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  • Chemistry  (11,435)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (994)
  • SOLAR PHYSICS  (506)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (12,935)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1978  (6,860)
  • 1975  (6,075)
Collection
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (12,935)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1978-10-13
    Description: Picosecond spectroscopy is a relatively new field of science that utilizes ultrashort laser pulses to monitor events taking place in the 10(-12) second regime. The continuing development of picosecond spectroscopy has made possible the detection and measurement of the primary events in many physical and tiological processes. This article describes a currently used picosecond spectroscopy system that is capable of reliably recording picosecond events. Two areas of picosecond research are discussed; one concerns the interaction of electrons in fluids, and the second the primary events in vision.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rentzepis, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Oct 13;202(4364):174-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/694523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electrons ; *Kinetics ; Lasers ; Protons ; *Retinal Pigments ; *Rhodopsin ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods ; Temperature ; *Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1978-03-17
    Description: The history of U.S. foreign aid support of science and technology in Latin America is examined and an attempt is made to evaluate the scientific and economic growth of that area in relation to the total foreign aid effort.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szmant, H H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Mar 17;199(4334):1173-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/415363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Education ; History, 20th Century ; International Educational Exchange ; Latin America ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Science/history ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1978-04-07
    Description: Glucose reacts nonenzymatically with the NH2-terminal amino acid of the beta chain of human hemoglobin by way of a ketoamine linkage, resulting in the formation of hemoglobin AIc. Other minor components appear to be adducts of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate. These hemoglobins are formed slowly and continuously throughout the 120-day life-span of the red cell. There is a two- to threefold increase in hemoglobin AIc in the red cells of patients with diabetes mellitus. By providing an integrated measurement of blood glucose, hemoglobin AIc is useful in assessing the degree of diabetic control. Furthermore, this hemoglobin is a useful model of nonenzymatic glycosylation of other proteins that may be involved in the long-term complications of the disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bunn, H F -- Gabbay, K H -- Gallop, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Apr 7;200(4337):21-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/635569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus/*blood/diagnosis ; Diphosphoglyceric Acids/blood ; Glycosides/blood ; Glycosuria/etiology ; Hemoglobin A/*metabolism ; Hemoglobins/*analysis/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Oxygen/blood ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Estimating the energy cost of producing and delivering an energy product involves the quantitative determination of all relevant energy flows and the aggregation of these flows into meaningful indices of system performance. Five emerging energy technologies are subjected to energy analysis. The energy delivered by each is substantially greater than the energy consumed during construction and lifelong operation of the system. Net energy analysis can provide interesting and perhaps useful information regarding specific technologies, but it does not necessarily provide additional information essential to the making of decisions regarding those technologies.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 117-134
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: The incinerator/boiler configuration is stressed as the most reliable method of waste utilization. It is also pointed out that the high cost of refuse disposal and the ever increasing cost of energy, have made this method attractive. A plan is outlined for operating a waste utilization plant. Community participation is encouraged in investigating the feasibility of refuse to energy facilities in their area.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 95-116
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: A speech is given outlining the energy situation in the United States. It is warned that the existing energy situation cannot prevail and the time is fast running out for continued growth or even maintenance of present levels. Energy conservation measures are given as an aid to decrease U.S. energy consumption, which would allow more time to develop alternative sources of energy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 87-94
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: The application of solar energy to agricultural and industrial process heat requirements is discussed. This energy end use sector has been the largest and it appears that solar energy can, when fully developed and commercialized, displace from three to eight or more quads of oil and natural gas in U.S. industry. This potential for fossil fuel displacement in the agricultural and industrial process heat area sector represents a possible savings of 1.4 to 3.8 million barrels of oil daily.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 59-86
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Alternate energy conversion methods such as ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), wind power, geothermal wells and biomass conversion are being explored, and re-examined in some cases, for commercial viability. At a time when United States fossil fuel and uranium resources are found to be insufficient to supply national needs into the twenty-first century, it is essential to broaden the base of feasible energy conversion technologies. The motivations for development of these four alternative energy forms are established. Primary technical aspects of OTEC, wind, geothermal and biomass energy conversion systems are described along with a discussion of relative advantages and disadvantages of the concepts. Finally, the sentiment is voiced that each of the four systems should be developed to the prototype stage and employed in the region of the country and in the sector of economy which is complimentary to the form of system output.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for Southeastern States; p 39-57
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Wood energy is being widely investigated in many areas of the country because of the many obvious benefits of wood fuel such as the low price per million Btus relative to coal, oil, and gas; the wide availability of noncommercial wood and the proven ability to harvest it; established technology which is reliable and free of pollution; renewable resources; better conservation for harvested land; and the potential for jobs creation. The Southeastern United States has a specific leadership role in wood energy based on its established forest products industry experience and the potential application of wood energy to other industries and institutions. Significant questions about the widespread usage of wood energy are being answered in demonstrations around the country as well as the Southeast in areas of wood storage and bulk handling; high capitalization costs for harvesting and combustion equipment; long term supply and demand contracts; and the economic feasibility of wood energy outside the forest products industry.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 27-38
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Although solar energy has the potential of providing a significant source of clean and renewable energy for a variety of applications, it is expected to penetrate the nation's energy economy very slowly. The alternative solar energy technologies which employ direct collection and conversion of solar radiation as briefly described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 19-25
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  • 11
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Beginning with a historical review of the domestic pattern of energy usage, the current dependence of the United States upon dwindling petroleum resources is examined. The possible limit of petroleum usage is discussed, and recent oil production trends are presented. Coupling these with projected analyses of OPEC oil productive capability in the early 1980's indicates a serious worldwide as well as American energy problem in the next decade. The need for conservation and rapid development of application of alternative energy resources is discussed including quantitative projections of significant conservation efforts as well as estimates of domestic alternative energy resource capabilities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Sourtheastern States; p 7-18
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  • 12
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The feasibility and scientific objectives of a solar probe were studied by a Mission Definition Group in 1975 and 1976. The orbit analysis program was developed and an extended study of the orbit analysis was done in 1977. The results of these studies are in the Report of the Mission Definition Study (1976) and an E.S.O.C. report (1978), and the reader is referred to these sources for greater details. In this report, only brief discussion on mission concept and objectives, satellite design, orbit, orbit analysis, are presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 556-564
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Realistic options for a Solar Probe Mission consistent with known technical, fiscal, and programmatic constraints are identified. A program plan for NASA which includes identification of necessary research and development activities is developed. A baseline mission and a strawman spacecraft design were selected and used to determine the feasibility of meeting the mission requirements and the sensitivity to variations in those requirements.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 521-534
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The magnitude of Doppler signals produced by gravitational wave burst, continuous gravitational waves, and oscillations of the sun interacting with a spacecraft are considered. Expressions are worked out for the appropriate noise entering each measurement. The noise sources considered are the Doppler extractor, fluctuations in the solar wind and the troposphere, and fluctuations in the reference oscillator.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 498-517
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: How gravitational radiation affects Doppler tracking is briefly described. The status of the analyses of the sensitivities achievable with the NASA-JPL Deep Space Network(DSN) is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 441-449
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  • 16
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The following general picture of the interplanetary dust is presented: (1) size distribution; (2) spatial distribution; (3) composition; (4) dynamics; and (5) origin. The solar probe mission provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution of the interplanetary dust and its eventual destruction near the sun. Two destructive processes (fragmentation and vaporization) of interplanetary dust are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 411-419
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The discovery of coronal holes led to basic changes in ideas about the structure of the low corona and its expansion into the solar wind. The nature of the energy flux is not understood. Current ideas include enhanced thermal conductivities, extended MHD wave heating, and wave momentum transfer, all in rapidly diverging geometries. There is little feel for the relative importance of these processes. The Solar Probe, with its penetration deep into the solar corona, could lead to observational constraints on their relative importance, and thus to an understanding of the origin of the solar wind. Observations from the Solar Probe will also bear on such questions as to whether small scale "intrastream" structure is common close to the Sun in open field-line regions, whether the properties of the wind are pronouncedly different over closed and open field-line regions at five solar radii, and many others. The resolution of these questions requires measurements of the magnetic field and of the proton and electron distribution functions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 318-333
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A review is presented of current experimental and theoretical knowledge of plasma waves in the solar wind, with comments on the scientific importance of obtaining plasma wave measurements in the region near the sun with the solar probe. The waves discussed include the acoustic waves and shocks which are thought to be the primary source for heating the solar corona, Alfven waves, ion-cyclotron waves, whistler-mode turbulence, ion-acoustic waves, and electron plasma oscillations associated with solar radio emissions. A discussion is presented of the types of measurements which would be needed to study these waves on the solar probe, the constraints imposed on the spacecraft and the research and development which would be needed to provide the necessary instrumentation.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 281-317
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Representative sets of recent experimental results and theoretical studies are summarized to show the current knowledge of energetic particle phenomena based mainly on observations near 1 AU. Measurements close to the sun of quantities such as particle spectra, charge and isotopic composition, and the flow of particles as a function of time, together with measurements of the plasma, magnetic field, X-rays, and gamma rays will not only reveal the properties of the source region and acceleration mechanisms but will also provide a better knowledge of the physics of the corona. These measurements may also reveal the existence of large scale inhomogeneities in the solar corona. The general requirements for making these measurements on the solar probe are listed. An energetic particle detector system which has the capability of resolving the charge and isotopic composition up to 50 MeV/nucleon may successfully measure the above quantities provided that it can perform under both very low and average intensity levels.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 205-218
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The unique vantage points and viewing geometries afforded by a close-in solar probe are briefly examined with regard to line and continuum measurements of features on the solar disk, the K and F coronas, and the zodiacal light. Common instrument and observing requirements are identified, suggesting that a single instrument could provide much of the necessary observational data on these phenomena.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Closeup of the Sun; p 143-154
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  • 21
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Nickel cadmium batteries were designed to provide an alternate booster energy source to the IUE satellite during eclipse periods. Data shows the spacecraft can operate over the three year design life and a five year design goal.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 229-237
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  • 22
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Reconditioning the voltage and current profiles, capacity discharge and current, and charge and discharge cycles are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 171-181
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The advanced battery management system described uses the capabilities of an on-board microprocessor to: (1) monitor the state of the battery on a cell by cell basis; (2) compute the state of charge of each cell; (3) protect each cell from reversal; (4) prevent overcharge on each individual cell; and (5) control dual rate reconditioning to zero volts per cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 287-299
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  • 24
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various environmental, mechanical, vibration, shock, etc., test were run on the manufacturer's lithium cells. The data obtained from these tests are graphically presented and briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 531-538
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  • 25
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Pressure response to reverse current, pressure decay after reversal, and discharge performance of nickel cadmium cells are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 183-198
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  • 26
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Characteristic data, primarily on high rate lithium sulfur dioxide design (basically in the D and DD cell configuration), both before and after much exposure to environmental conditions are discussed. The environmental as opposed to signle cells. Discussion was generated among the Workshop participants and comments and questions are reported. Graphical representations of the test data are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space FLight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 475-487
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  • 27
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Two different topics which only relate in that they are pertinent to lithium thionyl chloride battery safety are discussed. The first topic is a hazards analysis of a system (risk assessment), a formal approach that is used in nuclear engineering, predicting oil spills, etc. It is a formalized approach for obtaining assessment of the degree of risk associated with the use of any particular system. The second topic is a small piece of chemistry related to the explosions that can occur with lithium thionyl chloride systems. After the two topics are presented, a discussion is generated among the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 449-458
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  • 28
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Life cycle tests being run on the 50 A lightweight nickel hydrogen flight battery are discussed and the preliminary results are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 341-346
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  • 29
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Air Force activities in nickel hydrogen battery research were summarized. The latest developments for the past year were discussed and applications of the nickel hydrogen batteries were reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 317-329
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  • 30
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The salient features of the nickel cadmium batteries used in the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission spacecraft and the SAGE satellite are presented. Life tests, battery profiles, and recommendations for structural improvement are reported.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 271-285
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  • 31
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The performance of the nickel hydrogen batteries on board the NTS-2 satellite was determined after being in orbit for several months. The effects of the eclipses were presented as well as the power loading operations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 309-315
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The performance of the nickel cadmium batteries on the SATCOM in orbit, and the effects of aging and changes in temperature due to eclipses are described. A description of the battery reconditioning is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 253-265
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  • 33
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Performance tests of the mechanical designs of nickel cadmium cells are presented. The framework of the manufacturing and processing of these cells is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 163-170
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  • 34
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The NASA guidelines for synchronous orbits are presented. Mathematical models are developed which encompass all test variables and systems engineering.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 149-154
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  • 35
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) for the Solar Probe Mission is addressed. The dependence of the payload mass on the site of the SEP and the flight time are described on the basis of preliminary data. The range of hardware expected to be available in the 1980's is summarized. There are several classes of optimal low-thrust trajectories for the Solar Probe Mission. These are trajectory types A, B, C corresponding to one, two, or three orbital revolutions, respectively. Plots of transfer trajectories corresponding to type-A, type-A with a Venus Swingby, type-B, and type-C with ab Icarus Rendezvous are shown. A summary of the SEP performance is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 544-555
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Solar Probe will provide an ideal platform from which to study dynamics of dust particles near the sun by measuring the detailed character of the Fraunhofer structure of the zodiacal light. The suggested instrument is a wideband imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer with state of the art technology in both the optics and the detector. The instrument would function as a high-resolution imaging device providing wavelength resolution of 0.03 A over about a 20 A range. The wideband imaging capability would provide sky maps of the zodiacal light on a despun spacecraft without mechanical scanning. The Solar Probe mission would allow the velocity distribution of the dust to be mapped along most of the trajectory of the spacecraft.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 420-429
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Electron and ion plasma measurements on Solar Probe are important, especially to elucidate the role of coronal holes as sources of the solar wind and to resolve the long debated question of the importance of wave heating within 20 solar radii to the acceleration of the solar wind. Adaptable instruments are required to cover the large dynamic range of parameters between 1 AU and 4 solar radii. The baseline mission would be improved, in some respects, by the addition of a second spacecraft, following the first by a distance of several solar radii. A spinning spacecraft would be satisfactory, but not essential, for the present objectives. Attention should be paid to having the heat shield electrically conducting. An instrument for ion and electron (but no composition) measurements would have a mass of approximately 10 kg, require 8 w of power, and generate data at a maximum rate of approximately 2 kbits/sec.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 345-353
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  • 38
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Some of the competing theories of solar wind acceleration and heating are reviewed, and the observations that are required to distinguish among them are discussed. In most cases what is required is measurement of plasma velocity and temperature and magnetic field, as near the sun as possible and certainly inside 20 solar radii; another critical aspect of this question is determining whether a turbulent envelope exists in this inner region, and if so, defining its properties. Plasma and magnetic observations from the proposed Solar Probe mission would thus yield a quantum jump in our understanding of the dynamics of the solar wind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 334-344
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  • 39
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A survey of all the experiments carried out over the past decade to verify theoretical predictions for the observation of solar neutrons is presented and discussed. The conclusions drawn from this discussion are: (1) the Solar Probe Mission is important in order to discover the low energy neutrons of solar origin; (2) this discovery is likely to carry very useful information about the nature, the locale, the lifetime and the mode of operation of the acceleration processes in the solar atmosphere; and (3) this information will lead to a rapid development of the science of solar meteorology and the more rapid forecasting of solar activity, on a long-term basis.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 262-270
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  • 40
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The solar probe offers a platform with particular advantages for studying solar nonthermal plasma processes via the observations of hard X-radiation from energetic electrons in the chromosphere and corona, these include (1) high sensitivity, (2) a second line of sign (in addition to the earth's) that can aid in three dimensional reconstruction of the source distribution, and, (3) the possibility of correlation with direct measurements of the nonthermal particles from the probe itself.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 132-142
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The possible role of solar probe mission in answering fundamental questions about the structure and heating of coronal loops is examined. The experimental technique consists of imaging 1-10 keV X-rays to give accurate temperature profiles of hot active regions and post-flare loops. A limitation on the interpretation of such pictures is that steroscopic reconstruction of the three dimensional arches requires many lines of sight. This kind of information can be provided only by a rapid solar flyby. In addition, the proximity to the sun will provide useful spatial resolution with compact instrumentation. The pictures thus obtained will provide crucial tests of theoretical models of coronal arches.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 111-117
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  • 42
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The spatial resolution of solar surface structure to ultimate limits with simple instrumentation. The logic is simple: a 10 cm aperture telescope at 4 solar radii resolves the equivalent of a five meter telescope in earth orbit. Given the ease of producing a diffraction limited 10 cm telescope and the difficulty of fabricating a diffraction limited 5 meter telescope, the performance of the small telescope could well be better. The telescope described complements planned solar orbiting telescopes in earth orbit and would need only a few arcs seconds of pointing.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 89-91
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The metric tensor is given for describing the dynamical effects of the sun on a solar probe and the gravitational redshift of a probe-based clock in a covariance analysis for the detectability of the solar quadrupole moment and the solar angular momentum. Unknown parameters were determined by least squares fit to the probe tracking data. A polar orbit was assumed with perihelion at 5 solar radii and with an earth-sun-probe angle of 135 deg at perihelion. Tracking was assumed to be Doppler only, with a basic uncertainity of .1 mm/sec in the radial velocity. A drag-free system which could reduce nongravitational forces below the level of 2 times 10 to the minus 12th power was found necessary to preserve this same level of accuracy. Both one way and two way Doppler were supposed in order to determine the gravitational redshift as well as the pure spacecraft dynamics.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 58-59
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Very high resolution stereoscopic images of high temperature loop structures observed at UV and X-ray wavelengths in the solar corona can be used to understand physical processes in the corona. An existing computational model is described and sample results are given to demonstrate that computational modeling of coronal structures can indeed take advantage of very high resolution images. The sample results include the run of temperature and number density along a typical loop and the variation of the differential emission measure with temperature. The integration of the differential emission measure with temperature along a column commensurate with an instrument's spatial resolution is the relevant parameter obtained from UV and X-ray observations. The effects of loop geometry and energy input are examined.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 118-131
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: High resolution soft X-ray imaging from the solar probe is justified in terms of the expected scientific returns which include the determination of the temperature and density structure of a coronal loop. The advantages of the grazing incidence telescope over the multiple pinhole camera are discussed. An instrument package is described which includes a grazing incidence mirror, a thermal prefilter, a three position filter wheel and a focal plane detector baselined as an 800 by 800 back-illuminated charge coupled device. The structural assembly together with the data processing equipment would draw heavily on the designs being developed for the Solar Polar Mission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 94-110
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A very high sensitivity rotating gravity gradiometer onboard the spacecraft is described for measuring the gravitational oblateness of the Sun during a solar probe mission. The proposed instrument would be a self-contained structure in a thermal-vacuum-magnetic shield in the shape of a cross, with a mass of 20 kg and arm length of 1.0 m and thickness of 0.1 m. The sensor inside would have a resonant frequency of 1/30 Hz, a mechanical Q of one million and would use gravitational radiation antenna technology to achieve a sensitivity of 6 x 10 to the minus 8th power Eotvos, which would provide a measurement of the solar oblateness to an accuracy of 1.5 to 6 x 10 to the minus 8th power. The gravity gradiometer will require a spinning spacecraft, so that it will not sense the spacecraft gravity fields, but the gradiometer does not need to be at the spacecraft center of mass, or even on the spacecraft spin axis. Major problem areas to be addressed are demonstration of the instrument sensitivity prior to flight and the measurement and compensation for any residual spacecraft angular rates.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 69-78
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A spacecraft going within 4 solar radii of the Sun experiences an acceleration up to .00005 g from solar radiation pressure, and significant (though smaller) accelerations from the solar wind. To obtain satisfactory information about relativistic effects and the Sun's quadrupole mass coefficient, these non-gravitational accelerations are either measured or compensated out by making the spacecraft drag free. A proof mass inside the spacecraft structure is shielded from the external forces, so that it follows a nearly ideal gravitational orbit, and a control system activates gas jets (or other translational forcers) to make the vehicle follow the mass. The problems are mechanizing the control laws and minimizing extraneous effects such as the self gravitational pull of the spacecraft. The extraneous forces can be averaged in one plane by having a spinning vehicle.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 60-68
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of radio tracking of a solar probe to estimate accurately the coefficient of the second zonal harmonic of the sun's gravitational field was examined. Preliminary results indicate that the coefficient can be estimated with a standard error of 10 to the minus 8th power or less, provided that the probe is equipped with a suitable drag-free system to compensate for the effects of non-gravitational accelerations. For signal paths that pass near the sun, dual-band ranging to the probe can provide the tracking accuracy needed to insure that the standard of error is equal to or less than 10 to minus 8th power. The possibility of achieving such accuracy with a single-band radio uplink and a dual-band downlink is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 19-41
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Current theoretical modelling of the sun is in difficulty. Additional observations must be made to place constraints on the plethora of conjectures that have been advanced to explain the low neutrino flux and to guide solar model builders in their search to understand the deep interior of the sun. A determination of the magnitude of the solar quadrupole moment, is one such constraint; it places limits on the density, angular velocity and magnetic field distributions inside the sun.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 11-18
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  • 50
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Extensive tests were conducted to quantitatively define the safety characteristics of high-rate SO2 multicell batteries under various discharge and temperature profiles, which closely simulated actual field-use conditions. The resulting behavior patters of the multicell batteries and the corrective action which can be implemented to minimize or prevent hazardous battery performance are briefly summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 539-548
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  • 51
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Tests were performed to assess the effects of storage time, storage temperature, vibration, discharge rate and temperature, and capacity of high-rate, D size, lithium sulfur dioxide cells. Data from these tests are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 489-497
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  • 52
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general discussion of the characteristics of Li-SOC12 cells is presented. Three different shaped cells were selected for study; prismatic, cylindrical, and disc. The characteristics of the cells were obtained through nondestructive and destructive testing which are discussed. Graphs are presented which represent the various parameters investigated. Workshop participant comments and questions are also included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA Goddard Space FLight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 465-474
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  • 53
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The problem of leakage through a seal in lithium cells is addressed. The use of ceramic and glass-to-metal seals is briefly discussed. Comments are presented from the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 459-464
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  • 54
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The how, why and where the Army is applying lithium batteries are addressed. The Army is committing its efforts to the utilization of lithium batteries in new equipment that will be going into the field possibly from FY-80 and thereafter. The Army's philosophy is to guide their users and the equipment designers, to use battery packs are opposed to singel cells. After a detailed description of the battery types that are being considered, a discussion is presented in which questions and comments are exchanged among the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space FLight Center, 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 441-448
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  • 55
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Performance tests run on two common pressure vessel type nickel hydrogen batteries are described and the results presented. The study included: (1) charge retention tests, (2) synchronous eclipse season cycling tests, and (3) temperature differential tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 361-370
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  • 56
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The advantages of lithium systems are described and a general summary of their application in present and future NASA programs is presented. Benefits of the lithium systems include an increased payload weight and an increased cost effectiveness to the customer. This also allows for more flexibility in the design of future space transportation systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 395-410
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  • 57
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: High pressure tests were run on silver hydrogen cells in order to determine: (1) the self discharge characteristics at 1000 and 2000 psig; (2) the state of charge parameters; and (3) the trickle charge rates. These results were then compared with pressure test results from a nickel hydrogen cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 383-391
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  • 58
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The significance of various stack configurations and components on the cycle life for nickel hydrogen cells for synchronous orbit used was evaluated. Failure modes of electrolyte management and 02 management were solved by modifications in the reservoir, the wick, and/or the stack configuration.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 347-359
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Cell capacity, stabilization cycling, and failure analysis data on 50 A hour lightweight nickel hydrogen cells is presented and discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 331-340
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  • 60
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effects of disabling and enabling the charger on one of two batteries that are operating in a parallel mode are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 201-211
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  • 61
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Synchronous orbit and elliptical orbit life tests are used to make improvements in cell design for spacecraft application. The test increased the electrolyte volume and the surface area in cells to reduce the current density on charge and discharge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 155-162
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  • 62
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Test variables discussed graphically include the effects of: (1) ambient temperature; (2) depth of the discharge; (3) discharge rate; (4) percent of recgargel (5) KOH concentration; (6) KOH volume; (7) charge rate and (8) negative per charge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 110-117
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  • 63
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The search for materials which are electrochemically compatible with the lithium sulfur and sodium sulfur systems is discussed. The use liquid or braze alloys, titanium hydrite coatings, and tungsten yttria for bonding beryllium with ceramic is examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 87-100
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Unlike the 2505 nonwoven nylon separator material which has fibers in a random direction, the 2503 material has fibers oriented all in one direction. Properties of the two materials discussed include density, porosity, absorptivity, electrolyte retention, capacity, and charge voltage pressure. With only 1,000 test cycles completed, it is not possible to determine whether 2503 is a suitable substitute.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 57-63
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  • 65
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Statistical analysis of work performed, the present status, and the future plans of the program are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 103-109
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  • 66
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various cells were cycled until degradation and then tested to determine the electrochemical characterization of the cells with regard to charge control. A constant voltage charged to a temperature-biased voltage, using up to an 8-voltage limit was used for the evaluation. Graphs show severe discharge voltage degradation with cycling and periodic capacity discharge; voltage extremes for cells with and without periodic capacity discharges; voltage extremes for cells with high rate discharge; voltage-temperature levels used for charge control; end of charge current and discharge voltage for 5 percent DOD cycling; cell capacity following 5 percent DOD cycling; and the end of discharge voltage and typical charge current profiles for the 20 percent DOD cycling.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 65-74
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  • 67
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The porosity and platability of various materials were investigated to determine a suitable substrate for nickel-plated electrodes. Immersion, ultrasonics, and flow-through plating techniques were tried using nonproprietary formulations, and proprietary phosphide and boride baths. Modifications to the selected material include variations in formulation and treatment, carbon loading to increase conductivity, and the incorporation of a grid. Problems to be solved relate to determining conductivities and porosities as a function of amount of nickel plated on the plastics; loading; charge and discharge curves of electrodes at different current densities; cell performance; and long-term degradation of electrodes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 31-42
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  • 68
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Cycle life regression model, cycle life prediction model, and acceleration factors are discussed. A method was presented to: (1) select a mathematical model; (2) determine model coefficients using accelerated test data; (3) test model fit of the accelerated test data; and (4) predict normal packs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 119-133
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  • 69
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The use of chemical and physical data as a supplement to linear regression models in the prediction of cell failure is discussed. Principal factors to be considered are the positive thickness and weight, and the negative thickness. A model for cell degradation and failure in accelerated life test cells is presented and predictions based on a teardown analysis are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 75-85
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The SBUV/TOMS is designed to measure the extraterrestrial ultraviolet solar irradiation and the solar ultraviolet radiation from the earth and its atmosphere. Methods to recover the ozone information from backscattered ultraviolet measurements are described. Mapping of the total ozone and 200 mb height fields is obtained.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 175-212
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Columnar spectral index information that has been extracted from a sizable volume of Voyager 1978 solar conjunction Doppler phase fluctuation data is presented. The Voyager 1978 results, when compared to similar information derived from the 1976 Helios and Viking Solar Conjunctions, lead to the following inferences: (1) there has been a significant change in the spectral index from 1976 to 1978; (2) there is continuing evidence that favors a slight (positive) correlation between the spectral index and the solar cycle; and (3) there is little or no evidence in support of a radial variation of the spectral index.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 59-65
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  • 72
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The only ballistic trajectory mode feasible for a close solar probe or for an orbit inclined approximately 90 degrees to the ecliptic is the Jupiter gravity assisted mode. A comparison of the trajectories of the Solar Polar and the Solar Probe Mission for 1983 launches is shown. The geometry of the solar encounter phase is practically the same for the 4.3 year orbit achieved by a Jupiter gravity assist and for a one year orbit. Data describing the geometry of an orbit with perihelion at 4 solar radii and aphelion at Jupiter are listed. The range of apparent directions of the solar wind if it is flowing radially outward from the Sun with a speed of either 150 or 300 km/sec is shown. The minimum sun-earth-probe angle during the solar encounter as a function of the earth-node angle and the orbital inclination is also shown. If the inclination is 60 degrees or more, the minimum SEP angle is not greatly different from the 90 degree value.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 521-534
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The effects of the transmission media - the earth's troposphere and ionosphere, and the solar wind - on precise Doppler tracking are discussed. The charged particle effects can be largely removed by dual frequency observations; however there are limitations to these corrections (besides system noise and/or finite integration times) including the effects of magnetic fields, diffraction, and differential refraction, all of which must be carefully evaluated. The earth's troposphere can contribute an error of delta f/f approximately 10 to the minus 14th power.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 450-456
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Results on the electron density spectrum, the random velocity and the mean velocity of the solar wind in the region from 5 to 100 solar radii are presented. Results are based on intensity scintillations of incoherent radio sources at different locations and different radio frequencies. The shape of the electron density irregularity spectrum is shown to be well modeled by a power law in wavenumber with a slope that abruptly steepens at higher wavenumbers. This two slope power law model is shown to have a break (defined as the wavenumber of the change of slope) that increases with decreasing distance from the Sun. The fractional random velocity is shown to be insignificant at distances of greater than 40 solar radii, but shows a steady increase with decreasing solar distance inside of 40 solar radii.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 388-396
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: How the electron content between the Solar probe and the earth can be observed with a minimum of equipment and give a quantitative rationale for the use of a signal near 400 MHz to supplement the telecommunications signal is described. The emphasis is on the method of making content observations and on their value. While far from the Sun, the electron content is so low that the S-X dual-frequency system is insufficiently sensitive and a UHF system is optimum. As the probe approaches the Sun, the UHF may be disrupted by scintillation and the variations of the telecommunications signal must be used for the content measurement. By operating the suggested system in different modes as the solar distance changes, operation during the entire mission is possible.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 397-407
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Phase perturbations that occur in the following components of the one and two-way systems are considered: (1) one-way system (signal from A to B): station a oscillator - transmitter A antenna A - signal path - antenna B - receiver B station B oscillator - recording system B; (2) two-way system (signal from A to B back to A): station A oscillator - transmitter A - antenna A - signal path up - antenna B - transponder B - antenna B - signal path down - receiver A - station A oscillator - recording system A. A symmetrical one- and two-way system which can identify the place of origin of the fluctuation and quantify it so as to recover the unperturbed phase at a given moment of time by time-correlating the phase fluctuations obtained in the one- and two-way data taken at both stations is described
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 457-497
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Questions are posed and answered through discussion of gravitational wave detection with the Solar Probe. Discussed are: (1) what a gravitational wave is; (2) why wave detection is important; (3) what astrophysical information might be learned from these waves; (4) status of attempts to detect these waves; (5) why the Solar Probe is a special mission for detecting these waves; (6) how the Solar Probe's expected sensitivity compares with the strength of predicted gravitational waves; and (7) what gravity wave searchers will do after the Solar Probe.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 433-440
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A state of the art fluid continuum technique to describe the MHD transient respose of the corona below 10 solar radii during two well observed events (flares on 21 August 1973 and 5 September 1973) is reviewed. It is concluded that the computer simulation should be subjected to in situ verification of as many of its initial assumptions as possible. Its ability to provide a rational basis for physical understanding of mass ejections suggests its use as one of the tools used in the planning and analysis of such encounter missions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 367-387
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  • 79
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: During the total solar eclipse of 1970, measurements of resonantly scattered Lyman-alpha radiation from the solar corona revealed a means to determine temperatures and densities in the solar corona beyond 1.5 R solar radii. A natural extension of this work is to use the Solar Probe to measure the spectral line profile of Lyman-alpha radiation backscattered toward the Sun from coronal regions between 4 R solar radii and 10 R solar radii. The backscattered profile would provide unique and quantitative determinations of the outlaw velocities of coronal material into the solar wind. Such information is of critical importance for understanding solar-wind formation and solar-terrestrial effects on the earth's climate. There is no known way to obtain this information without a Solar Probe-type mission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 354-365
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  • 80
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Scientific objectives for solar-wind investigations relevant to a Solar Probe mission are outlined and put in perspective. Information gained from the various possible measurements are also listed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 273-280
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  • 81
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A brief note is summarized to show the importance of solar neutron observations for the advancement of phenomena crucial for solar physics, and to suggest the constraints which must be placed on the Solar Probe Mission for carrying out studies of this kind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 243-261
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: First and second order anisotropy measurements are proposed as a tool for studying the coronal source function and interplanetary propagation of low energy protons. Optimum orbit and attitude requirements are suggested for a three telescope system. Some limitations with regard to the lower energy limit for a feasible set-up are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 234-239
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  • 83
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An optical system for the solar probe is described as well as its capability for improvements in spatial resolution. A magnetograph for measuring the elementary flux tube and obtaining vector geometry field geometry offers the possibility of looking for low contrast weak structure. With the probe's orbit passing over the pole, the structure of the polar field can be directly measured. The detector plane of the system receives a telecentric image of the objective. Because there is an aperture in this focal plane that can both move and change size, polarized line profiles can be obtained at arbitrary points with variable spatial resolution. The telescope microprocessor searches for the magnetic elements and then constructs the vector field.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 155-158
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  • 84
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The merits and demerits of an approach to the Sun (more closely than about one AU) are examined. High resolution imaging (approximately 0.1 arc sec) to be obtained with the shuttle-borne solar optical telescope, will permit conclusive observations relating to the structure of the quiet solar atmosphere, sunspots, spicules, oscillations, and many other problems of solar astrophysics. Beyond this limit important unresolved structure will exist, especially in optically thin regions or in regions with strong magnetic fields. Ambiguity will remain in solar imagery because a single line of sight cannot suffice completely to untangle the vertical dimension from the two horizontal dimensions. A solar probe with a complement of solar telescopes would provide two lines of sight for solar viewing and increase knowledge of the three dimensional structure of the solar atmosphere.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 81-88
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  • 85
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A covariance analysis was performed for a solar probe trajectory which encounters the sun at four solar radii. The unknown parameters in the analysis are the six initial cartesian coordinates for the probe, six initial cartesian coordinates for the earth, the astronomical unit, the solar gravitational quadrupole coefficient and two post Newtonian meters (beta, gamma). Errors in the unknown parameters were computed as a function of standard errors on the radio tracking data and on the nongravitational forces which act on the probe. Results were obtained for several tracking geometries and for several orbital inclinations to the ecliptic. The analysis shows that the principal scientific result from the radio tracking of a solar probe would be the determination of the quadrupole moment, which would place a constraint on models of the solar interior.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 42-57
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  • 86
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Spectral analysis of solar wind plasma fluctuation requires knowledge of the average ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectrum. Typical ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectra are presented as deduced from two-way S-band Doppler noise measured at large Sun-Earth-Probe angles.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 125-128
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  • 87
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general overview of activities involving lithium batteries, which shows the various applications and data that were performed for numerous industry and government sponsors is presented. Brief discussions on electrochemical criteria selection, and typical storage and performance data obtained from three systems being developed are presented. Current safety work being done on high-rate, D, SO2 cells is also discussed. Three chemistries were developed and are discussed: lithium vanadium pentoxide, lithium sulfur dioxide, and lithium thionyl chloride. Storage, performance and safety data are graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 511-530
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  • 88
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Some of the large primary cells presently made, ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ampere-hours are discussed. Performance data obtained on a 2,000 ampere-hour cell are graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 499-503
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  • 89
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Briefly outlined are the activities of the various research centers involved in the NASA program. Graphs are presented for: (1) the initial results on SOCl2 decomposition rate; (2) effect of rate on output of Li-SOCl2 cells; (3) comparison of high and low rate Li-SOCl2 cells; and (4) effect of temperature on output of Li-SOCl2 cells. Abusive test results and a description of secondary lithium cells are also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 431-440
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  • 90
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The feasibility of silver hydrogen batteries was investigated. Cell configurations and cell cycling were discussed. Energy density was found to be 65 to 100 watt hours per kilogram. Electrolyte management was considered critical to the cell's performance. Factors of electrolyte management which were particularly important were: (1) the nature of the separator system, and (2) the amount of electrolyte.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 371-381
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  • 91
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Applications of lithium systems that are already in the fleet are discussed. The approach that the Navy is taking in the control of the introduction of lithium batteries into the fleet is also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop 411-420 (SEE N79-28669 19-44)
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The status of the Air Force Electrochemical program was reviewed. The performance characteristics of the system was attributed to the use of an electrochemical impregnation process. The electrode improvements, the prototype equipment designs, and the actual construction of a production facility are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 303-308
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  • 93
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The temporary failure of the data collection hardware along with the fifty percent degradation on the batteries in lander 1 were discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 249-251
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  • 94
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An update on the performance of the nickel cadmium batteries on the Communications Technology Satellite is presented. The wattage and capacity during the winter and summer solstices are pointed out.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 267-269
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  • 95
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An update of the Viking landers after two years of operation is presented along with an evaluation of the battery system aboard the spacecrafts which supplied them with an alternate booster energy source.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 239-247
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  • 96
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of abuse tests on large lithium thionyl chloride cells was initiated. Performance data obtained in testing rectangular 2,000 and 10,000 ampere-hour cells are discussed and graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 505-510
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Empirical equation derived from cycles-to-failure, temperature cells, and prediction of normal packs are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 135-147
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Eight of the most important changes that occurred in the GE 12 AH cell over the past ten years, which are currently being used are evaluated, and a systematic approach to compare their relative merits is presented. Typical positive thickness, typical negative thickness, positive loading, negative loading, final KOH quantity, and precharge as adjustment are shown for the control cell, and the following variables: Teflon treatment; silver treatment; light loading; no PQ treatment; polypropylene separator; the A.K. 1968 plate design no PQ, old elec process, no decarb process and the A.K. 1968 plate design, no PQ, present aerospace processes. The acceptance test cell voltage and cell pressure performance and capacity test results are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 49-56
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  • 99
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of nickel cadmium batteries were tested to determine the effects of boltages and various temperatures on the charge discharge ratios and the recharge percentage. It was concluded that the selection of a proper temperature should consider the satellite orbit characteristics, the cell operating characteristics, the battery operating temperature range, and the final taper charge current.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 213-228
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Regular arrays of 1 inch discs cut from chemically impregnated positive and negative plates were sent to various contractors and government organizations for chemical analysis in order to determine whether there is consistency in analysis. Techniques used included NASA procedures as specified, variations, wet chemical techniques, and atomic absorption. The weight, thickness of disc, and active material quantity as measured by four respondents are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 43-48
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