a 4 nm axial periodicity corresponding to the tubulin subunits. The pitch of the shallow left-hand three-start helix is 12°. A distance of 47 nm separates each microtubule from the next. These data show that the dimensions and supramolecular organization of the tubulin subunits in the microtubules are identical in the pellicular membrane of L. tropica and in mammalian brain.

Notes: Haemogregarina bigemina is redescribed from the blood of the marine fish Blennius pholis, and stages presumed to be those of the haemogregarine are recorded from the hematophagous praniza larva of the isopod Gnathia maxillaris. At College Rocks, Aberystwyth, Wales, the main study area, a high incidence of infection occurred in B. pholis. No exoerythrocytic stages were observed in these fish, nor was sexual dimorphism of the gametocyte evident. As in an earlier study, ecological evidence favored transmission by G. maxillaris rather than by leeches. Gametocytes, syzygy, oocysts, sporoblasts, and sporozoites were identified in the anterior hindgut of the isopod. The stages observed in G. maxillaris are compared with those of other haemogregarines described from the digestive tract of leeches. Mention is made of an intraleucocytic haemogregarine of another fish, Crenilabrus melops.

Notes: The nomenclature of three genera in the family Haemogregarinidae (Haemogregarina, Karyolysus, and Hepatozoon) has been reviewed and the following new names are introduced to replace homonyms or for previously unnamed species: Haemogregarina carlosi n. nom., in the erythrocytes of the lizard Lacerta ocellata; Haemogregarina tincae n. nom., in the stomach and intestine of the tench Tinca tinca; Hepatozoon insectivorae n. sp., in the leucocytes of the shrews Sorex araneus and Crocidura leucodon; Hepatozoon krampitzi n. sp., in the leucocytes of the vole Microtus oeconomus; Hepatozoon peromysci n. sp., in the leucocytes of the deermice Peromyscus boylii and P. truei gilberti; and Hepatozoon pallida (Pessoa et al., 1971) n. comb., in the erythrocytes of the snake Thamnodynastes pallidus nattereri.

Notes: Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of specimens of Paramecium multimicronucleatum treated with the Rio-Hortega silver-impregnation method as modified by Fernández-Galiano demonstrate that considerable deposition of silver occurs around the kinetosomes, especially at the level of the basal plate and also at the proximal end of the kinetosome. In addition, silver is heavily deposited within the kinetodesmal fibers, in the fibrous matrix that surrounds the postciliary and transverse microtubules, in the connective structures observed between the two kinetosomes of a pair and between the kinetodesmal fiber and the anterior kinetosome, and in the trichocysts. Differences and similarities in sites of deposit when other methods of silver impregnation are employed are discussed and the particular value of the present technique in studies of ciliate systematics and phytogeny is stressed.

Notes: . Various ions and treatments known to alter the availability of free Ca2+ were examined with respect to their effects on the cytopharyngeal pouch, a large prey receptacle found in the potentially carnivorous macrostomal form of Tetrahymena vorax. Addition of Ca2+, Ba2+, or Sr2+ induced the pouch to separate from the region of the cytostome, forming a large empty vacuole. Na+, alone, had no effect, but lowered the concentration of Ca2+ required to produce maximum vacuolar formation in populations of cells. Vacuolar induction was also initiated by the cation ionophore A23187 or by subjecting macrostomal cells to an electric current. In the presence of divalent cation chelators EDTA and EGTA, the cytopharyngeal pouch collapsed and was resorbed. Taken together, these results suggest that Ca2+ plays an important role during phagocytosis in this cell type.

Notes: Oocysts of Eimeria morainensis n. sp. are described from the golden-mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis. in Northern Colorado. The oocysts of E. morainensis are double-walled and subspherical, 20.3 × 19.8 (18.7–26.2 × 17.5–21.2) μm; and the sporocysts are ellipsoid, 12.1 × 6.9 (8.7–13.7 × 6.2–8.7) μm. Oocyst residuum and micropyle are absent, but a polar granule is present. Sporocyst residuum and Stieda body are present. Differences in oocyst characteristics provide the basis for recognition of this new species of Eimeria.

Notes: Trichoduboscqia epeori Léger was found to parasitize nymphs of the mayfly Rhithrogena iridina Kolenati in southwest Germany for a new host record. It was studied by light and electron microscopy. The pansporoblast membrane is evaginated at several points, usually four, to produce long needle-like appendages 〉20 μm in length with a resilient inner core superficially resembling collagen, which is thought to maintain their orientation. It is suggested that the pansporoblast appendages may play a role in host infection. The structure and ultrastructure of developmental stages are recorded for the first time. Apart from the pansporoblast appendages, the ultrastructure of T. epeori conforms to the general pattern seen in many other pansporoblastic Microspora. Typically 16 spores are produced per pansporoblast but 32-spore pansporoblasts were also found, and the taxonomic significance of this is discussed.

Notes: Electron microscopy of the tomite of Conidophrys pitelkae confirms that Jankowski was correct in including the pilisuctorians in the Apostomatida. Like other apostome tomites, the tomite of Conidophrys possesses a rosette opening to the exterior, kinetodesmata made up of stacks of individual kinetodesmal fibrils, and canaliculi that are surrounded by dense inclusion bodies and open on the ventral surface. The fine structure of the trophont of Conidophrys, however, is quite unlike that of other apostome trophonts. The elaborate infraciliature of the tomite disappears immediately after it settles and reappears de novo on the trophont just before tomitogenesis. The cyst wall, which completely encloses the trophont and grows with it, attaches the ciliate to a seta on its, host, the shrimp Crangon crangon. The setae on which tomites settle vary greatly in size and shape, but each appears to have at its tip some digitiform cuticular projections that surmount a pore, which opens into the lumen of the seta. The trophont's only direct connection to its host is at the cytostome, a unique structure formed of delicate tubules that pass through the pore into the lumen of the seta. Ingestion is by micropinocytosis, and there are no visible food reserves.

Notes: Les colorations au protargol ainsi que la microscopie électronique á transmission et á balayage permettent de distinguer quatre parties dans I'organisation de Spirochona gemmipara: la collerette formée d'une entonnoir et d'une volute abritant la ciliature, le pseudatrium, et le cytostome; le cou contenant le cytopharynx, le systéme excréteur. et I'appareil cytoproctal; le corps renfle par les noyaux et les vacuoles digestives: et le pseudostyle allonge assurant la fixation au substrat. En majeure partie, le spirochone est limité par une pellicule non ciliée et dépourvue de cils; la pellicule comprend la membrane cellulaire, un épiplasme épais percé de nombreux pores et des triplets de microtubules (MT) sous-pelliculaires. Principalement située dans I'entonnoir, la ciliature somatiquc du spirochone est répartie en deux ensembles inégaux, le champ gauche et le champ droit. Les cinéties sont séparées par des crétes contenant les MT post-ciliaires disposés en une couche verticale; les MT sous-cinétiens sont nombreux, arrangés parallélement á la base des cinétosomes; ceux-lá présentent également une lame dense et des MT transverses, et une fibre cinétodesmale discrete. Un important réseau de faisceaux fibrillaires est disposé orthogonalement par rapport aux cinéties. La base de I'entonnoir est déprimée en une petite cavitéévasée, le pseudatrium; celui-lá conduit à un cytostome ouvert en permanence. Dépourvu de némadesmes, le cytopharynx est un tube cylindrique formé par une dizaine de rideaux microtubulaires; prés du cytostome, chaque rideau porte en plus quelques MT radiaires assimilés aux lamelles Z des Nassulida. Le phagoplasme est riche en tubules complexes et en vésicules de taille moyenne à contenu contrasté. Le champ X, peu organisé, comprend 10–30 cinétosomes situés à gauche du cytostome; il ne correspond certainement pas á la ciliature périorale droite de Chilodochona. Si cette difference se retrouve chez d'autres Chonotriches, il sera nécessaire de séparer taxonomiquement les espéces possédant une ciliature périorale de celles qui en sont dépourvues.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTIn the organization of Spirochona gemmipara, four parts can be demonstrated by protargol staining and also by scanning and transmission electron microscopy: the collar, composed of a funnel and a volute, which shelters the cilia, the pseudatrium, and the cytostome: the neck, which contains the cytopharynx, the excretory system, and the cytoproctal apparatus; the body, enlarged by the nuclei and the digestive vacuoles; and the elongated pseudostyle, which ensures attachment to the substrate. Most of the surface of the spirochone is covered by the pellicula devoid of cilia and alveoli; the pellicula comprises the cell membrane, a thick epiplasm perforated with numerous pores and subpellicular triplets of microtubules (MT). The somatic ciliature of the spirochone is located principally in the funnel and is divided into two unequal parts, the left and right fields. The kineties are separated from one another by ridges, each containing one layer of postciliary MT: numerous subkinetal MT run in a parallel direction under the kinetics; moreover, the kinetosomes show a transverse dense spur and MT, and a modest kinetodesmal fiber. A conspicuous net of fibrillar bundles runs orthogonally to the kineties. The base of the funnel forms a small splayed depression, the pseudatrium; the latter leads to a permanently open cytostome. The cytopharynx is a cylindrical tube devoid of nematodesmata but containing ca. 10 microtubular curtains, each bearing also some radial MT resembling the Z lamellae of the Nassulida. The phagoplasm contains many complex tubules and numerous middle-sized vesicles with an electron-dense content. The X field, which is not well organized and comprises 10–30 kinetosomes, lies on the left of the cytostome; it certainly does not correspond to the right perioral ciliature of Chilodochona. If this disparity is found again in other chonotrichs, it will be necessary to separate taxonomically the species that possess a perioral ciliature from those that do not.

Notes: Cells of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis GL overproduce and accumulate massive quantities of the heme intermediate, protoporphyrin IX. Protoporphyrin is localized intracellularly in discrete membranous compartments. The amount of porphyrin stored in the cell changes dramatically as cells progress through the growth cycle. Porphyrin overproduction is stimulated by δ-aminolevulinic acid, but only during the mid-stationary phase. Overproduction of protoporphyrin IX apparently results from an increase, late in the growth cycle, of activities subsequent to δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. Feedback inhibition in the pathway by accumulated protoporphyrin IX does not occur. The presence of Co2+ completely inhibits accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in a manner reversed by δ-aminolevulinic acid. Sn4+ stimulates protoporphyrin IX accumulation in the culture.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In diphasic blood agar media Trypanosoma vespertilionis developed spheroid clusters as compared to rather long, sausage-shaped (sometimes branched) clusters formed by Trypanosoma dionisii. The former species attained a greater population density (∼6 × 107 organisms/ml) than the latter (∼ 2 × 107 organisms/ml). Greater numbers of epimastigotes, some in active binary divisions, were observed during the logarithmic phase of growth, and morphologic changes occurred during cultivation which correlated with increased acidity and a depletion of glucose. Maximum numbers of trypomastigote forms were found during the stationary and early death phases. Most of the forms observed after 20 days were sphaeromastigotes. Glucose concentrations decreased to 0 M in T. vespertilionis and to 4.4 × 10−5 M in T. dionisii cultures during the stationary and death phases. By the 12th day of incubation cultures of T. vespertilionis were more acid (pH 5.5) than those of T. dionisii (pH 6.5). No antigenic changes during cultivation of each of the parasites were detected by immunodiffusion. Trypanosoma vespertilionis and T. dionisii contained common and specific antigens. At least 2–3 common antigens were detected in extracts reacted against heterologous antisera. Specific antigens were observed as nonidentical lines formed by extracts reacted against homologous and heterologous antisera and with antisera absorbed with heterologous antigens. At least 2 specific antigens were evident in extracts of T. vespertilionis and 1 in extracts of T. dionisii.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Five proteins capable of stimulating [3H]thymidine uptake by Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro were isolated from fetal calf serum by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and ion exchange column chromatography. The proteins were partially characterized by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, and SDS electrophoresis. As estimated by SDS electrophoresis, using 4 standards, the molecular weight of protein 1 was 100,000, that of protein 2 was 76,000. and that of proteins 3–5 was 68,000 daltons.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Amylopectin granules were purified from Eimeria tenella oocysts following digestion with sodium dodecyl sulfate and pronase. The oval granules had a uniform size of 0.5 × 0.7 μm, and consisted of only glucose polymers. α-Amylase treatment yielded 235 nmoles of maltose from the granules from 106 unsporulated oocysts and 93 nmoles maltose from those from 106 sporulated oocysts.Amylopectin phosphorylase activity was detected in the cytoplasm of unsporulated oocysts of E. tenella. It had a specific activity of 13 U/mg protein in crude extracts, and a pH optimum of 6.0. The Km values determined were 9.1 mM for glucose-1-phosphate and 5.6 mM for glucose end groups in potato amylopectin. Enzyme activity declined at a linear rate during sporulation, sporulated oocysts containing less than 8% of the activity of unsporulated oocysts. No amylase-type activity was found in the parasite.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium (Huffia) hermani sp. n. is described from wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus) in Florida. It produces rounded schizonts with 6–14 nuclei arranged peripherally as a rosette and elongate, slender gametocytes with irregular margins. Asexual stages parasitize all cells in the erythrocyte series and, in heavy infections, predominantly occur in erythroblasts and their precursors. Presence and degree of pigmentation vary with maturity of the host cell. Gametocytes occupy erythrocytes only, with pigment dispersed in black granules throughout the cytoplasm. Cells containing schizonts are often rounded and enlarged and those parasitized by gametocytes may be somewhat distorted in shape by lateral hypertrophy. Host cell nuclei may be displaced, but are not distorted, except slightly by pressure from the parasite. Plasmodium hermani differs from P. (Giovannolaia) durae by producing low level (〉 6%), nonlethal parasitemias in turkey poults, an absence of phanerozoites in capillary endothelium of the brain and viscera, and inability to infect chicks. Plasmodium hermani is more like P. (Huffia) elongatum in gametocyte morphology, schizogony in all types of erythrocyte precursors, with gametocytes occurring in erythrocytes only, and concentration of schizonts in heavy infections in bone marrow and spleen. It differs from P. elongatum by its lack of infectivity to passeriform and anseriform hosts and by a strong immune response which develops in infected birds.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Light and electron microscope observations on Dunaliella primolecta Butcher from logarithmic and stationary phases of batch cultures are correlated. Except for the lack of a cell wall the fine structure has typical volvocid features. The transition from logarithmic to stationary phase is marked by changes in content and size of cytoplasmic vacuoles, accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid, accumulation of starch in the plastid matrix, and by the formation of autophagosome-like bodies. The organelles in stationary-phase flagellates are closely packed together because of the cytoplasmic lipid and starch-distended chloroplast. Organisms from logarithmic phase have an abundant ribosome-packed groundplasm supporting the organelles. In the cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase activity, Golgi cisternae and smooth and coated Golgi vesicles contain Gomori reaction product. The possible roles of the Golgi apparatus in this flagellate are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The succession of morphologic changes in the feeding apparatus (peristome) accompanying conjugation and postconjugant development in the hypotrich Euplotes aediculatus has been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The details of stomatogenesis inferred from earlier light-microscopic studies of silver-stained preparations have been confirmed and extended.The elaborate peristome is the dominant surface feature of vegetative Euplotes. In conjugation, the ciliates are joined in their peristomial regions; as the conjugants separate, the old feeding apparatus is seen to be disrupted and partially resorbed. In its place is the crescent-shaped primordium of a new peristome, which develops as part of a general cortical reorganization. This primordium expands anteriorly, unfurling a new crown of ciliary membranelles that soon replaces the remaining preconjugant membranellar band. The resulting “exconjugant peristome'’is characterized by a greatly reduced number of adoral membranelles and the absence of paroral membranelles, buccal cavity, and cytostome. Exconjugants thus cannot feed for 2–3 days, until the missing peristomial components are replaced. This occurs by means of a 2nd cortical reorganization, during which new membranelles, developing from another peristomial rudiment, are added directly to the abbreviated exconjugant set. A new buccal cavity is concurrently sculpted as the primordial depression enlarges, and the cells can resume feeding sometime during the 4th day after separation.The implications of this mode of stomatogenesis and the nonfeeding condition are discussed, as are the advantages of SEM for studies of ciliate morphogenesis.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Monolayers of bovine kidney cells were overlaid with Eimeria magna sporozoites and observed with phase-contrast optics until penetration of the cells by the parasites had begun. Cells and penetrating parasites were fixed with glutaraldehyde and OsO4-containing ruthenium red, dehydrated, and embedded in situ. Cells being penetrated were selected for study in the electron microscope. The lack of intracellular staining with ruthenium red and intact plasmalemmas of cells being penetrated, was accepted as evidence that the sporozoites did not disrupt the plasma membranes. The sporozoite caused invagination of the host cell plasmalemma until the parasite was entirely within the cell, after which the invagination was sealed off by short pseudopodia enclosing the sporozoite within a membrane-lined vacuole inside the cell. Often myelin-forms, apparently of host cell origin, were seen in the space between the sporozoite and the cell.