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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (819)
  • 2020-2022
  • 1995-1999  (670)
  • 1970-1974  (149)
  • 1999
  • 1996  (670)
  • 1974  (149)
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1995-1999  (670)
  • 1970-1974  (149)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion exchange purification of G6PDH from unclarified yeast cell homogenates using expanded bed adsorption (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 204-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: expanded bed adsorption ; bakers' yeast ; G6PDH ; STREAMLINE ion exchange adsorbents ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of expanded beds of STREAMLINE ion exchange adsorbents for the direct extraction of an intracellular enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) from unclarified yeast cell homogenates has been investigated. It has been demonstrated that such crude feedstocks can be applied to the bed without prior clarification steps. The purification of G6PDH from an unclarified yeast homogenate was chosen as a model system containing the typical features of a direct extraction technique. Optimal conditions for the purification were determined in small scale, packed bed experiments conducted with clarified homogenates. Results from these experiments were used to develop a preparative scale separation of G6PDH in a STREAMLINE 50 EBA apparatus. The use of an on-line rotameter for measuring and controlling the height of the expanded bed when operated in highly turbid feedstocks was demonstrated. STREAMLINE DEAE has been shown to be successful in achieving isolation of G6PDH from an unclarified homogenate with a purification factor of 12 and yield of 98% in a single step process. This ion exchange adsorbent is readily cleaned using simple cleaning-in-place procedures without affecting either adsorption or the bed expansion properties of the adsorbent after many cycles of operation. The ability of combining clarification, capture, and purification in a single step will greatly simplify downstream processing flowsheets and reduce the costs of protein purification. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rat hepatocyte morphology and function on lactose-derivatized polystyrene surfaces (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: hepatocytes ; lactose-derivatized polystyrene ; polystyrene ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hepatocytes isolated from male Fisher 344VF rats were cultured on two substrates, collagen I and a lactose-derivatized polystyrene (PS-lactose), to compare morphological and functional differences. Hepatocyte morphology changed dramatically depending upon the substrate, shown through actin cytoskeletal staining and scanning electron microscopy. Functional assays performed included albumin secretion, reduced glutathione content, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase, and cytochrome P4501A1 activity. The presence of dexamethasone and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in the media was required for the maintenance of several differentiated functions for cells cultured on collagen. In general, cells cultured on the PS-lactose substrate showed a much slower loss of function over the same period of time. The maintenance of differentiated function of cells on PS-lactose was enhanced with the addition of dexamethasone and DMSO. This is the first report of a culture system in which hepatocytes, cultured on a polymer substrate without additional protein coatings or media additives, have been able to maintain differentiated functions for up to 1 week. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
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    Conservative chemical modification of proteins to study the effects of a single protein property on partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 290-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: proteins, modified ; partitioning in aqueous system ; thaumatin ; β-lactoglobulin ; BSA ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relatively conservative modifications of three proteins were carried out to alter their surface properties. The protein properties modified were hydrophobicity and charge. This was done by acylation of amino groups with anhydrides. For the hydrophobic modification experiments, two proteins (β-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin [BSA]) and four anhydrides (hexanoic, butyric, succinic, acetic) were used. For the modification of surface charge the protein thaumatin was selected and various proportions of the free amino groups were blocked with acetic anhydride to give a series of proteins with differing isoelectric points. Detailed characterization and purification of selected modified proteins was carried out including molecular weight measurements and conformational analysis. The criteria used for selecting the modified proteins for subsequent investigation of their partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) is described. With a judicious choice of starting material it was found that limited chemical modifications to proteins could effectively alter surface hydrophobicity or charge almost independently, with little effect on other molecular properties. It appears, however, that the method for chemical modification and the reaction conditions must also be carefully controlled. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
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    Use of chemically modified proteins to study the effect of a single protein property on partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems: Effect of surface charge (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: surface charge ; proteins, modified ; partitioning in aqueous system ; thaumatin ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of charge-modified thaumatins with different values of surface charge were partitioned in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) to study the effect of surface charge as a single property on partitioning. Electrophoretic mobility of the proteins in titration curves was used as a measure of surface charge. Four modified proteins derived from thaumatin with the following values of isoelectric point: 8.70, 8.15, 5.60, and 4.50 were used for partitioning. The resolution of the systems in terms of protein surface charge was calculated. Partitioning of modified thaumatins in PEG 4000/dextran systems with phosphate buffer, Tris buffer, NaCl, KCl, and sulfate salts was carried out. Among the sulfate salts tested, the addition of 50 mM Li2SO4 to the system buffered with phosphate gave the highest value of resolution for differences in surface protein charge (RSPC). It shows a decrease in the value of K (partition coefficient) with an increase in the protein's charge. The addition of 100 mM KCl to the system promoted the opposite effect on the RSPC value. Charge-modified proteins were partitioned in PEG/salt systems to investigate the ability of these systems for resolving differences in surface charge. The PEG/citrate system seemed to have almost no ability for resolving proteins on the basis of surface charge differences; PEG/phosphate systems had some capability for resolving differently charged proteins. The more negative proteins tended to have higher values of K than the more positively charged fractions. The use of charge-modified proteins allowed the investigation of the effect of protein surface charge on partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems independently from other protein parameters as they were prepared from a common parent protein thaumatin. This technique provides an interesting novel tool to investigate the effect of protein surface charge on partitioning in ATPS taking protein charge as an independent parameter. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    A versatile oxygenator and perfusion system for magnetic resonance studies (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 348-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: oxygenator ; NMR spectroscopy ; organ perfusion ; mammalian cell culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A compact, reusable membrane oxygenator has been constructed for the perfusion of cultured cells and isolated organs. While the oxygenator was designed to be compatible with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies, it can also be used for any experiment which requires warming and oxygenation of perfusates. For the NMR studies, the oxygenator can be positioned at the opening of the magnet bore which allows oxygenation and warming of the perfusate immediately prior to delivery to the tissue, therefore eliminating problems with heat or oxygen loss which may occur with the long perfusion lines. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260490302
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  • 6
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    Fluid shear stress induction of the transcriptional activator c-fos in human and bovine endothelial cells, HeLa, and Chinese hamster ovary cells (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 383-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: c-fos protein ; endothelium ; hemodynamics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The c-fos protein belongs to a family of transcriptional cofactors that can complex with proteins of the Jun family and activate mRNA transcription from gene promoters containing an activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding element. The shear stress inducibility of the c-fos protein was studied in human and animal cell lines of vastly different origins. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC, passage 2-14), HeLa cells, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were subjected to steady laminar shear stress using a parallel plate flow apparatus. After 1 h of flow exposure at 25 dyn/cm2, the c-fos levels in nuclei of shear stress HUVEC, BAEC, HeLa, and CHO were 5.4 ± 2.0 (n = 3), 2.25 ± 1.38 (n = 6), 2.14 ± 0.07 (n = 8), 1.92 ± 0.58 (n = 2) times higher, respectively, than in matched stationary controls. Flow exposure at 4 dyn/cm2 caused no enhancement of c-fos levels in any of the cell lines tested, but caused significant reduction in c-fos expression in the HeLa cells. The c-fos induction by shear stress could be blocked by pharmacological agents. For example, the flow induction of the c-fos protein levels was blocked by 50% with the preincubation of HUVEC with a protein kinase C inhibitor, H7 (10 μM) and blocked completely in HeLa cells preincubated with the phospholipase C inhibitor, neomycin (5 mM). The minimum time of shear stress exposure required to induce the c-fos protein expression in HeLa cells was found to be as low as 1 min. By Northern analysis, the c-fos mRNA levels were found to be elevated in BAEC, CHO, and HeLa cells exposed to 25 dyn/cm2 for 30 min. These studies indicate that c-fos induction is a consistent genetic response in a variety of mammalian cells that may alter cellular phenotype in mechanical environments. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Vancomycin production in batch and continuous culture (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 412-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Amycolatopsis orientalis ; vancomycin production ; chemostat culture ; phosphate inhibition ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Production of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin by two Amycolatopsis orientalis strains was examined in batch shake flask culture in a semidefined medium with peptone as the nitrogen source. Different growth and production profiles were observed with the two strains; specific production (Yp/x) was threefold higher with strain ATCC 19795 than with strain NCIMB 12945. A defined medium with amino acids as the nitrogen source was developed by use of the Plackett-Burman statistical screening method. This technique identified certain amino acids (glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and arginine) that gave significant increased specific production, whereas phosphate was identified as inhibitory for high specific vancomycin production. Experiments made with the improved medium and strain ATCC 19795 showed that vancomycin production kinetics were either growth dissociated or growth associated, depending on the amino acid concentration. In chemostat culture at a constant dilution rate (0.087 h-1), specific vancomycin production rate (qvancomycin) decreased linearly as the medium phosphate concentration was increased from 2 to 8 mM. In both phosphate and glucose limited chemostats, qvancomycin was a function of specific growth rate; the maximum value was observed at D = 0.087 h-1 (52% of the maximum specific growth rate). Under phosphate limited growth conditions, qvancomycin was threefold higher (0.37 mg/g dry weight/h) than under glucose limitation (0.12 mg/g dry weight/h). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
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    On-line monitoring of respiration in recombinant-baculovirus infected and uninfected insect cell bioreactor cultures (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 36-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: insect cell culture ; Sf-9 cells ; respiration ; bioreactor ; on-line monitoring ; baculovirus expression vector system ; recombinant proteins ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Respiration rates in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cell bioreactor cultures were successfully measured on-line using two methods: The O2 uptake rate (OUR) was determined using gas phase pO2 values imposed by a dissolved oxygen controller and the CO2 evolution rate (CER) was measured using an infrared detector. The measurement methods were accurate, reliable, and relatively inexpensive. The CER was routinely determined in bioreactor cultures used for the production of several recombinant proteins. Simple linear relationships between viable cell densities and both OUR and CER in exponentially growing cultures were used to predict viable cell density. Respiration measurements were also used to follow the progress of baculoviral infections in Sf-9 cultures. Infection led to increases in volumetric and per-cell respiration rates. The relationships between respiration and several other culture parameters, including viable cell density, cell protein, cell volume, glucose consumption, lactate production, viral titer, and recombinant β-galactosidase accumulation, were examined. The extent of the increase in CER following infection and the time postinfection at which maximum CER was attained were negatively correlated with the multiplicity of infection (MOI) at multiplicities below the level required to infect all the cells in a culture. Delays in the respiration peak related to the MOI employed were correlated with delays in the peak in recombinant protein accumulation. DO levels in the range 5-100% did not exert any major effects on viable cell densities, CER, or product titer in cultures infected with a baculovirus expressing recombinant β-galactosidase. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500101
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  • 10
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    Aggregation of ligand-modified liposomes by specific interactions with proteins. II: Biotinylated liposomes and antibiotin antibody (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 169-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: liposomes ; biotin ; aggregation kinetics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The aggregation of biotinylated phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) cross-linked by antibiotin IgG was studied experimentally and theoretically. The liposomes were either low density liposomes that contained 0.4 mol% biotinylated phospholipid (≈100 exposed biotin molecules per liposome), or high density liposomes that contained 2.7 mol% biotinylated phospholipid (≈1000 exposed biotin molecules per liposome). The solution turbidity and mean particle size measured by quasi-elastic light scattering (QLS) were monitored throughout the aggregation. Three different lots of antibiotin antibodies, each with different association constants and binding heterogeneities, were used. The antibody binding characteristics affected the aggregation rates. The aggregation kinetics were analyzed using a model based on the Smoluchowski theory of aggregation, fractal concepts of aggregate microstructure, and Rayleigh and Mie light scattering theory. The experimental conditions of liposome concentration, protein concentration, and ligand density under which aggregation occurred correlated well with calculated sticking probabilities based on isotherms describing the adsorption of antibiotin antibody to the liposomes. These results are compared with prior observations made when avidin was used as the cross-linking protein. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 11
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500201
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  • 12
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    Collagenase digestion of bone fragments in microgravity (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: microgravity ; bioprocessing ; sedimentation ; turbulence ; collagenase ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of a quiescent microgravity fluid environment on the activity of collagenase directed at demineralized bone fragments was investigated over a period of 10 days. Enzyme treatment resulted in greater mass loss in microgravity, with nearly three times the loss of mass during Space Shuttle mission STS-62 compared to the stationary ground control. Clinorotation enhanced the loss of mass relative to a stationary control, but this increase was still significantly less than the increase with exposure to microgravity. This suggests the detrimental influence of turbulence on the enzyme function and the benefit of using microgravity to provide both low turbulence and uniformity of unequally dense materials within the reaction chamber. The results are considered for their general applicability to a variety of bioprocessing applications that may be enhanced in microgravity. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500203
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  • 13
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    Mini-review: Mechanical factors affecting cartilage regeneration in vitro (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 430-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cartilage ; tissue regeneration ; chondrocytes ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the last 5 to 10 years, tissue engineering has revolutionized the way in which medical researchers and clinicians are thinking of and, in some cases, actually treating diseases involving tissue damage and destruction. One such disease, osteoarthritis, results from progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, which has a limited ability to repair itself. With tissue engineering, scientists are now able to regenerate cartilage in vitro from isolated mature chondrocytes. While the regeneration process is still not fully understood, enough has been learned that physicians are already implanting cultured chondrocytes into humans and other animals in the hopes of effecting joint repair. One aspect which has not been fully explored is the effect of mechanical stress on developing and implanted cartilage, especially over the long term. This article will review in brief what is now known about the mechanical factors affecting cartilage regeneration in vitro and what still remains to be determined for optimum tissue engineering of cartilage constructs. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 14
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    Osteoblast migration on poly(α-hydroxy esters) (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 443-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: osteoblast ; migration ; poly(αhydroxy esters) ; poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) ; PLGA ; biodegradable polymers ; tissue engineering ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We investigated the migration of rat calvaria osteoblast populations on poly(α-hydroxy ester) films for up to 14 days to determine effects of substrate composition and culture conditions on the migratory characteristics of osteoblasts. Initial osteoblast culture conditions included cell colonies formed by seeding a high (84,000 cells/cm2) or low (42,000 cells/cm2) density of isolated osteoblasts on the polymer films, and bone tissue cultures formed by plating bone chips directly on the substrates. High density osteoblast colonies cultured and allowed to migrate and proliferate radially on 85:15 poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) films, 75:25 PLGA films, and tissue culture polystyrene controls demonstrated that the copolymer ratio in the polymer films did not affect the rate of increase in substrate surface area (or culture area) covered by the growing cell colony. However, the rate of increase in culture area was dependent on the initial osteoblast seeding density. Initial cell colonies formed with a lower osteoblast seeding density on 75:25 PLGA resulted in a lower rate of increase in culture area, specifically 4.9 ± 0.3 mm2/day, versus 14.1 ± 0.7 mm2/day for colonies seeded with a higher density of cells on the same polymer films. The proliferation rate for osteoblasts in the high and low density seeded osteoblast colonies did not differ, whereas the proliferation rate for the osteoblasts arising from the bone chips was lower than either of these isolated cell colonies. Confocal and light microscopy revealed that the osteoblast migration occurred as a monolayer of individual osteoblasts and not a calcified tissue front. These results demonstrated that cell seeding conditions strongly affect the rates of osteoblast migration and proliferation on biodegradable poly(α-hydroxy esters). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Different measures of human hematopoietic cell culture performance are optimized under vastly different conditions (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 505-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bone marrow ; hematopoiesis ; perfusion ; culture optimization ; stroma ; stem cells ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hematopoiesis, the formation of mature blood cells from stem (LTC-IC) and progenitor (CFU-GM) cells in the bone marrow, is a complex tissue-forming process that leads to many important physiological functionalities. Consequently, a functioning ex vivo hematopoietic system has a variety of basic scientific and clinical uses. The design and operation of such a system presents the tissue engineer with challenges and choices. In this study, three culture variables were used to control ex vivo human hematopoiesis. Systematic variation of inoculum density (ID), medium exchange interval (MEI), and the use of preformed stroma (PFS) showed that (1) all three variables significantly influenced culture performance, (2) the three variables interacted strongly, and (3) the variables could be manipulated to achieve the optimization of different performance criteria. Donor-to-donor variability in culture performance was great at low ID but was minimized at higher ID. PFS had a large positive effect on cell and CFU-GM output at low ID, but had minimal effect at higher ID. In fact, PFS caused a decrease in LTC-IC output at high ID. The effects of PFS indicated that stromal cell elements became more limiting than proliferative cell elements as ID was reduced.In cultures without PFS, maximum cell output was obtained with high ID using a short MEI, whereas the greatest cell expansion ratio was obtained at low ID with an intermediate MEI. Maximum CFU-GM output was obtained from cultures with high ID using a short to intermediate MEI, whereas the greatest CFU-GM expansion ratio was obtained at intermediate ID with an intermediate MEI. The addition of PFS altered the locations of these maxima. In general, PFS moved the maxima to lower ID, and culture output became more sensitive to MEI. Therefore, the optimization of one performance criterion always resulted in a decline of the others. This study demonstrates that ex vivo tissue function is sensitive to many culture variables in an interactive fashion and that systematic multivariable studies are required to characterize tissue function. Once the effects of individual variables and their interactions are known, this knowledge can be used to optimize tissue performance with respect to desired criteria. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500501
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  • 17
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    Thermal stability studies of a globular protein in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) by 1H NMR (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 410-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: lysozyme ; thermal stability ; 1H NMR ; conformational flexibility ; melting temperature ; PEG ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reversible folding destabilization of hen lysozyme has been confirmed by a melting temperature (Tm) decrease in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The percent denatured, extracted from the histidine 15 C2H (H15 C2H) native and denatured peak areas from 500-MHz one-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1D 1H NMR) spectra in D2O, was analyzed through denaturation temperatures at 0% and 20% (w/w) PEG 1000. The lysozyme (3.5 mM) Tm decreased by 4.2°C and 7.1°C in 20% (w/w) PEG 1000 at pH 3.8 and 3.0, respectively. The Tm decreased with increasing lysozyme concentration. Additionally, the temperature-induced resonance migrations of 17 protons from 8 residues indicate that the native lysozyme structure undergoes temperature-induced conformational changes. The changes were essentially identical in both 0% and 20% (w/w) PEG 1000 at both pH 3.0 and 3.8. This small, local restructuring of the hydrophobic box region may be a manifestation of temperature-dependent solution hydrophobicity, whereas active-site cleft fluctuations may be due to the inherent active-site flexibility. The lysozyme structure in PEG at 35°C was determined to be essentially native from the 1H nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) fingerprint regions. Additionally, lysozyme chemical shifts, from 1D spectra, in PEG 200, 300, and 1000 at 35°C and various concentrations were essentially identical, further confirming that the conformation remains native in various PEG solutions. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 18
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    Factors affecting cellulose hydrolysis and the potential of enzyme recycle to enhance the efficiency of an integrated wood to ethanol process (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 375-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cellulase ; enzyme recycling ; enzyme adsorption ; lignocellulosic hydrolysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Past technoeconomic modeling work has identified the relatively large contribution that enzymatic hydrolysis adds to the total cost of producing ethanol from lignocellulosic substrates. This cost was primarily due to the high concentration of enzyme and long incubation time that was required to obtain complete hydrolysis. Although enzyme and substrate concentration and end-product inhibition influenced the rate of hydrolysis, the effect was less pronounced during the initial stages of hydrolysis. During this time most of the cellulases were adsorbed onto the unhydrolyzed residue. By recycling the cellulases adsorbed to the residual substrate remaining after an initial 24 h, a high rate of hydrolysis, with low overall residence time and minimal cellulase input, could be achieved for several rounds of enzyme recycle. A comparison of the front end (pretreatment, fractionation, and hydrolysis) of a softwood/hardwood to ethanol process indicated that the lignin associated with the softwood-derived cellulose stream limited the number of times the cellulose containing residue could be recycled. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Sparging and agitation-induced injury of cultured animals cells: Do cell-to-bubble interactions in the bulk liquid injure cells? (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 399-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cell damage ; cell culture ; bubble aeration ; agitation ; bubble coalescence and breakup ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been established that the forces resulting from bubbles rupturing at the free air (gas)/liquid surface injure animal cells in agitated and/or sparged bioreactors. Although it has been suggested that bubble coalescence and breakup within agitated and sparged bioreactors (i.e., away from the free liquid surface) can be a source of cell injury as well, the evidence has been indirect. We have carried out experiments to examine this issue. The free air/liquid surface in a sparged and agitated bioractor was eliminated by completely filling the 2-L reactor and allowing sparged bubbles to escape through an outlet tube. Two identical bioreactors were run in parallel to make comparisons between cultures that were oxygenated via direct air sparging and the control culture in which silicone tubing was used for bubble-free oxygenation. Thus, cell damage from cell-to-bubble interactions due to processes (bubble coalescence and breakup) occurring in the bulk liquid could be isolated by eliminating damage due to bubbles rupturing at the free air/liquid surface of the bioreactor. We found that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells grown in medium that does not contain shear-protecting additives can be agitated at rates up to 600 rpm without being damaged extensively by cell-to bubble interactions in the bulk of the bioreactor. We verified this using both batch and high-density perfusion cultures. We tested two impeller designs (pitched blade and Rushton) and found them not to affect cell damage under similar operational conditions. Sparger location (above vs. below the impeller) had no effect on cell damage at higher agitation rates but may affect the injury process at lower agitation intensities (here, below 250 rpm). In the absence of a headspace, we found less cell damage at higher agitation intensities (400 and 600 rpm), and we suggest that this nonintuitive finding derives from the important effect of bubble size and foam stability on the cell damage process. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Modulation of the phosphate-starvation response in Escherichia coli by genetic manipulation of the polyphosphate pathways (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 434-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: polyphosphate ; Escherichia coli ; phosphate starvation ; gene expression ; heterologous ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of intracellular polyphosphate on the phosphate-starvation response in Escherichia coli was studied by genetically manipulating the intracellular polyphosphate levels and by performing phosphate shifts on the genetically engineered strains. Strains that produced large quantities of polyphosphate and were able to degrade it induced the phosphate-starvation response to a lesser extent than wild-type strains, whereas strains that were unable to degrade a large intracellular polyphosphate pool induced the phosphate-starvation response to a greater extent than wild-type strains. These results have important implications for expression of heterologous genes under control of the phoA promoter. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Effect of high shear on proteins (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 458-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: concentric-cylinder shear device ; rotor/stator homogenization ; shear ; shear rate ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shear is present in almost all bioprocesses and high shear is associated with processes involving agitation and emulsification. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of high shear and high shear rate on proteins. Two concentric cylinder-based shear systems were used. One was a closed concentric-cylinder shear device (CCSD) and the other was a homogenizer with a rotor/stator assembly. Mathematical modeling of these systems allowed calculation of the shear rate and shear. The CCSD generated low shear rates (a few hundred s-1), whereas the homogenizer could generate very high shear rates (〉 105 s-1). High shear could be achieved in both systems by increasing the processing time. Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) were used as the model proteins in this study. It was found that neither high shear nor high shear rate had a significant effect on protein aggregation. However, a lower melting temperature and enthalpy were detected for highly sheared rhGH by using scanning microcalorimetry, presumably due to some changes in protein's conformation. Also, SDS-PAGE indicated the presence of low molecular-weight fragments, suggesting that peptide bond breakage occurred due to high shear. rhDNase was relatively more stable than rhGH under high shear. No conformational changes and protein fragments were observed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Properties of two insect cell lines useful for the baculovirus expression system in serum-free culture (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 494-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cell metabolism ; baculovirus ; insect cells ; recombinant protein OSF-2 ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The properties of Sf9 and Tn5 insect cells were analyzed comparatively under serum-free culture conditions. Sf9 cells in SF900II medium apparently utilized sucrose as a primary nutrient both before and after virus infection, yielding small amounts of lactate and ammonia. Tn5 cells in Excell 401 medium consumed all the nutrients examined, including sucrose. The productivity of a recombinant glycoprotein, OSF-2, by Tn5 cells, was moderate in both monolayer and spinner cultures, but the ability to secrete it was compromised in the former case. Relative to the Tn5 cultures, Sf9 produced 30-fold more OSF-2 in either culture mode. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    NMR imaging of heavy metal absorption in alginate, immobilized cells, and kombu algal biosorbents (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 538-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: NMR imaging ; biosorption ; alginate ; shrinking core model ; Laminaria ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this contribution, an NMR imaging study of heavy metal absorption in alginate, immobilized-cell biosorbents, and kombu (Laminaria japonica) algal biomass is presented. This method provides the good possibility of directly monitoring the time evolution of the spatial distribution of the ions in the materials. From these results, we demonstrate that rare earth ions are absorbed with a steep reaction front that can be described very well with a modified shrinking core model, while copper ions are absorbed with a more diffuse front.
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    Enzymatic resolution of 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol by enantioselective oxidation: Overcoming product inhibition by continuous extraction (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 544-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: oxidoreductase ; chiral alcohol ; racemic resolution ; membrane reactor ; continuous extraction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxidations of alcohols by alcohol dehydrogenases often suffer from low conversions and slow reaction rates due to severe product inhibition. This can be overcome by continuous product extraction, because only the concentrations, but not the kinetic parameters, can be changed. As a consequence, it is favorable to apply a differential circulation reactor with continuous product extraction, where only a small amount of product is formed per cycle. The product is then directly extracted using a microporous hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane. This results in an increase of the relative activity of the dehydrogenase at a given conversion. The reaction investigated is the kinetic resolution of racemic 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol by glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH). The resulting oxidation product, 2-hydroxyacetophenone, causes a strong product inhibition. Additionally, it reacts in a chemical reaction with the cofactor lowering its active concentration. Because the GDH needs β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a cofactor, lactate dehydrogenase is used to regenerate NAD+ from NADH by reducing pyruvate to (L)-lactate. A conversion of 50% with respect to the racemate and an enantiomeric excess 〉99% of the (S)-enantiomer was reached.
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    Immobilization of DNA onto a polymer support and its potentiality as immunoadsorbent (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 581-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: microfiber ; graft polymerization ; DNA immobilization ; immunoadsorbent ; DNA ; anti-DNA antibody ; systemic lupus erythematosus ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilization of DNA to the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) microfibers with a high specific surface area of 0.83 m2/g was carried out to give the fiber surface an affinity for anti-DNA antibody. Following ozone oxidation, the microfibers were subjected to graft polymerization of monomers including acrylic acid, methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N-vinylformamide, and glycidyl methacrylate. Calf thymus DNA was immobilized to the grafted fiber surface through either covalent binding or polyion complexation with the grafted polymer chains. The highest surface density of DNA immobilized (0.6 μg/cm2) was obtained when DNA was immobilized through formation of phosphodiester linkage between the hydroxyl group of DNA and the phosphate group in grafted poly(methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate) using 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole, or through polyion complexation between the anionic DNA and the cationic grafted poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) chains. Batch adsorption of anti-DNA antibody to the grafted PET fibers with and without DNA immobilized on their surface was conducted with serum obtained from systemic lupus erythematosus model mice. The DNA-immobilized PET fibers exhibited a higher adsorption capacity and specificity than the others. In addition, the DNA-immobilized fibers effectively adsorbed human anti-DNA antibody.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160101
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    Flow kinetics of L-asparaginase attached to nylon tubing (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 119-134 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: L-Asparaginase has been attached by chemical means to the inner surface of nylon tubing. An experimental study has been carried out of the flow kinetics for such a system, asparagine solutions at various concentrations being passed through two lengths of tubing at various flow rates. Measurements were made of the concentration of the product ammonia at the tube exit, and of the rate of formation of ammonia, under the various conditions. Apparent Michaelis constants, Km(app), were some three orders of magnitude higher than the Km for the enzyme in free solution (∼13 × 10-6JM). The results were analyzed with respect to the theoretical treatment described in the preceding paper (Kobayashi and Laidler), three different methods being employed. It is concluded that at lower substrate concentrations and flow rates the reactions are largely diffusion-controlled, the enhanced Km(app) values being largely if not entirely due to the diffusion control; ionic strength studies showed electrostatic repulsion effects to be unimportant. At high concentrations and high flow rates (when the diffusion layer is of negligible thickness) the diffusional effects are minimized, and Km(app) approaches the true Km value for the immobilized enzyme.
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    Degradation of lignin by combined chemical and biological treatment (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 789-805 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been demonstrated that ozone dosages of 0.06 lb and 0.78 lb per pound of lignin can reduce the optical density (in the visible range) of the latter by 82% and 92%, respectively. The reduction in color is accompanied by a shift in the molecular weight distribution of lignin from a broad peak of between 20,000 and 70,000 to lower molecular weight, species including substantial amounts possessing a molecular weight of 1000 or less. The cost of decolorizing a typical kraft paper bleach effluent is estimated to be under 50¢/1000 gal which compares favorably with competitive decolorizing processes. Lignin ozonation results in the production of a series of decolorized products which can serve as the sole source of carbon for a variety of microorganisms. Feasibility studies indicated that at least 40% of the ozonated material can be transferred into microbial biomass (protein) as well as other products of commercial interest such as fumaric acid and penicillin.
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    Development of gelatin/urease films (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 859-862 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Hydrolysis of starch by a mixture of enzymes in a membrane reactor (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 545-550 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Immobilization of enzymes by radiopolymerization of acrylamidePart 1 in a series of studies on the preparation of immobilized enzymes by radiopolymerization. An outline of the work described here was presented at the annual meeting of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, April 1973, Tokyo. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 609-621 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new and simple method for immobilization of enzymes by the aerobic radio-polymerization of acrylamide was developed. Irradiation treatment of acrylamide in the frozen state produces a spongy immobilized enzyme membrane without the addition of carriers. Aerobic polymerization yields of acrylamide in the frozen state were increased by the addition of starch and also by lyophilization.Glucose oxidase (activity recovery was 12.3-33.7%), invertase (69.2%), D-amono acid oxidase (25.0-70.5%), aminoacylase (39.2-43.7%), mold α-amylase (18.0%), malt β-amylase (4.1%), glucoamylase (6.5%), alkaline protease (5.3%), and neutral protease (10.5%) were immobilized by this method. Invertase entrapped by this method had a wider optium pH range and was active at higher temperatures.
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    Symposium on kinetics of waste treatmentThis symposium, presented before the 166th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society on August 30, 1973, in Chicago, Illinois, was organized by the Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology and jointly sponsored with the Environmental Chemistry Division. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 701-702 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Mixing in anaerobic digestion (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 757-770 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mixing of the anaerobic digester contents significantly influences the efficiency of this operation; in particular, hydraulic dead zones are extremely detrimental to the reaction kinetics involved in anaerobic digestion. An analysis of the relative importance of thermal fluid movement in the digester to those caused by fluid inflow and outflow is presented. As an example, these principles are applied to a digester at the South Bend Wastewater Treatment Plant. Experimental measurements, which have general applicability for the measurement of digester mixing volume, confirm the theoretical conjectures. Various types of optimizations can be attempted on this mixing operation. One such optimization applied to gas lift mixers, as employed in the South Bend Treatment Plant, is illustrated.
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    Cost optimization of activated sludge systems (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 807-826 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Activated sludge is a widely used aerobic biological waste-water treatment process. A rational approach to least cost design of an integrated system is described which includes the following processes: activated sludge reactor, final settling tanks, gravity thickening, and aerobic sludge digestion. Both capital and operation and maintenance costs are considered. Biological reactor design is based on microbial kinetic concepts and continuous culture of microorganisms theory. Biological solids retention time (θc) is utilized as the primary independent design variable to which system performance is related, e.g., effluent quality, ammonia oxidation, and excess sludge production. Liquid-biomass separation is based on the batch flux technique, a rational approach to design of gravity separators (final settling tanks). Trade-offs among reactor volume, clarifier size, recycle pumping capacity, thickener capacity, digester volume, air requirements, and sludge production are discussed. The optimum design is taken as the combination of these parameters within the acceptable design domain, determined by effluent quality criteria, that results in minimum cost. While the method described is general, design of a given treatment system depends on availability, from lab or pilot studies, of system specific numerical values for biological growth coefficients and biomass setting characteristics. A design example illustrates the approach.
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    Mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake by microorganisms (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 863-865 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Simultaneously immobilized glucose oxidase and catalase in controlled-pore titania (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 897-908 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The immobilization of glucose oxidase and catalase by adsorption within the pores of controlled-pore titania has yielded a remarkably stable enzyme system. Catalase apparently acts as both a stabilizer and an activator for glucose oxidase within the pores of this material. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations and flow rates have a marked effect upon the apparent activity of the immobilized enzyme system. The carrier parameters were varied to obtain optimum loading and stability information.
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    Gel entrapped enzymes: Kinetic studies of immobilized β-galactosidase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 943-963 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-galactosidase from E. coli (β-D-galactose galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) has been entrapped in a crosslinked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate gel with a 35% retention of activity. The kinetic behavior of the gel-entrapped enzyme has been studied in a recirculation reactor system, the substrate being o-nitrophenyl-βhyphen;D- galactopyranoside. Kinetic constants were determined for particle sizes ranging from 69 to 231 μm in diameter and compared to those of the free enzyme. External diffusion effects were eliminated by operating at high recirculation flow rates. A fourfold increase in Km(app) was observed for the 231 μm particles, consistent with existing theoretical treatments for internal diffusion effects.An Arrhenius plot of rate data showed significant curvature at higher temperatures, which was attributed to the effects of internal diffusion. The pH-activity profile of the gel-entrapped enzyme was bell-shaped at high substrate concentration and, in contrast to the free enzyme, could be fitted to the titration curve of two ionizable groups, a basic group having a pK of 8.6. The gel-entrapped enzyme had a higher pH optimum and retained a larger percentage of its maximal activity at alkaline pH than the free enzyme; its pH stability at high pH was also much better.The thermal stability of the gel-entrapped enzyme was studied and found to be 14 days at 22°C and 65 min at 45°C.
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    Development and application of the thin channel rectangular air lift mass transfer reactor to fermentation and waste-water treatment systemsPresented at the 166th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, August 26-31, 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1179-1195 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The consideration of fermentation principles in the treatment of industrial and sanitary waste waters leads to substantial process improvements. In particular, the rate of reaction can be improved by several fold by establishing the proper environmental conditions for microbial growth in a fermentation system. Recent work on the concentric cylinder air lift has shown it to be an economical fermentor with many advantages over conventional fermentors. An attempt to improve the economical performance of this system led to the development of the thin channel rectangular air lift fermentor. This was based upon a theoretical analysis of performance parameters. The analysis indicates decreased bubble coalescence, increased bubble entrainment, decreased power costs, increased mass transfer coefficients, and decrease capital costs. Experience using a prototype thin channel rectangular air lift system with sanitary and industrial waste-water treatment systems has demonstrated exceptionally high rates of BOD removal at low operating and capital costs.
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    Effect of aeration intensity on the biochemical composition of baker's yeast. II. Activities of the oxidative enzymes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1213-1225 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When the effect of catabolite repression is eliminated Saccharomyces cerevisiae prefers an aerobic metabolism. The potential for completely aerobic catabolism exists even in circumstances where its action is limited by the oxygen available. When the oxygen absorption in the medium is adequate, yeast uses a solely oxidative metabolism for energy-yielding reactions. The changes observed in the activity of malate dehydrogenase can be described as a function of two isoenzymes, both of which are affected by oxygen; the isoenzyme participating in the glyoxylate cycle shows variations in activity similar to that observed in isocitrate lyase. NAD-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activity roughly follows that of malate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase; in cultivations with the same growth rate the NADP-linked dehydrogenase is insensitive to the oxygen level. The cytochromes aa3, b, and c have a clear maximum at low oxygen tension, the most sensitive being cytochrome aa3. The imbalance between cytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase activity and the amount of cytochrome aa3, and the correlation observed between respiration rate and the activities of cytochrome c oxidase and NADH2:cytochroine c oxidoreductase are discussed. Methods used for estimation of cytochromes are compared.
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    The concentration of protein solutions by normal freezing (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 21-39 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus is described which is designed for preparative freeze concentration experiments by the technique of normal freezing. It has a capacity of approximately 22 liters distributed over twelve vessels. The influence of various geometrical and chemical parameters such as stirring speed, crystallization rate, and sample composition on the normal freezing of protein solutions are discussed. For dilute protein solutions (〈0.1%) the concentration factor generally was 8- to 10-fold with recoveries of 90-100 percent. With higher protein concentrations and at ionic strengths higher than approximately 0.05, the recovery was decreased. No loss of activity was detected when concentrating enzyme solutions.
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    Maintaining perpetual synchrony in HeLa S3 culture (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: HeLa S3 cells in suspension culture are resynchronized in each successive generation by exposure to 0.25mM thymidine. The resynchronization approach appears to be superior to single- and double-block techniques because the period of effective inhibition of DNA synthesis is significantly shortened. Gram quantities of highly synchronous viable cells have been produced on a daily basis.
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    pH control and the “shoulder” effect in parallel fermentation pathwaysPresented at the American Chemical Society 166th National Meeting, Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology, Chicago, Illinois, August 29, 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 485-500 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In an effort, to develop comprehensive mathematical models for use in optimizing fermentation processes, product rate data taken at constant pH's for the lactic acid fermentation (Lactobacillus delbrueckii) were analyzed. It was observed that the rate of acid synthesis-time trajectories exhibited a “shoulder” effect at pH's less than 5. That is, a nearly constant rate of synthesis for up to 10 hr in the late growth phase, out of a maximum total fermentation time of 70 hr. This effect was used as a clue from which to structure the proposed model with parallel pathways. Simulating shunting pathways does, in fact, demonstrate that, the notion of parallelism is consistent with the expression of a shoulder. It is postulated, therefore, that a differential pH effect between two parallel pathways can account for the presence of a shoulder when both routes prevail, and no shoulder when either pathway predominates.
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    Identification of dynamic zones in batch fermentations (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 555-557 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Affinity chromatography purification of diphtheria toxin (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 925-931 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NAD was covalently linked to Sepharose-4B using a 6 carbon spacer. Sterile, dialyzed spent culture medium containing 100 Lf/ml of diphtheria toxin or material concentrated by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation containing 1500 Lf/ml, was chromatographed on a column of NAD-Sepharose. Ultraviolet absorbing material which did not flocculate with diphtheria antitoxin was eluted with 0.02M phosphate buffer. When the elation buffer was changed to one containing 0.5M NaCl, purified toxin was eluted off the column.
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    The functional role of lipids in hydrocarbon assimilation (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 965-985 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The yeast Candida tropicalis utilizes both glucose and hydrocarbons as sole carbon sources. When grown on hydrocarbons, the cells contain twice as much lipid as when grown on glucose. In transient continuous culture experiments, following a substrate change from glucose to hexadecane, an adaption phase occurred. During this phase the lipid concentration per cell increased greatly. It is proposed that a high cellular lipid concentration is necessary for hydrocarbon assimilation, and this is not just a reflection of the lipophilic nature of the substrate.
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    Reduction of contamination in an industrial fermentation plant (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1005-1013 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Information is presented concerning revisions of the fermentation air system equipment which improved the sterility situation in the production of monosodium glutamate.Basically, the revision were a relocation and elevation of the intake to the air compressors and installation of a retention chamber after the compressors to take advantage of the heat of compression.The extended high temperature retention ensures sterile air to the final air filter before the fermentor. Contamination losses - mainly from phage - have been materially reduced relative to the level prevailing before the change.
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    Recovery of erythropoietin from anemic sheep plasma (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1069-1079 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is described for the large-scale preparation of erythropoietin from anemic sheep plasma. DEAE-cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose column chromatography was used to prepare Step II erythropoietin. A total of 168 sheep yielded 499 liters of plasma from which 323,000 IU of Step II erythropoietin was obtained.
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    Pilot scale affinity chromatography: Purification of β-galactosidase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1103-1112 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Galactosidase has been purified from an ammonium sulfate precipitate of E. coli strain ML308 by biospecific adsorption on a column of agarose gel substituted with p-aminophenyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The system described using a 1.8 liter column has a useful processing capacity of 3.8 × 106 units of β-galactosidase per 2 hr cycle. This corresponds to about 5 g of pure enzyme. An electromechanical timing device operates a set of six solenoid valves and carries out a preset program consisting of sample application, washing, and elation operations.
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    Kinetics studies in a continuous steady state hollow fiber membrane enzyme reactor (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1113-1122 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Porous hollow cellulose fibers have been used to separate a nonflowing enzyme solution of alkaline phosphatase from a continuous flow of substrate. The porosity of the hollow fiber membrane allows the substrate and product to diffuse freely through the membrane while restricting the permeation of the enzyme. The resulting “immobilized” enzyme system has been shown to behave as a continuous reactor - converting p-nitrophenylphosphate to p-nitrophenol. By varying the concentrations, flow rate, etc., either diffusion or enzyme kinetics can be studied. The continual influx of product and removal of substrate at steady state allows the study of kinetics of relatively short half-life enzymes and unstable systems.
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    Preparation of immobilized enzymes by N-Vinylpyrrolidone and the general properties of the glucoamylase gel (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1517-1528 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized glucoamylase, invertase, and β-galactosidase were prepared by using N-vinylpyrrolidone monomer (VP) under γ-ray irradiation. The enzyme-VP solutions were gelled by irradiation with 2.9 Mrad and the added enzymes were almost completely entrapped. Activity losses on entrapping were 55% for the VP-glucoamylase gel, and more than 90% in the case of VP-invertase and VP-β-galactosidase gels. No leakage of enzyme from these gels could be detected within 1 hr. The VP-glucoamylase gel was capable of hydrolyzing dextrin (mol wt 10,400) to glucose and the glucose equivalent was equal to that obtain able with native enzyme. The optimum temperature, heat stability, pH activity curve, and pH stability of VP-glucoamylase gel were slightly inferior to those of native enzyme, while Km was a little larger than that of native enzyme.
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    Publisher's note (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    A study of the rheological properties of a non-Newtonian Fermentation broth (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 61-76 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polysaccharide was synthesized by Aureobasidium pullulans (or Pullularia pullulans) 2552 in a sucrose medium. The field apparent viscosity of the culture medium from shake flask experiments rose to 24,500 cP and then dropped toward its initial value as the fermentation progressed. The magnitude of the maximum apparent viscosity depended on the initial pH of the fermentation broth. The inoculum age influenced the cultivation period before which the maximum viscosity was reached. Rheograms of the fermentation broths showed a change in viscosity behavior from Newtonian to pseudoplastic, and then toward Newtonian characteristics during the fermentation. The calculated non-Newtonian index was found to be a sensitive factor for the indication of the non-Newtonian behavior. Such behavior could not be detected from rheograms. Viscosity profiles of polysaccharide isolated from various stages of the fermentation showed a change from Newtonian to pseudoplastic behavior depending on the concentration (0-2%) of polysaccharide.
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    The rheology of mycelial broths (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 181-208 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation on the rheology of penicillin broths was undertaken in order to obtain more understanding of this important aspect of the fermentation process. The measuring technique consisted in observation of the torque exerted upon a rotating turbine impeller. The experimental data were interpreted in terms of a model which basically is a synthesis of a known relationship for the rheological behavior of printing ink (Casson equation) and some considerations analogous to the rheological description of polymer solutions (excluded volume concept). One of the key variables in the model is a morphology factor, which can be used for a quantitative description of mycelial morphology. The value of the morphology factor can be determined experimentally by a simple viscosity measurement in combination with a mycelial dry weight determination. There are strong indications that the model may be applicable to mycelial broths other than those of penicillin.
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    Covalent bond between the enzyme amyloglucosidase and a porous glass carrier: The effect of shearing (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 169-179 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The utility of an immobilized enzyme depends not only on initial loading but also on operational half-life. The loss of activity of an immobilized enzyme in a column reactor may occur in several ways. It is therefore of interest to determine whether the decay in activity is due to the rupture of any of the enzyme-carrier bonds in the composite. In order to do this, it is first necessary to establish whether the enzyme on the composite is in fact covalently bound or adsorbed. In this report we have shown that there are a number of covalent links per protein molecule. We have also shown that the bond energies are sufficient to prevent shearing of the enzyme itself from the composite under any stresses which may occur in a chromatography column or packed-bed reactor during continuous operation. The effect of the siloxane linkage on composite stability is also discussed.
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    A fiber-optic retroreflective turbidimeter for continuously monitoring cell concentration during fermentation (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 475-484 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fiber-optic retroreflective turbidimeter has been developed to automatically and continuously assay the cell concentration in a fermentor by measuring the turbidity of the solution as a function of the light scattered at 180° to the incident light. The output signal is nearly directly proportional to the cell concentration in a fermentor when the sample stream contains from 0 to more than 50 g of cells per liter (wet weight). The device consists of a bifurcated fiber-optics light pipe with its distal end inserted into a flow cell through which the material to be analyzed passes. A light source on one proximal branch of the light pipe illuminates the sample stream; light that is back-scattered from participates in the stream re-enters the light pipe and is returned to a photodetector on the other proximal branch of the light pipe. A signal conditioning system connected to the optical head by a cable provides gain and zero adjustment.
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    Reduction and separation of nitrate and nitrite by liquid membrane-encapsulated enzymes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 513-523 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purified enzymes encapsulated in liquid surfactant membranes have been shown to retain their catalytic activity. In general, previous work on encapsulation has been confined to single enzymes. The system has now been extended to encapsulate a bacterial cell-free homogenate. Liquid membrane-encapsulated bacterial cell-free homogenate reduces effectively NO3- to NO2- and other nitrogen compounds of lower oxidation state. This technique of removing nitrates and nitrites may have application in waste-water treatment. Also, it has been shown that encapsulated cell-free homogenate does not leak and there is no absorption of the substrate onto the liquid surfactant membrane surfaces. The reduction in the reaction rates is discussed in terms of solubility of the substrate and the rate of permeation of the substrates through the liquid surfactant membrane.
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    Measurement of aerobic batch culture maximum specific growth rate and respiration coefficient using a dissolved oxygen probe (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 531-538 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Enhanced enzymatic reaction rates with substrates in aerosol form (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 551-553 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Preparation of an immobilized two-enzyme system, β-amylase-pullulanase, to an acrylic copolymer for the conversion of starch to maltose. II. Cocoupling of the enzymes and use in a packed bed column (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 579-591 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) and pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.9) have been covalently bound in a two-enzyme system to a crosslinked copolymer of acrylarmide-acrylic acid by using a water-soluble carbodiimide. The coupling yields based on the amounts of added β-amylase and pullulanase were 40% and 38%, respectively, with residual enzymic activities of 22% and 32% of those of free enzymes. A markedly increased operational stability was observed for the immobilized two-enzyme system compared to the free enzymes in solution. In order to find optimal operational conditions the influence of different pH values and temperatures on the conversion process was investigated. The action of the immobilized β-amylase-pullulanase derivative on partially hydrolyzed starch (DE 3.4-10.7) in a packed bed column was studied. Analysis of the product was performed using gas-liquid chromatography.
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    Continuous hydrocarbon fermentation with colloidal emulsion feed. A kinetic model for two-liquid phase culture (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 635-657 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida tropicalis was cultured in a chemostat-type fermentor with n-hexadecane, dispersed in water as submicron droplets, as the only carbon substrate. The emulsion as well as the aqueous medium were fed continuously into the fermentor. A Monod-type equation can correlate the specific group rate in the continuous fermentor with the concentration of submicron droplets. The same equation can also be fitted to the data for the conventional-type batch culture in the same fermentor in which an oil phase as well as an aqueous phase existed, if the hydrocarbon concentration in the aqueous phase excluding oil drops is employed as the substrate concentration. This demonstrates that Candida tropicalis takes up only submicron droplets of n-hexadecane as the carbon substrate.
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    Preparation of immobilized lactase. Continued studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 689-696 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A soluble fungal lactase (lactase-W) of greater activity that the previously available fungal lactase (lactase-M) has been covalently coupled to ZrO2-coated porous glass particles and 1 mm diameter porous TiO2 particles. The immobilized lactase-W appears to give results similar to the lactase-M except for the operational half-life. At 30°C the half-life of the lactase-M appears to exceed that of the lactase-W by approximately 100 days under operational conditions.
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    Kinetics of formation of humic substances in activated sludge systems and their effect on flocculation (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 739-755 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Humic substances were isolated during batch aeration studies with activated sludge and a complex waste source, by using concentration and separation techniques that employ reverse osmosis, ultrafitration, and gel permeation chromatography. The study suggests that the formation of high molecular weight humic substances may occur after the removal of the readily available carbon source. The amount of refractory material finally present in the solution will depend on its adsorptive properties toward bacterial cells. The adsorptive characteristics may be determined by the magnitude of the carbohydrate fraction present in the humic substances. If the carbohydrate content decreases, adsorption onto the cells may decrease resulting in an impairment of both the floe formation and settleability of the sludge floes. Decreased adsorption will result in a higher total organic carbon content and an increase in color bearing materials in the effluent.
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    Experimental studies on a kinetic model for design and operation of activated sludge processes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 723-738 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous experimentation in our laboratory has shown that the classical theory developed for continuous growth of pure cultures in completely mixed aerobic systems in which the recycle cell concentration factor, c (where c = XR/X), is a selectable system constant, did not provide a suitable model for the heterogeneous (natural) populations of the activated sludge process. Another model was derived in which the recycle cell concentration, XR was employed as a system constant instead of c, and computational analysis was performed. Laboratory pilot plant experimentation was undertaken in order to determine whether a “steady state” in aerator biological solids concentration, X̄, and substrate concentration, S̄, could be approached under this mode of operation. Studies were performed at various organic feed concentrations holding dilution rate, D, at 0.125 hr-1, hydraulic recycle ratio, α, at 0.25, and XR at 10,000 mg/liter. Also, values of maximum specific growth rate, μmax, and saturation constant, Ks were determined. It was found that the model approached the steady state condition with heterogeneous populations more closely than did the classical model, and the high degree of treatment efficiency predicted by the model was demonstrated experimentally.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    External and internal diffusion in heterogeneous enzymes systems (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 909-923 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The intrusion of diffusion in heterogeneous enzyme reactions, which follow. Michaelis-Menten kinetics, is quantitatively characterized by dimensionless parameters that are independent of the substrate concentration. The effects of these parameters on the overall rate of reaction is illustrated on plots commonly employed in enzyme kinetics. The departure from Michaelis-Menten kinetics due to diffusion limitations can be best assessed by using Hofstee plots which are also suitable to distinguish between internal and external transport effects. A graphical method is described for the evaluation of the reaction rate as a function of the surface concentration of the substrate from measured data.
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    Purification of enzymes using magnetic bio-affinity materials (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 987-990 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160710
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    Mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake by microorganisms (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1004-1004 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160713
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    Enzyme catalysis in the presence of nonaqueous solvents using chloroperoxidase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1045-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies exploring the effect of two nonaqueous solvents on enzyme activity were done using chloroperoxidase as a model system. Chloroperoxidase produced by Caldariomyces fumago is a bifunctional enzyme with halogenating activity at pH 3 and peroxidation activity at pH 5 to 6. Methanol affected both of these activities similarly. Furthermore, methanol and the halogen acceptor, monochlorodimedon, competitively inhibit the reaction. These results are discussed in terms of the site of action of methanol. At 10% methanol concentration, the enzyme retained up to 33% of its activity depending on the monochlorodimedon concentration. Dimethylsulfoxide at 10% concentration permitted up to 47% retention of activity. Its effects on the enzyme are more complex than methanol and are discussed in terms of a transitory inactivation of the enzyme.
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    Immobilized tannase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1095-1102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzyme tannase has been immobilized on an inorganic support by covalent attachment. This immobilized enzyme was characterized and half-lives determined. Since this enzyme has application in the treatment of tea cream, experiments were also carried out to determine the effect of tea on enzyme half-life.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160809
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    Relationship between oxygen demand and extracellular fatty acids of yeasts grown on n-alkanes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1135-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160901
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161001
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    An enzyme rate equation for the overall rate of reaction of gel-immobilized glucose oxidase particles under buffered conditions. I. Pseudo-one substrate conditions (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1299-1320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The overall rate of reaction of buffered gel-immobilized glucose oxidase particles is described by means of an enzyme rate equation which relates the overall reaction rate of a particle to the free solution characteristics of the enzyme, the effective diffusivity of the limiting substrate in the gel, the characteristic particle size, and the limiting substrate concentration adjacent to the gel surface. This equation accounts quantitatively for the limitation of the overall rate of reaction by substrate diffusion, and it is used to illustrate the influence of the system parameters, i. e., particle size, enzyme concentration, and pH, on the extent of the diffusional resistance associated with gel-immobilized glucose oxidase particles.The enzyme rate equation is generally applicable to those enzymes whose kinetics approximately follow Michaelis-Menten form when in free solution.
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    Stability of commensalistic systems (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1373-1392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The response of two-species commensalistic systems in a chemostat has been investigated after perturbations in steady state conditions and after step changes in dilution rate. The system is inherently stable with not more than three overshoots and undershoots possible. More complicated commensalistic systems are less stable, with limit cycle response occurring after dilution rate changes when feedback inhibition and feedforward activation occurs. In general variation of feedback parameters is more effective in changing the behavior of the systems than variation of feedforward parameters. Limited agreement with the experimental data of Chao and Reilly was obtained.
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    An experimental fermenting apparatus designed for the automatic sampling of microbial cultures (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1407-1411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161009
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    A convenient new method of enzyme immobilization (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1425-1429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161012
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    Enzymatic hydrolysis of waste cellulose (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1471-1493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Waste cellulose was a suitable carbon source for cellulose production by Trichoderma viride. The enzyme can be produced in submerged fermentation using newspaper as a growth substrate. A variety of pure and complex cellulosic materials were hydrolyzed by culture filtrates. Saccharification of 5% slurries after 48 hr ranged from 2-92%. The rate and extent of hydrolysis was controlled by degree of crystallinity, particle size, and presence of impurities. Newspaper was used to evaluate methods for the pretreatment of substrate. The best pretreatment was ball milling which gave good size reduction, maximum bulk density, and maximum susceptibility. Hammer milling, fluid energy milling, colloid milling, or alkali treatments were less satisfactory. Dissolving cellulose in cuprammonium, or carbon disulfide (Viscose) and then reprecipitating gave a susceptible, but low bulk density product. However the susceptibility was lost if the substrate was dried. Because of costs, low bulk density, necessity of keep ing the substrate wet, and generation of chemical waste streams dissolving cellulose to increase reactivity does not seem a practical approach.Cellulose fractions separated from municipal trash or agricultural residues such as milled fibres from bovine manure are promising substrates for conversion.
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    Studies on aminoacylase immobilized on porous ceramic carriers (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1537-1544 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aminoacylase was covalently coupled to several porous ceramic type carriers and studied for durability under operating conditions. These studies indicate that it should be possible to develop a commercially economic system based on ceramic carriers for the resolution of racemic mixtures of amino acids.
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    Soluble-insoluble enzyme catalysts (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1553-1556 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161113
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    Preparation of an immobilized two-enzyme system, β-amylase-pullulanase, to an acrylic copolymer for the conversion of starch to maltose. III. Process kinetic studies on continuous reactors (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1567-1587 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic studies on the parameters influencing the potential industrial application of an immobilized two-enzyme system of β-amylase and pullulanase for conversion of starch to a product with high maltose content, have been performed. The apparent Michaelis constant, the apparent product inhibitor constant, and the activation energy have been determined for the immobilized preparation and compared to the values for the corresponding soluble enzyme system. The catalytic activity of the immobilized enzymes was studied in a plug-flow reactor and a continuous feed stirred tank reactor. Mathematical models for these reactors have been formulated and adapted to fit the experimental data. Comparisons of the reactor efficiencies were made and the conditions were found to be such as to favor the plug-flow reactor. Results on operational stability tests at different temperatures and substrate concentrations are given.
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    Continuous production of L-citrulline by immobilized Pseudomonas putida cellsPresented at the Annual Meeting of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, April 3, 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1589-1599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbial cells of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 4359 were immobilized by entrapment in a polyacrylamide gel lattice. Enzymatic properties of L-arginine deiminase of the immobilized P. putida cells were investigated and compared with those of the intact cells. The permeability of substrate or product through the cell wall und the heat stability of the enzyme were increased by immobilization of the cells. No difference was observed between pH activity curves of the intact and immobilized cells. The optimal temperature for the formation of L-citrulline was 37°C for the intact cells and 55° C for the immobilized cells.When an aqueous solution of 0.5M L-arginine hydrochloride (pH 6.0) was passed through a column packed with the immobilized cells at a flow rate of SV = 0.26 at 37°C, L-arginine was completely converted to L-citrulline. The enzyme activity of the column was stable and the continuous production of L-citrulline could be carried out at 37°C for the month by using the immobilized cell column. From the effluent of the column, L-citrulline was easily obtained in a good yield.
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    Nitrogen metabolism in extended aeration processes operated with and without hydrolytic pretreatment of portions of the sludgePresented at the 24th Annual Pollution Control and Industrial Waste Conference, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, April 2-3, 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nitrifying characteristics were compared for an extended aeration (total cell recycle) process and one employing an engineering modification of the process utilizing a “hydrolytic assist” to aid biological autodigestion. Laboratory pilot plants were run over a period of years, and it was found that the recently recommended “hydrolytic assist” did not militate against production of a highly nitrified effluent. Under this mode of operation, the effluent was as nitrified as the effluent from the normal extended aeration process. It was also found that the modified process rapidly recovered its nitrifying capability after a period of deprivation of excess ammonia nitrogen. Throughout the period of operation, substrate removal efficiency remained high.
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    Theory of the kinetics of reactions catalyzed by enzymes attached to the interior surfaces of tubes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 99-118 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical treatment is given of the kinetics of reactions catalyzed by enzymes attached to the inner surface of a tube, through which the substrate solution passes. A utilization factor, the ratio of the actual reaction rate to that in the absence of diffusional effects, is defined. A numerical procedure is proposed and numerical and approximate solutions for the utilization factor are given for five kinetic conditions: (a) Michaelis-Menten behavior, (b) substrate inhibition, (c) product inhibition (competitive), (d) product, inhibition (non-competitive), and (e) product inhibition (anticompetitive). When the enzyme chemically attached to a tube obeys a Michaelis-Menten relationship, criteria for insignificant and significant diffusional effects are proposed.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160201
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    Gel entrapment of enzymes: Kinetic studies of immobilized glucose oxidase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4, from Aspergillus niger) has been entrapped in a crosslinked 2-hydroxycthyl methaerylate gel containing 20% poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). The kinetic behavior and thermal stability of the entrapped enzyme were found to closely approximate that of the free enzyme. The entrapped glucose oxidase shows a broadened pH profile which is attributed to a buffering effect of the gel. Stability of gel entrapped glucose oxidase is extremely good at room temperature, suggesting a variety ofanalytical and control uses for this system.
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    Growth of Spirulina maxima algae in effluents from secondary waste-water treatment plants (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 881-896 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Spirulina maxima, a high protein alga, was grown in effluents from the London municipal waste treatment plant. Optimum growth conditions were developed, the composition of algae and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in effluents were studied. The advantages of this process in tertiary waste-water treatment and the quality of the single cell protein were investigated.
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    Maximal exponential growth rate and yield of E. coli obtainable in a bench-scale fermentor (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 933-941 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen supply is one of the main factors which influences aerobic cell growth in a fermentor. Maximal rates at which E. coli can grow on glucose as carbon source under various limiting oxygen-supply conditions were determined in a bench-scale fermentor. Culture conditions are described which gave yields of about 38 g dry cells per liter medium.
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    Microbial mutualism in ore leaching (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 991-995 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160711
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    An annular bound-enzyme reactor (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1359-1372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A column reactor with an annular cross section was formed by rolling up DEAE cellulose paper and a screening spacer. Glucoamylase was attached by ion adsorption. For the spacer used, pressure drop was very low, suggesting that this form may be useful with feed streams that are not completely particle-free. Tests of this reactor at the high substrate concentrations characteristic of commercial reactors showed very little diffusional resistance, exhibiting zero-order behavior over most of the concentration range. At low concentrations, the reactor had an apparent “half-order” behavior caused by diffusional limitation in the paper. In this range, flow rate influenced the reaction rate, showing that mass transfer in the main stream also is a contributing factor in this range. Because of the high concentrations and the low Michaelis constant (0.0011 M) the reactor does not show first-order behavior, even at very high conversions. The design of a plant-scale reactor was formulated from these data. The increase in the quantity of enzyme necessary to compensate for the effects of diffusion was only a few percent.Two reactors were formed with sheets nonporous to the enzyme, binding the enzyme with cyanogen bromide after forming the reactor. The amount of enzyme bound was about one monolayer, and there appeared to be no diffusional limitations, even at low substrate concentrations.
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    Isolation and immobilization of β-D-glucosidase from alcaligenes faecalis (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1413-1418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161010
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    Optimization in the recovery of a labile intracellular enzymePresented at the 166th American Chemical Society Meeting, Chicago, August, 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1433-1447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A high molecular weight intracellular enzyme of Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999 is released when the organism is disrupted by sonication of homogenization. However, both processes also degrade the enzyme. Assays for protein release and specific enzymatic activity of the released protein indicate that both release and degradation can be represented by first-order kinetic models. Utilization of the difference between the kinetics of release and degradation allows optimization in the recovery of this enzyme for both the sonication and homogenization processes.
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    Properties of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase immobilized on porous glass (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1507-1516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase from spinach has been bound to arylamine porous glass with a diazo linkage and to alklamine porous glass with glutaraldehyde. Stability at elevated temperatures and responses to changes of pH and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate, Mg2+, and dithiothreitol concentrations were not significantly different from the soluble enzyme, though stability at 4°C was somewhat improved.
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    The kinetics of bacterial growth (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1545-1547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161111
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  • 95
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    A new method for measuring drop-size distribution in hydrocarbon fermentations (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1557-1564 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161114
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  • 96
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    Performance characteristics of continuous yeast-alcohol fermentors with no mechanical stirring (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1611-1631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous fermentation of grape juice was studied in three basic kinds of nonmechanically stirred fermentors, classified according to the direction in which flow is applied against settling: upward-flow, slant-flow, and horizontal-flow.Fermentation kinetics were found to be zero-order, thus rate was directly proportional to cell density.Completeness of fermentation depends upon yeast characteristics (growth rate flocculation), fermentor geometry (settling depth, flow path length), and upon flow velocity.Fermentor analysis demonstrated that to achieve complete fermentation in the minimum juice holding time, efficient cell retention as well as rapid yeast growth and fermentation rates are required. Fermentor design and operation are discussed in the light of this analysis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161205
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  • 97
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    Estimation of the disruption in freeze-pressed Accharomyces cerevisiae by an electronic particle counterPresented at the All Union Institute of Antibiotics Symposium, Moscow, U.S.S.R., April 12, 1972. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1273-1282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An electronic particle counter has been used to estimate the disintegration by freeze-pressing baker's yeast. A counter threshold level which just yielded the maximum count for intact cells was selected. The conductivity of the suspending medium was chosen such that maximum counts were obtained. Under these conditions, the electronic counts agreed well with the visual counts. At a certain threshold level the maximum count was obtained at a lower resistivity (higher conductivity) in the suspending solution with the freeze-pressed suspension than with untreated cells, indicating that damage to the permeability barrier may occur without disruntion of the cell envelope.Fresh baker's yeast cells do not behave as nonconducting particles. This has to be taken into account when volume determinations with electronic particle counters are performed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160910
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  • 98
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    Immobilized enzyme catalysis with reaction-generated pH change (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1345-1357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many enzyme-catalyzed reactions involve the liberation or consumption of hydrogen ions. In this paper a mathematical model is employed to investigate how such reactions behave when the enzyme is immobilized. Shifted pH optima, disappearance of an optimum pH, insensitivity to bulk pH, and very large effectiveness factors are some of the phenomena which appear as a result of pH coupling between the reaction and the enzyme's activity. Several of the qualitative features revealed by the model are consistent with earlier experimental observations. In addition, preliminary guidelines for optimal choice of enzyme support are suggested.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161004
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  • 99
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    Studies on the binding of amyloglucosidase to inert proteins (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1393-1398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161007
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  • 100
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    A stannous bridge for coupling urease to controlled pore titanium (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1419-1423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161011
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