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  • Chemistry  (11,435)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (994)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (12,429)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1978  (6,604)
  • 1975  (5,825)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (12,429)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Picosecond chemical and biological events (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-10-13
    Description: Picosecond spectroscopy is a relatively new field of science that utilizes ultrashort laser pulses to monitor events taking place in the 10(-12) second regime. The continuing development of picosecond spectroscopy has made possible the detection and measurement of the primary events in many physical and tiological processes. This article describes a currently used picosecond spectroscopy system that is capable of reliably recording picosecond events. Two areas of picosecond research are discussed; one concerns the interaction of electrons in fluids, and the second the primary events in vision.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rentzepis, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Oct 13;202(4364):174-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/694523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electrons ; *Kinetics ; Lasers ; Protons ; *Retinal Pigments ; *Rhodopsin ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods ; Temperature ; *Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Foreign aid support of science and economic growth (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-03-17
    Description: The history of U.S. foreign aid support of science and technology in Latin America is examined and an attempt is made to evaluate the scientific and economic growth of that area in relation to the total foreign aid effort.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szmant, H H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Mar 17;199(4334):1173-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/415363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Education ; History, 20th Century ; International Educational Exchange ; Latin America ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Science/history ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    The glycosylation of hemoglobin: relevance to diabetes mellitus (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-04-07
    Description: Glucose reacts nonenzymatically with the NH2-terminal amino acid of the beta chain of human hemoglobin by way of a ketoamine linkage, resulting in the formation of hemoglobin AIc. Other minor components appear to be adducts of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate. These hemoglobins are formed slowly and continuously throughout the 120-day life-span of the red cell. There is a two- to threefold increase in hemoglobin AIc in the red cells of patients with diabetes mellitus. By providing an integrated measurement of blood glucose, hemoglobin AIc is useful in assessing the degree of diabetic control. Furthermore, this hemoglobin is a useful model of nonenzymatic glycosylation of other proteins that may be involved in the long-term complications of the disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bunn, H F -- Gabbay, K H -- Gallop, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Apr 7;200(4337):21-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/635569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus/*blood/diagnosis ; Diphosphoglyceric Acids/blood ; Glycosides/blood ; Glycosuria/etiology ; Hemoglobin A/*metabolism ; Hemoglobins/*analysis/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Oxygen/blood ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    How much energy does energy cost? (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Estimating the energy cost of producing and delivering an energy product involves the quantitative determination of all relevant energy flows and the aggregation of these flows into meaningful indices of system performance. Five emerging energy technologies are subjected to energy analysis. The energy delivered by each is substantially greater than the energy consumed during construction and lifelong operation of the system. Net energy analysis can provide interesting and perhaps useful information regarding specific technologies, but it does not necessarily provide additional information essential to the making of decisions regarding those technologies.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 117-134
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  • 5
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    The impact of municipal refuse utilization on energy and our environment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: The incinerator/boiler configuration is stressed as the most reliable method of waste utilization. It is also pointed out that the high cost of refuse disposal and the ever increasing cost of energy, have made this method attractive. A plan is outlined for operating a waste utilization plant. Community participation is encouraged in investigating the feasibility of refuse to energy facilities in their area.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 95-116
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  • 6
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    Conservation as an alternative energy source (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: A speech is given outlining the energy situation in the United States. It is warned that the existing energy situation cannot prevail and the time is fast running out for continued growth or even maintenance of present levels. Energy conservation measures are given as an aid to decrease U.S. energy consumption, which would allow more time to develop alternative sources of energy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 87-94
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  • 7
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    Agricultural and industrial process heat (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: The application of solar energy to agricultural and industrial process heat requirements is discussed. This energy end use sector has been the largest and it appears that solar energy can, when fully developed and commercialized, displace from three to eight or more quads of oil and natural gas in U.S. industry. This potential for fossil fuel displacement in the agricultural and industrial process heat area sector represents a possible savings of 1.4 to 3.8 million barrels of oil daily.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 59-86
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  • 8
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    Impact of novel energy sources: OTEC, wind, goethermal, biomass (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Alternate energy conversion methods such as ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), wind power, geothermal wells and biomass conversion are being explored, and re-examined in some cases, for commercial viability. At a time when United States fossil fuel and uranium resources are found to be insufficient to supply national needs into the twenty-first century, it is essential to broaden the base of feasible energy conversion technologies. The motivations for development of these four alternative energy forms are established. Primary technical aspects of OTEC, wind, geothermal and biomass energy conversion systems are described along with a discussion of relative advantages and disadvantages of the concepts. Finally, the sentiment is voiced that each of the four systems should be developed to the prototype stage and employed in the region of the country and in the sector of economy which is complimentary to the form of system output.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for Southeastern States; p 39-57
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  • 9
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    Wood energy-commercial applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Wood energy is being widely investigated in many areas of the country because of the many obvious benefits of wood fuel such as the low price per million Btus relative to coal, oil, and gas; the wide availability of noncommercial wood and the proven ability to harvest it; established technology which is reliable and free of pollution; renewable resources; better conservation for harvested land; and the potential for jobs creation. The Southeastern United States has a specific leadership role in wood energy based on its established forest products industry experience and the potential application of wood energy to other industries and institutions. Significant questions about the widespread usage of wood energy are being answered in demonstrations around the country as well as the Southeast in areas of wood storage and bulk handling; high capitalization costs for harvesting and combustion equipment; long term supply and demand contracts; and the economic feasibility of wood energy outside the forest products industry.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 27-38
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  • 10
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    Alternatives in solar energy (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Although solar energy has the potential of providing a significant source of clean and renewable energy for a variety of applications, it is expected to penetrate the nation's energy economy very slowly. The alternative solar energy technologies which employ direct collection and conversion of solar radiation as briefly described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 19-25
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  • 11
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    An overview of the energy situation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Beginning with a historical review of the domestic pattern of energy usage, the current dependence of the United States upon dwindling petroleum resources is examined. The possible limit of petroleum usage is discussed, and recent oil production trends are presented. Coupling these with projected analyses of OPEC oil productive capability in the early 1980's indicates a serious worldwide as well as American energy problem in the next decade. The need for conservation and rapid development of application of alternative energy resources is discussed including quantitative projections of significant conservation efforts as well as estimates of domestic alternative energy resource capabilities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Sourtheastern States; p 7-18
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  • 12
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    IUE flight experience (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Nickel cadmium batteries were designed to provide an alternate booster energy source to the IUE satellite during eclipse periods. Data shows the spacecraft can operate over the three year design life and a five year design goal.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 229-237
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  • 13
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    Single cell recongidioning test (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Reconditioning the voltage and current profiles, capacity discharge and current, and charge and discharge cycles are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 171-181
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  • 14
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    Microprocessor controlled advanced battery management systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The advanced battery management system described uses the capabilities of an on-board microprocessor to: (1) monitor the state of the battery on a cell by cell basis; (2) compute the state of charge of each cell; (3) protect each cell from reversal; (4) prevent overcharge on each individual cell; and (5) control dual rate reconditioning to zero volts per cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 287-299
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  • 15
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    Tadiran-Plainview Electronics presentation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various environmental, mechanical, vibration, shock, etc., test were run on the manufacturer's lithium cells. The data obtained from these tests are graphically presented and briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 531-538
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  • 16
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    High rate of reversal in Nicd cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Pressure response to reverse current, pressure decay after reversal, and discharge performance of nickel cadmium cells are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 183-198
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  • 17
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    Tradeoff analysis with lithium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Characteristic data, primarily on high rate lithium sulfur dioxide design (basically in the D and DD cell configuration), both before and after much exposure to environmental conditions are discussed. The environmental as opposed to signle cells. Discussion was generated among the Workshop participants and comments and questions are reported. Graphical representations of the test data are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space FLight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 475-487
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  • 18
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    Hazards of lithium thionyl chloride batteries (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Two different topics which only relate in that they are pertinent to lithium thionyl chloride battery safety are discussed. The first topic is a hazards analysis of a system (risk assessment), a formal approach that is used in nuclear engineering, predicting oil spills, etc. It is a formalized approach for obtaining assessment of the degree of risk associated with the use of any particular system. The second topic is a small piece of chemistry related to the explosions that can occur with lithium thionyl chloride systems. After the two topics are presented, a discussion is generated among the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 449-458
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  • 19
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    Life test of NiH2 flight battery (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Life cycle tests being run on the 50 A lightweight nickel hydrogen flight battery are discussed and the preliminary results are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 341-346
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  • 20
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    USAF nickel hydrogen cell (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Air Force activities in nickel hydrogen battery research were summarized. The latest developments for the past year were discussed and applications of the nickel hydrogen batteries were reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 317-329
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  • 21
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    HCMM/SAGE test results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The salient features of the nickel cadmium batteries used in the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission spacecraft and the SAGE satellite are presented. Life tests, battery profiles, and recommendations for structural improvement are reported.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 271-285
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  • 22
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    NTS-2 battery after 1 year and 3 eclipse seasons (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The performance of the nickel hydrogen batteries on board the NTS-2 satellite was determined after being in orbit for several months. The effects of the eclipses were presented as well as the power loading operations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 309-315
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  • 23
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    RCA Satcom in orbit: Reconditioning and flight experience (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The performance of the nickel cadmium batteries on the SATCOM in orbit, and the effects of aging and changes in temperature due to eclipses are described. A description of the battery reconditioning is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 253-265
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  • 24
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    Standard cell data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Performance tests of the mechanical designs of nickel cadmium cells are presented. The framework of the manufacturing and processing of these cells is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 163-170
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  • 25
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    Synchronous orbit models (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The NASA guidelines for synchronous orbits are presented. Mathematical models are developed which encompass all test variables and systems engineering.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 149-154
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  • 26
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    Safety characteristics of the lithium SO2 system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Extensive tests were conducted to quantitatively define the safety characteristics of high-rate SO2 multicell batteries under various discharge and temperature profiles, which closely simulated actual field-use conditions. The resulting behavior patters of the multicell batteries and the corrective action which can be implemented to minimize or prevent hazardous battery performance are briefly summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 539-548
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  • 27
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    Life testing of Mallory cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Tests were performed to assess the effects of storage time, storage temperature, vibration, discharge rate and temperature, and capacity of high-rate, D size, lithium sulfur dioxide cells. Data from these tests are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 489-497
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  • 28
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    Characteristics of Li-SOCl2 cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general discussion of the characteristics of Li-SOC12 cells is presented. Three different shaped cells were selected for study; prismatic, cylindrical, and disc. The characteristics of the cells were obtained through nondestructive and destructive testing which are discussed. Graphs are presented which represent the various parameters investigated. Workshop participant comments and questions are also included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA Goddard Space FLight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 465-474
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  • 29
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    Seal problems of lithium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The problem of leakage through a seal in lithium cells is addressed. The use of ceramic and glass-to-metal seals is briefly discussed. Comments are presented from the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 459-464
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  • 30
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    US Army lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The how, why and where the Army is applying lithium batteries are addressed. The Army is committing its efforts to the utilization of lithium batteries in new equipment that will be going into the field possibly from FY-80 and thereafter. The Army's philosophy is to guide their users and the equipment designers, to use battery packs are opposed to singel cells. After a detailed description of the battery types that are being considered, a discussion is presented in which questions and comments are exchanged among the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space FLight Center, 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 441-448
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  • 31
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    Common pressure vessel battery performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Performance tests run on two common pressure vessel type nickel hydrogen batteries are described and the results presented. The study included: (1) charge retention tests, (2) synchronous eclipse season cycling tests, and (3) temperature differential tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 361-370
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  • 32
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    NASA lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The advantages of lithium systems are described and a general summary of their application in present and future NASA programs is presented. Benefits of the lithium systems include an increased payload weight and an increased cost effectiveness to the customer. This also allows for more flexibility in the design of future space transportation systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 395-410
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  • 33
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    Silver hydrogen voltage/pressure performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: High pressure tests were run on silver hydrogen cells in order to determine: (1) the self discharge characteristics at 1000 and 2000 psig; (2) the state of charge parameters; and (3) the trickle charge rates. These results were then compared with pressure test results from a nickel hydrogen cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 383-391
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  • 34
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    Configuration analysis of nickel hydrogen cell (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The significance of various stack configurations and components on the cycle life for nickel hydrogen cells for synchronous orbit used was evaluated. Failure modes of electrolyte management and 02 management were solved by modifications in the reservoir, the wick, and/or the stack configuration.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 347-359
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  • 35
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    Acceptance test data on Hughes-USAF lightweight nickel hydrogen cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Cell capacity, stabilization cycling, and failure analysis data on 50 A hour lightweight nickel hydrogen cells is presented and discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 331-340
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  • 36
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    Parallel battery test results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effects of disabling and enabling the charger on one of two batteries that are operating in a parallel mode are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 201-211
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  • 37
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    Hughes/GE improved NiCd cell design (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Synchronous orbit and elliptical orbit life tests are used to make improvements in cell design for spacecraft application. The test increased the electrolyte volume and the surface area in cells to reduce the current density on charge and discharge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 155-162
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  • 38
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    Data analysis for the accelerated test (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Test variables discussed graphically include the effects of: (1) ambient temperature; (2) depth of the discharge; (3) discharge rate; (4) percent of recgargel (5) KOH concentration; (6) KOH volume; (7) charge rate and (8) negative per charge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 110-117
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  • 39
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    Ceramic-metal seals for advanced battery systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The search for materials which are electrochemically compatible with the lithium sulfur and sodium sulfur systems is discussed. The use liquid or braze alloys, titanium hydrite coatings, and tungsten yttria for bonding beryllium with ceramic is examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 87-100
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  • 40
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    Comparison of cells with Pellon 2503 and 2505 separator (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Unlike the 2505 nonwoven nylon separator material which has fibers in a random direction, the 2503 material has fibers oriented all in one direction. Properties of the two materials discussed include density, porosity, absorptivity, electrolyte retention, capacity, and charge voltage pressure. With only 1,000 test cycles completed, it is not possible to determine whether 2503 is a suitable substitute.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 57-63
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  • 41
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    Accelerated test program at Crane (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Statistical analysis of work performed, the present status, and the future plans of the program are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 103-109
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  • 42
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    Characterization of degraded nickel cadmium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various cells were cycled until degradation and then tested to determine the electrochemical characterization of the cells with regard to charge control. A constant voltage charged to a temperature-biased voltage, using up to an 8-voltage limit was used for the evaluation. Graphs show severe discharge voltage degradation with cycling and periodic capacity discharge; voltage extremes for cells with and without periodic capacity discharges; voltage extremes for cells with high rate discharge; voltage-temperature levels used for charge control; end of charge current and discharge voltage for 5 percent DOD cycling; cell capacity following 5 percent DOD cycling; and the end of discharge voltage and typical charge current profiles for the 20 percent DOD cycling.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 65-74
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  • 43
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    Lightweight porous plastic plaque (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The porosity and platability of various materials were investigated to determine a suitable substrate for nickel-plated electrodes. Immersion, ultrasonics, and flow-through plating techniques were tried using nonproprietary formulations, and proprietary phosphide and boride baths. Modifications to the selected material include variations in formulation and treatment, carbon loading to increase conductivity, and the incorporation of a grid. Problems to be solved relate to determining conductivities and porosities as a function of amount of nickel plated on the plastics; loading; charge and discharge curves of electrodes at different current densities; cell performance; and long-term degradation of electrodes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 31-42
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  • 44
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    Accelerated test modeling (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Cycle life regression model, cycle life prediction model, and acceleration factors are discussed. A method was presented to: (1) select a mathematical model; (2) determine model coefficients using accelerated test data; (3) test model fit of the accelerated test data; and (4) predict normal packs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 119-133
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  • 45
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    Dynamics of cell degradation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The use of chemical and physical data as a supplement to linear regression models in the prediction of cell failure is discussed. Principal factors to be considered are the positive thickness and weight, and the negative thickness. A model for cell degradation and failure in accelerated life test cells is presented and predictions based on a teardown analysis are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 75-85
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  • 46
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    Applications and safety data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general overview of activities involving lithium batteries, which shows the various applications and data that were performed for numerous industry and government sponsors is presented. Brief discussions on electrochemical criteria selection, and typical storage and performance data obtained from three systems being developed are presented. Current safety work being done on high-rate, D, SO2 cells is also discussed. Three chemistries were developed and are discussed: lithium vanadium pentoxide, lithium sulfur dioxide, and lithium thionyl chloride. Storage, performance and safety data are graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 511-530
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  • 47
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    Large cells and their performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Some of the large primary cells presently made, ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ampere-hours are discussed. Performance data obtained on a 2,000 ampere-hour cell are graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 499-503
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  • 48
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    NASA's lithium cell technology program (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Briefly outlined are the activities of the various research centers involved in the NASA program. Graphs are presented for: (1) the initial results on SOCl2 decomposition rate; (2) effect of rate on output of Li-SOCl2 cells; (3) comparison of high and low rate Li-SOCl2 cells; and (4) effect of temperature on output of Li-SOCl2 cells. Abusive test results and a description of secondary lithium cells are also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 431-440
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  • 49
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    Silver hydrogen batteries (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The feasibility of silver hydrogen batteries was investigated. Cell configurations and cell cycling were discussed. Energy density was found to be 65 to 100 watt hours per kilogram. Electrolyte management was considered critical to the cell's performance. Factors of electrolyte management which were particularly important were: (1) the nature of the separator system, and (2) the amount of electrolyte.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 371-381
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  • 50
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    US Navy lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Applications of lithium systems that are already in the fleet are discussed. The approach that the Navy is taking in the control of the introduction of lithium batteries into the fleet is also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop 411-420 (SEE N79-28669 19-44)
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  • 51
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    Air Force electrochemical impregnation process results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The status of the Air Force Electrochemical program was reviewed. The performance characteristics of the system was attributed to the use of an electrochemical impregnation process. The electrode improvements, the prototype equipment designs, and the actual construction of a production facility are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 303-308
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  • 52
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    Synopsis of Viking flight data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The temporary failure of the data collection hardware along with the fifty percent degradation on the batteries in lander 1 were discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 249-251
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  • 53
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    Canadian Technology Satellite, an update (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An update on the performance of the nickel cadmium batteries on the Communications Technology Satellite is presented. The wattage and capacity during the winter and summer solstices are pointed out.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 267-269
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  • 54
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    Viking flight data after 24 months on Mars surface (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An update of the Viking landers after two years of operation is presented along with an evaluation of the battery system aboard the spacecrafts which supplied them with an alternate booster energy source.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 239-247
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  • 55
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    Safety and abuse testing (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of abuse tests on large lithium thionyl chloride cells was initiated. Performance data obtained in testing rectangular 2,000 and 10,000 ampere-hour cells are discussed and graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 505-510
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  • 56
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    Nonlinear prediction modeling for accelerated testing (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Empirical equation derived from cycles-to-failure, temperature cells, and prediction of normal packs are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 135-147
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  • 57
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    Cell design and manufacturing changes during the past decade (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Eight of the most important changes that occurred in the GE 12 AH cell over the past ten years, which are currently being used are evaluated, and a systematic approach to compare their relative merits is presented. Typical positive thickness, typical negative thickness, positive loading, negative loading, final KOH quantity, and precharge as adjustment are shown for the control cell, and the following variables: Teflon treatment; silver treatment; light loading; no PQ treatment; polypropylene separator; the A.K. 1968 plate design no PQ, old elec process, no decarb process and the A.K. 1968 plate design, no PQ, present aerospace processes. The acceptance test cell voltage and cell pressure performance and capacity test results are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 49-56
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  • 58
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    Voltage/temperature charge characteristics (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of nickel cadmium batteries were tested to determine the effects of boltages and various temperatures on the charge discharge ratios and the recharge percentage. It was concluded that the selection of a proper temperature should consider the satellite orbit characteristics, the cell operating characteristics, the battery operating temperature range, and the final taper charge current.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 213-228
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  • 59
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    Chemical analysis of positive and negative plates, a survey (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Regular arrays of 1 inch discs cut from chemically impregnated positive and negative plates were sent to various contractors and government organizations for chemical analysis in order to determine whether there is consistency in analysis. Techniques used included NASA procedures as specified, variations, wet chemical techniques, and atomic absorption. The weight, thickness of disc, and active material quantity as measured by four respondents are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 43-48
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  • 60
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    Lightweight electrodes (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The fabrication of a lightweight composite nickel hydroxide electrode based on nickel-coated graphite is described and its effect on the load to failure and electrical resistivity of nickel cadmium and nickel zinc systems was evaluated. The use pure lead in lead acid batteries for submarines is also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 17-30
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  • 61
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    The long term energy problem and aeronautics (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The projected increase in energy consumption by transportation in general and civil aviation in particular is directly opposed to the dwindling supplies of natural petroleum crude oil currently used to produce aircraft fuels. This fact dictates the need to develop even more energy conservative aircraft and propulsion systems than are currently available and to explore the potential of alternative fuels to replace the current petroleum derived hydrocarbons. Advances in technology are described in the areas of improved component efficiency, aircraft and engine integration, control systems, and advanced lightweight materials that are needed to maximize performance and minimize fuel usage. Also, improved turbofan and unconventional engine cycles which can provide significant fuel usage reductions are described. These advancements must be accomplished within expected environmental constraints such as noise and pollution limits. Alternative fuels derived from oil shale and coal are described, and the possible technological advancements needed to use these fuels in aircraft engines are discussed and evaluated with relation to potential differences in fuel characteristics.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 183-210
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  • 62
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    Citizen's actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The role played by individual citizens as consumers of energy was examined, with emphasis on studying ways in which their action could result in energy conservation. It was shown that there are ways that energy can be conserved in this way, with citizens acting either individually or in groups. The potential savings are significant, but the actual savings may be quite small. The citizens need to be motivated to save and to believe in a conservation ethic; developing such an ethic is difficult, and perhaps not responsive to the shotgun approach now being attempted. The true course of action may be to synthesize new societal structures that provide the maximum evolution of culture within the limitation of scarce energy resources.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 16 p
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  • 63
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    Input-output analysis of some sector actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Selected energy conservation actions previously discussed in depth but separately in the areas of the energy industry, the industry sector, the transportation sector, and the residential and commercial sector, were brought together and assessed as a group. Particular emphasis was devoted to identifying secondary or indirect impacts and multiple interactions. Preliminary results obtained from the ECASTAR energy input-output model suggest that the impacts of energy conservation actions can be grossly misrepresented if secondary impacts are not included in the assessment. A methodology which stresses the importance of secondary and multiple interactions permeates the underlying philosophy of this discussion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. 16p (SEE N76-21686 12-44)
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  • 64
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    Future US energy demands based upon traditional consumption patterns lead to requirements which significantly exceed domestic supply (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Energy consumption in the United States has risen in response to both increasing population and to increasing levels of affluence. Depletion of domestic energy reserves requires consumption modulation, production of fossil fuels, more efficient conversion techniques, and large scale transitions to non-fossile fuel energy sources. Widening disparity between the wealthy and poor nations of the world contributes to trends that increase the likelihood of group action by the lesser developed countries to achieve political and economic goals. The formation of anticartel cartels is envisioned.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Future Environment; 39 p
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  • 65
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    Hydrogen utilization and alternatives (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The historical uses of hydrogen are described along with potential new uses which could develop as a result of the diminishing supply of conventional fossil fuels such as natural gas. A perspective view of hydrogen, both as a chemical feedstock and as a fuel, is necessary to understand its relationship to the overall national energy projections. These projections, which show energy usage in terms of use sectors, forms of energy, and sources of energy, do not specifically identify hydrogen as a component of the energy system. By superimposing the traditional roles upon the new opportunities for hydrogen on the energy projections, the role of hydrogen and future projections is developed within the context of the national energy projections. Use, supply, and other factors affecting application are interrelated and are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 47 p
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  • 66
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    Production cost methods and data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The general gas cost equation for utility financing is presented. Modifications and assumptions made in order to apply the cost equation to hydrogen production are described. Cost data are given for various methods of hydrogen production. The cost matrix procedure is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 10 p
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  • 67
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    Factors affecting the broadened use of hydrogen (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The future role of hydrogen is considered. Specific factors discussed include: storage, transmission, and distribution problems; materials compatibility and safety; environmental and social implications of increased hydrogen usage; and the economics related to expanding hydrogen use.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 21 p
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  • 68
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    Supply options (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of captive hydrogen (produced and consumed on site) and merchant hydrogen (externally supplied) is considered. A low-merchant-captive ratio market and a high-merchant-captive ratio market are described and compared.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 8 p
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  • 69
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    Economics (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Tables covering the selling price of hydrogen as a function of each process temperature studied are presented. Estimated selling price, based on capital costs and operating and maintenance costs, is included. In all cases, no credit was given for the methane component of hydrogen.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 17 p
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  • 70
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    Hydrogen from coal (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Hydrogen production from coal by hydrogasification is described. The process involves the solubilization of coal to form coal liquids, which are hydrogasified to produce synthetic pipeline gas; steam reforming this synthetic gas by a nuclear heat source produces hydrogen. A description is given of the hydrogen plant, its performance, and its effect on the environment.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 8 p
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  • 71
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    Environmental considerations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comparison was made between the environmental impact of the present nuclear-heated process and the currently commercial hydrogen-producing process utilizing coal for heating, i.e., the Lurgi coal gasification process. This comparison is based on the assumption that both plants produce the same quantity of H2, i.e., 269 cu m/sec of approximately the same purity, that all pollution abatement equipment is of the same design and efficiency for both the Lurgi process and the nuclear process, and that the energy required for the fresh nuclear fuel and the fuel recycle is generated in a power plant which is also provided with pollution abatement equipment. The pollution caused by the auxiliary units is also taken into account. As regards process water usage, the data show that the water required for the nuclear route, including the nuclear fuel production, is approximately 78% of that required for the Lurgi route.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 15 p
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  • 72
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    Process description (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The production of hydrogen from coal by hydrogasification and subsequent steam hydrocarbon reforming was studied. Process heat and power requirements are supplied by an HTGR. The process is examined as a function of a maximum reforming (process) temperature of 922 K (1200 F) to 1367 K (2000 F). The major parameters for the five cases selected are summarized in a table. A fixed thermal capacity of 3000 MW for the HTGR heat source was used as a basis. The resulting hydrogen production rates and the corresponding hydrogen purity are also given in a table.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 96 p
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  • 73
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    Production of hydrogen by direct gasification of coal with steam using nuclear heat (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems related to: (1) high helium outlet temperature of the reactor, and (2) gas generator design used in hydrogen production are studied. Special attention was given to the use of Oklahoma coal in the gasification process. Plant performance, operation, and environmental considerations are covered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 74
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    Citizen's actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The various ways in which energy may be conserved by individual citizens as consumers were explored. The following barriers against citizens implementing an effective conservation program were described: credibility gap between producers and consumers, consumptive lifestyles, inverted rate structure, low fuel costs, and initial costs compared to life cycle costs. The following indices for saving energy were identified: time to develop alternatives, scarcity of fuels, reduction of dependence on imports, and decreasing environmental pollution. The various approaches to encourage energy conservation by individuals were described, followed by specific conclusions and recommendations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 42-49
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  • 75
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    Example of input-output analysis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The thirty sectors included in the ECASTAR energy input-output model were listed. Five of these belong to energy producing sectors, fifteen to manufacturing industries, two to residential and commercial sectors, and eight to service industries. The model is capable of tracing impacts of an action in three dimensions: dollars, BTU's of energy, and labor. Four conservation actions considered were listed and then discussed separately, dealing with the following areas: increase in fuel efficiency, reduction in fuel used by the transportation and warehousing group, manufacturing of smaller automobiles, and a communications/transportation trade-off.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 15-20
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    New energy technologies for buildings (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The principal objective of the present work is to identify a variety of strategic approaches which could significantly enhance the rate of commercial development and deployment of total energy systems, fuel cells, and solar conversion. Emphasis is on the need for integration of research, conference, legislation, federal program, and industrial program aspects, leading to a fruitful feedback and follow-through process involving new energy technologies. The discussions are on a general, lay level. Recommendations made feature (1) action which improves the environment for innovation and change, (2) action which decreases risk and creates positive incentives, and (3) action which reflects the distance a particular technology is from commercialization and widespread use, as determined by its position on a development/diffusion scale.
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    Laser energy conversion (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Laser radiation could possibly provide a feasible approach for the transmission of energy between stations and vehicles in space and on earth. The transmitted energy could be used for the operational requirements of the receiving space station, lunar base, or spacecraft. In addition, laser energy could also be employed to provide power for the propulsion of vehicles in space. The present status of development regarding the various technological areas involved in an implementation of these objectives is examined, taking into account the possibility of further advances needed to satisfy the technical requirements. Attention is given to laser-induced chemistry for converting the radiation energy into chemical energy. Other subjects considered are related to photovoltaics, optical diodes, thermo-electronics, laser rockets, and photon engines.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; July-Aug
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  • 78
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    Energy consumption program: A computer model simulating energy loads in buildings (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The JPL energy consumption computer program developed as a useful tool in the on-going building modification studies in the DSN energy conservation project is described. The program simulates building heating and cooling loads and computes thermal and electric energy consumption and cost. The accuracy of computations are not sacrificed, however, since the results lie within + or - 10 percent margin compared to those read from energy meters. The program is carefully structured to reduce both user's time and running cost by asking minimum information from the user and reducing many internal time-consuming computational loops. Many unique features were added to handle two-level electronics control rooms not found in any other program.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 288-289
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  • 79
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    Cogeneration power systems (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Cogeneration is defined as the combination of electrical generation and process heat for more efficient use of fuel. Comparisons of energy utilization in conventional electric power plants and cogeneration electric power plants are presented. Characteristics of various cogeneration systems are also presented. Systems are analyzed for use in utility systems and industrial systems. Economic and cost analysis are reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the Alternate Energy Systems Seminar; p 68-96
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  • 80
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    Conservation and the industry sector (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following six highly energy intensive industries were studied as targets of energy conservation opportunity: food and kindred products, paper and allied products, chemicals and allied products, petroleum and coal products, stone, glass and clay products, and primary manufacturing. After studying conservation actions within each industry the actions were grouped under three broad categories: increased combustion efficiency, process improvement, and good housekeeping. Some of the results were: (1) approximately 2.18 quads could be saved in 1980 and 2.57 quads in 1985 by installing cogenerative facilities in 50% of the industries, (2) regenerative air-preheaters could result in a 10-15% increase in furnace efficiency representing a 15-25% fuel savings (2.3 to 3.9 quads in 1980 and 2.7 to 4.5 quads in 1985), (3) several major industries have potential for energy savings by recycling-aluminum (0.2 quads), steel (1 quad), glass (0.006 quads), paper and cement (0.08 quads).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 14 p
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  • 81
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    ECASTAR systems approach (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The methodology of ECASTAR was presented and a discussion of the application of technology to energy conservation was given. This methodology constitutes an overview and blueprint for the analysis of energy conservation actions, and is subdivided into the following sections: the systems approach, constraints and criteria, application of the method (systems approach display, ECASTAR team, study phases and objectives, requirements and impacts, trade-off, integration, and feedback), an example of the method (technology applications).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 30 p
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  • 82
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    Hydrogen uses (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Brief descriptions are given of some of the present and future uses of hydrogen. Industrial synthesis, process uses, and applications to other sectors of the national economy are also considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 8 p
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  • 83
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    European activities in the hydrogen energy field (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Research activities in the hydrogen energy field in the European community are reviewed. Countries included in the discussion are: Austria, Belgium, England, Federal Republic of Germany, and Italy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 3 p
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  • 84
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    Three strategies for conservation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The three strategies considered as energy conservation oriented were given: national energy conservation, electrification, and diversification. The first one applies to the near term period (now-1985), the second one to the mid term (1985-2000), and the third one to the far term (2000- ). The rest of this section was focussed on the near term period. The following proposed actions were considered: (1) roll back the price of newly discovered oil, (2) force conversion of many power plants from gas and oil to coal, (3) freeze gasoline production for three years at 1972 levels, (4) mandate automobile mileage requirements, (5) require industry to improve energy efficiency, and (6) require manufacture of household appliances with greater efficiency. Each of these six actions was described and discussed in more detail.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 20-30
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  • 85
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    ECASTAR methodology (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The methodology used for the ECASTAR study was described. A systems approach was utilized, in conjunction with the following tools: input/output economic analysis, net economics, and net energetics. Some of the considerations between the objective of ECASTAR, which is to assess the potential for and impacts of various energy conservation actions, were listed. These include: data base, constraints and criteria, identification and classification of energy conservation actions, relationship between actions of the conservation sector and requirements of other sectors, evaluation of actions with respect to constraints and criteria, evaluation of impacts of energy conservation actions, and presentation of the results. Each one of these topics was discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 10-15
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  • 86
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    Technique for producing 'good' GaAs solar cells using poor-quality substrates (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Relatively good GaAs solar cells can be made from poor-quality substrates by making the junction deep (greater than 1 micron) instead of shallow and by 'leaching' both the pGaAs and nGaAs regions during the growth process. AM0 efficiencies of 14.7% (19% AM1) have been obtained from substrates with starting substrate diffusion lengths of 0.6 micron.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 27; Oct. 15
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  • 87
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    Wind power (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A historical background on windmill use, the nature of wind, wind conversion system technology and requirements, the economics of wind power and comparisons with alternative systems, data needs, technology development needs, and an implementation plan for wind energy are presented. Considerable progress took place during the 1950's. Most of the modern windmills feature a wind turbine electricity generator located directly at the top of their rotor towers.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 88
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    High-efficiency graded band-gap Al/x/Ga/1-x/As-GaAs solar cell (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A detailed theoretical analysis of an n-on-p graded band-gap Al(x)Ga(1-x)As-GaAs solar cell yields a maximum air mass zero power conversion efficiency of 17% compared to 9% for a similar GaAs cell. The analysis includes surface and bulk minority carrier recombination, junction recombination current, spectrally varying surface reflection, and series resistance loss. The maximum efficiency is determined for a surface recombination velocity of 10,000 cm/sec and hole and electron diffusion lengths of 2.1 and 7.6 microns, respectively. The improved efficiency is primarily due to a built-in electric field, caused by the band-gap gradation, accelerating photogenerated holes toward the p-n junction. This field reduces the surface and bulk recombination of the holes, and thereby enhances their collection.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 26; Apr. 15
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  • 89
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    NASA's proposed fuel cell program, appendix C (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA's Role in Terrest. Energy R&T; 61 p
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  • 90
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    Solar-assisted gas-energy water-heating feasibility for apartments (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies of residential energy use, solar-energy technology for buildings, and the requirements for implementing technology in the housing industry led to a project to develop a solar water heater for apartments. A design study for a specific apartment was used to establish a solar water-heater cost model which is based on plumbing contractor bids and manufacturer estimates. The cost model was used to size the system to minimize the annualized cost of hot water. The annualized cost of solar-assisted gas-energy water heating is found to be less expensive than electric water heating but more expensive than gas water heating. The feasibility of a natural gas utility supplying the auxiliary fuel is evaluated. It is estimated that gas-utilizing companies will find it profitable to offer solar water heating as part of a total energy service option or on a lease basis when the price of new base-load supplies of natural gas reaches $2.50-$3.00 per million Btu.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 91
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    Electrification (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Electrification was chosen for an assessment of conservation impact because it is almost the sole consumer of coal and nuclear power, and because electrical end use can be made to have higher overall efficiency than many present direct fuel uses. The important actions within electrification that were examined are those with the greatest impacts (coal and nuclear), the greatest technological requirements (peak shaving and transmission), and the greatest response from the decision makers (economic health and growth of utilities in an era of increasing energy costs.) A list of recommendations relating to the study of electrification was given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 25 p
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  • 92
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    Energy conservation and the transportation sector (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present status of the energy implications of the transportation systems in the United States was illustrated, with primary emphasis on the technologies and methods for achieving a substantial reduction in the associated energy price (approximately 25% of the nation's energy is consumed directly in the operation of these systems). These technologies may be classified as follows: (1) improvement of system efficiency (system operations or technological), (2) substitution for scarce energy resources (electrification, alternate fuels, use of man power, recycling), (3) curtailment of end use (managed population growth rate, education of citizenry, alternatives to personal transportation, improved urban planning, reduced travel incentives). Examples and illustrations were given. Thirty-four actions were chosen on the basis of a preliminary filtering process with the objective of: (1) demonstrating a methodological approach to arrive at logical and consistent conservation action packages, (2) recommending a viable and supportable specific set of actions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 26 p
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  • 93
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    Conservation: Toward firmer ground (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following aspects of energy conservation were discussed: conservation history and goals, conservation modes, conservation accounting-criteria, and a method to overcome obstacles. The conservation modes tested fall into one of the following categories: reduced energy consumption, increased efficiency of energy utilization, or substitution of one or more forms of energy for another which is in shorter supply or in some sense thought to be of more value. The conservation accounting criteria include net energy reduction, economic, and technical criteria. A method to overcome obstacles includes (approaches such as: direct personal impact (life style, income, security, aspiration), an element of crisis, large scale involvement of environmental, safety, and health issues, connections to big government, big business, big politics, involvement of known and speculative science and technology, appeal to moral and ethical standards, the transient nature of opportunities to correct the system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 10 p
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  • 94
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    The political economy of conservation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A political economic purview of energy conservation in the United States was delineated. The concepts of substitution and elasticity are distinguished, and further distinctions are made between short run price elasticity, cross price elasticity, and available fund elasticity. An assessment of the role which cost factors can play in conservation is given. The structure of the petroleum industry and foreign petroleum resources is discussed. Also discussed is the role of government, industry and the consumer with the economic sphere.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 10 p
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    Technology issues (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Factors affecting the use of hydrogen are discussed. These include: efficiency, economics, and environmental effects. Emphasis is placed on the state of development of the technologies of hydrogen production, handling, and use. The needs and deficiencies in the present technologies and the ability to meet these needs effectively are considered in detail.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 6 p
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  • 96
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    Future hydrogen use (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of hydrogen is related to energy consumption because hydrogen is primarily used as a feedstock in petroleum processing and in the manufacture of ammonia, methanol, and other chemicals. National energy scenarios are selected as a basis for projecting how much hydrogen will be required for established uses and how these quantities might be affected by new energy system uses for hydrogen.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 6 p
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  • 97
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    ECASTAR summary and recommendations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A methodology was presented for a systems approach to energy conservation, where conservation was depicted as the result of any action that improves the energy situation of the United States in the present and near future. The relevant constraints and criteria and their application were discussed. Among the most important are the present (capitalistic) structure of the American economy, the lead times necessary for implementation of relevant technologies, and the desire of most policymakers to maintain a reasonable standard of living with a reasonable amount of invulnerability to foreign discretion. The objective of the design group was the assessment of the potential and impact of conservation action in the United States. The U.S. economy was divided into four sectors: energy industry, industry, residential/commercial, and transportation. Each sector was analyzed for conservation actions and their impacts. The sector analysis was characterized as the system design or construction phase.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 13 p
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  • 98
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    National energy conservation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A set of energy conservation actions that cut across all sectors of the economy were analyzed so that all actions under consideration be analyzed systematically and as a whole. The actions considered were as follows: (1) roll back the price of newly discovered oil, (2) freeze gasoline production for 3 years at 1972 levels, (3) mandate automobile mileage improvements, (4) require industry to improve energy efficiency, (5) require manufacture of household appliances with greater efficiency, (6) force conversion of many power plants from gas and oil to coal. The results showed that considerable gas and oil would be saved by forcing switches to coal. However, the large scale switch to coal was shown to require greatly increased outputs from many other industries that in turn require more energy. It was estimated that nearly 2.5 quads of additional coal were needed to produce these additional requirements. Also, the indirect requirements would create more jobs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 33 p
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  • 99
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    Hydrogen market survey (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Summary tables are given for the domestic consumption of hydrogen. Data cover chemicals, refinery operations, steelmaking, and synthetic fuels. Data show major consumption to be in the area of synthetic fuel production from coal and oil shale.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 16 p
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  • 100
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    Technological assessment of selected hydrogen processes (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The production of hydrogen by steam-methane reforming is discussed. Data cover production capacity, heat sources, reformer process conditions, shift conversion, and purification.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 16 p
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