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  • Articles  (6)
  • Mineralization  (6)
  • Springer  (6)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Geophysical Union
  • De Gruyter
  • Emerald
  • 2000-2004
  • 1970-1974  (6)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1974  (6)
  • Physics  (6)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • Articles  (6)
Publisher
  • Springer  (6)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Geophysical Union
  • De Gruyter
  • Emerald
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  • 2000-2004
  • 1970-1974  (6)
  • 1930-1934
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  • Physics  (6)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
  • Education
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 261-275 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentine ; Bone ; Mineralization ; Density gradient fractionation ; Proteoglycans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to obtain enough material to analyse the organic matrix of mineralizing tissue a technique for preparative separation according to the degree of mineralization was developed. The method employs ultracentrifugation of powdered material in density gradients made from acetone and bromoform. The density range of the fractions is checked by refractive index measurements of the gradient medium. The amount of the material in the fractions is checked by weighing and their degree of mineralization is estimated by determining the Ca/N and P/N ratios. The homogeneity of the fractions is determined by soft X-ray microscopy. Isolated dissected microscopic bone structure (osteones and lamellar bone fragments) with different degrees of mineralization were fractionated in this way. Chromatography on Sepharose 2B of proteoglycans from costal cartilage exposed to an acetone-bromoform gradient revealed no effect of the gradient medium on the molecular size of the proteoglycans.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 211-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Echinoid ; Tooth ; Odontoblast ; Matrix ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les dents individuelles d'oursin sont composées de nombreux éléments, sécrétés chacun par un syncytium. Les nombreux syncytiums de chaque dent présentent des liaisons secondaires entre eux, dans la region des aiguilles et prismes. Les éléments du squelette de la dent primaire sont entourés de cytoplasme et sont, par suite, intracellulaires. Faisant suite à l'apparition du syncytium dans la plumula, une nouvelle enveloppe d'élément dentaire apparait sous la forme d'une vésicule, qui présente une cavité unie de cristallisation ayant la forme d'un élément dentaire. Pendant le début de la croissance de la gaine, la cristallisation de carbonate de calcium commence dans l'enveloppe. Un revêtement interne de cette dernière sert de matrice de cristallisation et la croissance ultérieure de carbonate de calcium se développe en direction centripète. Le collagène ne participe pas à la minéralisation. Ni un filament axi l, ni un matériel organique n'ont été observés à l'intérieur du minéral.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der einzelne Seeigelzahn besteht aus sehr vielen Zahnelementen. Jedes dieser Zahnelemente wird von einem ad hoc gebildeten Syncytium ausgeschieden. Die entsprechend zahlreichen Syncytien eines Zahnes treten im Bereich der Nadeln und Prismen sekundär miteinander in Verbindung. Zumindest das hier untersuchte primäre Zahnskelett ist allseits von Zellplasma umgeben, also intrazellulär. Nach der Neubildung eines Syncytiums in der Plumula des Zahnes wird in Form eines Vesikels eine neue Zahnelementhülle angelegt. Diese Hülle wächst stetig weiter und bildet einen einheitlichen Kristallisationsraum in Form des späteren Zahnelementes. Bereits während des frühen Wachstums der Zahnelementhülle beginnt innerhalb dieser die Kristallisation des Kalkes auf einem inneren Belag der Hülle als Matrix. Das weitere Wachstum des Kalkes in der Hülle ist zentripetal. Kollagen ist an der Mineralisation nicht beteiligt. Ein “Achsenfaden” oder anderes organisches Material innerhalb des festen Kalkes wurde nicht gefunden.
    Notes: Abstract Individual sea urchin teeth consist of many elements, each secreted by a syncytium formed for the purpose. The numerous syncytia of each tooth take up secondary connection with one another in the vicinity of needles and prisms. The elements of the primary tooth skeleton are surrounded by cytoplasm and are therefore intracellular. Following the origin of a syncytium in the plumula, a new tooth element sheath originates in the form of a vesicle, which develops a unified crystallization cavity in the shape of the future tooth element. During the early growth of the sheath, calcium carbonate crystallization begins within the sheath. An inner coating of the sheath functions as a crystallization matrix, and further growth of calcium carbonate takes place centripetally. Collagen does not take part in mineralization. Neither an axial thread nor other organic material inside the hardened mineral was found.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 45-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fluoride ; Microhardness ; Mineralization ; Strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Microhardness was measured in sampling sites in the tibial diaphysis of control rats that received less than 1 ppm fluoride in the drinking water, and experimental rats that received 30, 90 and 120 ppm fluoride in the drinking water for 17 days. The latter dose was toxic, as evidenced by a decreased final body weight in this group. By means of tetracycline labelling, it was possible to measure bone hardness in four zones of increasing bone age: I) 3 days, II) 8 days, III) 13 days and IV) 22 days. Zones I through III represented bone formed during fluoride treatment, and Zone IV bone formed before fluoride treatment. In the control group, microhardness increased from Zone I to II, probably because mineral concentration was relatively low in Zone I, and remained constant thereafter. In the 90 and 120 ppm fluoride-treated groups, maximum microhardness was not achieved until Zone III. This delay was probably due to the fact that fluoride in large doses inhibits the rate of mineralization. In the 30 ppm fluoride-treated group, there was no delay in achievement of maximum microhardness; microhardness values in Zones I and III were greater than those in control animals, and microhardness in Zone III was higher than that in Zone IV. These results show that: 1) bone microhardness is increased in bone formed during fluoride treatment in rats given 30 ppm fluoride in the drinking water, 2) toxic doses of fluoride delay, but do not prevent achievement of normal maximum microhardness, and 3) changes in microhardness are seen only in bone formed during fluoride treatment.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Mineralization ; Histochemistry ; Matrix vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les expériences portent sur la minéralisation de la plaque épiphysaire tibiale du rat de souche Long-Evans, étudiée après traitement à la cortisone, propylthiouracile ou après jeûn prolongé. Dans des conditions normales, le calcium et le phosphate augmentent au niveau de la matrice extracellulaire, alors que les mucopolysaccharides sulfonés diminuent. Par contre, les vésicules de la matrice au niveau desquels se forment les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite, augmentent. Dans les rats ayant subi un traitement à la propylthiouracile, les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite sont très apparents. Ceci est du à une augmentation du dépôt en calcium, et à une diminution des granules des mitochondries qui contiennent probablement du calcium et du phosphate. En outre, une augmentation du nombre des vésicules de la matrice est visible ainsi qu'une décroissance de la quantité des mucopolysaccharides sulfonés. Dans les rats traités à la cortisone, les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite sont présents, mais dans une quantité moindre que dans les rats ayant subi l'effet du propylthiouracile. Le dépôt en calcium est légèrement réduit; les granules des mitochondries sont plus nombreuses que dans les groupes précédents, le nombre des vesicules de la matrice est plus faible, et les mucopolysaccharides sulfonés sont plus apparents que dans les rats traités à la propylthiouracile. Dans les rats ayant subi l'effet du jeûn, les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite sont fortement réduits ou entièrement absents. Ceci est du à une réduction de dépôt du calcium, une augmentation du nombre des granules des mitochondries (ce qui semble indiquer que les phénomènes de transport vers la matrice extracellulaire sont ralentis), alors que les vésicules de la matrice sont présentes dans des quantités réduites. Les mucopolysaccharides sont plus apparents que dans les animaux traités à la cortisone ou à la propylthiouracile.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung beruht auf einem Vergleich der Mineralisation in der hypertrophischen Zone in der Epiphysealplatte von Long Evans Ratten die mit Kortison, Propylthiourazil oder einfachem Fasten behandelt wurden. Unter Normalbedingungen lassen sich in der extrazellulären Matrix der Calcifikationszone die folgenden Veränderungen beobachten: der Gehalt an Calcium und Phosphat nimmt zu, derjenige an Mukopolysacchariden nimmt ab, während die Matrixvesiclen, in denen sich die Bildung des Hydroxylapatits vollzieht, zunehmen. In Ratten die mit Propylthiourazil behandelt wurden, treten die Hydroxylapatitskristalle besonders hervor. Dies hängt mit einer Zunahme der Calciumablagerung zusamen sowie einer Abnahme der Mitochondriengranulation (in denen vermutlich Calcium und Phosphat enthalten sind). Ferner hängt damit zusammen eine numerische Zunahme der Matrixvesiceln sowie ein starke Abnahme des Gehalts an sulfonierten Mucopolysacchariden. In den mit Kortison behandelten Ratten sind Hydroxylapatikristalle nachweisbar, wenn auch weniger zahlreich als in den mit Propylthiourazil behandelten. Dem entspricht auch eine leicht reduzierte Calciumablagerung sowie eine Mitochondrialgranulation die derjenigen der anderen Ratten überlegen ist; Matrixvesiceln sind weniger zahlreich und sulfonierte Mucopolysaccharide sind deutlicher nachweisbar als in den Tieren, die Propylthiourazil erhielten. Fasten führt zu einem auffallenden Verlust an Hydroxylapatitkristallen. Diese können sogar nicht mehr zu erkennen sein. Dies hängt mit verminderter Calciumablagerung zusammen sowie einer Zunahme der Mitochondrialgranulation. Dies ist vermutlich Ausdruck einer Transportverzögerung zur extrazellularen Matrix. Nach Fasten ist auch die Anzahl der Matrixvesiceln auffallend herabgesetzt, und der Gehalt an sulfonierten Mucopolysacchariden ist größer als in den mit Kortison bzw. Propylthiourazil behandelten Tieren.
    Notes: Abstract Comparison of mineralization in the hypertrophic zone of the tibial epiphyseal plate in immature rats was carried out after treatment with cortisone, propylthiouracil, or after fasting. Under normal conditions, in the extracellular matrix at the calcification front, calcium and phosphate increased, sulfated mucopolysaccharides decreased, and matrix vesicles, which serve as the locus for the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals, increased. In propylthiouracil-treated rats, hydroxyapatite crystals were prominent, related to an increase in calcium deposition, a decrease of mitochondrial granules (thought to contain calcium and phosphate), an increase in the number of matrix vesicles, and to a marked decrease in the amount of sulfated mucopolysaccharide. In cortisone-treated rats, hydroxyapatite crystals were present but they were not as numerous as in the propylthiouracil-treated rats. Correspondingly, calcium deposition was slightly reduced, mitochondrial granules were more numerous than in the previous groups of rats, matrix vesicles were less numerous, and sulfated mucopolysaccharide were more prominent than in the propylthiouracil-treated rats. In fasted rats, hydroxyapatite crystals were markedly reduced or absent, and related to a decrease in calcium deposition, an increase in the number of mitochondrial granules (suggesting a delay in transport to the extracellular matrix). Matrix vesicles were markedly reduced in number, and sulfated mucopolysaccharide much more prominent than in either the cortisone or the propylthiouracil-treated rats.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Radioautography ; Mineralization ; Incisors ; Odontoblasts ; Ameloblasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To find out whether the calcium phosphate of dentin and enamel is elaborated in the cells prior to passing into the organic matrix or is initially deposited into the matrix, rats were injected intravenously with45Ca and killed 30 sec or 5 min later by glutaraldehyde perfusion; semithin sections of the undecalcified incisor teeth were then radioautographed for detection of the incorporated45Ca. Rat incisor teeth were selected since there is evidence that the calcium they take up is “stable”; that is, not subject to significant loss by exchange or by other physiocochemical processes. Whendentin is examined after45Ca injection, the maximum radioautographic reaction is observed next to the junction with predentin and a gradual decrease up to the dentin enamel border. No radioactivity is detected in odontoblasts. These observations are interpreted as indicating that the initial site of calcium phosphate deposition is in the matrix of dentin. In theenamel, the radioautographic reaction is spread fairly uniformly throughout the matrix, with a weak reaction over ameloblasts attributed to radiation scatter. The interpretation is again that calcium phosphate is deposited into the matrix; and, furthermore, that this deposition begins as soon as the matrix is laid down and continues at about the same rate up to an advanced stage of mineralization.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Mineralization ; Dentin ; Rickets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to ascertain whether vitamin D has a direct action on the mineralization of the dentin in rats made rachitic by a diet low in calcium and deficient in vitamin D. Physiological amounts of vitamin D, given orally to rachitic rats, increased their serum calcium from 4.8±0.5 mg/100 ml to 7.5±0.4 mg/100ml. The mineralization of dentin recovered markedly, although osteoporosis occurred in bone trabeculae. The results suggest that vitamin D increases serum calcium by accelerating bone resorption and that the increased serum calcium level acts directly to mineralize the dentin. When calcium was given to rachitic rats by subcutaneous injection, the serum calcium level increased and mineralization of dentin recovered to the same extent as that observed in rats given vitamin D. These results indicate that recovery of mineralization of rachitic dentin depends primarily on recovery of the serum calcium level and that vitamin D is an indirect factor in the mineralization process.
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