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  • Chemistry  (18,398)
  • AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
  • SOLAR PHYSICS
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (7,412)
  • 1975-1979  (12,400)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1982  (7,412)
  • 1978  (6,404)
  • 1975  (5,996)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (7,412)
  • 1975-1979  (12,400)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Picosecond chemical and biological events (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-10-13
    Description: Picosecond spectroscopy is a relatively new field of science that utilizes ultrashort laser pulses to monitor events taking place in the 10(-12) second regime. The continuing development of picosecond spectroscopy has made possible the detection and measurement of the primary events in many physical and tiological processes. This article describes a currently used picosecond spectroscopy system that is capable of reliably recording picosecond events. Two areas of picosecond research are discussed; one concerns the interaction of electrons in fluids, and the second the primary events in vision.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rentzepis, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Oct 13;202(4364):174-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/694523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electrons ; *Kinetics ; Lasers ; Protons ; *Retinal Pigments ; *Rhodopsin ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods ; Temperature ; *Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Alpha-substituted gamma-butyrolactones: new class of anticonvulsant drugs (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-09-10
    Description: Alkyl-Substituted gamma-butyrolactones were synthesized and tested for their convulsant and anticonvulsant actions in mice and guinea pigs. The alpha-substituted compounds, alpha, alpha-dimethyl-, and alpha-ethyl-alpha-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone were anticonvulsant compounds with a spectrum of activity similar to that of ethosuximide. In contrast, beta-substituted compounds were convulsant agents similar to picrotoxinin. The alpha-substituted-gama-butyrolactones represent a new class of anticonvulsant drug with experimental and clinical potential.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klunk, W E -- McKeon, A -- Covey, D F -- Ferrendelli, J A -- GM-07200/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-24483/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS-14834/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Sep 10;217(4564):1040-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6810462" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *4-Butyrolactone/analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use/toxicity ; Animals ; *Anticonvulsants ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Convulsants ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy, Absence/drug therapy ; Ethosuximide/pharmacology ; *Furans/*therapeutic use ; Guinea Pigs ; Mice ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Trimethadione/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Foreign aid support of science and economic growth (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-03-17
    Description: The history of U.S. foreign aid support of science and technology in Latin America is examined and an attempt is made to evaluate the scientific and economic growth of that area in relation to the total foreign aid effort.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szmant, H H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Mar 17;199(4334):1173-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/415363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Education ; History, 20th Century ; International Educational Exchange ; Latin America ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Science/history ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Boradeption: a new procedure for transferring water-insoluble agents across cell membranes (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-07-09
    Description: A new process has been developed which is called "Boradeption" to signify boronic acid--dependent phase transfer of water-insoluble agents. Highly fluorescent boronic acid dervatives, FluoroBoras, are solubilized with a physiologically compatible carrier buffer containing a receptor group for boronate adduct formation. The system can be used to stain living cells. In another variation of the Boradeption concept, an insoluble reporter molecule containing a boronate receptor is solubilized with a carrier buffer containing a boronic acid functional group. The boronate-receptor complexes, which are in dynamic equilibrium, can be designed as vital stains and reagents for a variety of biological and medical applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallop, P M -- Paz, M A -- Henson, E -- AG-00376-07/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- HL-20764-04A1/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jul 9;217(4555):166-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6178158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Transport ; *Boron Compounds/therapeutic use ; *Boronic Acids/therapeutic use ; *Cell Membrane Permeability ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chromogenic Compounds/metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Fibroblasts ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; Humans ; Rats ; Staining and Labeling
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    New chemistry of an old molecule: cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-12-10
    Description: The discovery that cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) has clinically useful antitumor properties and can form platinum blues spawned an extensive investigation of its chemistry in water. Several new molecules have been synthesized, some rather old ones have been characterized for the first time, and clues have begun to emerge about the chemical interaction of cis-DDP with its likely biological target, DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lippard, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Dec 10;218(4577):1075-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6890712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Cisplatin ; *Dna ; Hydrolysis ; Pigments, Biological
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    The chemistry of vision (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-12-03
    Description: The visual response is initiated by light reception and transduction into chemical and electrical energy in the outer-segment membranes of rod and cone cells. Recent research on the molecular events controlled by light has clarified the roles of some of the rod outer-segment biomolecules. These developments and the current unresolved questions are described.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, D F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Dec 3;218(4576):961-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6291153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Proteins/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzymes/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; Light ; Membranes/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/biosynthesis ; Photoreceptor Cells/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Rhodopsin/metabolism ; Rod Cell Outer Segment/*metabolism ; Vision, Ocular/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    The glycosylation of hemoglobin: relevance to diabetes mellitus (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-04-07
    Description: Glucose reacts nonenzymatically with the NH2-terminal amino acid of the beta chain of human hemoglobin by way of a ketoamine linkage, resulting in the formation of hemoglobin AIc. Other minor components appear to be adducts of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate. These hemoglobins are formed slowly and continuously throughout the 120-day life-span of the red cell. There is a two- to threefold increase in hemoglobin AIc in the red cells of patients with diabetes mellitus. By providing an integrated measurement of blood glucose, hemoglobin AIc is useful in assessing the degree of diabetic control. Furthermore, this hemoglobin is a useful model of nonenzymatic glycosylation of other proteins that may be involved in the long-term complications of the disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bunn, H F -- Gabbay, K H -- Gallop, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Apr 7;200(4337):21-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/635569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus/*blood/diagnosis ; Diphosphoglyceric Acids/blood ; Glycosides/blood ; Glycosuria/etiology ; Hemoglobin A/*metabolism ; Hemoglobins/*analysis/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Oxygen/blood ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Turbine engine materials durability research (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: High temperature environmental attack of dollar intensive turbine components reduces turbine efficiency and can limit life. The mechanisms of alloy and coating attack and the effects of interaction with the environment on mechanical behavior. This base of understanding provides the foundation for developing life prediction methods and identifying strategies for controlling attack. Subjects discussed in detail include oxidation and new developments in thermal barrier coating research.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 313-334
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  • 9
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    Optimal control of a supersonic inlet to minimize frequency of inlet unstart (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-02
    Description: A preliminary investigation into the use of modern control theory for the design of controls for a supersonic inlet is described. In particular, the task of controlling a mixed-compression supersonic inlet is formulated as a linear optimal stochastic control and estimation problem. An inlet can exhibit an undesirable instability due to excessive inlet normal shock motion. For the optimal control formulation of the inlet problem, a non quadratic performance index, which is equal to the expected frequency of inlet unstarts, is used. This physically meaningful performance index is minimized for a range of inlet disturbance and measurement noise covariances.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA, Washington Fourth Inter-Center Control Systems Conf.; p 323-335
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  • 10
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    European Space Agency studies of the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The feasibility and scientific objectives of a solar probe were studied by a Mission Definition Group in 1975 and 1976. The orbit analysis program was developed and an extended study of the orbit analysis was done in 1977. The results of these studies are in the Report of the Mission Definition Study (1976) and an E.S.O.C. report (1978), and the reader is referred to these sources for greater details. In this report, only brief discussion on mission concept and objectives, satellite design, orbit, orbit analysis, are presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 556-564
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  • 11
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    Solar probe study (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Realistic options for a Solar Probe Mission consistent with known technical, fiscal, and programmatic constraints are identified. A program plan for NASA which includes identification of necessary research and development activities is developed. A baseline mission and a strawman spacecraft design were selected and used to determine the feasibility of meeting the mission requirements and the sensitivity to variations in those requirements.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 521-534
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  • 12
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    Detection of gravitational radiation and oscillations of the sun via Doppler tracking of spacecraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The magnitude of Doppler signals produced by gravitational wave burst, continuous gravitational waves, and oscillations of the sun interacting with a spacecraft are considered. Expressions are worked out for the appropriate noise entering each measurement. The noise sources considered are the Doppler extractor, fluctuations in the solar wind and the troposphere, and fluctuations in the reference oscillator.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 498-517
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  • 13
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    Gravitational wave detection with the solar probe. II. The Doppler tracking method (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: How gravitational radiation affects Doppler tracking is briefly described. The status of the analyses of the sensitivities achievable with the NASA-JPL Deep Space Network(DSN) is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 441-449
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  • 14
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    What is the fate of interplanetary dust (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The following general picture of the interplanetary dust is presented: (1) size distribution; (2) spatial distribution; (3) composition; (4) dynamics; and (5) origin. The solar probe mission provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution of the interplanetary dust and its eventual destruction near the sun. Two destructive processes (fragmentation and vaporization) of interplanetary dust are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 411-419
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  • 15
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    The solar probe and coronal dynamics (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The discovery of coronal holes led to basic changes in ideas about the structure of the low corona and its expansion into the solar wind. The nature of the energy flux is not understood. Current ideas include enhanced thermal conductivities, extended MHD wave heating, and wave momentum transfer, all in rapidly diverging geometries. There is little feel for the relative importance of these processes. The Solar Probe, with its penetration deep into the solar corona, could lead to observational constraints on their relative importance, and thus to an understanding of the origin of the solar wind. Observations from the Solar Probe will also bear on such questions as to whether small scale "intrastream" structure is common close to the Sun in open field-line regions, whether the properties of the wind are pronouncedly different over closed and open field-line regions at five solar radii, and many others. The resolution of these questions requires measurements of the magnetic field and of the proton and electron distribution functions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 318-333
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  • 16
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    Plasma waves near the sun: Advances possible with a solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A review is presented of current experimental and theoretical knowledge of plasma waves in the solar wind, with comments on the scientific importance of obtaining plasma wave measurements in the region near the sun with the solar probe. The waves discussed include the acoustic waves and shocks which are thought to be the primary source for heating the solar corona, Alfven waves, ion-cyclotron waves, whistler-mode turbulence, ion-acoustic waves, and electron plasma oscillations associated with solar radio emissions. A discussion is presented of the types of measurements which would be needed to study these waves on the solar probe, the constraints imposed on the spacecraft and the research and development which would be needed to provide the necessary instrumentation.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 281-317
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  • 17
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    Probing the solar corona with energetic particles (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Representative sets of recent experimental results and theoretical studies are summarized to show the current knowledge of energetic particle phenomena based mainly on observations near 1 AU. Measurements close to the sun of quantities such as particle spectra, charge and isotopic composition, and the flow of particles as a function of time, together with measurements of the plasma, magnetic field, X-rays, and gamma rays will not only reveal the properties of the source region and acceleration mechanisms but will also provide a better knowledge of the physics of the corona. These measurements may also reveal the existence of large scale inhomogeneities in the solar corona. The general requirements for making these measurements on the solar probe are listed. An energetic particle detector system which has the capability of resolving the charge and isotopic composition up to 50 MeV/nucleon may successfully measure the above quantities provided that it can perform under both very low and average intensity levels.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 205-218
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  • 18
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    Multicolor imaging and photopolarimetry: Disk features, K and F coronas, zodiacal light (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The unique vantage points and viewing geometries afforded by a close-in solar probe are briefly examined with regard to line and continuum measurements of features on the solar disk, the K and F coronas, and the zodiacal light. Common instrument and observing requirements are identified, suggesting that a single instrument could provide much of the necessary observational data on these phenomena.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Closeup of the Sun; p 143-154
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  • 19
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    Ion drive performance and trajectories (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) for the Solar Probe Mission is addressed. The dependence of the payload mass on the site of the SEP and the flight time are described on the basis of preliminary data. The range of hardware expected to be available in the 1980's is summarized. There are several classes of optimal low-thrust trajectories for the Solar Probe Mission. These are trajectory types A, B, C corresponding to one, two, or three orbital revolutions, respectively. Plots of transfer trajectories corresponding to type-A, type-A with a Venus Swingby, type-B, and type-C with ab Icarus Rendezvous are shown. A summary of the SEP performance is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 544-555
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  • 20
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    Zodiacal light dynamics experiment: A wideband imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Solar Probe will provide an ideal platform from which to study dynamics of dust particles near the sun by measuring the detailed character of the Fraunhofer structure of the zodiacal light. The suggested instrument is a wideband imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer with state of the art technology in both the optics and the detector. The instrument would function as a high-resolution imaging device providing wavelength resolution of 0.03 A over about a 20 A range. The wideband imaging capability would provide sky maps of the zodiacal light on a despun spacecraft without mechanical scanning. The Solar Probe mission would allow the velocity distribution of the dust to be mapped along most of the trajectory of the spacecraft.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 420-429
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  • 21
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    A solar wind experiment for the solar probe mission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Electron and ion plasma measurements on Solar Probe are important, especially to elucidate the role of coronal holes as sources of the solar wind and to resolve the long debated question of the importance of wave heating within 20 solar radii to the acceleration of the solar wind. Adaptable instruments are required to cover the large dynamic range of parameters between 1 AU and 4 solar radii. The baseline mission would be improved, in some respects, by the addition of a second spacecraft, following the first by a distance of several solar radii. A spinning spacecraft would be satisfactory, but not essential, for the present objectives. Attention should be paid to having the heat shield electrically conducting. An instrument for ion and electron (but no composition) measurements would have a mass of approximately 10 kg, require 8 w of power, and generate data at a maximum rate of approximately 2 kbits/sec.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 345-353
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  • 22
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    Acceleration and heating of the solar wind (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Some of the competing theories of solar wind acceleration and heating are reviewed, and the observations that are required to distinguish among them are discussed. In most cases what is required is measurement of plasma velocity and temperature and magnetic field, as near the sun as possible and certainly inside 20 solar radii; another critical aspect of this question is determining whether a turbulent envelope exists in this inner region, and if so, defining its properties. Plasma and magnetic observations from the proposed Solar Probe mission would thus yield a quantum jump in our understanding of the dynamics of the solar wind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 334-344
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  • 23
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    On neutrons from the sun (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A survey of all the experiments carried out over the past decade to verify theoretical predictions for the observation of solar neutrons is presented and discussed. The conclusions drawn from this discussion are: (1) the Solar Probe Mission is important in order to discover the low energy neutrons of solar origin; (2) this discovery is likely to carry very useful information about the nature, the locale, the lifetime and the mode of operation of the acceleration processes in the solar atmosphere; and (3) this information will lead to a rapid development of the science of solar meteorology and the more rapid forecasting of solar activity, on a long-term basis.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 262-270
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  • 24
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    Hard X-ray imaging from the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The solar probe offers a platform with particular advantages for studying solar nonthermal plasma processes via the observations of hard X-radiation from energetic electrons in the chromosphere and corona, these include (1) high sensitivity, (2) a second line of sign (in addition to the earth's) that can aid in three dimensional reconstruction of the source distribution, and, (3) the possibility of correlation with direct measurements of the nonthermal particles from the probe itself.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 132-142
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  • 25
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    High resolution stereoscopic X-ray imaging of coronal features during a solar probe flyby (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The possible role of solar probe mission in answering fundamental questions about the structure and heating of coronal loops is examined. The experimental technique consists of imaging 1-10 keV X-rays to give accurate temperature profiles of hot active regions and post-flare loops. A limitation on the interpretation of such pictures is that steroscopic reconstruction of the three dimensional arches requires many lines of sight. This kind of information can be provided only by a rapid solar flyby. In addition, the proximity to the sun will provide useful spatial resolution with compact instrumentation. The pictures thus obtained will provide crucial tests of theoretical models of coronal arches.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 111-117
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  • 26
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    Optical observations of the sun from a solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The spatial resolution of solar surface structure to ultimate limits with simple instrumentation. The logic is simple: a 10 cm aperture telescope at 4 solar radii resolves the equivalent of a five meter telescope in earth orbit. Given the ease of producing a diffraction limited 10 cm telescope and the difficulty of fabricating a diffraction limited 5 meter telescope, the performance of the small telescope could well be better. The telescope described complements planned solar orbiting telescopes in earth orbit and would need only a few arcs seconds of pointing.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 89-91
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    Possible measurements of J sub 2 and the sun's angular momentum with the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The metric tensor is given for describing the dynamical effects of the sun on a solar probe and the gravitational redshift of a probe-based clock in a covariance analysis for the detectability of the solar quadrupole moment and the solar angular momentum. Unknown parameters were determined by least squares fit to the probe tracking data. A polar orbit was assumed with perihelion at 5 solar radii and with an earth-sun-probe angle of 135 deg at perihelion. Tracking was assumed to be Doppler only, with a basic uncertainity of .1 mm/sec in the radial velocity. A drag-free system which could reduce nongravitational forces below the level of 2 times 10 to the minus 12th power was found necessary to preserve this same level of accuracy. Both one way and two way Doppler were supposed in order to determine the gravitational redshift as well as the pure spacecraft dynamics.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 58-59
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  • 28
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    The analysis of high spatial resolution UV and X-ray images by computational modeling (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Very high resolution stereoscopic images of high temperature loop structures observed at UV and X-ray wavelengths in the solar corona can be used to understand physical processes in the corona. An existing computational model is described and sample results are given to demonstrate that computational modeling of coronal structures can indeed take advantage of very high resolution images. The sample results include the run of temperature and number density along a typical loop and the variation of the differential emission measure with temperature. The integration of the differential emission measure with temperature along a column commensurate with an instrument's spatial resolution is the relevant parameter obtained from UV and X-ray observations. The effects of loop geometry and energy input are examined.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 118-131
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  • 29
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    Determination of the structure and heating mechanisms of coronal loops from soft X-ray observations with the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: High resolution soft X-ray imaging from the solar probe is justified in terms of the expected scientific returns which include the determination of the temperature and density structure of a coronal loop. The advantages of the grazing incidence telescope over the multiple pinhole camera are discussed. An instrument package is described which includes a grazing incidence mirror, a thermal prefilter, a three position filter wheel and a focal plane detector baselined as an 800 by 800 back-illuminated charge coupled device. The structural assembly together with the data processing equipment would draw heavily on the designs being developed for the Solar Polar Mission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 94-110
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  • 30
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    Measurement of solar gravitational oblateness with gravity gradiometers (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A very high sensitivity rotating gravity gradiometer onboard the spacecraft is described for measuring the gravitational oblateness of the Sun during a solar probe mission. The proposed instrument would be a self-contained structure in a thermal-vacuum-magnetic shield in the shape of a cross, with a mass of 20 kg and arm length of 1.0 m and thickness of 0.1 m. The sensor inside would have a resonant frequency of 1/30 Hz, a mechanical Q of one million and would use gravitational radiation antenna technology to achieve a sensitivity of 6 x 10 to the minus 8th power Eotvos, which would provide a measurement of the solar oblateness to an accuracy of 1.5 to 6 x 10 to the minus 8th power. The gravity gradiometer will require a spinning spacecraft, so that it will not sense the spacecraft gravity fields, but the gradiometer does not need to be at the spacecraft center of mass, or even on the spacecraft spin axis. Major problem areas to be addressed are demonstration of the instrument sensitivity prior to flight and the measurement and compensation for any residual spacecraft angular rates.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 69-78
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  • 31
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    Comments on the drag-free control of a solar probe relativity mission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A spacecraft going within 4 solar radii of the Sun experiences an acceleration up to .00005 g from solar radiation pressure, and significant (though smaller) accelerations from the solar wind. To obtain satisfactory information about relativistic effects and the Sun's quadrupole mass coefficient, these non-gravitational accelerations are either measured or compensated out by making the spacecraft drag free. A proof mass inside the spacecraft structure is shielded from the external forces, so that it follows a nearly ideal gravitational orbit, and a control system activates gas jets (or other translational forcers) to make the vehicle follow the mass. The problems are mechanizing the control laws and minimizing extraneous effects such as the self gravitational pull of the spacecraft. The extraneous forces can be averaged in one plane by having a spinning vehicle.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 60-68
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  • 32
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    Possible measurement of the coefficient of the second zonal harmonic of the sun's gravitational field with a solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of radio tracking of a solar probe to estimate accurately the coefficient of the second zonal harmonic of the sun's gravitational field was examined. Preliminary results indicate that the coefficient can be estimated with a standard error of 10 to the minus 8th power or less, provided that the probe is equipped with a suitable drag-free system to compensate for the effects of non-gravitational accelerations. For signal paths that pass near the sun, dual-band ranging to the probe can provide the tracking accuracy needed to insure that the standard of error is equal to or less than 10 to minus 8th power. The possibility of achieving such accuracy with a single-band radio uplink and a dual-band downlink is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 19-41
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  • 33
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    The importance of determining the solar quadrupole moment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Current theoretical modelling of the sun is in difficulty. Additional observations must be made to place constraints on the plethora of conjectures that have been advanced to explain the low neutrino flux and to guide solar model builders in their search to understand the deep interior of the sun. A determination of the magnitude of the solar quadrupole moment, is one such constraint; it places limits on the density, angular velocity and magnetic field distributions inside the sun.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 11-18
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  • 34
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    The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The SBUV/TOMS is designed to measure the extraterrestrial ultraviolet solar irradiation and the solar ultraviolet radiation from the earth and its atmosphere. Methods to recover the ozone information from backscattered ultraviolet measurements are described. Mapping of the total ozone and 200 mb height fields is obtained.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 175-212
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  • 35
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    Radial and solar cycle variations in the solar wind phase fluctuation spectral index as determined from Voyager 1978 solar conjunction data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Columnar spectral index information that has been extracted from a sizable volume of Voyager 1978 solar conjunction Doppler phase fluctuation data is presented. The Voyager 1978 results, when compared to similar information derived from the 1976 Helios and Viking Solar Conjunctions, lead to the following inferences: (1) there has been a significant change in the spectral index from 1976 to 1978; (2) there is continuing evidence that favors a slight (positive) correlation between the spectral index and the solar cycle; and (3) there is little or no evidence in support of a radial variation of the spectral index.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 59-65
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  • 36
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    Ballistic trajectories (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The only ballistic trajectory mode feasible for a close solar probe or for an orbit inclined approximately 90 degrees to the ecliptic is the Jupiter gravity assisted mode. A comparison of the trajectories of the Solar Polar and the Solar Probe Mission for 1983 launches is shown. The geometry of the solar encounter phase is practically the same for the 4.3 year orbit achieved by a Jupiter gravity assist and for a one year orbit. Data describing the geometry of an orbit with perihelion at 4 solar radii and aphelion at Jupiter are listed. The range of apparent directions of the solar wind if it is flowing radially outward from the Sun with a speed of either 150 or 300 km/sec is shown. The minimum sun-earth-probe angle during the solar encounter as a function of the earth-node angle and the orbital inclination is also shown. If the inclination is 60 degrees or more, the minimum SEP angle is not greatly different from the 90 degree value.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 521-534
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  • 37
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    Transmission media effects on precise Doppler tracking (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The effects of the transmission media - the earth's troposphere and ionosphere, and the solar wind - on precise Doppler tracking are discussed. The charged particle effects can be largely removed by dual frequency observations; however there are limitations to these corrections (besides system noise and/or finite integration times) including the effects of magnetic fields, diffraction, and differential refraction, all of which must be carefully evaluated. The earth's troposphere can contribute an error of delta f/f approximately 10 to the minus 14th power.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 450-456
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  • 38
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    Scintillation observations near the sun (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Results on the electron density spectrum, the random velocity and the mean velocity of the solar wind in the region from 5 to 100 solar radii are presented. Results are based on intensity scintillations of incoherent radio sources at different locations and different radio frequencies. The shape of the electron density irregularity spectrum is shown to be well modeled by a power law in wavenumber with a slope that abruptly steepens at higher wavenumbers. This two slope power law model is shown to have a break (defined as the wavenumber of the change of slope) that increases with decreasing distance from the Sun. The fractional random velocity is shown to be insignificant at distances of greater than 40 solar radii, but shows a steady increase with decreasing solar distance inside of 40 solar radii.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 388-396
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  • 39
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    Plasma density mapping in the solar wind through use of VHF radio to measure electron content (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: How the electron content between the Solar probe and the earth can be observed with a minimum of equipment and give a quantitative rationale for the use of a signal near 400 MHz to supplement the telecommunications signal is described. The emphasis is on the method of making content observations and on their value. While far from the Sun, the electron content is so low that the S-X dual-frequency system is insufficiently sensitive and a UHF system is optimum. As the probe approaches the Sun, the UHF may be disrupted by scintillation and the variations of the telecommunications signal must be used for the content measurement. By operating the suggested system in different modes as the solar distance changes, operation during the entire mission is possible.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 397-407
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  • 40
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    A timed-correlated four-link Doppler Tracking system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Phase perturbations that occur in the following components of the one and two-way systems are considered: (1) one-way system (signal from A to B): station a oscillator - transmitter A antenna A - signal path - antenna B - receiver B station B oscillator - recording system B; (2) two-way system (signal from A to B back to A): station A oscillator - transmitter A - antenna A - signal path up - antenna B - transponder B - antenna B - signal path down - receiver A - station A oscillator - recording system A. A symmetrical one- and two-way system which can identify the place of origin of the fluctuation and quantify it so as to recover the unperturbed phase at a given moment of time by time-correlating the phase fluctuations obtained in the one- and two-way data taken at both stations is described
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 457-497
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  • 41
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    Gravitational wave detection with the solar probe: I. Motivation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Questions are posed and answered through discussion of gravitational wave detection with the Solar Probe. Discussed are: (1) what a gravitational wave is; (2) why wave detection is important; (3) what astrophysical information might be learned from these waves; (4) status of attempts to detect these waves; (5) why the Solar Probe is a special mission for detecting these waves; (6) how the Solar Probe's expected sensitivity compares with the strength of predicted gravitational waves; and (7) what gravity wave searchers will do after the Solar Probe.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 433-440
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  • 42
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    Magnetohydrodynamic simulation of coronal mass ejections into the solar wind (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A state of the art fluid continuum technique to describe the MHD transient respose of the corona below 10 solar radii during two well observed events (flares on 21 August 1973 and 5 September 1973) is reviewed. It is concluded that the computer simulation should be subjected to in situ verification of as many of its initial assumptions as possible. Its ability to provide a rational basis for physical understanding of mass ejections suggests its use as one of the tools used in the planning and analysis of such encounter missions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 367-387
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  • 43
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    Spectroscopic mapping of solar wind velocities (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: During the total solar eclipse of 1970, measurements of resonantly scattered Lyman-alpha radiation from the solar corona revealed a means to determine temperatures and densities in the solar corona beyond 1.5 R solar radii. A natural extension of this work is to use the Solar Probe to measure the spectral line profile of Lyman-alpha radiation backscattered toward the Sun from coronal regions between 4 R solar radii and 10 R solar radii. The backscattered profile would provide unique and quantitative determinations of the outlaw velocities of coronal material into the solar wind. Such information is of critical importance for understanding solar-wind formation and solar-terrestrial effects on the earth's climate. There is no known way to obtain this information without a Solar Probe-type mission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 354-365
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  • 44
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    Solar wind science for a solar probe mission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Scientific objectives for solar-wind investigations relevant to a Solar Probe mission are outlined and put in perspective. Information gained from the various possible measurements are also listed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 273-280
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  • 45
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    Solar neutron spectroscopy near the sun (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A brief note is summarized to show the importance of solar neutron observations for the advancement of phenomena crucial for solar physics, and to suggest the constraints which must be placed on the Solar Probe Mission for carrying out studies of this kind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 243-261
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  • 46
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    Low-energy protons: Gradients in interplanetary space and distribution in the solar corona (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: First and second order anisotropy measurements are proposed as a tool for studying the coronal source function and interplanetary propagation of low energy protons. Optimum orbit and attitude requirements are suggested for a three telescope system. Some limitations with regard to the lower energy limit for a feasible set-up are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 234-239
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  • 47
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    Magnetic field measurements from the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An optical system for the solar probe is described as well as its capability for improvements in spatial resolution. A magnetograph for measuring the elementary flux tube and obtaining vector geometry field geometry offers the possibility of looking for low contrast weak structure. With the probe's orbit passing over the pole, the structure of the polar field can be directly measured. The detector plane of the system receives a telecentric image of the objective. Because there is an aperture in this focal plane that can both move and change size, polarized line profiles can be obtained at arbitrary points with variable spatial resolution. The telescope microprocessor searches for the magnetic elements and then constructs the vector field.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 155-158
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  • 48
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    New perspectives for solar observations (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The merits and demerits of an approach to the Sun (more closely than about one AU) are examined. High resolution imaging (approximately 0.1 arc sec) to be obtained with the shuttle-borne solar optical telescope, will permit conclusive observations relating to the structure of the quiet solar atmosphere, sunspots, spicules, oscillations, and many other problems of solar astrophysics. Beyond this limit important unresolved structure will exist, especially in optically thin regions or in regions with strong magnetic fields. Ambiguity will remain in solar imagery because a single line of sight cannot suffice completely to untangle the vertical dimension from the two horizontal dimensions. A solar probe with a complement of solar telescopes would provide two lines of sight for solar viewing and increase knowledge of the three dimensional structure of the solar atmosphere.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 81-88
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  • 49
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    Gravitational experiments on solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A covariance analysis was performed for a solar probe trajectory which encounters the sun at four solar radii. The unknown parameters in the analysis are the six initial cartesian coordinates for the probe, six initial cartesian coordinates for the earth, the astronomical unit, the solar gravitational quadrupole coefficient and two post Newtonian meters (beta, gamma). Errors in the unknown parameters were computed as a function of standard errors on the radio tracking data and on the nongravitational forces which act on the probe. Results were obtained for several tracking geometries and for several orbital inclinations to the ecliptic. The analysis shows that the principal scientific result from the radio tracking of a solar probe would be the determination of the quadrupole moment, which would place a constraint on models of the solar interior.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 42-57
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  • 50
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    Ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectra (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Spectral analysis of solar wind plasma fluctuation requires knowledge of the average ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectrum. Typical ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectra are presented as deduced from two-way S-band Doppler noise measured at large Sun-Earth-Probe angles.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 125-128
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  • 51
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    A solar wind turbulence event during the Voyager 1978 solar conjunction profiled via new DSN radio science (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A radio science data capability within the DSN Tracking System is described. This capability consists of routine provision of phase fluctuation data concurrently computed over several different time scales. This capability was used to observe phase fluctuation spectral characteristics during a rapid increase in solar wind turbulence that occurred during a July 23, 1978 track of the Voyager 1 spacecraft by Deep Space Station 11. It is suggested that the capability will prove useful in studies of variations of solar wind phase fluctuation spectral characteristics with, for instance, parameters such as the solar cycle and radial distance.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 55-58
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  • 52
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    Correlation of Doppler noise during solar conjunctions with fluctuations in solar activity (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Deviations betweeb observed Doppler noise and the noise model during solar conjunction were analyzed. It is tentatively concluded that these deviations are due to short-term fluctuations in solar activity as seen along the signal path, and not to solar/antenna structure effects or system noise temperature.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 264-272
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  • 53
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    Analysis and prediction of Doppler noise during solar conjunctions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The results of a study of Doppler data noise during solar conjunctions were presented. During the first half of 1975, a sizeable data base of Doppler data noise (estimates) for the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Helios 1 solar conjunctions was accumulated. To analyze this data, certain physical assumptions are made, leading to the development of a geometric parameter ("ISI") which correlates strongly with Doppler data noise under varying sun-earth-spacecraft geometries. Doppler noise models are then constructed from this parameter, resulting in the newfound ability to predict Doppler data noise during solar conjunctions, and hence to additionally be in a position to validate Doppler data acquired during solar conjunctions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 231-263
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  • 54
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    Trends in aircraft noise control (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Flight vehicles are characterized according to their manner of operation and type of propulsion system; and their associated sources of noise are identified. Available noise reduction technology as it relates to engine cycle design and to powerplant component design is summarized. Such components as exhaust jets, fans, propellers, rotors, blown flaps, and reciprocating-engine exhausts are discussed, along with their noise reduction potentials. Significant aircraft noise reductions are noted to have been accomplished by the application of available technology in support of noise certification rules. Further noise reductions to meet more stringent future noise regulations will require substantial additional technology developments. Improved analytical prediction methods, and well-controlled validation experiments supported by advanced-design aeroacoustic facilities, are required as a basis for an effective integrated systems approach to aircraft noise control.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 103-130
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  • 55
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    Prognoz reports (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Studies conducted outside the effect of the earth's magnetic field during the revolution period by the Prognoz satellite are examined. In particular, the unperturbed solar wind, the flux of charged particles continually given off the sun is studied. Solar activity and its effects on various natural phenomena are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 57-62
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  • 56
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    Normal shock and restart controls for a supersonic airbreathing propulsion system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-28
    Description: Results of experimental investigations to control a supersonic mixed-compression inlet coupled to a turbojet engine are presented. Special instrumentation and servoactuators were developed to have sufficiently fast dynamic response so that basic propulsion system dynamics were the main limitation to controllability. In some cases servoactuator input signals were electronically limited to simulate moderate performance flight hardware.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA, Washington Fourth Inter-Center Control Systems Conf.; p 299-321
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  • 57
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    Plasma processes in the expansion of the solar wind and in the interplanetary medium (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent research into plasma processes involved in the expansion of the solar wind and the interplanetary medium is reviewed. Emphasized topics deal primarily with processes that drive the solar wind, the gross expansion of the interplanetary medium between 0.5 and 5 AU, recent observational results in the vicinity of 1 AU, and the microstructure of the interplanetary medium. Satellite measurements of the radial profile of the interplanetary medium out to 5 AU are discussed together with model calculations of the solar wind and its possible driving mechanisms. Studies of Alfven and magnetoacoustic waves in the solar wind are summarized. Possible roles are considered for thermal conduction in coronal energy transport, and observations of ion velocity distributions near 1 AU are described.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 58
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    Observation of subordinate 2p/5/4d-2p/5/3p transitions in neon-like ions from Ca XI to Ni XIX (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Subordinate 2p(5)4d-2p(5)3p transitions in the neon-like ions from Ca XI through Ni XIX are identified. Such transitions between excited levels have not previously been reported for ionization stages higher than Al IV, although the resonance lines are known through Zn XXI in the neon isoelectronic sequence. Measurement of the solar flux in such transitions may aid in establishing the relative importance of the several cascade processes giving rise to the observed Fe XVII resonance lines.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; Aug. 1
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  • 59
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    Interplanetary gas. XXI - Validity of the Chapman-Enskog description of the solar wind for protons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; Aug. 1
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  • 60
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    Study of He I emission lines in the solar atmosphere. III - The triplet-singlet line intensity ratios in solar prominences (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 40; 4, Ma; May 1975
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  • 61
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    Pioneer 10 measurements of the charge and energy spectrum of solar cosmic rays during 1972 August (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; July 15
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  • 62
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    The 1640.4 A H-alpha line of He II observed from Skylab (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Profiles obtained from NRL Skylab solar spectra of the 1640.4 A feature identified as the H-alpha line of He II are discussed and compared with theoretical profiles derived assuming (1) collisional excitation and (2) radiative recombination as the dominant excitation mechanism. Relative intensities of this line as a function of altitude above and below the solar white-light limb are also given for a representative quiet sun region and for a polar coronal hole.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; July 1
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  • 63
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    Temperature dependence of emission measure in solar X-ray plasmas. I - Nonflaring active regions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Previous determinations of the form of the emission-measure distribution function for solar active regions are examined. It is found that two analyses in particular are affected by low quality of either observational or atomic data. An alternative method of analysis is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; July 1
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  • 64
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    Effects of convection electric field on the distribution of ring current type protons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The topology of the boundaries of penetration (or, inversely, the boundaries of the forbidden regions) of 90-deg pitch-angle equatorial protons with energies less than 100 keV are explored for an equatorial convection E-field which is directed in general from dawn to dusk. Due to the dependence of drift path on energy (or magnetic moment), complex structural features are expected in the proton energy spectra detected by satellites since the penetration distance of a proton is not a monotonically increasing or decreasing function of energy. During a storm when the convection E is enhanced, model calculations predict elongations of the forbidden regions analogous to tail extensions of the plasmasphere. Following a reduction in the convection field, spiral-structured forbidden regions can occur. Structural features inherent to large-scale convection field changes may be seen in the nose-like proton spectrograms observed near dusk by instrumentation on Explorer 45. These nose events are modelled by using an electric field model developed originally by Volland (1973). The strength of the field is related to the Kp index through night-time equatorial plasmapause measurements.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; July 197
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  • 65
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    The acceleration of heavy nuclei in solar flares (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The overabundance of heavy nuclei in solar cosmic rays of energy below about 10 MeV/nucleon is explained by taking into account the pre-flare ionization states of these nuclei in the region where they are accelerated. A model is proposed which considers two-step accelerations associated with the initial development of solar flares. The first step is closely related to the triggering process of flares, while the second one starts with the development of the explosive phase. Further ionization of medium and heavy nuclei occurs through their interaction with keV electrons accelerated by the first-step acceleration. It is suggested that the role of these electrons is important in producing fully ionized atoms in the acceleration regions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; June 197
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  • 66
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    Equivalent width of molecular lines in stars. I - Lyman and Werner bands of H2 in the solar atmosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 41; Apr. 197
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  • 67
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    Solar particle events with anomalously large relative abundance of He-3 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Energetic particle data are presented from a series of solar flares with a relative abundance of He-3 much higher than that of any previous events. The abundance of protons relative to He nuclei was significantly low in these events; not more than four H-2 and three H-3 were detected during the entire period under study, compared with 1110 He-3 nuclei. Results from these experiments are compared with data available from other investigations, and the limitations the former observations place on theoretical models to explain He-3-rich flares are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; May 15
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  • 68
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    Heavy solar cosmic rays in the January 25, 1971 solar flare (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A detailed study of the charge composition of heavy solar cosmic rays measured in the January 25, 1971 solar flare including differential fluxes for the even-charged nuclei from carbon through argon is presented. The measurements are obtained for varying energy intervals for each nuclear species in the energy range from 10 to 35 MeV per nucleon. In addition, abundances relative to oxygen are computed for all the above nuclei in the single energy interval from 15 to 25 MeV per nucleon. This interval contains measurements for all of the species and as a result requires no spectral extrapolations. An upper limit for the abundance of calcium nuclei is also presented. These measurements, when combined with other experimental results, enable the energy dependence of abundance measurements as a function of nuclear charge to be discussed. It is seen that at energies above about 10 MeV per nucleon, the variations of abundance ratios are limited to about a factor of 3 from flare to flare, in spite of large variations in other characteristics of these solar events.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 41; Apr. 197
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  • 69
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    The last OSO satellite (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Missions planned for OSO-8 are outlined. Instruments to be included on the satellite comprise a multichannel UV spectrometer, a high-resolution UV spectrometer, an X-ray crystal spectrometer and polarimeter, a hard X-ray telescope, a celestial X-ray spectrometer, a mapping X-ray heliometer, an extrasolar extreme UV monitor, and a soft X-ray telescope. The instruments make up a scientific payload that is larger, transmits data at a greater rate, can be pointed with higher accuracy, and has much better spatial and spectral resolution over a wider range of wavelengths than any payload carried by previous OSO satellites.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 49; June 197
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  • 70
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    A hard X-ray and gamma ray observation of the 22 November 1977 solar flare (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Franco-Soviet experiment package Signe 2 MP for solar and cosmic X and gamma ray observations, launched aboard a Soviet Prognoz satellite into a highly eccentric earth orbit is described. An uncollimated NaI detector 37 mm thick by 90 mm diameter, placed on the upper surface of the satellite faced the sun. A collimated lateral NaI detector 14 mm thick by 38 mm diameter also faced the sun, and a similar lateral detector faced the anti-solar direction. Data tapes reveal an intense solar flare up to energies of up to 5 MeV, with evidence for line emission at 2.23 MeV and possibly 4.4 MeV. The event observed was associated with the Mc Math Plage Region 15031, and an H-alpha flare of importance 2B. It is not yet clear what radio emission is associated with the X-ray observation.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 70-75
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  • 71
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    Energetic electrons associated with solar radio storms (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Osservatorio Astronomico Solar Radio Storms. Proc. of the 4th CESRA Workshop on Solar Noise Storms; p 320-323
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  • 72
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    Solar radio storms in the hectometer-kilometer wavelength range (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Osservatorio Astronomico Solar Radio Storms. Proc. of the 4th CESRA Workshop on Solar Noise Storms; p 70-88
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  • 73
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    Observations at 6 cm of the solar active region (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Preliminary results are reported for the synthesis of a solar active region from observations with a synthesis radio telescope at a wavelength of 6 cm. Several individual sources are observed in the total-intensity and circular-polarization maps. These are shown to correspond to two large sunspots, two groups of small sunspots, and a plage. A magnetogram indicates that this active region had a bipolar structure with positive polarity concentrated on the main sunspots and negative polarity scattered over the plage and some of the small sunspots. It is noted that several radio bursts were recorded during the observation period and that one corresponded to a H-alpha flare near one of the sunspot groups.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 257; Oct. 9
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  • 74
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    Seasonal variation and magnitude of the solar sector structure-atmospheric vorticity effect (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evidence is reported for a seasonal variation in the effect of solar sector structure on terrestrial atmospheric vorticity. Graphs showing average response of the 50,000-Pa vorticity area index to solar magnetic sector structure during the time interval extending from 6 days before to 6 days after the time at which a sector boundary is swept past the earth indicate that a 10% drop in the average value occurs at the time of passage, but this effect is observed only during the winter months.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 255; June 12
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  • 75
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    An anticorrelation between polar and equatorial rotation of the solar photosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Published spectroscopic measurements of solar rotation are analyzed to show that when the rotation velocity increases at high latitudes it tends to decrease at low latitudes, and that when the rotation velocity decreases at high latitudes it increases at low latitudes. The high-latitude velocities typically vary over only 20% of the range of those near the equator and the smallest variations of all occurred near latitude 60 deg during the rising portion of the previous solar cycle. The anticorrelation is consistent with a recent suggestion that differential rotation on the sun arises from photospheric wind systems whose strength is determined, ultimately, by oscillations within the sun.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 41; Apr. 197
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  • 76
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    A model for the origin of solar wind stream interfaces (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The basic variations in solar wind properties that have been observed at 'stream interfaces' near 1 AU are explained by a gas dynamic model in which a radially propagating stream, produced by a temperature variation in the solar envelope, steepens nonlinearly while moving through interplanetary space. The region thus identified with the stream interface separates the ambient solar wind from the fresh hot material originally in the stream. However, the interface regions given by the present model are thicker than most stream interfaces observed in the solar wind, a fact suggesting that some additional physical process may be important in determining that thickness. Variations in the density, speed, or Alfven pressure alone appear not to produce streams with such an interface.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; May 1
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  • 77
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    Interplanetary streams and their interaction with the earth (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Plasma and magnetic field observations of interplanetary streams near 1 AU are summarized. Two types of streams have been identified - corotating streams and flare-associated, and other flow patterns are present due to interactions among streams. The theory of corotating streams, which attributes them to a high temperature region near the sun, satisfactorily explains many of the effects observed at 1 AU. A correspondingly complete theory of flare-associated streams does not exist. Streams are a key link in the chain that connects solar and geomagnetic activity. The factors that most influence geomagnetic activity are probably related to streams and determined by the dynamics of streams. The evolution of streams on scales of 27 days and 11 years probably determines the corresponding variations of geomagnetic activity.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 78
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    The variation of solar proton energy spectra and size distribution with heliolongitude (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A statistical study of the initial phases of a large number of solar particle events provides an approach for an investigation of the variability in the production process and coronal diffusion. A description is given of the procedures which are suitable for identifying the parent flare of an event, taking into account the heliocentric distribution of the flare-associated events. The determination of the proton energy spectrum at the sun is discussed along with the variation of the spectral index with the associated flare heliocentric longitude, questions concerning the source spectra and the acceleration process, and the size distribution of flare associated particle events.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 41; Mar. 197
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  • 79
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    One- and multi-component models of the upper photosphere based on molecular spectra. IV - Non-LTE treatment of the CN violet system (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 41; Mar. 197
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  • 80
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    Differences between the bulk speeds of hydrogen and helium in the solar wind (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Apr. 1
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  • 81
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    New evidence of the mechanisms of noise generation and radiation of a subsonic jet (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 57
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  • 82
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    The reconnection of magnetic field lines in the solar corona (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Skylab XUV coronal spectroheliograms and photospheric magnetograms are compared. This comparison shows that, as new bipolar magnetic fields emerge through the solar surface into the corona, the new coronal fields interact with the old ones in a manner that suggests the reconnection of the field lines.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Mar. 15
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  • 83
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    Interplanetary gas. XX - Does the radial solar wind speed increase with latitude (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The astrometric technique used to derive solar wind speeds from ionic comet-tail orientations has been used to test the suggestion that the radial solar wind speed is higher near the solar poles than near the equator. We find no evidence for the suggested latitude variation.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Mar. 15
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  • 84
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    Forbidden lines of highly ionized iron in solar flare spectra (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Mar. 1
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  • 85
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    XUV observations of coronal magnetic fields (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectroheliograms obtained with the Naval Research Laboratory's Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrograph (S082A) on Skylab are compared with Kitt Peak National Observatory magnetograms. A principal result is the characteristic reconnection of flux from an emerging bipolar magnetic region to previously existing flux in its vicinity. Examples of the disappearance of magnetic flux from the solar atmosphere are also shown. The results of a particularly simple, potential field calculation are shown for comparison with the Skylab observations.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 40; Jan. 197
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  • 86
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    On the planetary theory of sunspots (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation is conducted of the full tidal problem for Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Jupiter, the tide-raising planets, taking into account the complete orbital elements, including eccentricity, inclination, and their variation with time. Data for a comparison of tidal and sunspot dates are listed in a table. The investigation shows that the alignment of the tide-raising planets within 10 degrees is a common phenomenon, occurring approximately every 10.4 years. This alignment is not associated with drastic tidal effects.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 253; Feb. 13
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  • 87
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    Solar activity and its relation to certain parameters of phenomena in the geophysical complex (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of a detailed analysis of solar activity in 1957-1965 are compared with the data on solar activity with variations of cosmic ray activity, and geomagnetic, ionospheric and terrestrial currents. Cosmic ray variations are investigated with reference to the asymmetry of solar hemispheres. All storms in the IGY are classified and a symbolic diagram of the time sequence is drawn up.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 125-132
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  • 88
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    Solar and terrestrial physics (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of solar radiation on the near space and biomental earth, the upper atmosphere, and the magnetosphere are discussed. Data obtained from the OSO satellites pertaining to the solar cycle variation of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation are analyzed. The effects of solar cycle variation of the characteristics of the solar wind are examined. The fluid mechanics of shock waves and the specific relationship to the characteristics of solar shock waves are investigated. The solar and corpuscular heating of the upper atmosphere is reported based on the findings of the AEROS and NATE experiments. Seasonal variations of the upper atmosphere composition are plotted based on OGO-6 mass spectrometer data.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci. and Technol.; p 92-138
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  • 89
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    Solar variability (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The variability in the total radiant energy flux, or solar irradiance, is discussed. Direct techniques of measuring irradiance, including ground-based, balloon and rocket-borne, and spacecraft-based measurements are compared; the latter type has led to dramatic advances in accuracy since it eliminates the need for corrections for atmospheric absorption. Correlations of the measured irradiance with solar activity are described. Indirect techniques that monitor other solar parameters such as photospheric conditions or the solar diameter are reviewed, and theoretical studies which attempt to interpret the measurements are discussed. Physical mechanisms which can lead to changes in the solar luminosity are addressed, as is global time-dependent modeling of the response of the sun to structural perturbations. Finally, findings from all techniques are summarized, their weak and strong points are assessed, and suggestions for future research are made.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Comments on Modern Physics; vol. 9
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  • 90
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    Measurement of the rugged invariants of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the solar wind (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of the total energy, cross helicity, and magnetic helicity of the solar wind at 1, 2.8, and 5 AU are presented. These quantities are the three rugged invariants of three-dimensional ideal incompressible MHD turbulence theory. The theoretical technique for measuring the magnetic helicity from the matrix of two-point correlations is shown. The length scales characterizing the magnetic helicity are found to be equal to or greater than those which characterize the magnetic energy. The magnetic helicity typically lies at scales larger than the magnetic correlation length, consistent with the expectations of the inverse cascade and selective decay hypotheses of three-dimensional MHD turbulence. At smaller scales, the magnetic helicity oscillates in sign. Measurements of the cross helicity are not fully consistent with the usual interpretation in terms of outward propagating Alfvenic functions. Especially during the interval at 5 AU the cross helicity is found to oscillate in sign indicating fluctuations propagating both outward and inward.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Aug. 1
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  • 91
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    Type II solar radio events observed in the interplanetary medium. I - General characteristics (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-15927)
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 78; May 1982
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  • 92
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    S IV emission-line ratios in the sun (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New atomic data are presented for transitions between the five lowest levels in S IV, taking into account the fine-structure rates between the individual J levels together with the electron impact mixing rates within the levels. The values are found to differ significantly from previously published values. Using the atomic data, ionic level populations are deduced for a range of electron temperatures and densities. The results are used to calculate theoretical line intensity ratios for S IV. Excellent agreement is found with intensity ratios for a variety of solar features observed with the NRL normal incidence spectrograph on Skylab.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 257
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  • 93
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    Solar irradiance variations due to active regions (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Questions regarding changes in solar irradiance due to activity are important, since such changes may have a significant effect on the earth's climate. Solar irradiance measurements conducted outside the earth's atmosphere and, therefore, not affected by it have become possible by utilizing for such measurements satellites, such as the Nimbus 7 and the Solar Maximum Mission satellite (ACRIM experiment). The present investigation has the objective to show that a combination of sunspots and faculae is capable of representing the observed variations in the values of ACRIM data to a satisfactory degree, given the current level of uncertainties in the ground-based data.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 256
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  • 94
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    Radial variation of the solar wind speed between 1 and 15 AU (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Pioneer 10 and 11 solar wind speeds measured between 1.4 and 15.2 AU are compared with those of IMP 6, 7, and 8 measured at 1 AU for 90-day intervals centered on six solar radial alignments between 1973 and 1978. The time profile of the solar wind speed undergoes change as the distance from the sun increases, which is due to interaction of adjacent solar wind streams. Speed variations are smaller at greater radial distance and both the highest and lowest speeds disappear as radial distance increases. For periods with extremely high speed solar wind streams, the mean solar wind speed decreases as the distance from the sun increases, which must be due to the disappearance of the highest speeds of the streams with increasing distance. It is concluded that at distances from the sun greater than 30-40 AU, the solar wind behavior may closely resemble that of a radially expanding constant speed plasma.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Apr. 1
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  • 95
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    Measurement of the profile of solar He I resonance lines (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The analysis of data obtained by a rocket-borne helium-filled spectrometer employing a curve-of-growth technique in 1977 and 1980 is used in an investigation of the 584-A helium resonance line from the full solar disk. Between 6.5 and 13% of the Gaussian core area was found to be missing through self-reversal. Line widths from 1980 and 1977 were 101 + or - 10 mA and 128 + or - 20 mA full width at half maximum, respectively. No consistent relationship is found between the measured widths and solar activity.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Mar. 1
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  • 96
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    A look into the future: The potential of the all-electric secondary power system for the energy efficient transport (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Materials illustrating a presentation on the all-electric aircraft power system are presented. The advantages of the system and the planning time table are outlined.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Elec. Flight Systems; p 113-124
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  • 97
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    Potential propulsion considerations and study areas for all-electric aircraft (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Materials illustrating a presentation on all-electric aircraft propulsion systems are presented. Propulsion system impacts on aircraft design and areas requiring further study are outlined.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Elec. Flight Systems; p 103-112
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  • 98
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    A propulsion view of the all-electric airplane (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Materials illustrating a presentation on electric propulsion systems are presented. The electric engine and engine/generator configurations are described and NASA's role outlined.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Elec. Flight Systems; p 95-102
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  • 99
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    A newly observed solar feature - Macrospicules in He II 304 A (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: He II 304 A spectroheliograms, obtained with the NRL extreme-ultraviolet slitless spectrograph during the Skylab mission, show spikelike structures at the sun's polar limb which resemble the familiar H-alpha spicules. However, the relatively large size and long life of these He II features has led to distinguishing them by the name 'macrospicules'. The macrospicules appear as protuberances or jets, ranging from 5 to over 60 sec in length, from 5 to 30 sec in width, and from 5 to over 40 minutes in lifetime. Perhaps the most radical departure from H-alpha spicules is that macrospicules occur only within the chromospheric boundaries of coronal holes. Thus macrospicules are most easily visible over the solar poles due to the coronal holes normally present there, and much less frequently at lower latitudes during limb passage of relatively rare, low-latitude coronal holes.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; May 1
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  • 100
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    Causes of Forbush decreases and other cosmic ray variations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The relationship between neutron monitor variations and the intensity variations of the interplanetary magnetic field is studied by using Deep River data and Imp series satellite data. In over 80% of the cases studied in 1968, identifiable depressions of the cosmic ray intensity are associated with magnetic field enhancements of several hours duration and intensity above 10 gamma. Conversely, almost every magnetic field enhancement has an identifiable effect (though not necessarily a marked depression) on the cosmic ray intensity. Perpendicular gradient drifts are suggested as one possible mechanism producing the individual decreases, and some ideas on the recovery processes are presented. Long-lasting Forbush decreases are found to be the consequence of the action of several successive magnetic field enhancements. Evidence is presented that indicates that most of these enhancements are caused by the steepening of streams in interplanetary space.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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