ALBERT

Notes: The equilibrium thermodynamics of the reaction:And the equilibrium constant is composed of activities formulated using ideal mixing on sites. Consideration is given to the evaluation of uncertainties in pressures calculated using the geobarometer. Preliminary testing suggests that the geobarometer has considerable potential. Much wider testing is now required.

Notes: Abstract. Pink piemontite-spessartine-bearing and grey-green spessartine-bearing manganiferous quartzose schists derived from siliceous pelagites, and green quartzofeldspathic schists, are described from the greenschist facies of the Haast Schist terrane, near Arrow Junction, western Otago. Electron microprobe data are reported for sphene, spessartine-rich garnet, manganoan epidote, piemontite, tourmaline, phengitic muscovite, chlorite, albite, haematite, rutile, manganoan calcite and chalcopyrite.Metamorphism occurred at about 6.4kbar, 400°C. Xco2 was above the quartz-rutile-calcite-sphene buffer (Xco2± 0.02) throughout the recorded metamorphic history of the piemontite schists. It dropped from above to below this critical buffering value in a spessartine-rich schist and it was close to or below the buffering value in the quartzofeldspathic schists. Production of piemontite required high fO2, believed to be inherited from MnOx in the parent pelagite. Substantial loss of O2 (e.g. minimum of 0.19% by weight in one rock) during diagenesis and/or metamorphism is inferred. In the grey-green schists this inhibited piemontite formation. Slight loss of O2 and Ca2+ accompanied minor late-stage replacement of piemontite by second generation spessartine. Observed zoning and mineral replacements indicate rise of temperature, drop in pressure, or invasion by solutions of lower fO2 and XCO2 equilibrated with surrounding schists.The detailed chemistry of the minerals studied correlates with available Mn and with bulk-rock (Fe3+ x 100)/(Fe2++ Fe3+). The oxidation ratio ranges from 24 in average green quartzofeldspathic schist, through 78 in average grey-green manganiferous quartzose schist, to almost 100 in some piemontite-bearing schists. As Fe2+ gives way to Fe3+, Mg/Fe ratios tend to rise in chlorite, phengite, tourmaline, spessartine, and calcite, Mn increases and Ti decreases in haematite, Mn increases in spessartine and calcite, and Fe increases in rutile. Available divalent cations are depleted relative to Al; chlorite is more aluminous, and phengite more paragonitic than in typical Haast schists.

Notes: Field, petrographic and microprobe investigations of metaclastic rocks, calcareous schists, marbles, chloritic calcareous meta-volcanic units and schists/paragneisses which crop out along the eastern portion of the Central East-West Cross Island Highway in Taiwan demonstrate that metamorphic intensity gradually increases eastward. The lower greenschist facies Slate Formation on the W contains completely recrystallized, pure albitic plagioclase, but at least some of the white micas (± chlorites) probably represent relict detrital flakes. Neo-blastic biotite and epidote occur sporadically in the Pihou(?) Formation, and increase dramatically eastward; concomitantly the abundance of carbonaceous matter decreases to zero in the eastern Tailuko zone, and the amount of chlorite + white mica diminishes somewhat. Epidote becomes more aluminous at higher metamorphic grade. Eastward, phengites change progressively to more muscovitic compositions as the proportion of biotite increases.A close approach to chemical equilibrium for the pre-Cenozoic, complexly deformed metamorphic basement assemblages is suggested by regular, systematic, major and minor element partitioning between analysed coexisting phases. Fractionation is less pronounced on the E, reflecting higher temperatures. Estimated physical conditions of recrystallization with αH2O and αCO2 moderate, are: T 〉 325 ± 75°C, P 〉 3 kbar (W); T 〉 425 ± 75°C, P 〉 4kbar(E).The gradual eastward increase in metamorphic intensity from the Slate Formation through the Pihou(?) Formation and the three Tailuko zones, as well as the relict precursor textures in the pre-Cenozoic layered basement rocks indicate that the observed paragenetic sequence could represent a synchronous Neogene recrystallization event, probably accompanying the Plio-Pleistocene collision of the Asiatic continental margin and the Luzon (Coastal Range) andesitic arc.

Notes: The structure, microstructure and petrology of a small area close to the village of Bard in Val d'Aosta (Italy) has been studied in detail. The area lies across the contact between the Gneiss Minuti (GM) and the Eclogitic Micaschist (EMS) Complexes of the Lower element of the Sesia portion of the Sesia-Lanzo Zone (Western Alps). Both complexes have undergone high-pressure metamorphism, but the metamorphic assemblages indicate a sudden increase in pressure in going across the contact from the GM to the EMS. Therefore, we interpret the contact as a thrust dividing the lower element of the Sesia into two sub-elements. This interpretation is supported by structural evidence.The early Alpine (90-70 Ma) metamorphic history is best preserved in the EMS and is one of increasing pressure associated with thrusting. The maximum P/T recorded in the EMS is 〉1500 MPa (〉15kbar) and 550°C and in the GM is 〈 1500-1300 MPa (〈 15-13 kbar) and 500-550°C. We suggest that the rocks were probably in an active Benioff zone during this time.From then on the histories of the GM and EMS are the same. Deformation continued and the thrust and thrust slices were folded during decreasing pressure. We interpret the first postthrusting deformation in terms of uplift associated with continued shortening of the crust and underplating after the Benioff zone had become inactive and a new Benioff zone had developed further to the north-west.A still later deformation and the Lepontine metamorphism (38 Ma) are related to continued uplift. Much of this deformation is characterized by structures indicative of vertical shortening and lateral spreading as the mountains rose above the general level of the surface.

Notes: In the Boi Massif of Western Timor the Mutis Complex, which is equivalent to the Lolotoi Complex of East Timor, is composed of two lithostratigraphical components: various basement schists and gneisses; and the dismembered remnants of an ophiolite. Cordierite-bearing pelitic schists and gneisses carry an early mineral assemblage of biotite + garnet + plagioclase + Al-silicate, but contain no prograde muscovite; sillimanite occurs in a textural mode which suggests that it replaced and pseudomorphed kyanite at an early stage and some specimens of pelitic schist contain tiny kyanite relics in plagioclase. Textural relations between, and mineral chemistries of, ferro-magnesian phases in these pelitic chists and gneisses suggest that two discontinuous reactions and additional continuous compositional changes have been overstepped, possibly with concomitant anatexis, as a result of decrease in Pload during high temperature metamorphism. The simplified reactions are: garnet and/or biotite + sillimanite + quartz + cordierite + hercynite + ilmenite + excess components. P-T conditions during the development of the early mineral assemblage in the pelitic gneisses are estimated to have been P + 10 kbar and T 〉 750°C, based upon the plagioclase-garnet-Al-silicate-quartz geobarometer and the garnet-biotite geothermometer. P-T conditions during the subsequent development of cordierite-bearing mineral assemblages in the pelitic gneisses are estimated to have been P + 5 kbar and T + 700°C with XH2O 〈 0.5, based upon the Fe content of cordierite occurring in the assemblage quartz + plagioclase + sillimanite + biotite + garnet + cordierite coexisting with melt.Final equilibration between some of the phases suggests that conditions dropped to P 〉 2.3 kbar and T 〉 600°C. A similar exhumation P-T path is suggested for the pelitic schists with early metamorphic conditions of P 〉 6.2 kbar and T 〉 745°C and subsequent development of cordierite under conditions in the range P = 3-4 kbar and T = 600-700°C. The tectonic implications of these P-T estimates are discussed and it is concluded that the P-T path followed by these rocks was caused by decompression during rifting and synmetamorphic ophiolite emplacement resulting from processes during the initiation and development of a convergent plate junction located in Southeast Asia during late Jurassic to Cretaceous time.

Notes: Plagioclase compositions vary from An0.1–2.5 to An32 with increasing grade in chlorite zone to oligoclase zone quartzofeldspathic schists, Franz Josef-Fox Glacier area, Southern Alps, New Zealand. This change is interrupted by the peristerite composition gap in rocks transitional between greenschist and amphibolite facies grade. Oligoclase (An20-24) and albite (An0.1–0.5) are found in biotite zone schists below the garnet isograd. With increasing grade, the plagioclase compositions outline the peristerite gap, which is asymmetric and narrows to compositions of An12 and An6 near the top of the garnet zone. In any one sample, oligoclase is the stable mineral in mica-rich layers above the garnet isograd, whereas albite and oligoclase exist in apparent textural equilibrium in adjacent quartz-plagioclase layers. The initial appearance of oligoclase in both layers results from the breakdown of epidote and possibly sphene. Carbonate is restricted to the quartz-plagioclase rich layers and probably accounts for the more sodic composition of oligoclase in these layers. The formation of more Ca-rich albite and more Na-rich oligoclase near the upper limit of the garnet zone coincides with the disappearance of carbonate and closure of the peristerite gap. Garnet appears to have only a localized effect on Ca-enrichment of plagioclase in mica-rich layers within the garnet zone. The Na-content of white mica increases sympathetically with increasing Ca-content of oligoclase and metamorphic grade.Comparison of the peristerite gap in the Franz Josef-Fox Glacier schists and schists of the same bulk composition in the Haast River area, 80 km to the S, indicates that oligoclase appears and epidote disappears at lower temperatures, and that the composition gap between coexisting albite and oligoclase is narrower in the Franz Josef-Fox Glacier area. It is suggested that a higher thermal gradient (38-40°C/km) and variations in Si/Al ordering during growth of the plagioclases between the two areas may account for these differences. In the Alpine schists the peristerite gap exists over a temperature and pressure interval of about 370-515°C and 5.5-7 kbar (550-700 MPa) PH2O.

Notes: Sapphirine occurs in a 3-5 m wide zone between amphibole-lherzolite and garnetiferous metagabbro at Finero in the Ivrea Zone, NW Italian Alps. Layers consisting of plag + hb + sa + cpx + opx + sp + gt are interbanded with spinel pyroxenites, which may contain sapphirine replacing spinel. All minerals are very magnesian, with XMg between 0.78 and 0.92. Bulk rock analyses suggest that precursors to the sapphirine-bearing rocks were igneous cumulates of plagioclase + olivine + hornblende + spinel. Up to 16wt% CaO does not inhibit sapphirine formation and it is the unusually Mg-rich nature of the host rocks which allows sapphirine development. The early igneous assemblage was replaced by one of cpx + sa + hb +± plag at a pressure of 9 ± 1 kbar and temperatures of 900 ± 50°C. Subsequent rapid uplift caused the instability of gt, gt + hb, hb and sa + cpx to form opx + plag ± sp ± sa symplectites.

Notes: The Gran Paradiso basement complex of the French and Italian Alps is composed of metasediments, termed the gneiss minuti, and metabasic rocks, both of which are intruded by a late Hercynian granite. The Bonneval gneiss, which crops out at the western edge of the complex, is composed of highly deformed metasediments, volcanics and volcaniclastic rocks. Eclogites, now highly altered, occur in the metabasic rocks. Kyanite and blue-green amphibole are locally present in the gneiss minuti and aegirine plus riebeckite occur in the Bonneval gneiss. A moderately high pressure - low temperature metamorphic event of probable Alpine age occurred in the basement complex. This metamorphic event differs from that in the overlying Sesia unit and ophiolites of the Schistes lustrés nappe in being at lower pressures (below the ab = jd100+ qz transition) and post-dating the major (D2A) deformation. The origin of the metamorphism is discussed and interpreted as a probable consequence of the overlying nappe pile which was emplaced during the D2A event. Subsequent greenschist facies metamorphism in the basement complex is a consequence of thermal relaxation during uplift.

Notes: Abstract. A method for the quantitative analysis of the spatial relations of minerals is described. Dispersed distributions are formed by annealing and destroyed in post-tectonic migmatization. Aggregate distributions characterize solid-state differentiation, whereas leucosomes formed in systems of high fluid:rock ratio (in the examples studied, anatectic melts) show random distributions.Quantitative textural analysis can be used to indicate whether migmatization was post-tectonic or earlier, though caution is necessary if post-migmatite cooling is slow or if there is some minor deformation. More importantly, it can be used to discriminate melt-present from melt-absent leucosomes; this is exemplified by a suite of metamorphic and anatectic migmatites from the Scottish Caledonides.The textural evolution of anatexites with increasing melt percentage is traced. Initial feldspar porphyroblastesis occurs by Ostwald ripening via grain boundary melts; subsequently ophthalmites develop with fabrics and chemistry inherited from the palaeosome. At greater than 30% melt these inherited fabrics are wholly destroyed. Deformation prompts segregation into melanosome and leucosome; resultant leucosomes contain no inherited crystals. The scale of anatectic systems is fixed at the point at which segregation begins; ophthalmites provide evidence for melt and crystal transfer beyond original palaeosome boundaries. In contrast, metamorphic migmatites are necessarily small-scale systems because of diffusive constraints, and melanosomes are invariably produced.

Notes: The oligoclase-biotite zone of the Bessi area, central Shikoku is characterized by sodic plagioclase (XCa= 0.10–0.28)-bearing assemblages in pelitic schists, and represents the highest-grade zone of the Sanbagawa metamorphic terrain. Mineral assemblages in pelitic schists of this zone, all with quartz, sodic plagioclase, muscovite and clinozoisite (or zoisite), are garnet + biotite + chlorite + paragonite, garnet + biotite + hornblende + chlorite, and partial assemblages of these two types. Correlations between mineral compositions, mineral assemblages and mineral stability data assuming PH2O = Psolid suggests that metamorphic conditions of this zone are about 610 ± 25°C and 10 ± 1 kbar.Based upon a comparative study of mineralogy and chemistry of pelitic schists in the oligoclase-biotite zone of the Sanbagawa terrain with those in the New Caledonia omphacite zone as an example of a typical high-pressure type of metamorphic belt and with those in a generalized‘upper staurolite zone’as an example of a medium-pressure type of metamorphic belt, progressive assemblages within these three zones can be related by reactions such as:

Notes: An assemblage consisting of corundum, sapphirine, spinel, cordierite, garnet, biotite and bronzite is described from the Messina area of the Limpopo Mobile Belt, and consideration given to its petrogenesis. Various geothermometers and geobarometers have been applied in an attempt to determine the temperatures and pressures of metamorphism.A former coexistence of garnet and corundum is suggested to have developed during the earliest high pressure phase of the metamorphism, where temperatures exceeded 800°C and pressures as high as 10kbar may have been experienced. Subsequently, continuous retrograding reactions from medium pressure granulite facies at about 800°C and 8kbar towards amphibolite facies generated spinel, cordierite, sapphirine and possibly also bronzite. The most notable reaction was probably of the form: garnet + corundum = cordierite + sapphirine + spinel.

Notes: A review of currently available information relevant to the Basal Gneiss Complex (BGC) of Western South Norway, combined with the authors’own observations, leads to the following conclusions.1. Most of the BGC consists of Proterozoic crystalline rocks and probably subordinate Lower Palaeozoic cover.2. The last major deformation of these rocks was during the Caledonian orogeny and involved large-scale thrusting, recumbent folding and doming. The structural development of the BGC is closely tied in with that of the Caledonian allochthon.3. The whole eclogite-bearing part of the BGC has suffered a high pressure metamorphism with conditions of between 550°C, 12.5 kbar (Sunnfjord) and about 750°C, 20 kbar (Møre og Romsdal) at the metamorphic climax.4. This metamorphism was of Caledonian age, probably rather early in the Caledonian tectonic history of the BGC and is considered to have been a rather transient event.By setting these conclusions in a framework provided by geophysical evidence for the deep structure of the crust in southern Norway we have constructed a geotectonic model to explain the recorded metamorphic history of the BGC. It is suggested that considerable crustal thickening was caused by imbrication of the Baltic plate margin during continental collision with the Greenland plate. This resulted in high pressure metamorphism in the resulting nappe stack. Progradation of the suture caused underthrusting of the Baltic foreland below the eclogite-bearing terrain causing it to emerge at the Earth's surface, aided by tectonic stripping and erosion.Application of isostacy equations to the model shows that eclogites can be formed by in-situ metamorphism in crustal rocks and reappear at the land surface above a normal thickness of crust in a single orogenic episode of approximately 65-70 Ma duration.

Notes: Detailed geochronological, structural and petrological studies reveal that the geological evolution of the Field Islands area, East Antarctica, was substantially similar to that of the adjacent Archaean Napier Complex, though with notable differences in late and post Archaean times. These differences reflect the area's proximity to the Proterozoic Rayner Complex and consequent vulnerability to tectonic process involved in the formation of the latter. Distinctive structural features of the Field Islands are (1) consistent development of a discordant, pervasive S3 axial-plane foliation; (2) re-orientation of S3 axial planes to approximate to the subsequent E-W tectonic trend of the nearby Rayner Complex; (3) selective retrogression by a post-D3 static thermal overprint; and (4) relatively common development of retrogressive, E-W-trending, mylonitic shear zones.Peak metamorphic conditions in excess of 800°C at 900 ± 100 M Pa (9 kbar) were attained at one locality following, but probably close to the time of D2 folding. D3 took place in late Archaean times when metamorphic temperatures were about 650°C and pressures were about 600 MPa (6 kbar). Later, temperatures of 600 ± 50°C and pressures of 700 MPa (7kbar) were attained in an amphibolite-facies event, presumably associated with the widespread granulite to amphibolite-facies metamorphism and intense deformation involved in the formation of the Rayner Complex at about 1100 Ma. The area was subsequently subjected to near-isothermal uplift.Rb-Sr isotopic data indicate that the pervasive D3 fabric developed at about 2400–2500 Ma, and this age can be further refined to 2456+8-5 Ma by concordant zircon analyses from a syn-D3 pegmatite. All zircons were affected by only minor (〈7–10%) Pb loss and/or new zircon growth during the Rayner event at about 1100Ma. Thus the 450–850 μg/gU concentrations of these zircons were too low to cause sufficient lattice damage over the 1350 Ma (from 2450 Ma) for excessive Pb to be lost during the 1100 Ma event. The emplacement of pegmatite at 522 ± 10 Ma substantially changed the Rb-Sr systematics of the only analysed rock that developed a penetrative fabric during the 1100 Ma event. Monazite in this pegmatite contains an inherited Pb component, which probably resides in small opaque inclusions.A good correlation is found between Rb-Sr total-rock ages and rock fabric. U-Pb zircon intercepts with concordia also mostly correspond to known events. However, in one example a near perfect alignment of zircon analyses, probably developed by mixing of unrelated components, produced concordia intercepts that appear to have no direct geochronological significance.

Notes: An occurrence of quartz-eclogite is described from the Inner Schieferhülle unit of the Pennine Basement Complex in the SE Tauern Window, Austria.Field relations strongly suggest a pre-Alpine age for the primary eclogitic mineral assemblage (garnet + omphacite + quartz + rutile). This implies that there was no connection between the formation of these eclogites and the late Cretaceous and Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Eastern Alps. The quartz-eclogite mineral assemblage crystallized under conditions of 620 ± 100°C and at pressures in excess of 12 kbar, and suffered amphibolitic overprinting of Alpine and possibly Hercynian age.A four-stage polymetamorphic history is proposed for the Inner Schieferhülle:

Notes: Mafic and ultramafic xenoliths in a basaltic cone at The Anakies in south-eastern Australia are geochemically equivalent to continental basaltic magmas and cumulates. The xenolith microstructures range from recognizably meta-igneous for intrusive rocks to granoblastic for garnet pyroxenites. Contact relationships between different rock types within some xenoliths suggest a complex petrogenesis of multiple intrusive, metamorphic and metasomatic events at the crust/mantle boundary during the evolution of south-eastern Australia. Unaltered spinel lher-zolite, typical of the uppermost eastern Australian mantle, is interleaved with or veined by the metamorphosed intrusive rocks of basaltic composition.Geothermobarometry calculations by a variety of methods show a concordance of equilibration temperatures ranging from 880°C to 980°C and pressures of 12 to 18 kbar (1200-1800 mPa). These physical conditions span the gabbro to granulite to eclogite transition boundaries. The water-vapour pressure during equilibration is estimated to be about 0.5% of the load pressure, using amphibole breakdown data. Large fluid inclusions of pure CO2 are abundant in the mineral phases in the xenoliths, and it is suggested that flux of CO2 from the mantle has been an important heat source and fluid medium during metamorphism of the mafic and ultramafic protoliths at the lower crust/upper mantle boundary.The calculated pressures and temperatures suggest that the south-eastern Australian crust has sustained a high geothermal gradient. In addition, the nature of the mineral assemblages and the contact relationships of granulitic rock with spinel lherzolite, characteristic of mantle material, suggest that the Moho is not a discrete feature in this region, but is represented by a transition zone approximately 20 km thick. These inferences are in agreement with geophysical data (including seismic, heat-flow and electrical resistivity data) determined for south-eastern Australia.Underplating at the crust/mantle boundary by continental basaltic magmas may be an important alternative or additional mechanism to the conventional andesite model for crustal accretion.

Notes: Abstract. In the Kamuikotan zone, central Hokkaido, Japan, two distinct types of metamorphic rocks are tectonically mixed up, along with a great quantity of ultramafic rocks; one type consists of high-pressure metamorphic rocks, and the other of low-pressure ones. The high-pressure metamorphic rocks are divided into two categories. (1) Prograde greenschist to glaucophaneschist facies rocks derived from mudstone, sandstone, limestone, a variety of basic rocks such as pillow and massive lavas, hyaloclastite and tuff, and radiolarian (Valanginian to Hauterivian) chert, among which the basic rocks and the chert, and occasionally the sandstone, occur as incoherent blocks (or inclusions) enveloped by mudstone. (2) Retrograde amphibolites with minor metachert and glaucophane-calcite rock, which are tectonic (or exotic) blocks enclosed within prograde mudstone or serpentinite, or separated from these prograde rocks by faults. The K-Ar ages of the prograde metamorphic rocks (72, 107 and 116 Ma on phengitic muscovites) are younger than those of the retrograde rocks (109, 132, 135 and 145 Ma on muscovites, and 120 Ma on hornblende). The low-pressure metamorphic rocks consist of the mafic members of an ophiolite sequence with a capping of radiolarian (Tithonian) chert with the metamorphic grade ranging from the zeolite facies, through the greenschist (partly, actinolite-calcic plagioclase) facies to the amphibolite (partly, hornblende-granulite) facies. The low-pressure metamorphism has a number of similarities with that described for‘ocean-floor’metamorphism. The tectonic evolution of such a mixed-up zone is discussed in relation to Mesozoic plate motion.

Notes: The rocks of the Scourian Complex have been intensively studied, but there is still no consensus as to the conditions of the granulite-facies metamorphism preserved in these rocks. Recent estimates of these conditions fall into two groups, one at 820-920°C and ca. 11 kbar and the second at ca. 1000°C and 〉12 kbar. Investigation of a variety of rocks shows that the recorded conditions vary with grain-size, with higher-grade conditions recorded by the cores of coarser (ca. 10 mm) crystals, and lower-grade conditions recorded by the rims of coarser grains and by finer grains. This observation suggests that re-equilibration during recovery of these rocks to the surface has been important which may account for the discrepancy in estimated P-T conditions. Revised estimates of the equilibration conditions of the Scourian Complex of T 〉 1000°C and P 〉 8.5 kbar are presented. The conditions suggested for the peak of metamorphism mean that the role of anatexis in the genesis of these rocks must be considered and the nature of the fluid phase thoroughly investigated.

Notes: Abstract. Plagioclase porphyroblasts from silvergrey schists belonging to the Nevado Filabride Complex in the Sierra Alhamilla (Betic Zone, SE Spain) are interpreted as having been formed preand synkinematically with respect to the second phase of deformation. Different types of inclusion patterns represent 'snap-shots’(high growth-rate/strain-rate ratio features) of the formation of a diffentiated crenulation cleavage during this second phase of deformation, by the processes of kinking, crenulation and associated differentiation.Regional considerations indicate an Alpine age for this tectono-metamorphic event, which can be explained by the‘hot emplacement’of the higher Nevado Filabride units. The observed structural evolution is not consistent with a pre-Alpine polyphase deformation history.

Notes: Evidence from rock microstructures, mass transfer and isotopic exchange indicates that substantial quantities of aqueous fluids are involved in low- and medium-grade regional metamorphism. Similar conclusions are drawn from many retrograde environments, whereas high-grade metamorphic fluids may be melt dominated. The mobile fluids play essential roles in metamorphic reactions, mass transport and deformation processes. These processes are linked by the mechanical consequences of metamorphic fluid pressures (Pf) generally being greater than or equal to the minimum principal compressive stress. Under such conditions metamorphic porosity comprises grain boundary tubules and bubbles together with continuously generated (and healed) microfractures. Deformation results in significant interconnected porosity and hence enhanced permeability. Lithologically and structurally controlled permeability variations may cause effective fluid channelling.Simple Rayleigh-Darcy modelling of a uniformly permeable, crustal slab shows that convective instability of metamorphic fluid is expected at the permeabilities suggested for the high Pf metamorphic conditions. Complex, large-scale convective cells operating in overpressured, but capped systems may provide a satisfactory explanation for the large fluid/rock ratios and extensive mass transport demonstrated for many low- and medium-grade metamorphic environments. Such large-scale fluid circulation may have important consequences for heat transfer in and the thermal evolution of metamorphic belts.

Notes: Hydrothermal synthesis of Fe-pum-pellyites was conducted using high pressure cold-seal apparatus and solid oxygen buffering techniques at temperatures between 250°C and 550°C and 2.0–9.1 kbar Pfluid. Fe-pumpellyites were synthesized from partially crystalline gel mixtures of compositions: 4CaO - 2.1Al2O3_1.5FeO - 0.3MgO - 6SiO2 (II) and 3CaO - 1.5 Al2O3 - 2.7FeO - 0.3MgO - 6SiO2 (III) in the presence of excess H2O at Pfluid of 5–9.1 Kbar, temperatures between 275°C and 325°C, and fO2 defined by the QFM and HM buffers; for both of these compositions (II and III), the condensed synthetic run products included minor 7Å chlorite ± garnet ± Fe-oxide. The cell dimensions and aggregate refractive index (a= 19.13(2)Å, b= 5.940(4)Å, c= 8.847(5)Å, ±= 97.37(6)±, and n= 1.702(2)) of the pum-pellyite synthesized from the bulk composition II mix are compatible with those of natural pumpellyites containing similar total Fe contents. Attempts at synthesizing Fe-pumpellyites from a Mg-free bulk composition were not successful; these results are consistent with the total absence of natural Mg-free pumpellyites.The higher temperature, higher oxygen fugacity assemblages of the equivalent bulk compositions (II and III) consist of epidote ± minor amounts of chlorite, garnet, quartz, hematite, and magnetite. The results of these synthesis experiments accord with the mineral parageneses observed in low-grade metabasites which imply that Fe-pumpellyites are replaced by epidote with increasing temperature and/or fO2 and that Fe3+ is preferentially partitioned into epidote with respect to coexisting pum-pellyite. In addition, these synthesis experiments indicate that Fe-bearing pumpellyites crystallize at and are stable to lower temperatures than more aluminous pumpellyites—a result also consistent with natural systems.

Notes: The development of the Analytical Photogrammetry Compiler (APC) is traced and a detailed description is given of the component parts of the AP/C-4.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn retrace le developpement du restituteur analytique (APC) et on donne une description detaillée des composants du AP/C-4.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Skizzierung des Analytical Photogrammetry Compiler (APC) und detaillierte Beschreibung der Hauptbaugruppen der AP/C-4.

Notes: The fifth biennial symposium of the Photogrammetric Society was held at the University of Birmingham on 6th to 8th April. It has been decided to perpetuate the memory of E. H. Thompson by giving his name to the series of symposia which originated at Birmingham in 1971 Eight papers were delivered to the 1979 symposium. They covered a wide variety of topics which included, in addition to a review of Thompson's own contribution to analytical photogrammetry, a modern approach to the handling of parallax measurements; aspects of digitising; low cost automatic contouring; high energy roentgen photogrammetry; applications in anatomy; the photogrammetric operator's point of view; and cadastral surveys. The majority of the papers are published in this issue of The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe cinquième symposium biennal de la Société de Photogrammétrie s'est dérouléà l'université de Birmingham du 6 au 8 Avril. On décida de perpétuer le souvenir de E. H. Thompson en donnant son nom à la série de symposiums inaugurée à Birmingham en 1971 Huit communications ont été présentées au symposium de 1979. Elles concernaient une grande diversité de sujets qui comprenaient, en plus d'une revue de la contribution de Thompson à la photogrammétrie analytique, une methode moderne de mesure de parallaxe; des aspects de la transformation digitale; une visée automatique à bas prix; la photogrammétrie Roentgen à grande energie; des applications en anatomie; le point de vue de l'opérateur en photogrammétrie; et des cadastres. La majorité des communications sont publicées dans ce numéro de The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das 5. im Abstand von zwei Jahren von der Photogrammetric Society veranstaltete Symposium fand vom 6. bis 8. April an der Universität Birmingham statt. Es wurde beschlossen, in ehrendem Gedenken Prof. Thompsons seinen Namen dieser Serie von Symposien, die 1971 in Birmingham begonnen hat, zu geben.Auf dem Symposium 1979 wurden 8 Vorträge gehalten. Sie beinhalten ein breites Themenspektrum, darunter ergänzend zu einem äberblick über den Beitrag Thompsons zur analytischen Photogrammetrie, eine moderne Lösung zur Verarbeitung von Parallaxenmessungen, Aspekte der Digital-isierung, eine kostengünstige automatische Höhenlinienentwicklung, Röntgen-photogrammetrie, Anwendungen in der Anatomie, der Standpunkt des photogrammetrischen Auswerters und Katastermessungen. Die Mehrzahl der Beiträge wird in dieser Ausgabe des Photogrammetric Record veröffentlicht.

Notes: As part of his comprehensive analysis of cadastral surveys within the British Commonwealth (Dale, 1976), the author considered the contribution of aerial photography and photogrammetric surveys to this aspect of land administration. In this paper, he examines that contribution and underlines the limitations of photogrammetry as a cadastral survey method.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé L'auteur extrait de l'étude exhaustive qu'il a faite du levé cadastral dans le Commonwealth (Dale, 1976) tout ce qui a rapport à la photogrammétrie: contribution et limitations.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn seiner umfassenden Analyse von Katastermessungen (Dale, 1976) betrachtete der Autor den Beitrag der Aerophotogrammetrie und photo-grammetrischer Messungen für die Landeinrichtung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden diese Ausführungen überpruft und in diesem Zusammenhang die Grenzen der Photogrammetrie herausgearbeitet.

Notes: A simple method is described for calibrating cameras at object distances of less than 0·5 m.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une méthode simple pour calibrer les appareils de photographie pour des objets à des distances de moins de 0·5 m.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines einfachen Verfahrens zur Kammerkalibrierung für Aufnahmeentfernungen von weniger als 0·5 m.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:CHARTERED LAND SURVEYOR/CHARTERED MINERALS SURVEYOR, Volume 1, Number 1, Spring 1979. Edited by M. Hanson.STUDENT MAP PACK. Dissected highland area: Maesteg, South Wales (Educational Map Series No. 10A). Industrial area: Washington New Town (Educational Map Series No. 11A).PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, Volume 3. Edited by A. A. Newman.THE CAMERA AT WAR. By J. Lewinski.RECOGNITION OF TREE SPECIES ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. By L. Sayn-Wittgenstein.

Notes: Three investigations of the suitability of photogrammetry as a method of measurement are described, in the fields of marine, mechanical and structural engineering. Analytical solutions for a single model, a strip and a block of photographs are discussed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit trois tentatives de recours à la photogrammétrie en métrologie industrielle, dans les industries de la marine, de la mécanique, et des structures métalliques. On discute l'intérêt des solutions analytiques pour le couple, la bande ou le bloc de photos.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung von drei Untersuchungen bezüglich Eignung der Photogrammetrie als Messverfahren im Schiffbau, im Maschinenbau und im Bauwesen. Diskussion analytischer Lösungen für das Einzelmodell, die Bildreihe und den Block.

Notes: The concept of optimum interpolation is briefly explained. The use of polynomial and non-polynomial stepwise regression for obtaining optimum or near optimum interpolation is illustrated. Least squares collocation is presented as an advanced method for optimising stepwise regression whenever the latter does not achieve desired optimum interpolation for given terrain. A Fortran IV program, written to illustrate an optimum interpolation algorithm using stepwise regression and collocation, is found to produce better results than existing interpolation methods. Other applications of such an algorithm are also discussed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn expose brièvement le concept d'interpolation optimale, ainsi que les méthodes d'approximation polynomials ou autres qui permettent de la réaliser localement au mieux. On présente la collocation comme une méthode permettant de parachever l'interpolation; on a trouvé effectivement, avec un programme écrit en Fortran IV, que les résultats obtenus ainsi étaient meilleurs. On envisage aussi d'autre types d'applications de cet algorithme.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungKurze Erläuterung des Begriffs der optimalen Interpolation. Skizzierung der Anwendung von schrittweiser Regression mit Hilfe von Polynomen oder anderen Verfahren zur Ermittlung optimaler oder genähert optimaler Inter-polationen. Die Kollokation nach kleinsten Quadraten wird als verbesserte Methode zur Optimierung der schrittweisen Regression dargestellt, wenngleich letztere keine optimale Interpolation für ein gegebenes Gelände liefert. Ein Rechenprogramm in Fortran IV, das zur Veranschaulichung eines optimalen Interpolations-Algorithmus mit Hilfe der schrittweisen Regression und Kollokation geschrieben wurde, lieferte bessere Ergebnisse als vorhandene Interpolationsmethoden. Andere Anwendungen eines solchen Algorithmus werden ebenfalls erörtert.

Notes: The paper describes two research projects on the application and value of satellite imagery taken, by ERTS 1 and Skylab, for small scale mapping. It describes the methods used in controlling a block of normal system corrected imagery and the accuracies achieved.The interpretation and evaluation of the imagery are discussed and the results of ERTS 1 and Skylab in this field are compared. Finally, some examples are described where ERTS 1 imagery has proved of practical value as a navigational aid when flying conventional photography and airborne geophysical surveys and for providing base maps when concerned with resource evaluation of poorly mapped areas.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On présent les résultats de deux projets de recherche sur les applications possibles el la valeur pratique des imageries satellitaires, prises avec ERTS 1 et Skylab en vue de la cartographie à petite échelle. On décrit les méthodes utilisées pour “appuyer” un bloc à imagerie corrigée (système normal) et l'exactitude obtenue. On compare de ce point de vue ERTS 1 et Skylab. Enfin on donne quelques applications pratiques qui se sont révélées utiles: aide à la navigation pour les levés photographiques et géophysiques aériens; établissement de cartes expédiées en vue d'inventaire de régions souscartographiées.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Beschreibung von zwei Forschungsprojekten über die Anwendung und den Nutzen von Satelliten-Bildern, die von ERTS 1 und Skylab aus aufgenommen wurden, für die Herstellung kleinmassstäbiger Karten. Es werden die Verfahren beschrieben, die beim Festpunktanschluss von korrigierten Bildern angewendet wurden. Die dabei erreichten Genauigkeiten werden mitgeteilt. Diskussion der Interpretation und Bewertung der Bilder und Vergleich der diesbezüglichen Ergebnisse von ERTS 1 und Skylab. Schliesslich werden einige Beispiele beschrieben, wo Bilder von ERTS 1 von praktischem Wert als Navigationshilfe zur Luftbildaufnahme und geophysikalischen Lufterkundung und bei Beschaffung von Grundkarten bei der Ressourcenerkundung in kartographisch schwach erfassten Gebieten waren.

Notes: The author reviews the present state of aerial triangulation methods and outlines the requirements for future research which were suggested at the symposium of Commission III of the International Society for Photogrammetry in 1974. He maintains that none of these research topics is very relevant to aerial triangulation as it is practised in Britain today. A combination of complacency, the natural inertia imposed by economic arguments and the higher priorities accorded to younger developments such as automated cartography is conspiring to prevent replacement of adequate but out-dated methods. He considers that there are nevertheless, strong arguments for selecting a newly designed, optimum, modern system, based on a modular approach, which can be introduced on a national basis and made fully available to all interested organisations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméRevue de l'état actuel des méthodes de triangulation aérienne et rappel des voies de recherches recommandées au symposium de la Commission III de la SIP en 1974. Aucune de ces voies n'a malheureusement de rapport avec ce qui est actuellement pratiqué en Grande Bretagne en matière de triangulation aérienne. Une certaine complaisance, mêlée à une inertie assez naturelle due à des raisons économiques et à la plus grande priorité accordée à des domaines plus neufs comme la cartographie automatique, a perpétué l'emploi des méthodes pertinentes mais désuètes. L'auteur pense qu'il y a de puissants arguments pour qu'on choisisse et mette en oeuvre une méthode moderne, avec approche modulaire dont l'emploi se ferait à l'échelle nationale et à laquelle tout organisme intéressé pourrait recourir.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor referiert über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Verfahren der Aerotriangulation und skizziert die Anforderungen für künftige Forschungs-arbeiten, die auf dem Symposium der Kommission III der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie 1974 vorgeschlagen wurden. Er bekräftigt, dass keiner dieser Forschungsgegenstände bezüglich der gegenwärtig in Grossbritannien praktizierten Aerotriangulation relevant ist. Eine Kombination von Selbstzufriedenheit, natürlicher Beschränkung infolge ökonomischer Argumente und der höheren Prioritäten wegen der neueren Entwicklungen z.B. in der automatischen Kartographie verhindert den Ersatz passender, aber unmoderner Verfahren. Der Autor ist der Meinung, dass es trotzdem starke Argumente zur Auswahl eines neuen optimalen, modernen Systems gibt, das auf dem Bausteinprinzip beruht und das auf nationaler Grundlage eingeführt und allen interessierten Organisationen zugänglich gemacht werden kann.

Notes: A plot of relative parallax measurements in a student exercise is proposed for revealing errors in parallax bar readings taken from a stereo-pair of aerial photographs. The sensitivity of the computed heights to measurement error is also evaluated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn propose un tracé graphique des mesures de parallaxe pour mettre en évidence des erreurs de lecture à la barre de parallaxe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Auswertung relativer Parallaxenmessungen bei einer studentischen Übung vorgeschlagen, um Fehler der an einem Stereomikrometer vorgenommenen Ablesungen aufzudecken, die an Hand eines Luftbildpaars erfolgten. Der Einfluss des Messfehiers auf den Höhenfehler wird ebenfalls abgeschätzt.

Notes: 1:70 000 scale photographs taken over Syria with a Russian AFA topographic camera equipped with a Russar 29b super-wide angle lens have been tested. The tests included (i) the measurement of a field of points using several different instruments and a comparison of the photogrammetrically derived co-ordinates with the values derived by field survey; (ii) the production of plots at 1: 25 000 scale for comparison with a check plot produced from large scale, wide angle photography; and (iii) production of orthophotographs, also at 1: 25 000 scale. Difficulties were experienced with the asymmetrical lens distortion pattern and the variations in illumination and resolution present in the photography. The former were overcome by manufacture of asymmetrical lens distortion correction plates. When this was done, the accuracies attained were comparable to those achieved in previous tests using photographs taken at the same scale with the Wild RC 9 camera equipped with the Super Aviogon I lens and measured on the same or similar types of measuring equipment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On décrit ici un test relatif à une couverture aérienne au 1: 70 000 exécutée en Syrie avec une chambre russe AFA dotée d'un super-grand angulaire 29 b. Le test comprenait: la détermination d'un polygone au sol, et la comparaison des determinations géodésiques et des déterminations photogrammétriques; la restitution de parcelles au 1: 25 000 en vue de les comparer avec une parcelle-test provenant de photos à grande échelle; et la réalisation d'ortho-photos au 1: 25 000. La distorsion disymétrique de l'objectif a conduit à quelques difficultés, ainsi que des inégalités d'éclairement et de finesse sur les clichés. On a surmonté les premières en faisant fabriquer des plaques correctives. Ceci fait, l'exactitude atteinte s'est trouvée du même ordre que celle de restitutions provenant des clichés aux même échelles pris avec le Wild RC9 et effectuées dans des conditions très voisines.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Bericht über die Testung von Luftbildern (mb= 70 000), die über Syrien mit einer sowjetischen Überweitwinkelkammer mil einem Russar-Objektiv 29b aufgenommen wurden. Die Untersuchungen umfassten (a) die Aus-messung eines Punktfeldes mit verschiedenen Auswertegeräten und einen Vergleich photogrammetrisch und geodätisch bestimmter Koordinaten, (b) die Durchführung einer Auswertung 1: 25 000 und den Vergleich mit einer aus grossmassstäbigen Weitwinkelbildern abgeleiteten Kontrollkarte, (c) die Herstellung von Orthophotos im Massstab 1: 25 000. Schwierig-keiten resultierten aus der asymmetrischen Objektivverzeichnung und den Variationen in der Bildhelligkeit und -auflösung. Die Verzeichnung konnte durch Herstellung von Kompensationsplatten reduziert werden. Danach waren die erreichten Genauigkeiten mit den in früheren Tests erzielten vergleichbar, bei denen mit einer Wild RC9- Kammer (Super Aviogon I) aufgenommene Luftbilder gleichen Massstabs an denselben oder ühnlichen Auswertegeräten ausgemessen wurden.

Notes: With present day trends towards smaller scale photography for topographic mapping and photomapping, there is an increasing need for high quality photography and a corresponding need for diagnostic information on potential sources of degradation. Hence subjective judgements must be supplemented by quantitative analyses of image quality that go beyond mere determinations of resolution level. A methodology for evaluating three important parameters governing image quality (development, exposure and spatial frequency content) is presented. By sequentially comparing the values measured on production or test photographs with standard values, the faults most commonly responsible for image degradation (such as errors in development and exposure, excessive image motion, vacuum failure and poor camera focus) can be isolated and measured.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLa tendance actuelle en matière de plans topographiques et de photocartes est de diminuer l'échelle de la couverture photo; se fait done jour le besoin d'émulsions de haute qualité et simultanément la nécessité de pouvoir juger objectivement de cette qualité. II faut alors recourir á des analyses quantitatives qui aillent au-delá de la simple mesure du pouvoir de résolution. On présente ici une méthodologie relative au problème de l'évaluation de trois des principaux paramètres effectuant la qualité de l'image (développement, durée d'exposition, résolution de fréquence spatiale). Avec des tests d'homogénéïté on peut alors déceler les variations de qualité, et en particulier déterminer et mesurer les causes d'altération les plus fréquentes (erreurs lors du développement ou lors de la phase d'exposition, filé, défauts internes, qualité médiocre de la chambre).〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBei dem gegenwärtigen Trend, den Bildmassstab zur Herstellung von topographischen Karten und Photokarten zu verkleinern, ergibt sich zunehmend die Notwendigkeit, Hochleistungsphotos aufzunehmen und diagnostische Informationen über mögliche Quellen der Qualitätsverschlechterung zu erlangen. Insbesondere müssen subjektive Bewertungen durch quantitative Analysen der Bildqualität ergänzt werden, die über Bestimmungen des Auflösungsvermögens hinausgehen. Es wird eine Methodologie zur Bewertung von drei wichtigen Parametern (Entwicklung, Belichtung, Inhalt der Orts-frequenz), die die Bildqualität beeinflussen, angegeben. Durch Vergleich der auf Produktionsbildern oder Testbildern gemessenen Werte mit deren Standards können die Fehler, die meistens eine Bildverschlechterung verursachen (wie zum Beispiel Fehler bei der Entwicklung und Belichtung, unzulässige Bildwanderung, ungenügende Planlage oder Kammerabstimmung) aufgedeckt und gemessen werden.

Notes: An algorithm for the generation of digital ground models is described. The algorithm is based on an approximate solution and uses data obtained with simple measuring equipment. Processing of the observations is carried out by an on line desk top computer and the results of some tests are given.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit un algorithme pour la génération de modèles de terrain digitaux. L'algorithme est basé sur une solution approximative et utilise des résultats obtenus avec un appareil de mesure simple. Les observations sont etudiées par une ordinateur de bureau lié directement et on donne les resultats de certains travaux.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines Algorithmus zur Erzeugung digitaler Geländemodelle. Dieser basiert auf einer Näherungslösung und verwendet Daten, die mit einfachen Messgeräten gewonnen wurden. Die Datenverarbeitung wird mit Hilfe eines Tischrechners ausgeführt, und es werden einige Testergebnisse mitgeteilt.

Notes: The author reviews procedures for obtaining stereomicrographs from binocular and monocular optical microscopes, from transmission and scanning electron microscopes and from an X-ray microscope. A description is given of the EMPD2 plotter for stereomicrographs and the advantages of various reconstruction techniques are considered, including a computer method used in the study of virus particles.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'auteur fait la revue des procédés qui permettent d'obtenir des stéréomicrographes à partir de microscopes optiques binoculaires et monoculaires, de microscopes electroniques transmetteurs et explorateurs et de microscopes radioscopiques. On donne une description de l'appareil de restituion EMPD2 pour les stéréomicrographes et on considère les avantages de diverses techniques de reconstruction, y compris d'une méthode avec ordinateur utilisée dans l'étude de particules de virus.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor gibt einen Überblick über Verfahren zur Aufnahme von Stereomikrofotos mit Hilfe binokularer und monokularer optischer Mikroskope, mit Hilfe von Durchstrahlungs- und Abtast-Elektronenmikroskopen sowie mit einem Röntgenmikroskop. Der EMPD 2 Plotter für Mikrostereofotos und die Vorteile verschiedener Rekonstruktionsmethoden, einschliesslich eines Rechnerverfahrens zur Untersuchung von Virus-Teilchen werden erörtert.

Notes: Problems are sometimes encountered during the relative orientation of close range photography which has a limited usable format and a large Z range. Computer simulations and practical tests with both a comparator and a plotting instrument are used to investigate the problems and possible inaccuracies. Systematic errors in the photogrammetric model are revealed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn rencontre souvent des difficultés lorsqu'on forme un modèle avec des clichés pris à courte distance, à format réduit et lorsque l'objet présente quelque profondeur. On a approfondi ces problèmes en utilisant conjointement simulations et essais pratiques; on a prouvé ainsi que les déformations du modèle étaient systématiques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungMitunter ergeben sich bei der relativen Orientierung von Nahbereischsbildern Probleme, weil das nutzbare Bildformat klein und der z-Bereich gross sind. Mit Hilfe von Computer-Simulationen und praktischer Tests mit einem Komparator bzw. einem Auswertegerät wurden die Probleme und mögliche Ungenauigkeiten untersucht. Dabei wurden systematische Fehler in dem photogrammetrischen Modell aufgedeckt.

Notes: Water currents in an hydraulic model have been determined by means of a photogrammetric method of detecting the movement of tethered buoys. Single vertical photographs, taken by a non-metric camera, have been analysed to produce the required differential measurements. The use of a non-metric camera is justified by an analysis of the errors involved and a consideration of the requisite type of measurements.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne méthode photogrammétrique a été mise au point pour déterminer par mesures différentielles sur un modèle hydraulique les mouvements de bouées en vue d'étudier les courants; seules des photos verticales isolées sont prises, avec une camera non métrique, ici largement suffisante pour l'exactitude requise.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBestimmung der Wasserströmungen in einem hydraulischen Modell durch photogrammetrische Ermittlung der Bewegung von verankerten Bojen. Einzeine Steilbilder, die mit einer Amateurkamera aufgenommen wurden, dienten zur Ableitung der geforderten Differenzen-Messungen. Die Verwendung einer Amateurkamera wird durch eine Analyse der auftretenden Fehler und eine Betrachtung der geforderten Messungswerte gerechtfertigt.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:THE GEOGRAPHER AS A MAP-MAKER. By A. Hodgkiss.ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By R. W. A. Dallas.BIBLIOGRAPHIA CARTOGRAPHICA Volume 4 (1977). Edited by L. Zögner.PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING. By J. G. Olliver and J. Clendinning.THE ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY FOR SURVEYORS. By J. B. Mackie.JOURNËE D'ËTUDE SUR LA STËRËO-ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHIE.THE NAZI CONNECTION. By F. W. Winterbotham.AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY. Edited by D. A. EDWARDS and C. R. Partridge.PHOTOGRAPHY BY INFRARED. ITS PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS. By H. Lou Gibson.

Notes: This article provides a brief description of the functions and capabilities of an image generating system developed by Linotype-Paul Limited for the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Cet article donne une courte description des fonctions et des possibilités d'un système generateur d'images developpé par Linotype-Paul Limited pour Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Kurze Beschreibung der Funktionen und Fähigkeiten eines bilderzeugenden Systems, das bei der Linotype-Paul Limited für das Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough entwickelt wurde.

Notes: This paper describes the production of stereopairs of shadow photographs to simulate X-ray pictures and demonstrates the possibility of determining analytically the precise position in the object space of foreign bodies using a digitiser as a monocomparator and projective transformation theory to dispense with the necessity of undertaking normal inner and relative orientation analytical procedures.A model is constructed and comparison accuracy tests are made using shadow and X-ray picture pairs. The paper also suggests that the use of projective transformation theory is more appropriate in short range photogrammetry than traditional topographic stereophotogrammetric theory.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCette communication décrit la production de couples stéréoscopiques de photographies d'ombre pour simuler des radiogrammes et démontre la possibilité de determiner analytiquement la position exacte dans l'espace de l'objet de corps étrangers en utilisant un transformateur digital comme mono comparateur et une théorie de transformation projective pour dispenser de la nécessité d'entreprendre les procédés normaux d'orientation analytique interieurs et relatifs.On construit un modèle et on fait des testes précis de comparaison en utilisant des couples de photographies d'ombre et de radiogrammes. La communication suggère aussi que l'utilisation de la théorie de transformation projective est plus appropriée pour la photogrammétrie à champs court que la théorie traditionnelle de stéréophotogrammétrie topographique.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird die Herstellung von Stereobildpaaren von Schatten-Fotos beschrieben, womit Röntgenbilder simuliert und die Möglichkeit der analytischen Bestimmung der präzisen Lage von Fremdkörpern im Objektraum gezeigt werden sollten. Dazu wurde ein Monokomparator als Digitalisiervorrichtung und die Theorie der projektiven Transformation angewendet, urn auf die sonst übliche analytische Bestimmung der inneren und relativen Orientierung verzichten zu können.Es wurden ein Modell konstruiert und vergleichende Genauigkeitstests für aus Schatten-Fotos bzw. Röntgenbildern bestehende Bildpaare durchgeführt. Im Beitrag wird die Meinung vertreten, dass die Theorie der projektiven Transformation bei der Nahphotogrammetrie günstiger ist, als die traditionelle Theorie der topographischen Stereophotogrammetrie.

Notes: Le microscope électronique à balayage donne l'image de la surface d'un objet situé dans une boîte à spécimen où a été fait le vide. Un fin pinceau d'électrons balaie la surface synchroniquement avec un tube cathodique dont l'intensité est modulée en fonction du signal secondaire émanant du spécimen. Le système présente une grande profondeur de champ; on peut donc obtenir différentes perspectives du spécimen en le photographiant sous diverses inclinaisons (perspectives qui sont centrales, mais cependant justiciables d'être traitées comme parallèles pour de forts grandissements) et donc le restituer spatialement. On donne dans la première partie les limitations pratiques de l'appareillage, ainsi que le type et les causes de distorsion de l'image. Dans la deuxième partie, on décrit les caractéristiques d'un appareil de restitution adaptéà un cas standard: grandissement des deux clichés d'un stéréogramme: fixe-angle d'ouverture du faisceau perspectif négligeable (c'est le cas pour de forte grossissements) et convergence relative des deux positions de la plaque porte-spécimen est fixe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das Abtast-Elektronen-Mikroskop liefert Bilder der Oberfläche von Objekten, die sich in einer Vakuum-Kammer befinden. Ein feiner Elektronenstrahl tastet die Oberfläche in Synchronisation mit einer Kathodenstrahlröhre ab, deren Lichtpunkthelligkeit von dem sekundären Elektronensignal, das von der Probe ausgeht, moduliert wird. Das System gestattet eine grosse Schärfentiefe und erlaubt dadurch verschiedene Projektionen des zu photo-graphierenden Musters durch Neigung desselben zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Aufnahmen. Aus der Kenntnis der Geometrie der Projektion (die eine Zentralprojektion ist, jedoch für sehr stark vergrösserte Bilder annähernd als Parallel- oder Orthogonalfall behandelt werden kann) ist es daher möglich, zu dreidimensionalen Analysen durch Messung von Parallaxen zu kommen. Teil I der Arbeit handelt von den praktischen Problemen, die sowohl aus den Grenzen für die mechanische Konstruktion von Muster-Halterungen und Auswertegeräten als auch den Verzerrungen der Bilder resultieren. Teil II beschäftigt sich mit praktischen Gesichtspunkten der bewährten Auswerteinstrumente, die speziell für die Lösung eines standard-isierten Problems der Elektronenmikroskopie konstruiert wurden. Bei diesen wird die Vergrösserung der beiden Halbbilder eines Stereobildpaars konstant gehalten, der Divergenzwinkel der peripheren “Strahlen”, die sich aus dem zentralen “Strahl” ergeben, wird als vernachlässigbar angesehen (was bei Bildern mit starker Vergrösserung der Fall ist) und die Neigungswinkeldifferenz zwischen den zwei Lagen der Probe ist konstant.

Notes: The article describes an experiment in which a production block of aerial triangulation, observed by the method of independent models, was repeatedly computed using differing amounts and configurations of control. The block was recomputed to investigate the effects of control errors, of dispensing with the tie strips and of applying different weights to control and tie points. The connexion between the quality of the join of individual models and that of the adjusted block was also investigated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une série d'essais effectués sur un bloc de production de triangulation aérienne analytique traité par la méthode des modèles indépendants, destinés àétudier l'influence du nombre et de la configuration des points du canevas d'appui, l'effet d'erreurs sur les points d'appui, l'effet des bandes transversales, et du choix des poids pour les points d'appui et de liaison. On a aussi examiné la corrélation entre la qualityé de l'enchaînement des modèles individuels et celle du bloc compensé.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines Versuchs, bei dem ein Aerotriangulationsblock aus der Produktion, der nach der Methode der unabhängigen Bildpaare beobachtet worden war, wiederholt bei verschiedenen Anzahlen und Anordnungen von Passpunkten berechnet wurde. Die Berechnungen erfolgten zur Abschätzung der Einflüsse von Passpunktfehlern. Weiter wurde der Anschluss zu Nachbarstreifen und die Anwendung verschiedener Gewichte für Pass- und Verbindungspunkte untersucht. Desgleichen wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Qualität des Zusammenschlusses einzelner Modelle und der des ausgeglichenen Blockes untersucht.

Notes: Underwater photogrammetry is being used in the particularly hostile environment of the North Sea where it has been put into commercially viable operation. The authors discuss underwater photogrammetry related to other means of inspection of oil platforms. They also deal with operational experience of 35 mm and 70 mm cameras, camera calibration, the provision of control and photogrammetric observations and data analysis. The demand for underwater photogrammetry continues to grow.

Notes: This paper summarises the theoretical and practical development of’an analytical system for close range photogrammetry. The system uses the extended bundle method of phototriangulation and a sophisticated least squares algorithm. A description is given of computer software, and aspects of statistical testing and gross error detection are discussed in order to assess the accuracy potential. Applications of the system, for precise co-ordination of a target range and camera calibration are outlined.

Notes: A photogrammetric system that is suitable for shallow water detailed mapping at scales from 1:50 to 1:500 for coastal and harbour engineering projects is described. The results from tests using automatic 35 mm Canon cameras on an elevated platform to determine the accuracy of planimetric and depth co-ordinates are presented. The economic benefits of stereophotography through shallow water rather than underwater photography are discussed.

Notes: This paper reviews the growth in the use of photogrammetric techniques in architecture, principally in the United Kingdom, over the past ten years. The work of the various establishments involved in architectural photogrammetry is described and the results of a questionnaire, distributed within the architectural profession, are analysed. Some comparisons are made with developments elsewhere in Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn examine dans cet article l'extension qu'a connue l'utilisation des méthodes photogrammétriques en architecture au cows des dix dernières années, principalement dans le Royaume-Uni. On y décrit les travaux des divers organismes impliqués dans la photogrammétrie architecturale et l'on y analyse les résultats d'un questionnaire diffusé au sein de la profession liée à l'architecture. On fournit enfin quelques comparaisons avec les développements constatés par ailleurs en Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird über die zunehmende Anwendung photogrammetrischer Verfahren während der letzten 10 Jahre in der Architektur, insbesondere im Vereinigten Königreich, berichtet. Die Arbeit verschiedener Institutionen, die sich mit Architekturphotogrammetrie befassen, wird beschrieben, und es werden die Ergebnisse eines unter Architekten verteilten Fragebogens analysiert. Weiterhin werden Vergleiche zu Entwicklungen in anderen europäischen Ländern gezogen.

Notes: One third of a collection of cloned Stylonychia pustulata micronuclear DNA PstI fragments were found to be of a similar size, consistent with their being members of a repetitious sequence family with a repeat size of about 160 base pairs. Cross-hybridization experiments confirmed that these small cloned fragments are related by sequence homology. Hybridization of the cloned repetitious sequences to PstI digested micronuclear DNA revealed a “ladder” of bands (step size = 160 base pairs), indicating that the repeats are found in tandem arrays. This is the first demonstration of highly repetitious, tandemly repeated sequences in a ciliated protozoan.

Notes: The erythrocytic developmental cycle of Plasmodium falciparum can be conveniently divided into the ring, trophozoite, and schizont stages based on morphology and metabolism. Using highly synchronous cultures of P. falciparum, considerable variation was demonstrated among these stages in sensitivity to chloroquine. The effects of timed, sequential exposure to several clinically relevant concentrations of chloroquine were monitored by three techniques: morphological analysis, changes in the rate of glucose consumption, and changes in the incorporation of 3H-hypoxanthine into parasite nucleic acids. All three techniques gave essentially identical results. The trophozoite and schizont stages were considerably more sensitive to the drug than ring-stage parasites. Chloroquine sensitivity decreased as nuclear division neared completion. The increase in chloroquine sensitivity was coincident with a marked rise in the rate of glucose consumption and nucleic acid synthesis. The rate of nucleic acid synthesis decreased as schizogony progressed while glucose consumption continued at high rates during this process. The degree of chloroquine sensitivity was not highly correlated with either metabolic activity.

Notes: Bloodstream trypomastigote and culture procyclic (insect midgut) forms of a cloned T. rhodesiense variant (WRATat 1) were tested for agglutination with the lectins concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin P (PP), soybean agglutinin (SBA), fucose binding protein (FBP), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and castor bean lectin (RCA). Fluorescence-microscopic localization of lectin binding to both formalin-fixed trypomastigotes and red cells was determined with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated Con A, SBA, FBP, WGA, RCA, PNA (peanut agglutinin), DBA (Dolichos bifloris), and UEA (Ulex europaeus) lectins. Electron microscopic localization of lectin binding sites on bloodstream trypomastigotes was accomplished by the Con A-horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (HRP-DAB) technique, and by a Con A-biotin/avidin-ferritin method. Trypomastigotes, isolated by centrifugation or filtration through DEAE-cellulose or thawed after cryopreservation, were agglutinated by the lectins Con A and PP with agglutination strength scored as Con A 〈 PP. No agglutination was observed in control preparations or with the lectins WGA, FBA or SBA. Red cells were agglutinated by all the lectins tested. Formalin-fixed bloodstream trypomastigotes bound FITC-Con A and FITC-RCA but not FITC-WGA, -SBA, -PNA, -UEA or -DBA lectins. All FITC-labeled lectins bound to red cells. Con A receptors, visualized by Con A-HRP-DAB and Con A-biotin/avidin-ferritin techniques, were distributed uniformly on T. rhodesiense bloodstream forms. No lectin receptors were visualized on control preparations. Culture procyclics lacked a cell surface coat and were agglutinated by Con A and WGA but not RCA, SBA, PP and FBP. Procyclics were not agglutinated by lectins in the presence of competing sugar at 0.25 M. The expression of lectin binding cell surface saccharides of T. rhodesiense WRATat 1 is related to the parasite stage. Sugars resembling α-D-mannose are on the surface of bloodstream trypomastigotes and culture procyclics; n-acetyl-D-galactosamine and D-galactose residues are on bloodstream forms; and n-acetyl-D-glucosamine-like sugars are on procyclic stages.

Notes: The cationic permeant fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 (R123) was used to stain Plasmodium yoelii-infected mouse erythrocytes. Fluorescence microscopic observations demonstrated that the parasite, but not the matrix of the infected erythrocyte, accumulated the dye. Differences in fluorescence intensity could not be found at the various developmental stages of the parasite; however, quantitation of the cell-associated dye revealed an increase in R123 uptake with parasite development. The retention of the parasite-associated dye, as measured by fluorescence microscopy and spectrophotometry after extraction of R123 with butanol, was markedly reduced by treatment of the infected erythrocytes with a proton ionophore, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), and an inhibitor of proton ATPase, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). These results indicate that the accumulation and retention of R123 in P. yoelii reflect the parasite membrane potential and suggest that the parasite plasma membrane has a membrane potential-generating proton pump.

Notes: Distinctive organic-walled resting cysts of at least three different types with a highly conservative morphology appear to characterize specific orders or groups of genera within the Class Polyhymenophorea (Protozoa, Ciliophora), contrasting markedly with the great diversity of form seen in trophic stages. Polyhymenophorean ciliates have been considered in the past to form a cohesive class within the Phylum Ciliophora and, possibly, to represent the pinnacle of ciliate evolution. Evidence from cysts challenges the cohesive nature of the class, suggesting that the hypotrichs should be subdivided and that they have a different phylogenetic origin from the heterotrichs, tintinnids, and oligotrichs.

Notes: Yellow-brown, algal symbionts varying in diameter from approximately 5 μ m to 20 μ m, associated with solitary Radiolaria with spongiose skeletons (i.e. Spongodrymus sp.), exhibit fine structural features resembling the Prymnesiida (botanical class, Prymnesiophyceae). A large central vacuole is surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm containing plastids with lamellae composed of three thylakoids and granular pyrenoids with internal tubules immersed between the thylakoids. The pyrenoids lack internal thylakoid membranes. The nucleus is surrounded by a dilated cisterna of the nuclear envelope that also encloses the plastids and gives rise to saccules of the endoplasmic reticulum. The algal symbionts appear coccoid; hence no flagella nor surface scales were observed. The symbiont fine structure is compared to similar yellow-brown symbionts associated with Acantharia. Thus far, three kinds of algal symbionts have been observed to be associated with solitary Radiolaria: dinoflagellate, prasinomonad, and this apparent prymnesiomonad.

Notes: Ultrastructural observations of the cortically-located mitochondria of Tetrahymena thermophila revealed associations not only between the mitochondria and certain of the cortical microtubule bands, but also between the mitochondria and the epiplasm of the cortex. Most of the distal mitochondrial surface is close and parallel to the epiplasm; favorable views show bridge-like structures spanning the 20–10 nm gap between the mitochondrion and the epiplasm.Previous studies have shown that the placement of mitochondria in the cortex appears to be determined by certain of the cortical microtubule bands. This study, however, shows that mitochondrion-microtubule interactions account for only a small proportion of the total mitochondrial area associated with the cortex; the rest is accounted for by the epiplasm. A possible analogue of the spectrin layer of erythrocyte membranes, the epiplasm may be important in helping to arrange the intricately organized components of the ciliate cortex. Its involvement in apparently helping to “moor” mitochondria to their cortical sites is the first suggestion of any role in cell patterning played by the epiplasm.

Notes: Ce Tetradimorpha, rencontre en eau douce se présente soit sous forme sphérique pourvue de quatre flagelles et d'axopodes rayonnants, soit sous forme allongée avec a l'avant quatre flagelles associes a quatre axopodes et a l'arriére six a huit axopodes divergents. L'etude ultrastructurale révèle un cytosquelette axopodial de type centroplastidie comprenant un centroplaste lenticulaire homogéne, centre organisateur des quatre axopodes anterieurs et des six a huit axopodes posterieurs, auquel s'ajoutent les quatre cinetosomes des flagelles anterieurs. En outre, un deuxiéme éleément cytosquelettique incluant un microtubule associe chacun des quatre cinetosomes a l'axopode antérieur correspondant. Des cordons microfibrillaires réunissent axopodes et cinetosomes au niveau du centroplaste, puis a quelque distance du centroplaste les axopodes posterieurs. Les axonémes des axopodes comprenant de 5 a 30 microtubules sont constitues de triades, lorsqu'on peut détecter une organisation. Le noyau, a nucléole central est coince dans le cone axopodial posterieur, lui-méme entouré des dictyosomes. Par l'organisation du cytosquelette, par la structure des kinétocystes, par la structure des flagelles dépourvus de mastigonémes tubulaires, Tetradimorpha différe nettement de Ciliophrys marina. Comme le prévoyait Davidson (1975), il represönte bien un des chainons dans la série évolutive des Héliozoaires centrohélidiens. Mais il ne présente guère d'affinites avec les Chrysomonadines considerees comme la souche des Héliozoaires. L'intéret de ce Protiste dans l'étude de la differentiation et de l'evolution du cytosquelette est également présente.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTThis freshwater species of Tetradimorpha has a spherical body with four flagella and radiating axopods; it transforms into a pear-shaped cell that anteriorly has four flagella intercalated between four axopods and posteriorly has six to eight divergent axopods. Ultrastructural study reveals an axopodial cytoskeleton of the centrohelidan type comprising an homogeneous lenticular centroplast which acts as MTOC for axopodial microtubules. A second skeletal element is a microtubular linkage between the kinetosomes and the axonemes of anterior axopods. A microtubule embedded in dense material diverges from near the base of each kinetosomes and parallels the distal portion of the axoneme of each anterior axopod. A microfibrillar envelope around the centroplast links the axopodial bases to the kinetosomes situated just above. Close to the centroplast, microfibrillar strands link the axopodial axonemes to the kinetosomes. Axopodial axonemes are composed of 5 to 30 microtubules irregularly arranged except for some that form equilateral triangles. The nucleus containing a central nucleolus is constrained within a cone formed by the axonemes of the posterior axopods and surrounded by dictyosomes. By the cytoskeletal organization, the structure of kinetocysts, and flagella wthout tubular mastigonemes, Tetradimorpha differs obviously from Ciliophrys marina. As Davidson (1975) predicted, Tetradimorpha is an intermediate link in the centrohelidan lineage: however, it lacks the characteristics of chrysomonads, the supposed ancestors of Heliozoa. The contribution of this genus to the study of the differentiation and the evolution of the cytoskeleton is also presented and discussed.

Notes: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to identify the patterns of protein synthesis during initiation, and the patterns of membrane protein expression following initiation, in all of the mating types of the Tetrahymena thermophila B family. In addition, one-dimensional analysis was used to survey 125I-Concanavalin A-binding proteins. Although a large number of proteins was identified by each technique, no variation among the mating types was observed.

Notes: Cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis, T. thermophila, and Euglena gracilis were saturated with nitrogen gas at pressures up to 300 atm and rapidly decompressed. Damage was assessed by measuring post-decompression cell fragmentation or viability. Occurrence of intracellular bubbles was determined by cinephotomicrography performed during the decompression or by direct observations afterwards. The extreme gas supersaturations induced led to intracellular bubble formation and rupture in cells of Tetrahymena that contained food vacuoles, but only with supersaturations of 175 atm or higher; 225 atm left few cells intact. Bubbles were never observed in cells of Euglena or in Tetrahymena cells freed of food vacuoles, even when they were decompressed from substantially higher nitrogen supersaturations. Cells of Euglena were most resistant and were unaffected by supersaturations up to 250 atm.

Notes: The rapid, synchronous differentiation of N. gruberi from amoebae to flagellates is a useful paradigm to study aspects of cell differentiation, including regulation of the synthesis of proteins that are related to the changes in cell shape and motility, which occur during differentiation. The differentiation requires synthesis of new RNA and protein molecules to accomplish defined morphogenetic events. Specific new proteins, including the tubulins that form the flagellar microtubules, are synthesized at various times during differentiation, and particular mRNA species appear and disappear. The time course of the synthesis of the α and β subunits of flagellar tubulin is paralleled by the programmed appearance and disappearance of flagellar tubulin mRNAs. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the synthesis of flagellar tubulin is regulated by the transcription, and subsequent disappearance, of flagellar tubulin mRNA. Translatable mRNAs for two calmodulin-like calcium-binding proteins appear and disappear contemporaneously with those for flagellar tubulin. During differentiation the synthesis of actin, the major protein of amoebae, is selectively shut down, and translatable actin mRNA rapidly disappears. This description of the orderly appearance, utilization, and disappearance of the mRNAs for actin, calcium-binding proteins, and flagellar tubulin during differentiation provides means and motivation to investigate the mechanisms that regulate these events.

Notes: Earlier experimental work involving macronuclear implants in Stentor coeruleus has shown that the cytoplasmic cortex of the nuclear site 1) attracts the macronucleus and 2) holds it in place during interphase. Now experiments indicate macronuclei transferred with overlying cortex elongate in the direction of the transferred cortical pigment stripes, whether or not the transferred stripes realign in the direction of the host stentor's stripes. Therefore the third function of the cortex is to determine the direction of elongation and thus assure that both daughter cells at division receive part of the macronucleus.

Notes: During an electron microscopic study of Glugea stephani, three morphologically distinct tubular appendages that are continuous with the sporoblast plasmalemma were observed. The tubules were designated as: type I, 45–50 nm in diameter and 600–900 nm in length; type II, 25–35 nm in diameter, averaging 1300 nm in length; type III, 50–70 nm in diameter and with an indeterminate length, which often exceeds 3000 nm. Type III tubules contain regularly spaced, electron-dense particles that are approximately 30 nm in diameter. Since many genera of microsporida have some type of appendage, which may eventually be utilized for taxonomic purposes, we propose the formation of a system of serially numbered detailed descriptions of these structures to promote uniformity and clarity in future publications.

Notes: Cells of Paramecium tetraurelia, stock hrd, cultured in a micro-capillary containing 1 μl fresh culture medium, expressed mating activity through the whole cell cycle. Mating-reactive G2 phase cells can conjugate with cells of other phases. The G2 phase cells, which have double (4C) the normal micronuclear DNA content, undergo pre-meiotic DNA synthesis when conjugated with G1 phase cells. The micronucleus of the progeny from the cross between a G1 and a G2 cell becomes triploid.

Notes: Buffered solutions of KCl and NaCl were tested for their stimulatory effect on the germination of variously-aged spores of Vavraia culicis. Germination was optimal in 0.2 M KCl, pH 6.5 for one isolate, and, for another isolate, peaks of germination occurred at pH 7.0 and 9.5. Spores incubated for several hours in suboptimal solutions became unable to germinate under optimal conditions. After being returned to water, they regained their ability to germinate. Calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and ammonium chloride inhibited germination. After ingestion by mosquito larvae, spores germinated near the posterior end of the midgut.

Notes: . Leishmania tropica promastigotes transport α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), the nonmetabolizable analog of neutral amino acids, against a substantial concentration gradient. AIB is not incorporated into cellular material but accumulates within the cells in an unaltered form. Intracellular AIB exchanges with external AIB. Various energy inhibitors (amytal, HOQNO, KCN, DNP, CCCP, and arsenate) and sulfhydryl reagents (NEM, pCMB, and iodoacetate) severely inhibit uptake. The uptake system is saturable with reference to AIB-and the Lineweaver-Burk plots show biphasic kinetics suggesting the involvement of two transport systems. AIB shares a common transport system with alanine, cysteine, glycine, methionine, serine, and proline. Uptake is regulated by feedback inhibition and transinhibition.

Notes: . Oxytricha strains used in biochemical studies have traditionally been grown in unaerated, unagitated culture tubes or Fernbach flasks. These cultures are limited in volume to about one liter and have a very nonuniform distribution of cells, with the majority of the cells at the very top or bottom of the medium. We have found conditions in which Oxytricha can be grown in 50-liter fermentation vats. The cultures grow to a uniform density of about 6000 cells/ml.

Notes: . The fine structure of the tomite of Foettingeria actiniarum (Claparède) was examined and compared with that of other apostome tomites. This stage in the life cycle has a unique configuration of kineties that form a spiral through the cytoplasm in the interior of the body. The structure and behavior of this internal spiral were evaluated as a mechanism for the storage of kinetosomes, an adaptation to the ciliate's two-host life cycle. The spiral is composed of nine ribbons of laterally compressed kinetosomes that are in contact with a thin electron-dense fibril. Paralleling the kineties of the spiral are conspicuous, swollen lamellae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; these lamellae contain moderately electron-dense material. The spiral is associated with the large contractile vacuole and winds about the macronucleus. The tomite of Foettingeria possesses a single, robust, caudal cilium located in a pit, along with the nozzle-like pore of the contractile vacuole. The walls of the pit contain several trichocysts arranged radially about the caudal cilium and aimed into the pit.

Notes: . Fine structural studies of a specialized vesicle system associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of exo-erythrocytic Plasmodium berghei suggest that this system may be the equivalent of a Golgi apparatus. Patches of ER, randomly distributed in the cytoplasm of developing parasites, are formed of smooth and ribosome-studded cisternae intermingled with each other. The vesicle systems are located between as well as at the edges of ER aggregates and appear to be in different stages of budding from the cisternae. Prolonged osmication reveals distinct staining of the nuclear envelope and ER of the parasites as well as part of the Golgi apparatus of the hepatocytes. However, the small vesicles associated with the parasite's ER are unstained, as are the coated vesicles in the Golgi region of the liver cell. These sites in the parasite cytoplasm seem comparable to the concave surface of the Golgi apparatus in liver cells. The pinched-off vesicles fuse with others to form the prominent peripheral vacuolization characteristic of the nearly mature exo-erythrocytic form. The formation of these peripheral vacuoles and their subsequent fusion with the parasite membrane may be an exocytosis mechanism supplying the rapidly expanding parasite with new plasma membrane material.

Notes: . Ultrastructural cytochemical techniques were used to analyze the nucleus and the kinetoplast of epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. With the use of ethanolic phosphotungstic acid, which detects basic proteins, reaction product was seen in the chromatin and at the periphery of the kinetoplast. Thallium alcoholate, which interacts with DNA, stained strongly the whole kinetoplast and the chromatin. With the use of a silver impregnation method that detects acidic nucleolar proteins, silver granules were seen preferentially located in the central region of the nucleolus. With the EDTA method, which reveals the presence of ribonucleoproteins, staining was observed in the nuclear pores. Also 6–8 nm fibrils, 25 nm and 40 nm granules, which correspond to the perichromatin fibers, interchromatin granules and the perichromatin granules, respectively, were identified in the nucleus. The EDTA method also revealed the presence of 40 nm granules in the kinetoplast. These granules were seen mainly at the two extremities of the kinetoplast. Freeze-fracture images indicate that the nuclear membrane contains ca. 9 pores/μm2 of nuclear surface area. The mean diameter of the pores was 80 nm. All these results suggest that epimastigotes of T. cruzi have a very active nucleus and a high rate of nucleocytoplasmic interchange.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Examination of stained specimens (protargol and nigrosinbutanol) of hypotrich ciliates during division allows understanding of morphogenesis of buccal structures and cirri. Midventral, frontal, and transverse cirri in both proter and opisthe of Urostyla marina differentiate from a longitudinal series of numerous oblique ciliary streaks in a manner similar to that of Bakuella, Holosticha, Keronopsii. Pseudourostyla, and Uroleptus. This pattern differs markedly from that in Amphisiella, Kahliella, Paraholosticha, and Paraurostyla, in which the fronto-ventral and transverse cirri arise from a series of fewer (2–5) ciliary streaks in a longitudinal or fan-like array. Rows of marginal cirri in U. marina arise independently, as in Urostyla grandis. On the basis of comparisons of both structural and morphogenetic features of this and other hypotrichs, the family Urostylidae is redefined to contain Urostyla (type), Bakuella, Holosticha, Keronopsis, Pseudourostyla, and Uroleptus. Other genera formerly contained in the families Holostichidae and Urostylidae are placed in synonymy, assigned to other families, or held in uncertain familial relationship pending their rediscovery and further investigation.

Notes: SYNOPSISUltrastructure of the plasmodium wall and of sporogenesis were studied in Myxosoma funduli Kudo infecting the gills of Fundulus kansae (Garman). Plasmodia were located within the lamellar tissues adjacent to sinuses and capillaries. The plasmodium wall consisted of a single unit membrane which was continuous with numerous pinocytic canals extending into the parasite ectoplasm. The plasmodium membrane was covered by a surface coat of almost uniform thickness which prevented direct parasite-host cell contact. Numerous generative cells and cell aggregates, representing early stages of spore development, were seen in immature plasmodia. Later stages of spore development, including mature spores, were observed in older plasmodia. Sporogenesis was initiated by envelopment of one generative cell, the sporont, by a 2nd, nondividing cell, the envelope cell. The sporont and its progeny proceeded through a series of divisions until there were 10 cells, all compartmentalized within the envelope cell. Subsequently, the 10 cells became structurally differentiated and arranged into two 5-celled spore-producing units, each consisting of 1 binucleate sporoplasm and 2 capsulogenic cells, all surrounded by 2 valvogenic cells. Observations of later developmental stages revealed the major events of capsulogenesis, valvogenesis, and sporoplasm maturation, which occurred concomitantly during spore construction.

Notes: Richmond, M. H. & Smith, D. C., eds. 1979. The Cell as a Habitat.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Exoerythrocytic merozoites of Plasmodium lophurae grown in embryonic turkey brain cells were successfully separated from host cell material by elution from a DEAE-cellulose column at ionic strength 0.22. Purity of parasite samples was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Increasing the ionic strength gave greater recoveries of merozoites, but host cell contamination increased.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Blastocrithidia culicis, Crithidia deanei, Crithidia fasciculata, Herpetomonas samuelpessoai, Leptomonas seymouri and Leishmania tarentolae grown in cultures were compared by electrophoretic mobility for isoenzymes in 6 enzymes. All species were found distinct in these characteristics. Endosymbiotic C. deanei, which was identical to the aposymbiotic C. deanei in 5 enzymes, had an extra band in aspartate aminotransferase. No differences in isoenzymes were found between members of one species maintained in 2 different culture media.

Notes: RESUME.Des divisions synchrones chez Euglena gracilis Z peuvent ětre obtenues par différentes méthodes. Lorsque les cellules sont cultivées sur milieu contenant du lactate comme seule source de carbone, des divisions synchrones sont observables, indépen-damment des conditions d'éclairement. Toutefois, il existe une relation entre la phase des divisions cellulaires et les périodes lumière-obscurité appliquée à la culture.Pendant le cycle cellulaire, nous montrons que les synthèses des macromolécules sont discontinues: c'est le cas pour les ADN nucléaire et mitochondrial, les ARN ribosomaux et non-ribosomaux, ainsi que pour certaines protéines (cytochrome c 558). Des variations cycliques touchant la morphologie des mitochondries et des chloroplastes sont observées. Au cours du cycle cellulaire, les processus métaboliques séquentiels accompagnent les modifications de structure des organites. C'est ainsi qu'en début du cycle, au commencement de la phase G1, sont synthétisés les ribosomes cytoplasmiques et qu'ensuite, chez les euglènes vertes, les ARN non-ribosomaux sont formés.Ces synthèses d'ARN précèdent l'accroissement du chondriome et du plastidome dans la cellule. En milieu de phase G1, une nouvelle synthèse d'ARN non-ribosomal commence et est observée avant la synthèse des ADN nucléaire et mitochondrial. En fin de phase G1, démarre la division des organites à partir du chondriome et du plastidome en réseau.SYNOPSIS.Synchronous divisions of Euglena gracilis strain Z can be obtained by various methods. When the cells are cultivated in a medium containing lactate as the sole carbon source, synchronous divisions are observed, independent of the conditions of illumination. Nevertheless, there exists a relationship between the phase of cell division and the periods of light and darkness applied to the culture.During the cell cycle, the synthesis of macromolecules is discontinuous—this is true of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, ribosomal and nonribosomal RNA, and certain proteins (cytochrome c 558). Cyclic variations in the structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts are also observed. In the course of the cell cycle, sequential metabolic processes accompany structural modifications of the organelles. Also, at the beginning of the cycle, at the start of phase G1, the cytoplasmic ribosomes are synthesized, and then, in green euglenids, nonribosomal RNAs are formed. These syntheses of RNA precede enlargement of the chondriome and plastids. In mid-G1 phase, a new synthesis of RNA begins, which precedes synthesis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. At the end of G1 phase, division of organelles starts, beginning with the chondriome and plastids, arranged in a network.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Cell-free synthesis of high molecular weight polypeptides, programmed by RNA from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain W is reported, and methods for preparation of the RNA are described. The RNA was extracted by the SDS-phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol technic. The bulk of extracted RNA was ribosomal and on sucrose gradients peaked at -17S and 25S. After heat denaturation all the 25S RNA was converted to 17S. indicating the presence of hidden breaks, possibly the result of nuclease activity during extraction. Nevertheless, when poly(A)–RNA was collected using oligo-(dT)-cellulose column chromatography, it promoted a 15–fold increase in incorporation of [35S] methionine into TCA-precipitable material. Slab-gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of the product revealed 12 different major polypeptides, varying in weight from 28.000 to 65,000 Daltons. A method for preparation of translatable RNA from Tetrahymena will make possible the comparison of messenger RNAs associated with specific cell structures and with different developmental events.