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  • Springer  (519)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
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  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (519)
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  • 1970-1974  (519)
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  • 1
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 147-164 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The current process for allocating federal funds within the transportation sector of the U. S. is dominated by concerns for territorial equity, administrative feasibility, technical feasibility, and national defense. Economic efficiency as a long range objective is conspicuous by its absence except insofar as it is embodied in the desire to “promote the commerce” of the nation. Federal allocations for highways, waterways, and maritime subsidies are declining relative to urban public transit, and Coast Guard navigation related expenditures. Environmental considerations and obvious failure in the case of maritime subsidies appear to be the major reasons. Airport and airway allocations will be subject to the same negative forces. The next massive transportation program to appear in the federal budget other than urban public transit is likely to involve the national railway system. The big question here is how the money will be handed out. Economists and planners so far appear to have had little interest or impact in this difficult and crucial area of public decision making.
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  • 2
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 165-182 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss various types of behavioral data of potential relevance to transit planning. In particular a distinction is drawn between behavorial information regarding feelings, attitudes, opinions, and the like and more sophisticated types of data dealing with individuals' intentions to respond in certain ways given certain configurations of stimuli (transportation variables). The former is shown to be an important input to incremental planning, i.e., where information as to system performance is desired. The latter is shown to be critical to decisions regarding manipulations of transit system parameters, i.e., where knowledge of the outcome of manipulating system parameters is desired. A methodological example as to how the first type of data — informational level data — can be collected and utilized in system planning is presented. Specifically, data collected along the lines of traditional attitude surveys is collected in an attempt to monitor changes in public “satisfaction” with the Iowa City, Iowa, bus system before and after major system innovations. Implications of the collection and analytical procedures are discussed.
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  • 3
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 185-192 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 4
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 243-254 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The analysis tests the utility of a simple regression approach in “postdictively” explaining transport development in West Malaysia from 1887 to 1968. The growth of the network is modelled as a process of contagious diffusion where transport densities of adjacent cells are used as predictor variables on a lagged basis. The partial regression coefficients provide measures of network orientation over time. The results demonstrate the importance of the contagion process in transport forecasting and provide equivalent levels of explanation when compared with a model which utilizes modernization indexes as predictor weights.
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  • 5
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 225-242 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract There are two ways in which new road schemes may influence capital expenditure on vehicles. Firstly, by improving utilisation of existing vehicles, the size of fleet needed to perform a given volume of work may be reduced. This will clearly reduce the amount of capital tied up in motor vehicles at any point in time, and to the extent that vehicle life is determined by age rather than mileage run, will also yield savings in terms of investment in new vehicles. Secondly, by generating additional road traffic, road schemes may lead to an increase in the stock of vehicles in use. This paper argues that the current treatment of vehicle depreciation and interest charges in U.K. cost data fails to allow correctly for either of these items. Errors of logic occur in the way in which the capital stock of vehicles is valued, and in the fact that certain overheads are ignored even when fleet size changes. Moreover, the empirical evidence supporting the current partitioning of depreciation into overhead and running cost components, and the assumption of constant hours in service after an increase in journey speed seems of doubtful validity. An alternative method of calculating vehicle capital costs, based on the concept of annual capital charge, and making explicit the assumptions with respect to vehicle utilisation, is advocated, and the sensitivity of results to the view taken of the latter is demonstrated by means of specimen calculations.
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  • 6
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 289-310 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An experimental technique for exploring the sensitivity of transportation plan evaluations to forecasting and community value uncertainties is described. Three kinds of uncertainty — goal-achievement impacts, costs, and goal-weights — are included. Within a cost-effectiveness evaluation framework, an “on-line” capability for interactively and iteratively testing plan comparisons is outlined. A series of user-oriented computer instructions is developed to test plan comparison outcomes according to a wide variety of user-selected changes in impact forecasts, goal weights, and cost forecasts. A sample, hypothetical application of the technique is described. The technique is currently under further development by the San Diego Region Comprehensive Planning Organization.
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  • 7
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 323-334 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Evidence of the inability of transport models to elucidate policy is cited and reasons for this weakness are then suggested. Attention is drawn to the fundamental changes in both opinion and policy currently taking place. There is less concern with accessibility per se and rather more concern with the provision of adequate or minimum accessibility for certain social groups. More emphasis is placed also on the environmental aspects of transportation. The implications of these changes are outlined. It is not at all clear that the need to adapt and up-date models is appreciated widely enough. Finally, it is considered whether fundamental changes in methodology may help to make transport models more responsive to policy needs.
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  • 8
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 343-356 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a disaggregate simultaneous destination and mode choice model for shopping trips. Following an introduction to the model structure and a review of the data, the results of five different model specifications are discussed. The models were estimated using data from two communities adjacent to Eindhoven, the Netherlands and utilise the multinomial logit model.
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  • 9
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 409-412 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 413-423 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 11
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 127-146 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore an important and unique role which community participation and involvement can play in a revised transportation planning process. A review of diverse views about community participation, as well as a critique of the current urban transportation planning process, reveals that the former has played, primarily, ad hoc opportunistic and diverse roles, and that the latter is in desperate need for dynamic, subjective, “impact” information — required to assess attractive transportation systems. The contributions of several disciplines — economics, operations research, management science, political science, public administration, and others — are reviewed to assist in the development of a conceptual framework for a new community participation role, as a provider of key information to the planning process. An eclectic, experimental approach is recommended to explore the possibilities further.
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  • 12
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 95-126 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Oxford Street in London, is the capital's principal shopping street and famous throughout the Western World; it is also the most obvious route from the city of London to the West, the Midlands and the North of England. The conflict between its twin roles of shopping centre and major traffic route was demonstrated in its accident record which put Oxford Street top of the list of accident blackspots in London, whilst its location in the most fashionable area of London make the costs of new road construction prohibitive. A comprehensive accident analysis defined the pedestrian/vehicle conflict by time and place and facilitated the detail design of a limited traffic ban with associated rerouting. Considerable uncertainties in prediction of the resulting traffic conditions, in the absence of data on demand elasticity, dominated the design of the experiment and led to the inclusion of an “avert chaos” policy. Traffic predictions which included details of the probable manner in which congestion would spread were assisted by a new network simulation model developed by one of the authors and described here. The report outlines the history of the experiment from conception to implementation (in record time) and reports some early and generally encouraging results. On the strength of which the Greater London Council has confirmed the scheme (August 1973) and has announced plans for its extension to the remaining half of Oxford Street — from Oxford Circus to St. Giles' Circus — which still carries the full weight of traffic.
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  • 13
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 183-184 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 14
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 193-224 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the results, to date, of an effort to integrate a land use model with a transportation network model for the purpose of analyzing the interrelationships of transportation facility development and land development. In the system which has been developed each model provides input to, and receives feedbacks from, each other model. To the author's knowledge, the effort described here represents the first successful attempt to develop and test an integrated model package involving these reciprocal relationships. The results obtained from preliminary runs of this package should be of considerable interest to both transportation planners and land use planners. With this integrated system it has been possible to observe the interrelationships, and in particular the feedbacks, between land use and levels of traffic on the networks. Preliminary results indicate that congested networks produce tendencies toward metropolitan centralization. Attempts to relieve congestion seem to produce metropolitan decentralization and increased travel which lead, in turn, to metropolitan sprawl and increased spread of congestion.
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  • 15
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 255-288 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract With the publication of the Sydney Area Transportation Study, land-use/transportation studies now have been conducted in all capital cities as well as in the majority of other urban areas with populations in excess of 40.000. A review of these studies is made and a qualitative assessment is attempted of the technical phases —land-use planning, trip-generation, trip-distribution, modal-split, traffic assignment and evaluation. Full summary results of this comparative survey are presented in tabular form, although themes developed in the text are illustrated with specific examples from individual studies. The methodology of land-use/transportation studies has been attacked by some Australian writers. An attempt is made to assess the relevance of these criticisms when applied to the practical planning process in Australia.
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  • 16
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 311-312 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 17
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 313-322 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 18
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper is intended to provide a general background to the two following papers, “A Simultaneous Destination and Mode Choice Model for Shopping Trips” and “Some Estimation Results of a Simultaneous Model of Auto Ownership and Mode Choice to Work.” Some of the deficiences of the conventional urban transport modelling system are reviewed and a case is made for the use of simultaneous models estimated with disaggregate data.
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  • 19
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 357-376 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the theory, development and estimation of a simultaneous disaggregate model of automobile ownership and mode to work choices. The motivation for such a model and the general theory of the simultaneous probabilistic choice model are briefly discussed. The general model specification and the set of choices assumed to be available to each household is then considered. Finally, the variables used in the model are defined and the estimation results are presented.
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 377-392 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A mode choice decision structure incorporating traveler attitudes toward modes and situational constraints is investigated. The major hypothesis tested is that mode choice is determined primarily by situational constraints, such as auto ownership and income, secondly by the quality of alternative modes. The structure of the mode choice process is analyzed with respect to (1) applicability of certain choice criterion forms; (2) psychological weighting of modal attributes in the choice criterion; (3) strength of logit, probit, and discriminant functional forms; (4) the relative strength of socio-economic and attitudinal variables in predicting mode choice. An evaluation is made of 50 binary choice models fitted to a sample of 471 randomly drawn urban travelers. Results indicate that (1) the four choice criterion forms tested are all about equal in predictive strength; (2) psychological weighting has no effect on model strength, but does influence which modal attributes appear to determine choice; (3) the three functional forms tested are all about equal in strength; (4) situational factors account for 80–90% of variation explained by the models, attitudes toward modes 10–20%, thus confirming the primary hypothesis. Implications of these results for mode choice modeling and transit planning are discussed.
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  • 21
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    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 393-408 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Even where unreliability has been recognised as a significant component in the generalised cost of trip-making, few attempts have been made to quantify it in the evaluation of transport improvements. This neglect is perhaps explained by the difficulty of observing a suitable “trade-off” situation in which transport users can trade money directly or indirectly for improved reliability of their transport modes. This article investigates the characteristics of a possible trade-off which might be made by commuters — the allowance of extra time for travelling in order to avoid unpredictable lateness at destination. The form of the costs of a response to unreliability of this nature is considered within a more general framework of the allocation of time under uncertainty or risk conditions. Certain other approaches to the evaluation of travel unreliability are reviewed and a brief outline is given to a current research project which attempts to test the applicability of the “safety margin” in London commuters' timing of the trips that they take to work.
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  • 22
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 6 (1974), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 6 (1974), S. 3-13 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Excavation in Rock — Examples from Switzerland Subject of the contribution are two large building excavations in rock, both situated on a slope. This created fairly long and high cuts along the mountain side which had to be stabilized by pretensioned rock anchors. Nevertheless a surprisingly large extension of the remaining rock mass was noticed. In one case the cut in soft micaceous schist standing vertically was 200 m long and as an average 25 m high. Excavation was done by explosive but with limited charges controlled continuously by measuring the vibrations in the adjoining buildings. No damages therefore could be traced back to blasting operations. On the other hand the concrete lining of the vertical cut showed an inward movement up to about 60 mm in the central part. As a result the buildings founded on the same rock above the cut were caused to crack from the bottom, especially the walls standing cross to the cut. By means of additional and longer anchors the deformation could successfully be limited. A profile of five borehole extensometers was placed and the deformations inside the rock mass checked; there was a distinct zone of maximum strain inclined at an angle of about 30°. The other pit had a similar size but only 17 m depth. It is situated in a sequence of soft sandstone, siltstone and marl with the layers inclined at an angle of about 20°. As a measure to improve the stability of the cut, rock anchors were placed but nevertheless a horizontal deformation of the cut by more than 50 mm was measured causing excitement about the safety of a nearby clock tower. Finally it was found that a larger part of the deformation was created by the grout used for the anchors and injected at too high a pressure. According to our calculations the rest could be attributed to the elastic extension of the rock mass adjoining the cut.
    Abstract: Résumé Excavation de roche à ciel ouvert — exemples de la Suisse L'article traite l'excavation et le blindage de deux grandes fouilles pour des buildings commerciaux, situées à une pente, tellement qu'amont une tranchée longue et haute dans la roche s'est produite. Il s'y agissait moins de la stabilité de l'excavation, qui était soutenue appropriéement par de l'ancrage, que des déformations résultant de la détente de la masse rocheuse, qui par son étendue ont surpris et alarmé les intéressés. En un cas l'excavation dans la mica-schiste mou, orienté vertical, avait 200 m de longeur et en moyenne 25 m de hauteur. L'excavation avait exécuté par explosion, pourtant limitée par des contrôles rigoureux des perturbations à une dimension de charge qui n'est pas nuisible pour les voisins. La paroi amont fut soutenu par des ancres précontraintes de 20 à 30 m de longueur. Quant même des mouvements se passaient, qui se manifestaient dans les maisons se trouvant audessus du chantier en forme de fissures, spécialement dans les murs situées en travers de la fouille. Ce phénomène pouvait être combattu avec succès par l'installation des ancres additionelles et plus longues. L'installation d'extensomètres donnait l'occasion de suivre les mouvements aussi vers l'intérieur de la montagne; on trouvait un plan de dilatation maximum, incliné avec 30° vers la fouille. Dans une fouille de grandeur semblable de 17 m de profondeur dans la molasse les couches pendent avec 20° vers l'excavation. Pour amender la résistance au glissement on a appliqué des ancres précontraintes; quand même des mouvements latéraux de 50 mm et plus ont été constatés. L'examination plus exacte des points fixes et des ancres de mesurage a montré, que la plupart de ces déformations était causée par le coulis d'injection des ancres, qui ont été injectées avec une pression trop forte. Le reste était à peu près conforme à la détente élastique du massif rocheux résultant d'une calculation comparative.
    Notes: zusammenfassung Felsabtrag über Tag — Beispiele aus der Schweiz Es handelt sich um den Aushub und die Sicherung zweier großer Baugruben für Geschäftshäuser, beide Male an einem Berghang gelegen, so daß auf der Bergseite jeweils ein langer und hoher Felsanschnitt entstand. Dabei ging es weniger um die Stabilität des Anschnittes — dieser wurde durch Felsanker sachgemäß gesichert — als um die aus der Entspannung des Gebirges entstehenden Deformationen, welche in ihrem Ausmaß die Beteiligten überraschte und beunruhigte. Im einen Fall war der Anschnitt in weichem, senkrecht gestelltem Glimmerschiefer 200 m lang und im Mittel 25 m hoch. Der Abtrag erfolgte durch Sprengen, das aber durch strenge Erschütterungskontrollen auf ein für die Nachbarn unschädliches Ladungsmaß beschränkt war. Die bergseitige Wand wurde laufend durch 20–30 m lange Spannanker gesichert. Trotzdem traten Bewegungen auf, die sich in den oberhalb der Baustelle stehenden Häusern in Form von Rissen äußerten, namentlich in den quer zur Baugrube stehenden Wänden. Durch Einbau zusätzlicher und längerer Anker wurde diese Erscheinung mit gutem Erfolg bekämpft. Der Einbau von Extensometern gab Gelegenheit, die Bewegungen auch im Berginneren zu verfolgen; es zeigte sich eine Ebene der größten Dehnung, die mit etwa 30° gegen die Baugrube einfiel. Bei einer ähnlich großen Baugrube von 17 m Tiefe in der Molasse fallen die Schichten mit 20° gegen den Abtrag ein. Zur Verbesserung der Gleitsicherheit wurden Spannanker eingesetzt, jedoch trotzdem seitliche Bewegungen von 50 mm und mehr festgestellt. Die genaue Untersuchung der Fixpunkte und Meßanker zeigte, daß der größere Teil dieser Deformationen durch das Injektionsgut der Felsanker verursacht wurde, das mit zu großem Druck eingepreßt worden war. Der Rest entsprach etwa der elastischen Entspannung des Gebirges, die sich aus einer Vergleichsrechnung ergab.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 6 (1974), S. 53-64 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Keywords: Stress Determinations ; In-Situ Stresses ; Triaxial Strain Cell ; Stress Tensor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Druckspannungsmessungen in Kanada Druckspannungsmessungen mit der biachsialen (Doorstopper) und der dreiachsialen Dehnungszelle des C. S. I. R., Pretoria, Süd-Afrika, werden beschrieben und zeigen, daß das dreiachsiale Gerät das wünschenswertere ist, falls die Gesteinseigenschaften ausreichend gut sind. Druckspannungen in Kanada besitzen ähnliche Werte wie andere Teile der Erdkruste und zeigen, daß die vertikale Komponente mit dem Überlagerungsdruck zunimmt und daß der vorwiegende Zuwachs der Horizontalkomponente mit der Tiefe 0,407 kg/cm2/m beträgt. Zusätzliche Messungen der Horizontalkomponente in Tiefen größer als 800 m sind notwendig, um allgemeine Schlüsse zu erlauben. Ein Beispiel wird beschrieben, in dem die Vorhersage von Druckspannungsrichtungen aufgrund einer tektonischen Analyse durch Druckmessungen überprüft wurde.
    Abstract: Résumé Déterminations de compression de terre au Canada Essais de compression avec le “strain cell” biaxial et triaxial du C. S. I. R., Afrique du Sud, sont discutés et démontrent que le “strain cell” triaxial est l'instrument le plus desirable si lorsque la roche est en bonne condition. Des compilations composants des compressions verticales determinées et des compressions horizontales moyennes des parties de l'écorce terrestre sont presentées et demontrent que des compressions verticales sont une fonction du poids de la couverture et que les compressions horizontales moyennes augmentent en général à raison de 0,407 kg/cm2/m. Des données additionelles sont réquises pour pouvoir prédire le compression horizontale moyenne au-delà de 800 m de profondeur. L'exemple presenté décrit les déterminations des compressions et donne une analyse tectonique demontrant que l'interpretation de l'histoire géologique des deformations permet une prédiction quant aux directions de la compression principale. Cependant, les incertitudes alliées, dues aux lacunes existantes dans la documentation, requièrent une épreuve par détermination des compressions.
    Notes: Summary Ground Stress Determinations in Canada Stress determinations with the biaxial (Doorstopper) and the triaxial strain cell of the C. S. I. R., South Africa, are discussed and show that the triaxial cell is the more desirable instrument if good rock conditions exist. Vertical and average horizontal stresses in Canada are similar in magnitude to those from other parts of the earth's crust and show that vertical stresses are related to weight of overburden and average horizontal stresses increase in most of the cases with 0.407 kg/cm2 per metre of depth. More data are necessary to make any prediction for the average horizontal stress beyond a depth of 800 m. Stress determinations and a tectonic analysis show that the unravelling of the geological stress-strain history allows some prediction of principal stress directions, but the attached uncertainties due to gaps in documentation require proof by stress determinations.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 6 (1974), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 6 (1974), S. 141-166 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bestimmung des Ursprunges seismischer Vorgänge mit Hilfe eines untertägigen Geophon-Netzwerkes Ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung seismischer Vorgänge mit Hilfe einer dreidimensionalen Seismometeranordnung wird vorgeschlagen. In dem beschriebenen Verfahren wird vorausgesetzt, daß die „beste Lage“ des Ursprunges von seismischen Vorgängen durch Minimieren der Summe der Quadrate der Restabweichungen erhalten wird. Als Restabweichung ist der Unterschied der gemessenen und berechneten Wege vom geschätzten Fokus des seismischen Vorganges zu einem der Seismometer zu verstehen. Ein System von drei nichtlinearen Gleichungen führt zur Bestimmung der gesuchten Koordinaten. Die endgültige Lösung wird mit Hilfe eines Iterationsvorganges erhalten, wobei die erste Näherungslösung quasi auf einer Methode der kleinsten Quadrate beruht. Die vorliegende Analyse führt zu einer Reihe von interessanten Punkten im Hinblick auf den Entwurf von seismischen Netzwerken. Fallen zum Beispiel alle Seismometer in einem Netzwerk auf den Mantel eines Normalkegels, dann sind die erhaltenen Angaben unzureichend, um einen seismischen Vorgang in der Nähe der Kegelspitze zu erfassen. Um eine derartige „blinde Stelle“ zu vermeiden, muß ein Netzwerk mindestens sieben sachdienlich angeordnete Seismometer enthalten. Im Fall eines Oberflächennetzwerkes werden blinde Stellen unterhalb des Netzwerkes vermieden, wenn wenigstens sechs Seismometer nicht auf einem Kegelschnitt liegen.
    Abstract: Résumé Localisation numérique des foyers d'événements sismiques au moyen des temps d'arrivée des ondes “P” Il est postulé que la meilleure estimation pour la localisation des foyers d'événements sismiques, en milieu homogène isotrope, s'obtient en rendant minimale la somme des carrées des résidus. Le résidu est défini comme étant la différence entre les chemins, calculés ou mesurés, partant du foyer présumé et aboutissant à l'un des sismomètres. Un système de trois équations non linéaires doit être résolu pour déterminer les coordonnées demandées. La solution est obtenue par itération à partir d'une première approximation établie par la méthode des moindres carrées. Lorsque tous les sismomètres d'un réseau sont situés sur la surface d'un cône circulaire droit, l'information obtenue ne permet pas de localiser les événements près du sommet. Afin d'éviter ces points “invisibles” le réseau doit posséder au moins sept géophones placés judicieusement. Un reseau situé à la surface doit contenir un minimum de six sismomètres qui ne font pas partie d'une même section conique.
    Notes: Summary Digital Location of Seismic Events by an Underground Network of Seismometers using the Arrival Times of Compressional Waves It is postulated that the ‘best’ estimate of the location of the foci of events in homogeneous isotropic ground is obtained by minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals. The residual is defined as the difference between the computed and the measured paths from the estimated focus of one of the seismometers. A set of three non-linear equations is used to determine the required co-ordinates. The solution is obtained by a process of iteration, the first approximation for which is produced through a ‘quasi-least-squares’ method. If all seismometers of a network fall on one of the sheets of a right circular cone then the information obtained will be insufficient to allow the location of an event occurring at or in the neighbourhood of the apex to be determined. If such a ‘blind spot’ is to be avoided, the network must contain at least seven appropriately-placed geophones. If at least six seismometers of a network on the ground surface are not all on a conic section then there will be no blind spots in the half-space beneath the instruments.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 6 (1974), S. 247-253 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Geotechnische Eigenschaften des Kalksteins im Niltal, Ägypten Es werden die Ergebnisse einer geotechnischen Studie des ägyptischen Kalksteins entlang des Niltales gezeigt. Diagramme, die die Zusammenhänge zwischen Druck und Porosität als auch von Druck und Raumgewicht darstellen, zeigen eine deutliche Abnahme des Druckes bei steigender Porosität und einen Anstieg bei zunehmendem Raumgewicht. Ferner wurden empirische Gleichungen, die die Abhängigkeit dieser Werte voneinander erfassen, aufgestellt.
    Abstract: Résumé Propriétés géotechniques des calcaires de la vallée du Nil, Egypte Résultats d'une étude géotechnique des calcaires Egyptiens le long de la vallée du Nil. Représentation graphique montrant les rélations entre la compression et la porosité, respectivement le poids volumetrique. Les graphiques montrant clairement la diminuition de la compression lorsque la porosité augmente; par contre on constate un croissance de la compression lorsque le poids volumetrique augmente. Des équations empiriques montrant l'interdépendence des valeurs messurées.
    Notes: Summary Geotechnical Properties of the Limestones Exposed Along the Nile Valley, Egypt The results of a geotechnical study of the Egyptian limestones exposed along the Nile Valley are represented. Graphs representing the relations between compressive strength and both porosity and volumetric weight show clearly the decrease of the compressive strength with the increase in the porosity as well as its increase with an increasing volumetric weight. Empirical equations representing the interdependence of these values have been also derived.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 6 (1974), S. 117-118 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 6 (1974), S. 91-100 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Are there Connexions Between Earthquakes and the Frequency of Rock Bursts in the Mine of Bleiberg Observations, that were done in the mine of Bleiberg, allow the conclusion, that the same stresses in the earth's crust, which cause earthquakes cause higher frequencies of rock bursts, to. Specially the area of earthquakes around the Mediterranean has effects on Bleiberg. But also other parts of the earth's crust in particular those of the Caribbean area, seem to have their effects. Effects caused by earthquakes of the South-American Pacific-Coast could not be derived from our records.
    Abstract: Résumé Relations entre des tremblements de terre et des coups de rupture de roche Des observations faites durant des années dans la mine de Bleiberg on permis de conclure, que les contraintes dans l'écorce terrestre qui provoque des séismes suscitent également une augmentation de la fréquence des coups de rupture de roche. En particulier, Bleiberg est sous l'influence de la zone sismique de la région de la Méditerranée, mais il semble, que d'autres régions de l'écorce terrestre, par exemple celles de la région caraibe, ont une influence sur la région mentionnée. Par contre selon les enregistrements effectués on a pas pu constaté une influence des séismes de la côte sud-américaine du Pacifique sur cette région.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gibt es Zusammenhänge zwischen Erdbeben und Gebirgsschlaghäufungen im Bergbau Bleiberg Langjährige Beobachtungen beim Bergbau Bleiberg lassen den Schluß zu, daß dieselben Spannungen in der Erdkruste, welche Erdbeben auslösen, auch Gebirgsschlaghäufungen hervorrufen. Im besonderen wirkt sich auf Bleiberg offenbar die durch den Mittelmeerraum führende Erdbebenzone aus. Aber auch Unruhen anderer Teile der Erdkruste, so jene des Karibischen Raumes, scheinen Einfluß zu haben. Von Erdbeben der südamerikanischen Pazifikküste konnte nach unseren Aufzeichnungen kein Einfluß abgeleitet werden.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 6 (1974), S. 101-116 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Are Residual Stresses Related to Tectonic Deformation In situ stress measurements and the direct determination of residual elastic strain at a granular scale indicate that during diagenetic and tectonic processes elastic energy may be stored in rocks and rock masses. Model experiments have been conducted to gain a better understanding of such processes. The models consisted of plexiglas plates with holes in various arrangements. These holes are filled with epoxy-resins while the plates are under load. After curing of the resin and release from external load residual stresses remain in the structure. In homogeneously deformed plates with homogeneously arranged holes the development of residual strain at a granular scale could be simulated. Residual stresses and their effect on rock structure correlate well with the findings from naturally deformed sandstone samples. Both model and rock show a pronounced anisotropy with regard to their deformation moduli and strength. The development of residual strain at a larger scale i. e. in a fold structure — could be simulated by the use of inhomogeneous systems. In contrast to the homogeneous models any removal of parts of such structures is associated with considerable deformations within the remaining body. Such deformations are a direct cause of internal stresses which did remain in the structure after unloading as a relict of the phase of active deformation.
    Abstract: Résumé Existent-ils des cohérences entre les contraintes residuelles et les effets tectoniques Les réactions diagénetiques-tectoniques peuvent engendrer les contraintes résiduelles dans les pierres et les roches. Ces contraintes, dans les modèles non chargés, peuvent être déterminés directement à l'aide des rayonsx. Les contraintes in situ qui sont souvent plus grandes qu'attendues ou qui montrent une liaison géologique avec la structure tectonique, démontrent que les contraintes accumulées dans les unités géologiques, appartiennent à la surface primaire de contrainte. Dans les essais présentés, on verse de la résine dans les cavités vides se trouvant entre les modèles en Plexiglas. Après durcissement de la résine quand on décharge le modèle, il n'y reste que les contraintes interieures. Les contraintes résiduelles du zone de microstructure peuvent être simulées par les modèles homogènes déformés homogènement. Les contraintes internes et les cassures qui en résultent, engendrent l'anisotropie qui dépend de la résistence à la traction et la module de déformation et qui s'accordent avec le grés déformé par la tectonique. Dans le but de servir de modèle à l'énergie élastique entassée dans un système hétérogène sont simulés pendant les essais, la naissance des contraintes résiduelles et l'effet d'une excavation. Ces excavations faites dans les modèles déchargés et d'une manière contraire à ces modèles homogènes, engendrent des déformations considerables. Comme les contraintes intérieures dépendent de la phase de déformation, il se trouve des liaisons entre elles et les contraintes résiduelles vues après le décharge et la phase de déformation et l'effet de ces contraintes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bestehen Zusammenhänge zwischen residuellen Spannungen und tektonischer Beanspruchung Diagenetisch-tektonische Vorgänge können zur Entstehung von residuellen Spannungen in Gestein und Gebirge führen. An unbelasteten Proben konnten solche inneren Spannungen direkt röntgenographisch nachgewiesen werden. In-situ-Spannungen, die vielfach größer sind als erwartet oder aber geometrische Beziehungen zu tektonischen Strukturen aufweisen, deuten darauf hin, daß in größeren geologischen Einheiten gespeicherte Spannungen wesentlich zum Primärspannungsfeld beitragen. In den Modellversuchen, über die hier berichtet wird, wurden in Hohlräume elastisch deformierter Plexiglas-Körper flüssige Kunstharze eingegossen. Wird die Belastung nach dem Aushärten des Harzes weggenommen, bleiben im unbelasteten Modell innere Spannungen zurück. Residuelle Spannungen im Mikrogefügebereich ließen sich mittels homogener Modellkörper, die homogen verformt wurden, simulieren. Die Eigenspannungen und die durch sie hervorgerufenen Brüche geben den Modellkörpern ein ausgeprägt anisotropes Verhalten in bezug auf Verformungsmoduli und Zugfestigkeit, das genau mit dem Verhalten von tektonisch deformierten Sandsteinen übereinstimmt. Als Beispiel der in inhomogenen Systemen gespeicherten elastischen Energie wurde die Entstehung von residuellen Spannungen in Falten und die Wirkung eines das Gefüge störenden Ausbruchs simuliert. Im Gegensatz zu den homogenen Modellkörpern ruft hier jede Störung des Gefüges durch Abtrennen von Material beträchtliche Deformationen an den völlig unbelasteten Körpern hervor. Da die inneren Spannungen genetisch mit der Verformungsphase verbunden sind, bestehen Zusammenhänge zwischen dieser Phase aktiver Verformung und den nach der Entlastung zurückbleibenden residuellen Spannungen und deren Wirkungen.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 6 (1974), S. 167-183 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Sinking of a Ventilation Shaft for Tauern Tunnel In April 1971 construction of the 7 km approach road to the shaft point situated 2000 m above sea level was begun. Right before setting of winter the mounting works were finished and the normal sinking operations could start. For the drilling of blast holes a six-boom drilling rig was used which suited the excavation diameters of 10.6 to 11.2 m. Three thirds of 7 to 8 miners each were employed on the bottom of the shaft. Loading of the 3 m3-buckets was carried through by two multiarmed grabs of 500 l each the winches of which were grouped on a transportable platform. The muck was hoisted by a double pit haulage of 1000 kW and transported by a wheel-loader to the neighbouring dump. For drilling of anchor holes up to 8 m (provisional lining: SN-anchors, structural steel mats, concrete spray) a vertically transportable ring platform was employed on which four machine units could be operated. In the meantime operations have overcome two winter seasons. Many problems arose in connection with snow, avalanches, frost, storms and isolation from the world around. In spite of an alteration of the shaft point, extension of depth by 50 m and order of many additional building measures the time limits prescribed by the employer could be met prematurely up to now. It is intended to install simultaneously the insulation by foil, the inner concrete and the separating wall using the transportable platform and a sliding concrete. If the next winter will allow to realise this plan remains a further problem of this high level site.
    Abstract: Résumé Fonçage d'un puits d'aérage pour le tunnel de Tauern La construction de l'accès de 7 km à l'emplacement du puits situé env. 2000 m au dessus du niveau de la mer avait été commencée en avril de 1971. A l'hiver tombant les travaux de montage étaient achevés et on commançait à foncer le puits. Pour le forage des trous de mine on employait une sondeuse à six bras correspondant aux diamètres de l'excavation de 10,6–11,5 m. Le fonds de puits était occupé par 3 postes à 7–8 mineurs. Deux grappins poulpe à 500 l chargaient les baquets, contenu de 3 m3, les treuils desquels étaient groupés sur un plancher transportable. Une pelle-chargeuse sur pneus transportait les débris extraits par une bobine de 1000 kW, au terril voisin. Pour forer des trous d'ancrage jusqu'à 8 m (revêtement préliminaire: des boulons d'ancrage SN, des nattes pour construction mécanique, de béton projeté) on employait un plancher annulaire verticalement transportable sur lequel on pouvait travailler avec quatre unités d'appareillage. En attendant les opérations ont enduré deux hivers. Beaucoup de problèmes résultaient de neige, d'avalanches, de gelée, de tempêtes et de l'isolation du monde. Malgré un changement de l'emplacement du puits, un élargissement de la profondeur de 50 m et la disposition de beaucoup de mesures de construction supplémentaires, les délais mis du commettant pouvaient être réalisés prématurément jusqu'à présent. On a l'intention d'installer simultanément l'isolement par feuilles, le béton intérieur et le mur de séparation, employant le plancher transportable et un coffrage mobile. Si l'hiver prochain permet à réaliser ce projet reste un souci ultérieur de ce haut chantier.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Abteufen des Lüftungsschachtes für den Tauerntunnel Mit dem Bau der 7 km langen Zufahrt zu dem in etwa 2000 m über NN gelegenen Schachtansatzpunkt wurde im April 1971 begonnen. Rechtzeitig vor dem Wintereinbruch konnten die Montagearbeiten abgeschlossen werden und der normale Teufbetrieb anlaufen. Für das Bohren der Sprenglöcher fand ein den Ausbruchsdurchmessern von 10,6 bis 11,5 m entsprechendes sechsarmiges Gerät Verwendung. Die Schachtsohle war mit 3 Dritteln zu 7 bis 8 Bergleuten belegt. Das Beladen der 3-m3-Kübel übernahmen zwei 500-l-Polypgreifer, deren Winden auf einer verfahrbaren Bühne angeordnet waren. Das mit einer 1000-kW-Doppelbobine zu Tage geförderte Haufwerk fuhr ein Radlader zur benachbarten Deponie. Zum Bohren von bis zu 8 m langen Ankerlöchern (vorläufiger Ausbau: SN-Anker, Baustahlmatten, Spritzbeton) verwendete man eine vertikal verfahrbare Ringbühne, auf der mit vier Geräteeinheiten gearbeitet werden konnte. Die Baustelle hat inzwischen zwei Winter überstanden. Schnee, Lawinen, Frost, Stürme und die Abgeschlossenheit von der Umwelt schafften viele Probleme. Trotz Verschiebung des Schachtansatzpunktes, Vergrößerung der Teufe um 50 m und Anordnung vieler zusätzlicher Baumaßnahmen konnten bislang die vom Auftraggeber gesetzten Fristen vorzeitig erfüllt werden. Es ist geplant, die Folienisolierung, den Innenbeton und die Trennwand gleichzeitig unter Benutzung der verfahrbaren Bühne und einer Gleitschalung einzubringen. Ob dies der kommende Winter gestattet, bleibt eine weitere Sorge dieser Höhenbaustelle.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On rend compte des tentatives couronnées de succès faites pour obtenir des mélanges à fort allongement et à faible teneur en air utilisables en membranes minces comme matériaux intercalaires dans les revêtements de routes. L'emploi de ce matériau entre la couche d'usure et le support d'un revêtement flexible devrait contribuer à atténuer l'effet des contraintes thermiques, à entraver la fissuration déterminée par la fondation et à dimineur la migration d'eau. Le mélange final était composé de parties approximativement égales de lambeaux de pneus triturés, de sable et de bitume. On donne la relation de base et les études statistiques relatives aux essais de traction paramétriques du nouveau compsite. On a déjà montré que l'application de ce matériau contribuerait simultanément à rendre moins préoccupant de probème des déchets solides que posent les pneus au rebut et à améliorer le bon état structural des revêtements flexibles.
    Notes: Abstract The materials characterization for a new procedure to reduce pavement cracking was presented. The viscoelastic properties of several mixes were determined to ascertain optimum bitumen content and composition of aggregates.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 127-132 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En Afrique comme ailleurs la construction de routes en sol de ciment stabilisé implique l'établissement d'un contrôle de la quantité de ciment requise. B.S. 1924: 1967 recommande une méthode de détermination de la teneur en ciment des sols stabilisés dans lesquels de grandes quantités d'acides sont digérées et pour lesquels on utilise des broyeurs mécaniques. Les laboratoires des pays en développement ne peuvent cependant assumer en même temps l'utilisation de broyeurs mécaniques coûteux et de grandes quantités de produits chimiques pour de tels travaux. Cette recherche a donc pour fin d'élaborer d'autres méthodes de préparation d'échantillons qui, pour les sols stabilisés tropicaux, conduiraient à: 1) réduire la quantité d'acide digéré; 2) dispenser de l'utilisation des broyeurs à galets; 3) réduire le temps de préparation. En plus de la méthode normalisée, trois nouvelles méthodes de préparation des échantillons ont été utilisées. L'analyse statistique des résultats des essais de teneur en ciment effectués sur des échantillons prélevés sur une route en construction montre que les avantages mentionnés ci-dessus peuvent être obtenus et que de nouvelles recommandations pourraient par conséquent être formulées.
    Notes: Abstract Three new sample preparation methods other than the method suggested in B.S. 1924: 1967 are utilised for the determination of the cement content of cement-stabilised tropical soils with a view to i) reducing the quantity of acid digested, ii) making unnecessary the use of ball mill crushers, and iii) reducing the preparation time. Statistical analyses of the results obtained indicate that the above advantages can indeed be realised and recommendations are made accordingly.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 148-152 
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    Notes: Abstract A realistic calculation and dimensioning of plastic material structures has to consider the variations of the actions upon the structure as well as the behaviour variations of the plastic materials used. The calculation method based on the limiting states presupposes the determination of standard values as well as uniformity and adaptation factors for the plastic materials. The relevant research problems are described.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 169-180 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article aims at presenting certain results of tests carried out at the laboratory specialising in «Polymers in building» at the Odessa Institute of structural engineers and underlines the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy adhesives used for assembly and repair of reinforced concrete structures. These adhesives are made from epoxy resins produced in the Soviet Union. Testing carried out from 1963 up to present includes particular research on: 1) Properties of adhesives (mechanical strength, elastic and plastic deformation, shrinkage, creep, viscosity, bond to concrete, etc...), which have made it possible to define application fields for resin mortars. 2) Creep in joints in reinforced concrete structures revealing that adhesive joints increase the overall deformability of the concrete-adhesive system but that the creep deformations have a dampening effect. 3) Deformability of strength of reinforced concrete units in flexure connected or repaired by adhesive under short or long time loading. These tests have revealed that under short time loading the values of deformation of the compressed concrete and the tensioned bars of the built-up beams and reinforced concrete specimens are very close. Under long time loading the increase of deflexion and deformation of concrete in the compressed area becomes stable comparatively rapidly. 4) Technology of the application of epoxy adhesives for repair and assembly of reinforced concrete structures (injectability, polymerisation time: influence of constituents and temperature; viscosity: influence of constituents and fluidifying admixtures, changes during polymerisation, etc. The author concludes that launching high-strength epoxy adhesives on an industrial scale will offer an economic solution to the problem of assembling prefabricated units as well as to that of repairing reinforced concrete structures.
    Notes: Résumé Cet article a pour but de présenter certains résultats d'essais effectués au laboratoire «Les polymères dans la construction» de l'Institut des Ingénieurs du Bâtiment d'Odessa (U.R.S.S.). Les essais qui se sont poursuivis de 1963 à ce jour concernent plus particulièrement l'étude: 1o des propriétés des colles (résistance mécanique, fluage, viscosité, etc..) à base de résines synthétiques thermodurcissables «à froid» de production soviétique, connues dans le commerce sous les noms de ED-5 et ED-6; 2o du fluage des joints de structures en béton armé effectués avec des résines époxydes; 3o de la déformabilité et de la résistance des éléments fléchis en béton armé assemblés ou réparés par collage; 4o de la technologie de l'application de colles époxydes dans la réparation et l'assemblage des structures en béton armé. On peut conclure que l'introduction à l'échelle industrielle des colles époxydes à haute résistance apportera une solution économique au problème de l'assemblage d'éléments préfabriqués, ainsi qu'au problème de la réparation des structures en béton armé.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 197-200 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper, which summarises a survey and an analysis of empirical strength laws, was undertaken with a view to formulating a strength law interrelating the water-cement ratio-which determines the porosity of the hardened cement-paste-and Powers's Gel/Space ratio, giving the relative strength of the cement stone. Accordingly, a graphical procedure is given for predicting the strength of ordinary concretes for a given water-cement ratio and lean air-entrained concretes for a given “equivalent” water-cement ratio. Compressive strength may also be predicted by means of numerical formulae.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 207-224 
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 231-246 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce rapport décrit en détail un nouvel appareil pour la détermination de la quantité d'eau fixée dans les pâtes de ciment. L'auteur explique le procédé utilisé pour les mesures et déduit les équations qui sont nécessaires pour le calcul des résultats. Cet appareil se base sur le principe exposé dans ce qui suit. La pâte de ciment moulue est pesée dans des creusets de porcelaine et séchée à 105°C pendant trois jours dans un récipient à deux compartiments, qui est placé dans une chambre de chauffage reconstruite pour l'adapter à cet usage. La température du récipient est réglée d'une manière précise au moyen d'un régulateur proportionnel de température électronique à semi-conducteurs, complété par un dispositif de compensation, qui supprime l'influence des variations de la température ambiante. La pression de la vapeur d'eau dans le récipient est maintenue à une valeur constante, quelles que soient les conditions d'essai au laboratoire. A cet effet, une petite pompe force l'air à passer en bulles à travers des flacons laveurs qui contiennent de l'eau distillée. Ces flacons sont submergés dans un bain-marie, qui est maintenu à 1°C. Le courant d'air conditionné est chauffé à 105°C et amené au récipient de séchage. L'ignition s'effectue à 1050°C pendant une heure. Quand on exécute les essais sur des pâtes de ciment qui sont placées dans des tubes scellés, la reproductibilité caractérisée par l'écart-type sur 7 déterminations de la teneur en eau liée est de 0,0009 pour une moyenne de 0,1311 (d'après le tableau I). Quelques-unes de ces erreurs de mesure sont causées par des variations inévitables du rapport eau-ciment dans les différents tubes. L'écrasage et le tamisage des échantillons de pâte de ciment ont lieu dans une salle climatisée à une température de 20°C et à un degré hygrométrique de 50%. Le séchage se produit déjà dans une certaine mesure pendant la confection des échantillons. Le degré de séchage a été estimé dans le cas d'un ciment particulier et peut être calculé à l'aide des formules qui figurent dans le rapport. Quand le degré de séchage est connu, on peut estimer la valeur réelle du rapport eau-ciment de la pâte de ciment dans chacun des tubes, et on peut calculer la quantité d'eau fixée qui serait contenue dans la pâte de ciment si la valeur réelle de son rapport eau-ciment était égale à sa valeur nominale. Lorsque les valeurs de la quantité d'eau fixée sont corrigées de cette manière, la reproductibilité devient meilleure et l'écart-type sur 7 déterminations de la teneur en eau liée atteint 0,0003 pour une moyenne de 0,1311 (d'après le tableau I). En outre, il est important de connaître le degré de séchage pour pouvoir estimer la valeur globale de la teneur apparente en eau d'une pâte de ciment. C'est une grandeur qui est nécessaire pour calculer la porosité de la pâte. Les effets des différentes conditions d'essai sont discutés dans le rapport. Deux exemples servent à illustrer les résultats expérimentaux qui ont été obtenus au moyen de l'appareil en question.
    Notes: Abstract An apparatus designed for the determination of the amount of bound water in cement pastes is described. The drying of the ground paste takes place at 105 °C in a container, the temperature of which is accurately controlled by means of a solid-state proportional temperature regulator. The vapour pressure of water in the container is kept constant independent of the laboratory conditions. This is achieved by letting a small pump force air to bubble through wash-bottles containing distilled water and submerged in a water bath kept at 1°C. The conditioned air stream is heated to 105°C and led into the drying container. The ignition is carried out at 1050°C. The precision of the method and the influence of various testing conditions are discussed. A couple of examples of experimental results are given.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 299-300 
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 302-302 
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 291-297 
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 301-301 
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 315-318 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On traite des déformations de deux modèles de grilles de poutres en béton armé, les dimensions globales de chaque grille étant à l'échelle approximative d' 1/10 par rapport au tablier d'un pont rail à deux voies d'une portée de 30 m. Ces grilles comportainent trois poutres principales et cing traverses. L'un des deux modèles présentait une dalle supérieure, et l'autre non. Le modèle à dalle a été chargé de telle sorte que chaque extrémité de pouîre était soumise à une répartition de charge d'environ 150 % de la charge exercée sur la poutre centrale, tandis que pour le modèle sans dalle supérieure la charge exercée en bout de poutre était de 50 % de celle appliquée à la poutre centrale. Les déformations ont été calculées par la méthode Hendry-Jaeger et avec des rigidités appropriées en flexion et en torsion des sections transversales des poutres et des traverses. On constate que les déformations calculées sont comparables à celles déterminées expérimentalement dans l'intervalle des charges de service.
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents the deflections of two reinforced concrete grid specimens, the overall dimensions of which correspond approximately to one-tenth scale of a two-lane highway bridge deck of 30 meter span. The grids had three beams and five cross girders. Of the two specimens tested, one was with top slab and the other without a top slab. The specimen with slab was so loaded that each end beam was subjected to a distributed load which was 150% of the load on the central beam. The specimen without top slab was so loaded that each end beam was subjected to a load which was 50% of the load on the central beam. The deflections were computed using Hendry-Jaeger method and with appropriate flexural and torsional rigidities of the cross-sections of the beams and cross girders. The computed deflection are found comparable with the experimetal ones in the range of service loads.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 95-101 
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    Notes: Résumé On peut connaître les résistances limites à la traction et à la compression des métaux en fonction des températures absolues au moyen de preuves expérimentales. L'auteur considère l'expression de cette fonction au moyen de formules empiriques qui donnent des résultats très proches de ceux obtenus par l'expérience et qui sont valables même à des températures qu'il n'est pas possible d'atteindre expérimentalement. Il expose enfin un critère de plastification à chaud des métaux qu'il applique dans quelques cas pratiques.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 201-206 
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    Notes: Abstract Instrumental neutron activation analysis using a Ge(Li) detector has been used for the determination of chlorine bound in the hydration of portland cement. Results obtained are in agreement with data published by other investigators.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 225-226 
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 253-263 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A series of blast-furnace slags of different origins and their short-time hydration products have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. This technique has allowed to emphasize the textural characteristics of the raw materials (surface state, cavities or holes geometrically well-defined) and to observe that slags give, after hydration, various microcrystallizations specific of each sample. Complementary studies by X-rays diffraction show that these hydration products are more or less carbonized. The comparison of the results obtained with the two techniques shows that the carbonization does not seem to affect the microcrystalline architecture of the hydrated phases. This reaction results then of a pseudomorphosis, phenomenon which has soon been observed by other authors in the case of the carbonization of porous concrete.
    Notes: Résumé La microscopie électronique à balayage a été utilisée pour étudier une série de laitiers de différentes origines et leurs produits d'hydratation à court terme. Cette technique a permis de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques texturales des matières premières (état de surface, présence de cavités géométriquement assez bien définies) et de constater que chaque laitier donnait après hydratation des microscristallisations très variées mais assez spécifiques de chaque échantillon. Des études parallèles par radiocristallographie ont permis de mettre en évidence une carbonatation plus ou moins avancée de ces produits d'hydratation. La comparaison des résultats obtenus par les deux méthodes montre que la carbonatation ne modifie pas sensiblement l'architecture microcristalline des phases hydratées. Il s'agit donc d'une véritable pseudomorphose des phases hydratées, phénomène déjà observé par d'autres auteurs dans le cas de la carbonatation de certains bétons poreux.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 283-289 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On présente ici des données sur l'action d'un lignosulfonate utilisé comme adjuvant, avec ou sans les accélérateurs de prise que sont le chlorure de calcium et la triéthalonamine, sur le séchage au retrait et le fluage de la pâte de ciment et du béton. On montre que le lignosulfonate peut déterminer des valeurs notablement plus grandes des déformations à court terme dues au séchage, et que cette action est ultérieurement renforcée par l'inclusion de chlorure de calcium ou de triéthalonamine. On examine le phénomène conformément auNouveau Modèle de Feldmann et Sereda pour la structure de ciment Portland hydraté. L'accroissement qu'on observe du retrait au séchage est attribué à la propriété de l'adjuvant d'altérer la distribution et l'importance des courbes dugel de tobermorite, tel qu'il s'était constitué lors du premier séchage. On suppose que cette modification de structure facilite un accroissement du retrait au séchage par une augmentation du nombre de sites qui permettent le départ de l'eau intercalée, et par l'accroissement de l'espace interacalaire ou du volume solide de la structure de la pâte. On montre de même que le lignosulfonate peut amener un accroissement notable du fluage dans un environment de retrait, cet effet étant là encore renforcé par l'inclusion des accélérateurs que sont le chlorure de calcium ou la triéthalonamine. Cependant, cet effet n'a pas la même importance lorsque les éprouvettes sont maintenues dans les conditions de conservation et chargées dans une chambre à brouillard (et l'on s'approche ainsi du fluage de base). Ce fait vient appuyer l'hypothèse que le mode d'action des adjuvants à base de lignosulfonate sur le fluage de la pâte de ciment et du béton est essentiellement similaire à celui qui est considéré pour le retrait de séchage à la différence évidente que les contraintes sont incluses dans les forces qui intervienment.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents data on the influence of a lignosulphonate admixture, used either with or without the accelerating admixtures calcium chloride and triethanolamine, on drying shrinkage and creep in concrete. The ability of these admixtures to give rise to significant increases in drying shrinkage and creep is discussed in terms of the Feldman and SeredaNew Model for the structure of hydrated Portland cement. It is postulated that the increases in drying shrinkage and creep can be attributed to the influence of the admixtures in altering the initial spacing and degree of layering of the tobermorite gel, which takes place on first dryring.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 307-314 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour les applications pratiques du béton armé de fibres, particulièrement dans les éléments porteurs, il est souhaitable d'incorporer de gros granulats, non seulement parce qu'ils sont bon marché, mais aussi parce qu'ils limitent la fissuration et restreignent l'instabilité dimensionnelle de la matrice, et lui communiquet des caractéristiques d'inélasticité, de rupture stable et d'absorption d'énergie. On décrit des essais dans lesquels l'interaction fibre/granulat est mise en relation avec les propriétés du béton de fibre d'acier aux états frais et durcis. On montre que l'aptitude au compactage du béton de fibres d'acier est en relation à la fois avec la teneur en gros granulat et le volume de fibres, et qu'elle dépend de leur forme et de leur aire superficielle. Pour une teneur donnée en granulats, le temps Vébé augmente continûment avec le volume de fibres, et à mesure que la teneur en granulat augmente, le mélange avec les fibres devient de moins en rooins facilement compactable. La quantité de fibres qui peut être incorporée sans “bourrage” et avec une compactabilité adéquate est maximale pour un mortier et décroît linéairement avec la teneur en granulat. C'est avec un mortier qu'on obtient la plus grande résistance en flexion pour un béton de fibres d'acier. La présence de granulats diminue linéairement la résistance en flexion. L'addition de 2% en volume de fibres à un béton présentant un rapport ciment/sable de 1/2,5, un rapport eau/ciment de 0,55 et 20% en volume de gros granulats, perment d'obtenir une résistance en flexion qui est deux fois celle de la matrice non armée. L'accroissemnt maximal de la résistance en compression dû aux fibres varie entre 10 et 20% selon les mélanges. L'effet de l'âge est généralement insignifiant tant sur la résistance en flexion que sur la résistance en compression. La forme et l'aire superficielle des fibres déterminent, par une action complexe, les propriétés du composite. La mécanique des milieux composites permet de prédire la résistance ultime en flexion, et l'on montre qu'elle est en relation avec un concept d'“espacement effectif”. Les résultats d'essai montrent une bonne correspondance avec la théorie. L'action des fibres sur la résistance en compression paraît être différente de celle exercée sur la résistance en flexion.
    Notes: Abstract In the practical applications of fibre reinforced concrete, particularly for load-bearing purposes, it is desirable to incorporate coarse aggregates for economic and other reasons. Tests are reported in this paper in which the fibre-aggregate interaction is related to the properties of steel fibre concrete both in the fresh and hardened states. It is shown that compactibility, flexural and compressive strengths are reduced progressively by the presence of coarse aggregates. From the test results, a mix design for fibre concrete containing coarse aggregates to produce twice the flexural strength of the unreinforced matrix without bundling of fibres is presented. The data presented on flexural strength show good agreement with theory.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 51-57 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper proposes a new program that may reduce dependency on direct cash grants by channeling welfare-sector labor to the private sector of the economy. This program requires establishing a new institution- the local public labor marketing office-whose main function will be to aggressively market the types of labor that the disadvantaged, many of whom are chronically unemployed, can offer. The paper provides a broad view of this and other supporting functions of the local labor marketing offices, the activities in which they should direct their efforts and the advantages of the program over alternative arrangements.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 14-34 
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    Notes: Abstract A linear programming model is developed to investigate some of the characteristics of alternative rates of expansion of the irrigated agricultural economy of the Rio Negro basin in southern Argentina over a twenty-year period. While essentially a demandled model, expansion rates can be imposed and the economic impact of such suboptimizing behavior then compared to the optimal outcomes. The approach used is a multiperiod linear programming model in which both farm and social infrastructure investments in a given period have an impact on both output and physical and human resource availabilities in subsequent periods. These activities give rise to time streams of costs and returns which are discounted at alternative discount rates to observe the behavior of the model under differing assumptions as to the proper rate. An analysis of the outcomes of applying the model indicates that the higher rates of expansion of irrigated agriculture in the basin are excessive and an economically optimal rate would be relatively modest. An attempt is made to relate this outcome to approximate overall labor force and population levels in the Rio Negro basin in the next two decades.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 35-50 
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    Notes: Abstract Conventional demand based approaches to recreational economics are reviewed and found unsuitable for analyzing the effects of changes of the quality of recreation. An alternative approach using a simulation model is proposed, which allows the use of both quantitative data and subjective input on the qualitative effects. The critical economic variables are found to be fishing recreation visitor days and investment in recreational facilities at the Salton Sea, California. The model results are projected for 20 years and key parameters and assumptions are identified by parametric analysis. These parameters were then subjected to critical interaction by a group of specialists in the area, during a workshop session. Results of the final model are compared to a previous economic study of the region and found to be more pessimistic about the benefits of quality control. Verification of the model is performed by tests of deviation of the predictions of visitor days by the model from the actual visitor days recorded over eight years.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 79-86 
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    Notes: Abstract The research in this paper contains the design and application of a model to study the regional growth of union membership. It provides techniques to analyze both aggregate regional union membership and the ratio of aggregate regional union membership to aggregate regional employment. Union membership and its ratio to employment are influenced by employment effects (essentially a product market influence) and non-employment effects (factor market influences: government legislation, social opinion, technology, and union organizational efforts). The Product Market Effect and Factor Market Effect are isolated and measurable within the context of the model. In addition to having the advantage of separating employment from all other influences, the model deals with individual industries in a regional setting. Hence, its application is facilitated because agencies in many states collect and publish data on industrial employment and the industrial composition of union membership. In order to demonstrate the model's applicability, it has been applied to Santa Clara County. Union membership in the County rose from 56,300 in 1955 to 104,800 in 1968. Simultaneously, the ratio of union membership to employment declined from.497 in 1955 to.294 in 1968. The regional rise in total union membership between 1955 and 1968 was a composite of regional employment expansion and reductions in some of the regional industry's ratios of union membership to employment. The decline of the ratio of total union membership to total employment in Santa Clara County can be attributed to employment expansion in weakly organized industries (i. e., those with low ratios of union membership to employment) and the declining ratios of union membership to employment within the regional industries.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 70-78 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to explain localized employment in a cross section of SMSAs using selected economic aggregates rather than “basic” employment. A model is postulated where a city's localized employment depends on population, per capita income, and the position of a city within an urban hierarchy. This formulation is successfully estimated using regression analysis. The estimated coefficients are then used to explore implications concerning intercity differences in the propensity to spend locally and other aggregate relationships.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 87-94 
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    Notes: Abstract Over the last several years, considerable attention has been directed to the analysis of interregional and international capital transfers. A few of these studies have been concerned with the persistence of interregional interest rate differentials over time. In this vein, Davis and Banks have argued that between regions within the United States there have been persistent regional differences in going interest rates over very long periods and a tendency for particular regions to show persistently higher or lower than average rates for a variety of different instruments. Unfortunately, the Davis-Banks argument is based upon casual observation rather than upon formal empirical testing. In analytical terms, it has been elsewhere shown that persistent interregional interest rate differentials, if they in fact do exist, may be entirely compatible with conventional economic theory once it is recognized that there may exist barriers of one form or another to the interregional flow of funds. Using this framework of analysis as a point of departure, this paper examines whether the interregional flow of funds within the United States over time has in fact been insensitive to interest rate differentials.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 109-117 
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    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis that opportunity costs associated with foregone alternatives in moving from region i to region j significantly affect the migration decision has been proposed by Levy and Wadycki in the context of a regression model of migration. Their results for Venezuela were highly successful and additional evidence reported by Wadycki with United States data for 1955–60 also substantiated the basic hypothesis. These previous attempts at including the concept of intervening opportunities into the regression model of migration employed definitions similar to Stouffer's seminal 1940 article on the subject of intervening opportunities. The present paper presents two alternative formulations for intervening opportunities and tests them with 1955–60 United States interstate migration data. In all cases we find that both the explanatory power of distance and its estimated elasticity fall substantially when we include the proxy variables for intervening opportunities. Furthermore, including these proxies increases the explanatory power of the migration model substantially. Proxy variables which employ Stouffer's 1960 reformulation of the concept of intervening opportunities prove superior in our empirical tests.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 95-108 
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    Notes: Abstract A much neglected area of inquiry in geography is the analysis of spatial processes. It seems necessary, therefore, to initiate more effort in this area by examining and modifying existing means of investigation, or suggesting new ones. Using downtown Denver as the study area, an investigation of the spatial pattern of five urban activities from 1947 to 1971, by applying a modification of an existing means of research, shows a general temporal trend that suggests the working of the spatial process of urban equifinality. It is necessary, however, to extend the investigation of the area to several more future time periods, or to conduct a comparison between this area with several other urban areas before a firmer conclusion can be derived.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 139-146 
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    Notes: Abstract The existence of a corridor for consumer household shopping travel behavior relative to the Interstate System has previously been verified. However, whether a corridor develops, as measured in terms of investment response and commercial development, following Interstate construction is unknown. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine the investment response, if any, following the construction of an Interstate highway in one southeastern state. The basis for the research was personal interviews with all owners or managers of businesses established along a 100 mile section of Interstate highway. Based on the research, it seems questionable whether a development corridor based on investment response could be attributed to the Interstate. This article focuses on reasons for this assertion. The development which occurred was nodally related only to the interchanges along the System and to meetinthneeds of motorist travelers on the System.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 131-138 
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this note is to critically examine Charles Leven's concept of regional capital autonomy, which he defines as a situation in which a region is assured of attracting nonlocal investible funds to at least offset any outward movementof local savings, as a meaningful analytical tool. 2 Section II argues that in the context of interregional flow of funds, goods and services any lack of capital autonomy, which will manifest in the form of differential rate of return on investments among regions, will have a tendency of correcting itself under competitive equilibrium conditions. It is pointed out that flow of funds are sensitive not only to changes in the interregional rate of return but also to variations in the liquidity functions of the regions and that any index of capital autonomy defined only in terms of the magnitude of the impact on the real investment of a region would detract from its usefulness as an analytical tool. Further, it is shown that, other things being given, the index measuring the regional capital autonomy could conceivably be independent of either changes inthe outflow of local savings or inflow of foreign savings. Section III summarizes some of Leven's specific equations of regional accounts as a prelude to his derivation of indexes defining capital autonomy. In addition, it shows that some of the key equations are definitionally invalid and an attempt is made to reinterpret these so as to render them meaningful. The last section attempts to demonstrate that both the indexes of regional capital autonomy as defined by Leven have fatal drawbacks irrespective of whether the symbols of the key equations are assigned meanings as originally intended or as reinterpreted herein.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 168-173 
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 1-7 
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 118-130 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper summarizes a study for the State of Alabama which develops and tests seven alternative plans for the allocation of public grants among four different divisions of governments. This study suggests that the Alabama Development Office and Appalachia Regional Commission monies be combined and distributed jointly under one plan in order to optimize the allocation of development funds among governmental units relative to specific goals. The plan would not follow current policies of being project oriented but would distribute funds directly to governmental units on the basis of economic and/or sociological factors. The distributional patterns of the seven plans were tested statistically with a rank correlation coefficient and examined further under eleven criteria which may be interpreted individually or collectively as measurements of policy goals. A suggested application was included. Assuming a policy of placing public projects in regions which appear to be growth areas, specific recommendations would include adopting a plan similar to the Nixon Administration revenue sharing proposal which distributes funds on the basis of Gi/R, where Gi is revenues from own sources in government i, and R is revenues from own sources by all governments similar to i. By all indicators used, this allocator channels grants into the growth regions by larger amounts than the others for the government divisions of rural counties, county school districts, and cities. Another recommendation would be to adopt an allocator for city schools which weights population inversely by per capita income if the policy is to reward existing states of past growth.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 8-23 
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    Notes: Abstract This study reports some results on the determinants of regional growth at the state level, using gross state product estimates for 1955–64 and drawing upon 28 independent variables. Theoretical hypotheses relating to the influences of demographic variables, amenities, agglomeration economies, business behaviour, labour market and policy variables are tested as well as a descriptive equation. Also, ‘good fit’ equations were derived by stepwise regression procedures. The equations had a high explanatory value. Several variables showed that the more backward states grew faster, supporting the convergence hypothesis. Differences in thespatial distribution of population and economic activity within states were closely associated with variations in growth rates, suggesting that the non-spatial models that have dominated regional growth analysis are deficient. Two instrumental variables, tourist expenditures and federal government spending, were highly significant. It is important, therefore, to incorporate the government sector in regional growth theory. On the other hand, several plausible independent variables either were insignificant or had the wrong sign: education, scientific and technical personnel, the profit rate, gross savings, income potential, unemployment and air pollution. Monocausal explanations were not supported; the regional growth process appears a much more complex and interrelated phenomenon than implied by the simple growth models. Finally, current state growth performance was not independent of past conditions, indicating that the regional growth process is to some extent historically determined.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 43-58 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents alternate detailed forecasts of occupational requirements for the state of Illinois in 1980. These manpower forecasts, developed on the basis of different national economic policies and Federal budget priorities, are compared with the 1980 Illinois employment projections estimated by the State manpower planning agency and the differences in methodology are analyzed. Sources of possible error in the official State forecasts are indicated and a potentially more accurate picture of Illinois 1980 manpower requirements is developed. It is discussed how the model utilized here could be adapted to other States and regions.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 89-104 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is divided into two main sections: the first deals with the theoretical and practical interpretation of statistical data concerning a given region of a larger economy. We argue that much of the raw data are inherently faulty without more sophisticated statistical manipulation. Policy recommendations based upon such data can be no better than the data. The second section is devoted to illustration of the problems faced in using regional statistics. These illustrations are drawn primarily from the Canadian economy.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 72-88 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a process for integrating product yields, costs, and values into a planning framework which allocates broadly defined management practices on National Forest lands. Standard forest planning procedures are used to define homogeneous land units to which the practices are applied; the analytical model is an extension of those procedures. Goal-oriented allocation of the practices is accomplished by polyperiodic linear programming methods. Production goals are embodied as model constraints which govern all physical yields over time. These target constraints are also used to evaluate non-market social objectives such as scaled values of visual impact. Other considerations, as indicated by dollar values for marketable products, are incorporated into the objective function where present net worth is maximized. Sample solutions from a 10, 700-acre test site model serve to illustrate the types of information available from the model, their interpretation, and possible implications. It is shown that the model unifies and augments available information for decision making but is not a substitute for manager judgment or public opinion. Satisfaction of production goals may require significant forfeitures in net present worth as compared to the unconstrained maximum. The manager must still evaluate and balance the possible tradeoffs between production and economic oriented goals.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 59-71 
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    Notes: Abstract This report discusses a model developed to estimate regional and national effects of specified pesticide withdrawals from cotton production. In addition,the Delphi technique, which was the method used to establish much the model input data, such as regional per acre yield and production cost responses to pesticide withdrawal, is presented along with some model results. The model contains five methods for estimating the impact of specified pesticide withdrawals. The impact is estimated assuming maintenance of present cotton acreages. Alternatively, regional cotton acreage shifts are estimated based on the relationship between per acre cotton net returns and the alternative crop net returns. Model results include regional cotton price per pound and regional and national cotton acres, bales of output, and net returns for cotton and the alternative crop to cotton.
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    Notes: Abstract There has been a great deal of controversy recently in British Columbia over the non-Canadian use of the province's recreational resources. Tourism is British Columbia's third largest industry, yet tourist facilities, especially publicly provided facilities, have been experiencing crowding problems, which many believe result in deterioration in the quality of the recreational experience. In July, 1973, British Columbia's Minister of Highways responded to this situation by advocating a ban on all United States' recreational vehicles. In the present paper the problems of recreational resource development are subjected to economic analysis. One group of non-Canadian users, namely, sport fishermen, is singled out for attention. The consequences of various relevant recreation policies are discussed on a regional basis, drawing on a selection of studies undertaken by the Northern Economics Unit, Federal Fisheries Service, in Vancouver. The conclusions of the paper are as follows. It is evident that public attitudes towards non-resident use of locally identified recreational resources vary significantly from one region to another. Overcrowded conditions prevailing in some areas are not evident in others and policies must be flexible enough to take account of regional variation. Furthermore, excess demand is often a reflection of inconsistent government policies which produce a gap between the planned utilisation and the planned provision of facilities. Under such conditions discrimination on the basis of residential status is likely to be carried to lengths beyond those justified by economic analysis. In particular, in the case of British Columbia, to focus attention on restricting non-Canadian use is to divert attention away from the real problem. In the final analysis, if governments are concerned with providing an optimal amount of good quality recreational opportunities and maximising the real net benefits accruing to residents under their jurisdictions, then a policy package more finely attuned to these objectives is necessary.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 118-130 
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    Notes: Abstract Several strip-mine mineral industries in the West--particularly coal, uranium, and oil shale--are currently the center of concern to energy and rural development policy makers. In addition to numerous environmental and social ramifications of development of these industries, large numbers of jobs may be generated in what are presently sparsely populated rural areas. This raises questions regarding places of origin of employees and creation of new mining towns versus location of employees in existing towns. In order to gain insights and direction for future developments, the existing Wyoming uranium industry work force is examined in this study with respect to 1) the locational origins of employees and 2) employee commuting patterns. Manpower location considerations in rural development are conceptualized in the first portion of the paper. Work force patterns in three uranium areas of Wyoming are then analyzed and compared. Implications of the empirical findings for manpower and development policies are explored in the concluding section of the paper. Manpower training and transportation policies are addressed.
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    Notes: Abstract The Border Industries Program was initiated in 1965 as a series of agreements between Mexico and the United States to bring U.S. industries to the Mexican side of the border, and thereby provide employment and income opportunities in a region of relatively high unemployment. Since 1965, many U. S. industries have taken advantage of the Program, and located firms on the Mexican and U.S. side of the border. Supposedly this has fostered economic development of not only the Mexican border region, but also U.S. border communities. Part of this impact has resulted from the expenditures of Mexican Border Industry employees in the adjacent U.S. town. The objective of the research presented in the present article is to empirically estimate the impact of these expenditures on income, employment, and population in a specific U.S. border community. An input-output model of the Nogales, Arizona, area is used in a case study in making the analysis. The results indicate that the impact of the Mexican Border Industry wage payments on the Nogales, Arizona, economy have been significant. Policy implications for those interested in regional economic development are given.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 168-173 
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 131-139 
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    Notes: Abstract In a recent issue of this journal, Greenwood and Thomas (G-T) estimated determinants of intercounty migration in England and Wales for 1861, using regression analysis. Coincidently, we performed a similar analysis using 1851 data. As with G-T, we conclude that migrants were sensitive to economic considerations in making their locational choice. Both sets of results are remarkably similar with respect to the pronounced sensitivity of migrants to movement costs, as measured by distance. Unlike G-T, however, we generally observe significantly positive relationships between migration and wage levels in the destination county. Also, our results suggest that migrants were less responsive to job opportunity considerations than those of G-T. Furthermore, we conclude that migrants,ceteris paribus, tended to move to sunnier counties and to be somewhat responsive to public assistance payment levels in making their locational choice. Finally, our results suggest that migrants improved their economic status and contributed to British economic growth by their behavioral patterns.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 12-23 
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    Notes: Abstract A number of parallels exist between the development of social indicators and of simulation models. This paper seeks to clarify the nature of these parallels and to place them in their respective places vis-a-vis decisions dealing with complex and changing environmental problems. After delineating the role of social indicators and simulation in environmental decision-making, the paper closes with a number of areas where caution and concern are especially important. The principal conclusion is that decision-making for complex environmental problems must be synthetic in nature, and must ultimately rely on well functioning democratic political processes, since political decisions are inherently synthetic. We must avoid simple decisions dictated by technical expediency (unless of course the body politic prefers such decision models and is made aware of alternative technical opinions). In an arena of open political debate and sound technical discussion, the paper concludes that environmental decisions can be taken that respect both the ecosystem and its human inhabitants.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 1-11 
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    Notes: Abstract This study examines the role of subnational governmental units in the “distribution branch” of the Musgrave conceptual fiscal frame-work. The study analyzes the size distribution of family personal income in the 19 county North Central Planning Region of Texas. The measure of inequality used is the Gini ratio (Lorenz curves are also presented) which is calculated for each county and for the region for the years 1950, 1960 and 1970. Multiple regression analysis is then used to explain the variation in distributional inequality among the counties. The variables tested in the regression for each year included: median family income, manufacturing employment, rural-farm residence, an index of inequality in the distribution of education, female labor force participation, race, female family headship and age distribution of the population. The explanatory power of the variables varied from year to year and only the best results are presented. The results indicated that inequality increases with (1) the proportion of non-whites in the population, (2) the percent of the population over 65 years of age and (3) the degree of inequality in the distribution of education. In light of the results, the authors conclude that subnational governments could play a positive role in the activities of the Musgrave “distribution branch.” National programs with greater distributional equality as their objective could be reinforced through the activities of such subnational governmental units as regional councils of government. The COG roles in regional manpower planning and regional transportation planning are suggested as areas where regional programs can influence in a positive fashion some of the factors explaining income inequality.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 24-38 
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    Notes: Abstract The positive correlation between city size and money wage rates has been an important factor in the spatial redistribution of population in the United States. Previous studies of inter-urban wage differentials have emphasized labor productivity differences (arising from sex, age, racial, and educational characteristics) and variations in labor demand associated with factor proportions, scale of firm, and industry mix. The analysis presented here expands this research base by articulating a theoretical model of the labor demand-supply relationships which incorporates (1) the implied predictive assumptions underlying regression studies of the relation between wage rates and city size and (2) the conflicting locational forces of local demand for products and/or labor and the competitive disadvantage of distance from intermediate or final markets for output. Statistical estimation and testing of the important relationships implied by the model confirm the significance of its principal variables.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 39-60 
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    Notes: Abstract The proposed mass rapid transit system for the Los Angeles metropolitan region is examined and evaluated. Data describing the journey-to-work function in the region is analyzed in order to delineate the major patterns that exist, along with the major centers of attraction. The techniques used are those of factor analysis, nodal analysis, and cluster analysis. All three techniques delineate highly similar patterns and define identical centers of attraction within the system. The emergent structure is compared with the proposed rapid transit network and comments are made regarding the possible success of the future system.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 70-81 
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    Notes: Abstract Under discriminatory pricing, the firm's marginal revenue is equated with its marginal cost at each market point in the space economy. This pricing practice is more profitable than the f. o.b. pricing schedule which involves equality of aggregate marginal revenue and marginal cost. From this departure point, the present paper determines the effect on the theory of spatial price discrimination of homogeneous and heterogeneous local demand schedules and different degrees of competition over economic space. By relaxing the customary assumptions of homogeneity and assuming varying levels of competition, better explanations of spatial pricing policies obtain. A case study is also presented to indicate the importance of the alternative assumptions made in spatial price discriminating theory. It is shown that different demand schedules and varying levels of competition tend to promote discriminatory prices over economic space.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 82-98 
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    Notes: Abstract An important type of firm location decision is the in site or in place locational adjustment. The dynamic nature of the economic milieu necessitates continued reassessment and reorganization of internal resources by the firm. Economic geographers have become increasingly interested in the in site adjustment process and the conditions associated with various types of “adjustment paths” followed by firms. This study of twenty-one Pacific Northwest iron and steel firms during an eight year period identifies two types of in site locational adjustments made under varied conditions of economic growth by firms of different size, product mix and competitive position.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 61-69 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the effects of city age on a specific city characteristic--the violent crime rate of that city. As such it has five basic parts: an introduction, a summary of a model of violent crime which has been previously developed, a development of a theoretical model of the effects of age on violent crime, a specification and testing of that model, and a conclusion. Although city age has recently become of interest to urban economists, there has been little work which uses it as an explanatory variable of violent crime. Before the direct effect of age can be determined, the model of violent crime must first be examined. This paper summarizes a model previously developed, which relates the violent crime rate to economic and demographic variables, using the tools of utility maximization. Using two stage least squares to account for simultaneity bias, a model of violent crime was estimated. In the third section of the paper, a model of aging was developed. This model utilizes the dynamics of citizens making residential decisions based on the price of housing and the costs of commuting. From this model it is possible to make a prediction of how age of cities is related to the crime rate: as age increases, crime should increase, but, at some point, after the city reaches a certain age, the crime rate will fall. After the model is postulated, it is operationalized. Seventy-seven California cities were selected and placed in different age of city categories. Then, the crime model was re-estimated, using the age categories as dummy variables. It was found that, for the most part, the age dummy variables were as predicted in terms of size, and that their inclusion did significantly reduce the sum of squared residuals. Thus, it was concluded that this line of analysis may be a profitable area for future research.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 99-110 
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    Notes: Abstract When areally distributed variables are represented by vectors relative to a single reference point location, resultant vectors (distribution vectors) can be used to measure the geographic distribution of the variables simultaneously taking into account (1) thevalues of the variables, (2) thedirection, relative to the reference location, of the points at which the values are located, and (3) thedistances between the reference point and the data points. The distribution vector method provides measures of weighted mean location (distribution mean location) and dispersion (standard distance) that reflect the value direction, and distance of variables relative to the reference location. The distribution vector method has versatile applicability to problems involving areally distributed variables and can be used with other quantitative methods. An illustrative application of the distribution vector method with a statistical spatial interaction model of airline passenger traffic from St. Louis to 27 selected SMSAs for each year from 1960 through 1965 is included.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 123-136 
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 137-139 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper criticizes the approach used by M. Snowbarger in “A Regionally-Applicable Model for the Study of the Growth of Organized Labor,” The Annals of Regional Science, February, 1974. It is argued that the division of union membership change into “product-market” and “factor-market” effects has serious conceptual flaws, as well as using a special case of decomposition of change in a weighted aggregate, so that unambiguous partitioning of total change is impossible.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 111-122 
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper was to provide an examination of criteria for allocating EDA aid to redevelopment areas. The need for such a study has been noted by researchers in the field of regional economic development, but very little empirical work has been done. In this study the advantages and disadvantages of actual and proposed criteria for guiding development efforts were reviewed. An analysis of county designation under alternative criteria was then provided. The empirical analysis indicated that unemployment was the criterion given the greatest weight in selecting counties for special EDA benefits. The use of this criterion tended to focus EDA efforts upon industrialized counties which tend to have high median income, low incidence of poverty, and inmigration. Selection of counties on the basis of unemployment omitted many counties with both the greatest labor potential and economic need for expanded industrialization. Underemployment, on the other hand, was a much better indicator of both underutilized labor and economic need. Such a criterion could and should be used to guide programs directed toward job creation in lagging areas.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 139-141 
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 169-174 
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 1-13 
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    Notes: Abstract The major purpose of this paper is to investigate whether individual attacks against property and the recent urban riots, which researchers also agree were property oriented, arise out of a similar set of socio-economic conditions. The paper proceeds by first briefly reviewing the theoretical and empirical literature on the causes of crime and collective violence. This literature is then drawn upon to construct 24 independent variables which are measures of income, employment and educational opportunities, population characteristics and socio-political conditions. The statistical analysis in the second part of the paper employed a sample of 129 large Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 64 of which experienced one or more incidents of racial violence between 1965 and 1968 and 65 of which were nonriot SMSA's. From the 24 variables, seven factors were extracted by the minimum residual method and orthogonally rotated by the Kaiser varimax technique. These seven factors were then used as independent variables in both regression and discriminate analysis in which riot intensity (measured by property and economic loss) and property crime rates were used as independent variables. The paper concludes that criminal behavior derives from fundamentally different causes than does riot activity.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 58-68 
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    Notes: Abstract Economic base theory is alleged to have a number of shortcomings, both in concept and measurement, that considerably reduce its value as a predictive technique. Most empirical examinations of the theory have stopped short of suggesting ways in which the predictive ability of the theory could be improved. On the other hand, the sector or stages theory of economic growth, used to provide a theoretical explanation of regional growth, has not generally been applied to urban development, nor found embodiment in projective techniques. This study shows how economic base theory and sector theory interact in urban development, in what can be termed a dualistic approach to urban growth, so as to render improved predictions of such growth. This study examines urban economic base theory and analyzes the experience of 39 Canadian cities over the decade 1951–1961. These cities are used to test a model consistent with the hypothesis that the change in local employment over the decade is the result of dual forces. The first force, posited by traditional base theory, is a change in export workers. The second force, not explained by, nor consistent with, traditional base theory, is the secular change within the economy (increasing productivity in the basic relative to the local sector and increasing demand for the output of the local sector) that resulted in an increase in local employment over time, independent of changes in the base.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Notes: Résumé Les essais dont les résultats sont présentés conduisent à la nouvelle formule de l'avidité en eau du granulat qui experime la relation entre l'avidité et deux paramètres, comme le module de finesse et la compacité du granulat en tas. En conséquence, la méthode proposée donne la possibilité d'apprècier directement à l'aide d'un abaque l'aptitude du granulat en tas. Ayant connaissance de l'avidité en eau on peut calculer immédiatement la composition du béton, en tenant compte de la résistance et de la consistance du béton frais.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 133-134 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper reports an experimental investigation on a reinforced concrete loading frame of ten tonnes working load capacity. The loading frame was fabricated by using two doubly reinforced concrete beams to serve as flexural members. Eight numbers of mild steel rods connected to the beams by plates and nuts served as supports for the beams and also as tension members during testing of structural elements. The stress distribution and loadeflexion characteristics of the flexural members of the frame was investigated in the working load range of to tonnes. Theoretical and experimental observations indicated that the flexural member behaves like a beam with partial fixity at the ends.
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 145-147 
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 153-153 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 191-196 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié les effets dynamiques d'une sorption d'eau sur la diminution de la résistance et le fluage en traction de bétons et de mortiers. La recherche qu'on décrit ici indique que les processus de re-hydratation et de recrystallisation du gel de ciment lors d'une adsorption d'eau déterminent une microfissuration ou la propagation de fissures. On montre que la résistance en traction et le fluage en traction sont extrêmement sensibles aux microfissurations préexistantes, provoquées par la sorption, engendrées par la charge. On examine les mécanismes de fluage en compression du béton séché que l'on resature d'eau et on les compare avec ceux du fluage en compression dans des conditions ordinaires. Les éprouvettes de béton et de mortier (102×102×508 mm) ont été séchées à l'étuve jusqu' à un poids constant, chargées à différents niveaux de contrainte (de 0,55 de la charge ultime jusqu' à 0,15), puis placées dans une chambre humide (94±3% H.R.), où l'on a également placé, après dessication à poids constant, des prismes de traction (102×102×508 mm) pour la détermination de la résistance en traction directe et des cylindres (15×75 mm de diamètre) pour les essais en compression et de traction par fendage. Les éprouvettes de mortier, dont la forte teneur volumétrique en pâte de ciment est de 0,69, révèlent une diminution de 80% de la résistance en traction lors de la resaturation, tandis que la diminution de la résistance en compression est de l'ordre de 30%. Du fait de la diminution de la résistance en fonction du temps, de la réhydratation et de la forte microfissuration qui en résulte, les éprouvettes de mortier et de ciment se rompent, à des niveaux de contrainte constants, bien au-dessous de la valeur de la résistance statique ultime en traction.
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic effects of water sorption on the strength reduction and the tensile creep of concrete and mortar are investigated. Moisture assisted crack growth is the major mechanism of tensile creep and/or, fracture of the desiccated material. Mechanisms of compressive creep of desiccated concrete on re-saturation with water, are discussed and compared with those of tensile creep.
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  • 97
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aptitude des éléments de construction en plâtre à composer des murs porteurs est influencée, en général, par leur comportement physique et rhéologique. Les facteurs importants sont l'humidité, la densité et la teneur en anhydrite II. Alors que la densité et la teneur en anhydrite II peuvent être influencées par la technologie, on constate que l'humidité est une grandeur qui dépend des conditions d'utilisation. Elle échappe au contrôle précis, surtout si interviennent des charges physiques additionnelles. La présence d'eau absorbée (soit 0,7% par poids) suffit pour que les caractéristiques mécaniques et rhéologiques soient altérées considérablement, de sorte qu'il faut évaluer, dans la plupart des cas, des propriétés qui correspondent au degré hygrométrique. La tenue en déformation élastique des matériaux à l'état sec est donnée par la loi de Hooke. A l'état humide, le module d'élasticité dépend de la contrainte. La tenue en déformation plastique du matériau à l'état sec est caractérisée par une courbe déformation en fonction du temps convergente, alors que cette courbe est divergente pour un matériau humide. Le fluage du plâtre fait varier non seulement la forme, mais encore le volume du matériau. Le taux de déformation entraîne aussi bien un fluage dans la direction de la charge qu'un fluage orthogonal. Le taux de la variation de volume dépend de la porosité de l'échantillon et détermine une augmentation de la densité. Dans ces conditions, l'utilisation des matériaux en plâtre pour les murs portants ne se justifie que si les tensions permanentes ne dépassent pas 10% des résistances à l'état humide, et que si les surfaces ont reçu une protection suffisante contre l'eau libérée. Compte tenu du caractère rhéologique, il faut restreindre le degré d'élancement et établir des conditions d'assemblage en fonction du comportement en résistance et déformation. Du fait de l'influence néfaste de la teneur en anhydrite II, il conviendrait de fabriquer des plâtres cuits pauvres en anhydrite II. Certes, les plâtres durs provenant du semihydrate atteignent des densités et des résistances élevées, en raison de leurs besoins faibles en eau de gâchage, mais leur comportement rhéologique n'est guère en rapport. Leur utilisation en éléments porteurs doit donc être limitée. Une amélioration efficace des qualités mécaniques et rhéologiques du plôtre pourrait être obtenue par des additions de durcisseurs, ce qui donnerait une nouvelle impulsion à l'utilisation dans la construction de ce matériau que la terre nous fournit abondamment.
    Notes: Abstract The suitability of plaster building units to structural application is determined not only by the strength behaviour but to a large degree also by the deformation behaviour. In plaster units under permanent load there occur elastic, retarded elastic, and plastic deformations, which primarily depend on the quality of the raw materials, on placing and hardening conditions, on the structure of the hardened material, on the stress applied, and on the moisture content. The interrelations between the deformation behaviour and the above mentioned effects were investigated and—as far as as possible—plotted and mathematically evaluated. For characterizing the building material specific values such as moduli of elasticity and creep values and the conditions for its application are given.
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  • 98
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 225-225 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 99
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 265-271 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On s'est appuyé sur plusieurs théories des matériaux composites pour prédire les propriétés mécaniques du béton. Dans beaucoup de cas, aucune base ne permet de juger de la supériorité relative d'un modèle sur un autre. Il importe pourtant que le modèle et les hypothèses qui lui sont associées soient axiomatiquement acceptables et qu'ils présentent une pertinence physique par rapport au problème étudié. On examine ici l'aptitude d'un nouveau modèle de matériaux polyphases à l'étude du béton. On montre que ce modèle permet de prédire le module de Young effectif et le retrait du béton très exactement pour ce qui regarde le comportement en fluage, qualitativement le modèle soutient la comparaison avec beaucoup d'autres modèles antérieurs. Mais une formulation plus affinée du problème du fluage exigera de nouvelles études.
    Notes: Abstract Several theories of composite materials have been used to predict the mechanical properties of concrete. In many cases there is no basis to judge the relative superiority of one model over that of the other. It is, however, essential that the model and the related assumptions are axiomatically acceptable, and have physical relevance to the problem under consideration. In this paper the suitability of a new model of multiphase materials to concrete is examined. It is shown that the model predicts the effective Young's modulus and shrinkage of concrete quite accurately. As far as prediction of creep behaviour is concerned, the model qualitatively compares well with many other models proposed earlier. However, further studies are essential into more refined formulation of the problem of creep phenomenon.
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  • 100
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    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 300-300 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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