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  • Light and electron microscopy  (23)
  • Innervation
  • Synapses
  • Springer  (34)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1970-1974  (34)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1973  (34)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (34)
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1970-1974  (34)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin ; Anurans ; Regional differences in grafts ; Neuroepithelial relationships ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent investigations have suggested specific differences in back and belly skin in anurans which appear to influence the quality of reflex responses obtained from various areas of the animals body. The present investigation represents a comparative morphological study of back and belly skin in control and skin-graftedRana pipiens, with special regard to the neuroepithelial relationships. A distinct difference in pigmentation of back and belly skin was observed. Intra-epithelial Merkel cells were present in all skin samples studied. The origins of the numerous unclassifiable cells in the Merkel cell region are discussed in relation to a presumed coordinating function of the Merkel cell during epithelial differentiation. Epitheliomesenchymal interactions were observed in the richly innvervated dermal regions. Two types of morphologically different intra-epithelial nerve endings were observed. These observations are discussed in relation to earlier observations on vertebrate skin and in relation to misdirected reflex responses obtained in skin-grafted anurans.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment cells ; Pterinosomes ; Skin ; Rana japonica ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Structural changes in drosopterinosomes (red pigment granules) of Rana japonica in the process of erythrophore differentiation were studied by light and electron microscopy. On the basis of the degree of pterinosome differentiation, three types can be recognized: Typ-I drosopterinosomes appear first during metamorphosis and have clear limiting membranes and amorphous materials within. Those of type-II are found in abundance shortly after metamorphosis and have inner structures, consisting of fibrillae and/or small lamellae in dense concentric arrangement. Type-III is found abundantly in adults and acquires an almost homogeneously electron-dense mature morphology, probably from the deposition of electron-dense materials. On the basis of counts of pterinosomes, a successive transformation from type I to III is suggested. The differences among red drosopterinosomes, yellow sepiapterinosomes in xanthophore and melanosomes are not always distinguishable electron microscopically. Discrimination is possible by careful examination of lamellar patterns characteristic of the respective granules and by a simultaneous application of light and electron microscopy. From this viewpoint, a re-evaluation of the identification of granules previously reported was effected.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic ganglion ; Granule-containing cells ; Synapses ; Three-dimensional analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of 4 granule-containing cells, in a cluster within the rat superior cervical ganglion, was studied by a serial sampling technique for electron microscopy. The result shows that all the 4 cells receive one, or three afferent synaptic boutons from the preganglionic fibers impinging upon their somata, and a somatic efferent synapse exists at two locations on each soma of the 2 of these cells. The postsynaptic element of the efferent synapse is observed to be represented by non-vesiculated and vesiculated segments of dendrites, soma and a possible axon collateral of the adrenergic principal neuron of the ganglion. There is a remarkably constant development of the attachment plaque between the granule-containing cells themselves, representing 1.7–2.3% of surface area for each cell. The surface area exposed to the extracellular space (covered only by a basal lamina) varies from 0.1 to 2.3% of the total perikaryal surface of the 4 cells. A tendency is noted that those cells without efferent synapses possess a more extensive area exposed to extracellular space than those forming somatic efferent synapse to the postganglionic elements.
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  • 4
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Harderian gland ; Hamster ; Sexual dimorphism ; Alveolar cells ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lobules of the Harderian glands of young male and female hamsters are widely separated by connective tissue and are made up of alveolar cells containing small vacuoles. There is considerable increase in the size of the lobules by 12 days. Based on size distribution of vacuoles two types of alveolar cells can be recognized in the male hamsters 4 weeks and older. The Harderian glands of 2-week animals of both sexes contain a black-brown pigment. The appearance of pigment is accompanied by a proliferation of membranes. In the female the amount of pigment increases with increasing age until 4 weeks of age and then remains at a relatively stable level. In the male no pigment was found after 4 weeks of age. Membrane-bounded juxtanuclear structures are present in the alveolar cells of both sexes until 3 weeks of age. These structures appear to play different roles in the male and female hamsters. The differentiation of the alveolar cells into light and dark types must take place during the 3rd week of postnatal development. A possible relationship between the levels of gonadal hormones and the occurrence of pigment at different ages in both sexes is also discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean CNS ; Olfactory and accessory lobes ; Glomerular neuropile ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory and accessory lobes of the crayfish, Cherax destructor contain glomeruli. Light microscope and electron microscope studies show that these glomeruli are the only regions of synaptic activity in the lobes and that at least four separate sets of axons meet within the glomeruli. The olfactory glomeruli are column shaped, complex structures with no large single pre- or postsynaptic elements. The accessory lobe glomeruli follow a more conventional pattern and each has one large axon ending in a terminal arborization where it makes synaptic contact with large numbers of smaller fibres. The large fibre is presynaptic.
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  • 6
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 117-133 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Ctenophores ; Intra-mesogleal nervous system ; Synapses ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural evidence is given of the occurrence of nervous elements in the mesoglea of Ctenophores based on the presence of the typical synapses of this phylum. In Beroids, nervous fibers from the ectodermal nerve-net cross the epithelial basal membrane and run through the mesoglea; they are devoid of any ensheathing cell. These neurites build highly differentiated synapses upon the muscles and upon peculiar cells, tentatively named mesenchymal cells. In Cydippids, nerve fibers and nerve cell-bodies have been observed in the mesoglea of the tentacles. The mesogleal core of each tentacle contains mesenchymal cells and a thick strand of neurons and neurites, forming a kind of elongated ganglion. Neurites of either the axial neurones or the epithelial nerve-net neurones form numerous radial nerve strands across the tentacular muscles. Interneural, neuro-muscular and neuro-mesenchymal junctions are very frequent in the tentacle. As far as the organization of the mesoglea is concerned, the Ctenophora thus appear closer to Turbellaria than to Cnidaria.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1973), S. 127-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanophores (Teleost) ; Pigment migration, microtubules ; Colchicine, vinblastine ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antimitotic drugs colchicine and vinblastine were applied to the melanophores of isolated scales of Pterophyllum scalare. The time course of inhibition of pigment migrations was studied quantitatively with the photoelectric method. Within one hour of treatment with 5 mM colchicine, a partial and reversible inhibition of pigment movements is obtained. During this time, the number of microtubules per cell process does not differ significantly from controls when pigment is dispersed. However, their number increases concomitantly with the decrease in rate of aggregation induced by KCl up to about the same value as in dispersed pigment cells. This indicates a close connection between pigment movements and the microtubule turnover known to occur in angelfish melanophores. When applied in a concentration of 0,2 mM, vinblastine has a total and irreversible effect on pigment movements, with an especially rapid and profound inhibition of pigment dispersion. The fine structure of vinblastine-treated melanophores is characterized by an almost complete loss of microtubules and the appearance of crystalloid bodies, which differ in fine structure from vinblastine-induced crystals of all other cell types so far examined. Possibly their peculiar structure is related to special properties of melanophore microtubules, such as rapid turnover and relatively high resistance to colchicine.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 489-509 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Scyliorhinus canicula ; Circulation sphincters ; Hydrostatic skeleton ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy of the blood supply to the gills of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, is described. The anatomical basis for a counter-current exchange system at the respiratory surfaces is reported. Within the interbranchial septum there is a capillary network joining all the afferent branchial arterioles of the gill. The structure of the walls of the corpus cavernosum is found to be of smooth muscle cells supported by a basal lamina and connective tissue and lined by endothelial cells containing phagocytic vesicles. Both the capillary network and corpus cavernosum are suggested to function in smoothing the pressure pulses of the blood flow. Pre- and post-lamellar vessels and pre- and post-lamellar sphincters are described. The sphincters are thought to control the number of secondary lamellae physiologically in the respiratory circuit, and by retaining blood within nonperfused lamellae to act in conjunction with pillar cells (contracting in antagonism to the hydrostatic skeleton of the blood) to maintain the rigidity of secondary lamellae in the water current. Whorls of cells of unknown function are found within the interbranchial septum. In the epithelium lining the water channel large cells having a complexly branching plasma membrane and a very large central vacuole occurs. The cytoplasm lining the lumen contains numerous vacuoles each surrounded by a double membrane.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandulomuscular cells ; Hydra ; Basal disk ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The glandulomuscular cells of Hydra are located exclusively in the basal disk. They are derived from epithelio-muscular cells which have been forced proximally. Light and electron microscopical studies show that prior to their destruction and elimination, the transformed epithelio-muscular cells (i.e. the glandulomuscular cells) undergo certain striking morphological and physiological changes. Golgi complexes and elements of rough E. R. increase remarkably in activity, and individually or jointly produce at least six types of morphologically different droplets. One additional type of droplet is thought to originate from neighboring digestive cells. Although the chemical nature of the individual droplets is uncertain, it is known that some are Alcian blue and PAS positive and contain hyaluronic acid. These evidences suggest the presence of an acid mucopolysaccharide material, the adhesive agent which attaches the animal to a substrate. The myonemes contain thick (200 Å in diameter) and thin (60 Å in diameter) filaments as in epithelio-muscular cells. There are also filaments of intermediate sizes and large fibers (770 Å in diameter). The myonemes are oriented radially with respect to the aboral pore and therefore in addition to contributing to the contraction and relaxation of the body column, they apparently regulate the opening and closing of the aboral pore. Although there is no evidence to substantiate the mechanism for transformation of epithelio-muscular cells to glandulomuscular cells as well as cell death of the latter cell types, these problems are discussed briefly.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve cells ; Hydra ; Basal disk ; Epithelial cells ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In addition to glandulomuscular cells, three other cell types are found in the basal disk of Hydra. These are interstitial cells, cnidoblasts and nerve cells. Although only a few of the two former cell types are recognized in this region, the observations from this study refute previous statements to the contrary. Nerve cells are concentrated in the basal disk where they form a type of “network” system, due to the presence of bipolar, tripolar and multipolar cells. In some specimens, they assume a circular arrangement around the base of the polyp. Using morphological criteria for identifying the three types of epidermal nerve cells (neurosensory, neurosecretory and ganglionic) in other body regions, only neurosensory and neurosecretory cells are observed in the basal disk. These are indistinguishable ultrastructurally from their respective counterparts in other regions. It is possible that ganglionic cells are also present in the basal disk, but there may be few such cells. It is suggested that the three cell types originate from the budding region and these precursor cells are then forced proximally. Interstitial cells, escaping their differentiative function, do not develop apparently into other cell types of the basal disk. Cnidoblasts contain normal nematocysts but their functional ability is uncertain. Neurosensory and neurosecretory cells arise directly and independently from interstitial cells in the budding region, as evidenced by the appearance of immature nerve cells in the peduncle and their absence in the basal disk. Although viable cells may be discarded from the basal disk, it is believed that most cells die in situ and are then eliminated. The possible role of nerve cells is discussed briefly.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 369-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Giant fibres ; Ventral nerve cord ; Lumbricus terrestris L. ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die proximalen Kollateralen der dorsalen Riesenfasern des Regenwurms wurden in Serienschnitten vom Soma bis zum Eintritt in die Riesenfaser verfolgt und im Hinblick auf ihre Feinstruktur und ihre synaptischen Kontakte Untersucht. Es finden sich sowohl chemische als auch elektrische Synapsen. Ihre Feinstruktur wird mit der bekannter Synapsen anderer Wirbellosen und Wirbeltiere verglichen. In beiden Riesenfasersystemen kommen efferente chemische Synapsen mit feinen postsynaptischen Verzweigungen vor, die anscheinend von Bauchmark-Motoneuronen stammen. Das Axon der medianen Riesenfaser weist darüber hinaus nur noch eine elektrische Synapse mit den Rieseninterneuronen auf. Demgegenüber erhalten die Kollateralen der lateralen Riesenfasern zahlreiche Afferenzen, die zum Teil als sensorische Fasern der Epidermis, multisegmentale Fasern der Hauptfaserzüge und Rieseninterneurone identifiziert werden konnten. Weitere Afferenzen stammen vermutlich von unisegmentalen Interneuronen her. Beide lateralen Riesenzellaxone bilden außerdem miteinander eine elektrische Chiasma-Synapse mit besonderen Membraneinfaltungen.
    Notes: Summary The proximal collaterals of the dorsal giant fibres of the earthworm were traced through serial sections from the cell bodies to the giant axons. Their structure and synaptic connections were examined. There are chemical as well as electrical synapses. Their fine structure is compared to that of other known invertebrate and vertebrate synapses. Both giant fibre systems have efferent chemical connections with thin postsynaptic arborizations which probably belong to ventral cord motoneurons. Moreover the median giant axon is connected by an electrical synapse with the giant interneurons. The lateral giant collaterals on the contrary receive many afferences through chemical synapses which were partly identified as sensory fibers from the epidermis, multisegmental axons from the main fibre bundles or giant interneurones. Other afferences probably come from unisegmental interneurones. In addition both lateral giant axons form an electrical chiasma synapse with special membrane folds.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caecal epithelium ; Trematodes, Cercariae ; Extracellular membranes, Membranous whorls ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intestinal caeca of the intraredial cercaria of Neophasis lageniformis differ in several aspects from previous descriptions of the intestinal caeca of other digenetic trematodes. The caeca are lined with a single-layered, non-syncytial epithelium with lamellate projections into the lumen. The cells are rich in glycogen particles and contain abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum. The apical cell membrane, which displays a unit membrane structure, is always covered by an external membrane of the same thickness as a unit membrane but showing no double-layered substructure. The external membrane, which is not equivalent to a glycocalyx, may continue from one cell to another. Apically on the projections the external membranes are apparently pushed out forming large, extracellular whorls, which fill up the caecal lumen. In the lumen there are also found crystal-like structures and lipid-like bodies which are suspended in a granular substance. The possible origin and function of the extracellular bodies are discussed.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 113-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eggs ; Insects (Triatoma infestans) ; Embryogenesis ; Envelopes, Permeability ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thick rigid chorion of the egg of Triatoma secreted by the follicle cells shows two porous layers: an aerial layer in the exochorion, an alveolar one in the endochorion. The anterior part of the eggshell is closed up by an operculum which is heaved up by the hatching larva. The operculum has no alveolar layer. The air enters through the numerous holes of the shell surface into the aerial layer and through the micropyles into the alveolar layer. The egg has no respiratory plastron. The follicle cells produce also a vitelline envelope whose structure shows a rapid condensation at fertilization time. During its development the embryo secretes two layers: serosal and embryonic cuticle. At high humidities, at low temperatures the egg is able to increase its weight during the early stages of embryogenesis, and this increase stops when the serosal cuticle is secreted. In a dry atmosphere the egg loses water but can develop if the temperature is higher than 20°C. The little permeability of the egg is related to the structure of its envelopes. The chorion and the vitelline envelope prevent the water from getting out of the egg. The serosal cuticle seems to be opposed to the penetration of the water into the egg. The role of the embryonic cuticle is probably limited in the transit of water.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Muscle, Nerves ; Light and electron microscopy ; Acetylcholinesterase ; 6-Hydroxydopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic and cholinergic innervation to the rat iris has been studied at a light and electron microscopic level. Catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry showed adrenergic nerves to be present in both the dilatator and the constrictor pupillae regions. At a fine structural level the terminal innervation of the iris was studied and criteria for the differentiation between presumptive adrenergic and presumptive cholinergic axon terminals were examined. To aid this examination presumptive adrenergic axons were either labelled with the “false” adrenergic transmitter, 5-hydroxydopamine, or chemical sympathectomy performed using 6-hydroxydopamine. The value of using acetylcholinesterase staining as a marker for cholinergic nerve terminals was also studied. Results showed a mixed adrenergic/cholinergic innervation to the dilatator pupillae. In the constrictor pupillae an exclusively cholinergic innervation was found although adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were found supplying the blood vessels and at the dilatator-constrictor interface. These findings are discussed with regard to innervation-function relationships in the iris.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 315-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Frog ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory mucosa of frog has been studied at an ultrastructural level to confirm previous light microscope observations in regard to the presence, in the sensory epithelium, of nerve fibres not belonging to the first cranial nerve proper. It has been observed that both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres are present in the lamina propria and that eventually these fibres terminate inside the epithelium. Unmyelinated fibres usually contain dark core vesicles and similar content is seen in their intraepithelium terminals. Terminals containing only clear vesicles are also observed in the epithelium and they are believed to represent the terminals of the myelinated fibres. The significance of these ultrastructural findings is discussed in view of their functional meaning.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 203-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Newt ; Zones ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the median eminence of the newt a medial region and two lateral regions are described. In cross section, the medial region appears to be made up of 1) an outer or glandular zone (Zone I) containing aldehyde-thionine-positive and negative nerve fibres and blood capillaries. Nerve fibres appear aligned in palisade array along the capillaries. 2) An inner zone (Zone II) made up of a) a layer of aldehyde-thionine-positive nerve fibres (fibrous layer) belonging to the preoptic hypophyseal tract and b) a layer of ependymal cells lining the infundibular lumen and reaching the blood vessels with their long processes. The lateral regions display a less pronounced stratification and aldehyde-thionine positive nerve fibres are nearly absent. A slender lamina (ependymal border) containing mainly aldehyde-thionine-positive nerve fibres and ependymal cells connects the median eminence to the pars nervosa. At the ultrastructural level, in the outer zone of the medial region at least 4 types of nerve fibres and nerve endings are identified: Type I nerve fibres containing granular vesicles of 700–1000 Å and clear vesicles (250–400 Å). Type II nerve fibres containing granular vesicles and polymorphous granules of 900–1300 Å and clear vesicles (250–400 Å). Type III nerve fibres containing dense granules of 1200–2000 Å and clear vesicles of 250–400 Å. Type IV nerve fibres containing only clear vesicles of 250–400 Å. In the inner zone too, all these nerve fiber types are found among ependymal cells, while the fibrous layer consists of nerve fibres containing granules of 1200–2000 Å in diameter. In the lateral regions Type I, Type II and Type IV nerve fibres and their respective perivascular terminals are found; axons containing dense granules (1200–2000 Å) are scanty. In these regions typical synapses between Type I nerve fibres and processes rich in microtubules are visible. The classification and functional significance of nerve fibres in the median eminence are still unsolved, but it may be assumed that nerve fibres of the medial region belong to both the preoptic hypophyseal and tubero hypophyseal tract, while the lateral regions are characterized by nerve fibres of the tubero hypophyseal tract. Peculiar specializations of the ependymal cells in the median eminence of the newt are also discussed.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 301-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cnidaria ; Nervous system ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nervous system of juvenile and adult Ceriantheopsis americanus has been examined with the electron microscope. The nervous system is exclusively ectodermal, forming a plexus of fibres lying between the epithelium and the muscle layer. The plexus consists of three types of nerve fibre that vary in diameter from 0.1 to 20 μ, and a fourth type of fibre of uncertain nature. The reticulum, previously thought to be the ectodermal nervous system, is redescribed as the peduncles of epithelial supporting cells. Intraneural and neuromuscular synapses are described. About 97% of the interneural are polarized. The unpolarized synapses are a variety not previously described, consisting of a series of polarized zones, for which the name multipolarized synapse is proposed. Structurally, the interneural synapses are more complex than those previously seen in the Cnidaria. Presynaptic projections, periodic cleft densities, and a postsynaptic web are described. By contrast, the neuromuscular synapses bear no membrane specializations. On the basis of observed synaptic interactions of its components a preliminary model of the functional organization of the nervous system is proposed.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Cephalopod (Octopus vulgaris.) ; Chromatophore ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Octopus iris is composed of five different layers: A, the external epithelium; B, the chromatophore layer; C, the iridocyte layer; D, the layer of muscles and collagen strands; E, the pigment epithelium. The nerves innervating the sphincter and the chromatophore muscles are identified and their neuromuscular junction is described. The motor endings of chromatophore nerves have an additional ending in presynaptic position which probably functions as a modifier of neuromuscular transmission. The chromatophores are naked and exhibit a tubular channel system between plasmalemma and pigment container which looks similar to the T-system of muscle cells.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 45-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum (rat) ; Growth in Tissue culture ; Cell types ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The outgrowth of newborn rat cerebellum cultivated in the Maximow assembly was studied from the time of explanation until the end of the 1st week “in vitro”. Dynamic characteristics of migrating cells were investigated with time lapse microcinematography and with phase and interference contrast. Three types of cells were identified: bipolar fusiform cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. The ultrastructure of these cells as seen with scanning and transmission electron microscopes is described. Bipolar cells display the same characteristics as those of migrating granule cells “in vivo”. Differentiation of these cells towards neuronal types becomes evident at the end of the first week “in vitro”. Axonal as well as dendritic growth cones were examined, and their ultrastructural characteristics described. Attention is focussed into the abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which in supposed active growth has the form of thin cisternae, and, at rest or in retraction takes the form of large vesicles. In the latter case, filopodia disappear, and the tips of their processes acquire a bulbous shape.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 123-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Testis ; Innervation ; Reptiles ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the tortoise Testudo graeca, the lizards Lacerta dugesi and Lacerta pityusensis, and the snake Natrix natrix, the innervation of the testicular interstitial tissue was studied by light and electron microscopy, the acetylcholinesterase (ache) technique, the Falck-Hillarp method for the detection of catecholamines, and the application of 6-hydroxydopamine. The intertubular spaces of the reptilian testes studied contain adrenergic nerve fibers the amount and distribution of which varies considerably both in various species and in various stages of the reproduction cycle. Nerve fibers do not enter the seminiferous epithelium. Fluorescence microscopy of the lizard testis reveals catecholaminergic varicosities which are mainly arranged around blood vessels, but do not show obvious connexions to Leydig cells. Ache-positive fibers are equally distributed in lizard testes surrounding each seminiferous tubule. In Natrix natrix ache-positive fibers are irregularly spread among groups of tubules, without showing a definite relation to Leydig cells either. By electron microscopy bundles of unmyelinated axons and axon terminals can be more easily detected in the testes of immature animals than in adult. Terminals of nerve fibers containing small (400–500 Å in diameter) and large (800–1400 Å) dense-cored vesicles and sometimes small clear vesicles establish contacts with Leydig cells. Three types of contact are described. 1. “Contacts” par distance at a distance of about 2000 Å and basal lamina interposed; 2. membranous contacts having a 200 Å gap only between axolemma and Leydig cell plasmalemma; 3. invaginations of terminals into Leydig cell perikarya. The latter may exhibit surface specialisations, which strongly resemble postsynaptic membrane thickenings. Experiments using 6-hydroxydopamine underline the adrenergic character of testicular nerve fibers, which can be regarded as another example of non-cholinergic, ache-positive neurons. In the testis of the immature tortoise profiles of axons occur which probably represent purinergic, ache-positive neurons.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Shell glands ; Artemia salina ; White and brown glands ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce travail concerne l'étude morphologique de la glande coquillière non pigmentée ou blanche d'Artemia salina. La structure de celle-ci est comparée à celle de la glande coquillière brune de la même espèce. Les différences sont apparemment plus fondamentales qu'une simple variation de la quantité de produit de sécrétion ou de la pigmentation des cellules. Là où les glandes coquillières brunes formeraient la coque chez les animaux ovipares les glandes coquillières blanches pourraient sécréter les produits nécessaires ou utiles au développement des nauplii chez les animaux ovovivipares.
    Notes: Summary The white shell glands of Artemia salina have been investigated. Our results, compared to those obtained in the brown-coloured shell glands, occuring within the same species, reveal differences not only in the aspect of the secretory granules but also in the structure of the nucleus and the cytoplasm. These differences between the two types of glands appear to be more striking than a simple variation in the quantity of secretion or in the pigmentation of the gland. As the brown glands are supposed to contribute to the formation of the egg shells in oviparous animals, the secretion of white glands could favour the development of nauplii in ovoviviparous animals.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenocortical cells ; Triturus cristatus ; Plasma electrolyte composition modifications ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans le but de modifier la composition électrolytique du plasma, des Tritons à crête (Triturus cristatus) sont placés dans une solution de chlorure de potassium (KCl 5‰). D'autres Tritons (témoins) sont placés dans de l'eau du robinet. Tous les animaux ont été préalablement hypophysectomisés. 8 jours après le début de l'expérience, les cellules interrénales des Tritons hypophysectomisés placés dans la solution de KCl présentent une activité stéroidogénique élevée, se traduisant notamment par une forte déplétion lipidique, une augmentation du nombre des mitochondries et un développement important du réticulum endoplasmique agranulaire et tubulaire; d'autre part, la réaction Δ5-3β-hydroxystéroide deshydrogénasique est intense. Toutes les cellules du tissu interrénal sont fortement stimulées dans ces conditions. Les cellules interrénales des Tritons témoins présentent par contre une activité stéroidogénique très réduite, comme en témoignent leur structure et la faible intensité de la réaction Δ5-3β-hydroxystéroide deshydrogénasique. Les mécanismes précis pouvant être à l'origine de la stimulation des cellules interrénales de Tritons hypophysectomisés placés dans la solution de KCl sont discutés.
    Notes: Summary In order to induce a modification of the plasmatic electrolyte composition, newts (Triturus cristatus) are placed into a potassium chloride solution (KCl 5‰), while controls are kept in tap water. All animals are previously hypophysectomized. 8 days after the beginning of the experiment, the interrenal cells of the hypophysectomized newts kept in KCl solution exhibit a very strong steroidogenic activity, as evidenced by a striking lipid depletion, an increase in the number of mitochondria and a considerable development of the agranular tubular endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, the Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reaction is notably intensified. All the cells of the interrenal tissue are affected by the stimulatory effect of the KCl solution. Control animals show only reduced steroidogenic activity of their interrenal cells, as demonstrated both by the morphology of these cells and the weak Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reaction. The mechanisms involved in the stimulatory effect on steroidogenesis of the variation of the electrolyte composition of the plasma are discussed.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 145-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rhabdom ; Photoreceptor fine structure ; Rhabdomere microvillus pattern ; Crustacean compound eye ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The eighth retinular cell (R 8) of Grapsus lacks cytoplasmic pigment granules and basically resembles those previously known in the ghost crab Ocypode and the mysid Praunus. Distally located, R 8 comprises four lobes inserted between the outer ends of the seven regular retinular cells (R 1–R 7). A thin cytoplasmic bridge connects these lobes. One lobe adjacent to R 1 contains the nucleus of R 8 and gives rise proximally to the cell's axon. The short distal eighth rhabdomere consists of microvilli (mvl) protruding axially from all four lobes. Similar R 8's were found also in two other crab families and in two other genera of mysids. In Grapsus the eighth rhabdomere is extraordinary in possessing mvl oriented in two orthogonal directions parallel to the mvl of R 1–R 7. The distal 20% of the rhabdom consists of mvl originating exclusively from R 8. These appear in somewhat irregular bands and are alternately oriented parallel to the animal's vertical or horizontal axis. More proximally the retinula contains eleven sectors but the rhabdom still comprises bands of alternating mvl with those from R 8 joined respectively by the rhabdomeres of R 1, 4, and 5 (horizontal) and R 2, 3, 6 and 7 (vertical). The rest of the rhabdom shows typical decapod organization with seven interdigitating rhabdomeres.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 147-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gill ; Blood pathways ; Secondary lamellae ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic study was made of the structure of the gill arch, filament and secondary lamella of Salmo gairdneri R. Blood pathways through the gill were traced from serial histological sections, and from the examination of ink perfused tissue and perspex casts formed following resin injection of the circulatory system. The epithelium covering the gill consists of unspecialized, dark, chloride and mucous cells. The distribution of specialized cells appears to be related to gill function. The basement membrane underlying the epithelium consists of three layers, the inner collagen layer being continuous with the connective tissue core of the gills. Blood supply to the secondary lamellar respiratory surface is via branchial, filament and secondary lamellar arteries. Blood spaces of the secondary lamellae are delimited by pillar cells containing what appears to be contractile material. The marginal channel of each lamella is bounded distally by cells of endothelial origin. A network of lymph spaces within the filaments connects with efferent branchial arteries. Nutritionary capillaries within the filaments connect with afferent branchial arteries. No shunts between afferent and efferent filament arteries were found. Data from this study and previous physiological and histopathological studies suggest a mechanism for the control of blood flow to suit the respiratory requirements of the fish. This mechanism involves a system of recruitment of additional respiratory units and changes in overall blood flow patterns.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 223-239 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ (SCO) ; Basal secretion, Lateral secretion ; Extracellular spaces (ECS) ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological evidence is presented supporting the possibility of basal secretion into hypendymal capillaries of the adult rabbit subcommissural organ (SCO). The synthetic apparatus of the SCO cell is described as well as the heterogeneous granules and vesicles which are concentrated in the basal processes bordering a widened perivascular space. The origin of the electron dense granules, of which two fairly distinct subgroups are found, is discussed. A binding of secretory sacs to the lateral plasma membrane is seen. The possibility of a lateral secretion is supported by the presence of a system of extracellular channels between SCO cells which are filled with a flocculent material resembling that of the secretory sacs. Nerve perikarya which are separated from the SCO by only a few glial fibers are demonstrated. Synapses are described in nerve fascicles bordering on the hypendymal capillaries. The possibility of an innervation of the hypendymal region is discussed as well as possible nervous connections with the pineal gland.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 297-307 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Prostaglandins E1 and E2 ; Fine structure ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological and fine structural studies of adrenal cortices were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats which had been given intravenous injections of prostaglandin E1 or E2. It was found that there were increased numbers of intracellular lipid droplets, free ribonucleoprotein particles, cholesterol ester clefts and coated vesicles of both the small and large varieties. A reorganization of the internal mitochondrial membranes and the appearance of protrusions of parenchymal cytoplasm into the sinusoidal lumina accompanied by vasodilation were also observed. These alterations are not typical of those observed following exogenous ACTH administration and are therefore considered to be prostaglandin-induced.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prolactin ; Adenohypophysis ; Osmoregulation ; Teleosts ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in the prolactin cells of the euryhaline marine teleosts Gillichthys mirabilis and Platichthys stellatus were studied by light and electron microscopy after transfer from sea water to fresh water. In seawater fish the secretory granules were smaller and the cellular organelles poorly developed. Within 3 hours after transfer to fresh water, the prolactin cells of Gillichthys exhibited definite functional activation: exocytosis of granules and development of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi systems and mitochondria. Concurrently, plasma sodium fell from about 172 meq/l to about 133 meq/l. As adaptation to fresh water progressed, prolactin cells of Gillichthys showed greater prominence of cellular organelles but granule storage was not detected even 10 days after transfer. Platichthys adapted to fresh water for 10 days showed RER in an expanded state containing irregular electron-dense material which was not seen in Gillichthys. Plasma sodium levels were much lower than in the controls. These results were in contrast to those obtained from euryhaline freshwater fishes such as Poecilia and Oryzias. Although the prolactin cells of euryhaline marine fish exhibited intense secretory activity when transferred into fresh water, the secreted prolactin per se appeared to be insufficient to maintain plasma sodium at seawater levels.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mosquitoes-Aedes ; Rectum ; Fine structure, function, comparison ; Salt-adaptation, osmoregulation ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparison of rectal morphology and ultrastructure is made between a freshwater (A. aegypti) and salt water (A. campestris) species of mosquito larvae, and between A. campestris larvae producing hyper- and hyposmotic urine. The epithelium of A. aegypti contains one cell type characterized by infolding of both the apical and basal membranes, straight lateral borders, and evenly distributed mitochondria. The rectum of A. campestris contains distinct anterior and posterior regions, each made up of a single cell type. These two regions can be distinguished on the basis of cell thickness, depth of apical infolding and distribution of mitochondria. The anterior region is similar to the rectum of A. aegypti, while the posterior region is considered unique to the salt-water species and hence probably is associated with the formation of hyperosmotic urine. In A. campestris, the apical (rather than lateral or basal) membranes are probably the site of hyperosmotic urine production. Two possible mechanisms for this process are discussed.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 501-510 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Fowl ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the pancreatic nerves of the domestic fowl has been studied. Naked axon beadings were found in membranous contact with endocrine as well as exocrine cells. From an anatomical point of view it seems reasonable to suggest that the endocrine glands might be subjected to some influence of the autonomic nervous system.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 511-532 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Cytoarchitecture ; Branchiostoma ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Gehirn vonBranchiostoma lanceolatum wurde licht- und elektronen-mikroskopisch untersucht. Der rostral gelegene Ventrikel wird von unterschiedlich gebauten, prismatischen Epithelzellen umgeben, unter denen neben den Pigmentzellen und den sekret-bildenden Infundibulumzellen vor allem dorsal und ventral gelegene Elemente mit ungewöhnlich langen, zilienähnlichen apikalen Fortsätzen auffallen, die vermutlich Rezeptorzellen entsprechen. Nach caudal schließt sich dem Ventrikel der schmale Zentralkanal an, der von Tanyzytengliazellen ausgekleidet wird. Ihre basalen filamenthaltigen Fortsätze ziehen bis zur Oberfläche des ZNS und bilden hier Füßchen aus. Zwischen diesen Ependymzellen erreichen apikale Fortsätze von tiefergelegenen Zellen das Lumen des Zentralkanals. Die Zahl der um den Zentralkanal gelegenen Neurone nimmt im Gehirn von rostal nach caudal ab. Die Perikaryen dieser Neurone sind vor allem durch ihren hohen Gehalt an Glykogen und verhältnismäßig zahlreichen granulären Einschlüssen gekennzeichnet. Eine ventral gelegene Gruppe von großen, ergastoplasmareichen Nervenzellen enthält relativ große Granula, die vermultlich neurosekretorischen Elementargranula entsprechen. Dorsal kommen neben den großen Josephschen Zellen ependymale Zellen vor, deren Zellapex mit zahlreichen Lamellen versehen ist. Auch sie stellen vermutlich Lichtrezeptoren dar. Das peripher lateral und ventral gelegene Neuropil setzt sich aus Fasern zusammen, die nicht von den Gliazellen umgeben sind und die in ihrer Mehrzahl Granula enthalten. Es werden 6 (?) Granulatypen unterschieden. Außerdem lassen sich vor allem in der Peripherie Fasern mit Mikrotubuli und Filamenten erkennen. Die Riesenfasern enthalten außer einzelnen Organellen unstrukturiert erscheinendes Zytoplasma. Synapsenähnliche Kontakte sind relativ selten und einfach gebaut.
    Notes: Summary The brain ofBranchiostoma lanceolatum has been investigated with the light-and electron microscope. The cranially located ventricle is surrounded by various types of prismatic epithelial cells among which—beside the anterior pigment-cells and the mucus producing infundibular cells—elements bearing unusually long apical cilium-like processes are particularly striking. They can be found in the dorsal and ventral wall of the ventricle and presumably represent receptor cells. The ventricle is caudally replaced by the narrow central canal which is lined by tanycyte-like glia cells, whose filamentous basal processes reach the surface of the CNS where they terminate in broad foot-like structures. Between these ependymal cells apical processes of light, granule-containing cells reach the lumen of the central canal. The number of neurons which are all concentrated around the central canal, decreases in caudal direction. Their perikarya are characterized by granular inclusions and large amounts of glycogen particles. A ventrally situated group of big ER-rich neurons contains granules which presumably correspond to neurosecretory elementary granules. Dorsally beside the large Joseph-cells lamellated cells occur, which possibly also represent lightreceptor cells. The neuropile which predominantly occurs in the lateral and ventral and ventral periphery of the CNS consists of densely packed fibres which are not surrounded by glia cells and the majority of which contains granular or vesicular inclusions. 6 (?) types of granules and vesicles are to be distinguished. In addition, fibres containing microtubules and filaments occur. They are mainly to be found in a marginal position. The giant fibres contain beside scarce organelles structureless light cytoplasm. Synaptoid contacts are comparatively rare and of simple structure.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 333-344 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substantia nigra and striatum (rat, cat) ; Stereotactic electrolysis ; Degeneration ; Dopamine fluorescence ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nigro-neostriatal projection was investigated in albino rats and cats with silver impregnation, fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy. After unilateral stereotactic electrolysis in the substantia nigra the dopamine fluorescence of ipsilateral neostriatum is markedly reduced. As shown by silver impregnation and electron microscopy, fine terminals and axons are degenerated in the same region. These observations suggest that the nigro-neostriatal pathway may be composed of the fine dopaminergic axons of the nerve cells of unilateral substantia nigra.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 223-250 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Ctenophores ; Nerve-net, Nervous concentration ; Synapses ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A subectodermal nerve-net is demonstrated in ten species of Ctenophores by means of either Methylene Blue vital staining or silver impregnation. There is no evidence of subendodermal nerve-net. The ectodermal nerve-net displays a characteristic polygonal pattern which is thought to result from morphogenetic events. Both bipolar and tripolar neurones occur. Three types of concentrations of nervous tissue are described: a) a high accumulation of nervous perikarya at the aboral sensory pole; b) a noticeable densification of the net along the eight meridional ciliary strands of every species, and around the lips of Beroidea; c) in the Cydippids Pleurobrachia and Hormiphora two thick strands of fibers and neurones interconnecting the aboral organ and the tentacles: the tentacular nerves. Ultrastructural evidence is given for the presence of nervous elements under and amidst ectodermal epithelial cells. Three features allow the recognition and characterization of neurites and neurones: a) numerous clear and/or granulated vesicles; b) microtubules in variable amounts; c) frequent and highly differentiated synaptic contacts. The very peculiar arrangement of the presynaptic elements is observed in all the species of Ctenophores so far studied. These synaptic contacts suggest chemical transmission in the nerve-net. On the basis of ultrastructural evidence the author refutes the nervous nature previously attributed to the ciliated cells of the meridional grooves. A parallel is drawn between nervous systems of Cnidaria and Ctenophora.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 25-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart innervation (Turtle) ; Monomamine-containing cells ; Synapses ; Fluorescence and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fluorescence and electron microscopy of the turtle heart indicates the presence of monoamine-containing, granulated cells in the wall of venous sinus and near the openings of the aortic trunks. These cells occur in clusters and are always in association with nerve fibers and/or ganglion cells within the turtle heart. Vesiculated axon terminals make a synaptic contact with the cytolemma of the granulated cell which in turn makes a synapse to the processes from the other granulated cell and to the cardiac nerve fibers. The close contact occurs also between the granulated cell process and the smooth muscle cell membrane in the wall of large vessels. The granulated cell has no special relationship to the blood capillaries. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to nervous control of the cardiac activity of the turtle.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 203-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Development ; Chick embryo ; Cell culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The formation and development of synaptic contacts between dissociated chick spinal cord neurons has been investigated. By the 6th day in vitro “immature” profiles with few vesicles were observed. By 14–18 days “mature” types with numerous vesicles were found, indistinguishable from those of newly hatched chick spinal cord. After this period degeneration occurred, and was especially marked in the post-synaptic element. Such degeneration could be postponed by the addition of small numbers of somatic muscle cells. The Kanaseki and Kadota (1969) technique was applied to the study of coated vesicles at various stages of synaptic development.
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