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  • Articles  (30)
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  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (30)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1973  (30)
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  • Articles  (30)
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  • Springer  (30)
  • Wiley
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  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (30)
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 259-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteocyte ; Calvarium ; Histology ; Development ; Calcium ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cartes tissulaires ainsi que les caractéristiques et propriétés cellularires ont été relevées au cours d'une étude de microscopie optique du développement de la calotte cranienne de souris, avant la naissance, jusqu'au 26ème jour. Les population d'ostéocytes de moitiés droite et gauche de ces calottes sont semblables, mais décroissent avec le temps dans un volume donné. De petites plages limitées de matrice osseuse se colorent pour le phosphate (ou carbonate) de façon plus nette que la matrice environnante, qui se colore légèrement après coupe. Les divers types ostéocytaires se distinguent par les réactions histochimiques du calcium et du phosphate, qui sont associés dans les cellules osseuses de façon complexe, variant dans le temps et la localisation. Ces deux constituants ne sont pas toujours présent dans les cellules des diverses régions, ou dans la même localisation dans un type cellulaire donné. En tenant compte des changements visible dans les divers types cellulaires avec le temps, dans des régions données, une hypothèse de “charge” et “décharge” cellulaire est émise.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Anläßlich einer mikroskopischen Studie über die Entwicklung des Mäuse-Calvariums von der Pränatalperiode bis zu 26 Tagen nach der Geburt wurden auch die Gewebetopographie sowie die Charakteristica und Eigenschaften der Zellen aufgezeichnet. Die Osteocyten-populationen in der linken und rechten Hälfte des Calvariums waren sich gleich, nahmen jedoch bei einem gegebenen Volumen mit der Zeit ab. Kleine isolierte Stellen von Knochen-matrix konnten leichter auf Ph sphat (oder Carbonat) angefärbt werden, als die umgebende Matrix, welche sich wohl am Schnitt, nicht aber am ganzen Stück färben ließ. Die verschiedenen Typen von Osteocyten wurden aufgrund histochemischer Calcium- und Phosphat-reaktionen bestimmt. Calcium und Phosphat waren innerhalb der Knochenzellen auf komplexe Art miteinander verbunden, die je nach Zeit und Lagerung unterschiedlich war. Zellen in abgetrennten Bereichen enthielten nicht immer Calcium und Phosphat und beide waren bei einer bestimmten Zellenart auch nicht immer am gleichen Ort abgelagert. Aufgrund der an ausgewählten Stellen beobachteten, zeitlich bedingten Veränderungen innerhalb der verschiedenen Zelltypen wird vorgeschlagen, daß es sich dabei um eine Sequenz von “Ladung” und “Entladung” der Zellen handelt.
    Notes: Abstract Tissue maps, and cell characteristics and properties were recorded in a study under the optical microscope of the development of the mouse calvarium from pre-natal to 26 days. Osteocyte populations in left and right halves of the calvarium were similar, but decreased with time for a given volume. Small isolated areas of bone matrix stained for phosphate (or carbonate) in a more readily available form from that in the surrounding matrix, which could be stained after sectioning but failed to stain in bulk. Osteocyte types were defined on the basis of histochemical methods for calcium and phosphate, which were associated inside bone cells in a complex manner, varying with time and position. The calcium and phosphate were not always present within the cell in discrete regions and were not always present in the same place in a given cell type. On the basis of a study of changes in cell types with time in selected sites a sequence of “loading” and “unloading” is proposed.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 125-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Molt ; Isopod ; Chemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours de la phase inhabituelle de mue d'un isopode d'eau courante,Lirceuts brachyrus, la moitié postérieure de l'exosquelette est éliminée 24 heures avant la moitié antérieure. A ce stade, une reminéralisation se développe dans la partie postérieure alors que la partie antérieure est dans un stade de pré-mue. Le pourcentage de différence en calcium dans les deux moitiés à mi-mue et mue complète est respectivement de 22% (p〈0.01) et 33% (p〈0.01), indiquant une complexation du calcium pendant la mue. La rapidité de la reminéralisation est illustrée par le fait que le contenu minéral total double dans la partie postérieure entre la mi-mue et la mue totale et dans la partie antérieure entre la fin de la mue et un jour après. Le carbonate de calcium, sous forme de calcite, a pu être identifié par diffraction électronique de coupes fines des téguments.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Während der ungewöhnlichen Häutungssequenz des Frischwasser-IsopodenLirceus brachyurus (Harger) wird die hintere Hälfte des äußeren Skeletts 24 Std vor der vorderen Hälfte abgestoßen. In der halbgehäuteten Phase erfolgt Remineralisation im hinteren Teil, während der vordere Teil in einem Vorhäutungszustand ist. Der prozentuale Unterschied des Calciums in den zwei Hälften bei Halb- und Vollhäutungszustand ist 22% (p〈0,01) bzw. 33% (p〈0,01), was andeutet, daß Calcium während der Häutung abgesondert wird. Die Geschwindigkeit der Remineralisation erhellt aus der Tatsache, daß sich der Gesamtmineralgehalt im hinteren Teil zwischen Halt- und Vollhäutung, in der vorderen Hälfte jedoch zwischen Endhäutung und einem Tag nach der Häutung verdoppelt. Calciumcarbonat in kristalliner Calcitform wurde mittels Elektronendiffraktion von dünnen Hautschnitten nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Abstract During the unusual molt sequence of the fresh-water isopod,Lirceus brachyrus (Harger), the posterior half of the exoskeleton is shed 24 hours before the anterior half. At the half-molt stage, occurs in the posterior part while the anterior portion is in a pre-molt condition. The percentage difference in calcium in the two halves at half-molt and full-molt is22 (p〈0.01) and33 (p〈0.01) respectively, an indication that calcium is sequestered during The rapidity of remineralization is illustrated by the fact that the total mineral content doubles in the posterior part between half and full molt and in the anterior half between the end of molt and one day after ecdysis. Calcium carbonate in the calcite cystalline form was demonstrated by electron diffraction of thin sections of the integument.
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  • 3
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 179-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retino-preoptic pathway ; Optic tracts ; Rana temporaria ; Light microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The optic tracts and centres of optic terminals of Rana temporaria have been investigated with silver impregnation techniques after unilaterally cutting the optic nerve and autoradiographically after injection of a mixture of tritiated amino acids into the vitreous body of the left eye. The observations on the course of the optic tracts and on the optic terminals in the thalamus and optic tectum are to a great extent in agreement with those of other authors. The probability of a retino-preoptic pathway is supported by the detection of fibres running in dorsal direction in front of the place where the optic nerve penetrates the brain. In horizontal sections these fibres can be seen deviating from the optic tract, covering a short distance in frontal direction and then turning upward under an angle of about 90 degrees. They disappear between the ventral aldehyde-fuchsin positive cells of the preoptic nucleus. The ventral and median parts of the ipsilateral preoptic nucleus contain fragments of degenerated fibres. Autoradiographic data are also in favour of the presence of an ipsilateral retino-preoptic tract. After carefully counting the number of grains over left and right preoptic nucleus, it appeared that over the ventral and median parts of the left preoptic nucleus more grains occur than over the identical areas of the right one.
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  • 4
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 473-485 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Rabbit ; Architecture ; Autonomic innervation ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light microscopic investigation of the rabbit pineal gland with the aid of silver-stained sections gave the following results. In the gland a medulla and a cortex can be distinguished, the medulla containing so-called light and dark pinealocytes, the cortex only light ones. Autonomic nerve fibres reach the pineal organ by two routes: (1) via the perivascular spaces of pineal blood vessels and (2) via two distinct nerve bundles, the nervi conarii. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy revealed that these pinealo-petal nerve fibres are mainly orthosympathetic postganglionic. Intramural pineal neurones with synaptic-like structures on their cell bodies and dendrites point to the presence of a parasympathetic innervation next to the orthosympathetic one. Direct afferent or efferent neural connections with the brain appeared to be absent.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; Gonadotrophic cells ; Cycle, influence of testosterone ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 4-day cyclic adult female Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with testosterone propionate on diestrus 1 at 16:00 and on diestrus 2 at 10:00 respectively. Non-injected females served as controls. Autopsy was performed on diestrus 2 at 23:00, and on proestrus at 14:00 and 17:00 respectively. The blue Alcian-PAS staining was used to evidence FSH (β) and LH (γ) pituitary cells. In control animals and in diestrus 2 injected females only a small number of FSH cells could be detected on diestrus 2 at 23:00. This number increased markedly on proestrus at 14:00 and decreased on proestrus at 17:00. A similar evolution was observed in diestrus 1 testosterone injected females, but the number of FSH cells appeared higher at any stage of autopsy in these females than in diestrus 2 injected females and in control rats. In control females, numerous LH cells were observed on diestrus 2 at 23:00. The number of these cells was diminished on proestrus at 14:00 and still more at 17:00. On the contrary few LH cells were detected in testosterone injected females on the evening of diestrus 2. An increase of these cells occurred on proestrus at 14:00, followed at 17:00 by only a weak diminution as established by comparison with control animals. An inhibition of FSH release and a suppression of the proestrus surge of LH were therefore supposed to cause, on one hand, the slowing up of follicular growth observed in diestrus 1 injected females and, on the other hand, the blockage of ovulation noted in both diestrus 1 and diestrus 2 treated animals.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal region (rat) ; Distribution of dehydrogenases ; Postnatal development ; Histochemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Succinate-, α-glycerophosphate-, NADH-, and NADPH dehydrogenases (tetrazolium reductases) were studied histochemically in brain sections. The distribution of these enzymes in the hippocampal region was mapped in different postnatal stages. In addition to the hippocampus and the dentate area which have also been dealt with by other authors, the description includes the entorhinal area, parasubiculum, presubiculum, and subiculum. In all the areas of the hippocampal region the enzyme activity is first localized mainly in cell bodies. Activity in the neuropil shows a tendency to increase with age throughout the stages studied. Examples of particularly early or late differentiation of the histochemical pattern exist. Thus already after 4–6 days the differentiated staining pattern in the hippocampal layers as seen in the adult, begins to appear. In the entorhinal area the early enzyme distribution agrees with that in the adult and facilitates identification of its layers. After 22 days the fundamental enzyme chemoarchitectonics of the adult rat brain has been obtained. Histochemical characteristics of the different areas, support the view that the hippocampal region constitutes an entity.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 375-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal region (rat) ; AChE distribution ; Postnatal development ; Histochemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the hippocampal region was studied histochemically in different postnatal stages. Enzyme changes are described for the hippocampus proper, the dentate area, the entorhinal area, parasubiculum, area retrosplenialis e, presubiculum, and subiculum. In 1 day old animals there are only traces of AChE in solitary perikarya of the hippocampal stratum radiatum, while there is no activity in the neuropil. This is in contrast to other regions of the brain, e.g. the corpus striatum and the medial septum. Enzyme activity in the neuropil, although very weak, is seen clearly on the 2nd day. While the enzyme reaction in some cell soma seems to be permanent and also present in adult rats, other cell bodies, e.g. in the entorhinal area lose AChE activity during the last part of the 2nd week and in the 3rd week. Similar observations have been made on other parts of the central nervous system. The main features of chemodifferentiation in the hippocampal region seem to be completed by the end of the third week, although most layers and areas have not yet achieved the same high staining intensity as seen in the adult rats.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 131-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epidermis (mouse) ; Pattern of organization ; Proliferation kinetics ; Three-dimensional analysis ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wird eine Methode zur Herstellung, Montierung und Färbung von epidermalen Häutchenpräparaten zur dreidimensionalen Analyse des Epidermis-Aufbaues beschrieben. Eine Kombination mit der Histoautoradiographie ist bedingt möglich. Damit ist eine Basis für weitere Untersuchungen mit neuer Fragestellung geschaffen. 2. Die untersuchten Objekte Mäuseohr und Rückenhaut zeigen eine bisher unbekannte, auffallende Musterbildung mit Zuordnung bestimmter interfollikulärer basaler Gruppen zu Zellen des Stratum spinosum und des Stratum corneum. Es handelt sich um rosettenähnliche Gebilde aus mehreren peripheren Basalzellen und meist einer zentralen Spinosumzelle. 3. Die Bedeutung der Befunde für die normale wie für die pathologische Regeneration und Neoplasie der Epidermis ist offen. Es werden Beziehungen zum Regenerationsmodus und damit zur Proliferationskinetik der Epidermis diskutiert. In diesem Zusammenhang sind die Untersuchungen auch für die Humanpathologie relevant.
    Notes: Summary 1. A method for the preparation, mounting, and staining of thin preparations of mouse epidermis is described, which allows a three-dimensional analysis of epidermal structure. A limited combination of this technique with histo-autoradiography is possible, thereby presenting a broader basis for further investigations. 2. Both ear and back skin show a striking, previously unrecognized pattern of organization, in which definite interfollicular basal cell groups are oriented towards cells of the stratum spinosum and stratum corneum. A rosettelike picture of many peripheral basal cells and, in most instances, a central spinosum cell is found. 3. The significance of our findings for normal and pathological regenerations as well as neoplasia of the epidermis remains open. We discuss relationships to the mode of regeneration and thus the kinetics of proliferation in the epidermis. Our investigations are also relevant for human pathology in this regard.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Stick insect ; Blood-brain barrier ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fat body sheath which surrounds the ventral nerve cord of the adult stick insect, Carausius morosus, is absent in the hatchling. Since the haemolymph sodium ion compositions of the two stages are similar, it is suggested that the fat body sheath is not a site of a blood-brain barrier dealing with extra-axonal regulation of sodium. Similarities of ultrastructure in connectives of adults and hatchlings are demonstrated, and tight junctions are shown to occur in perineural cells of both stages. The possible significance of this to the blood-brain barrier of this insect is discussed.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1973), S. 75-85 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Denervation ; Development ; Fiber types, myofibrils ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural diversification of muscle fibers, with regard particularly to myofibrillar changes, has been investigated in the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and the slow-twitch soleus muscles of the rat during fetal and postnatal development in the presence and in the absence of motor innervation. The band pattern and the shape of the myofibrils were uniform in fetal and neonatal muscle fibers and underwent differential changes during the first weeks after birth, concomitantly with fiber type specialization. The most evident variations in myofibrillar structure arising in this period concern the thickness of the Z band and the arrangement of the myofibrils. Myofibril formation was at first not impaired by denervation of rat muscles performed in utero and, although focal disintegration of myofibrils and detachment and loss of orientation of filaments became apparent by one week, atrophic muscle fibers with well-organized myofibrils could be seen as late as 2 months after birth. However, denervated muscle fibers of EDL and soleus did not display any significant and consistent difference in myofibrillar band pattern and shape. No variation in mitochondrial content and sarcoplasmic reticulum development was likewise seen in muscle fibers of EDL and soleus after fetal denervation. The findings emphasize the importance of neuromuscular interactions in muscle differentiation.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 435-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindles ; Intrafusal fibre types ; Development ; Deefferentation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle spindles of limb muscles were deefferented in neonatal rats by sectioning ventral roots or by removal of the lumbosacral spinal cord. Ten to 56 days after the operation, muscle spindles were examined in the medial gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles. The differentiation of muscle spindles was not affected by deefferentation. The number of spindles in the investigated muscles was not reduced. Intrafusal fibres increased in number from two at birth to four per spindle on the average, as in normal muscles. The characteristic ultrastructural distinctions of nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres developed as under normal conditions. However, intrafusal fibres atrophied slowly after fusimotor denervation, their polar zones becoming reduced in diameter by about 25% in comparison with control fibre diameters. Spindle capsules, on the other hand, increased in size and attained diameters comparable with normal spindles, appearing even somewhat distended. As intrafusal fibres degenerate after complete denervation at birth (Zelená, 1957), but differentiate in the absence of fusimotor innervation, it can be concluded that sensory nerve terminals induce and support their development. It is assumed that the morphogenetic influence of sensory terminals is mediated by release and uptake of a trophic substance at the synaptic junction. The occurrence of light and dense core vesicles in the sensory terminals and of coated invaginations and vesicles at both the axonal and plasma membrane speak in favour of such a possibility.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 573-583 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Tilapia mossambica ; Blood vessels ; Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Light microscopy ; Quantitative evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The non-respiratory vascular system of T. mossambica gill filaments was studied in serial longitudinal and cross sections. Comparatively few scattered vascular communications occur between the afferent filament artery and the central venous sinus (AVAaff). The efferent filament artery, however, is connected by regularly arranged anastomoses (AVAeff), directly, and sometimes indirectly via nutritive vessels, to the central sinus. These AVAeff are about as numerous as lamellae counted on one side of each filament, although they diminish slightly in number towards the filament base. The relation AVAeff to AVAaff was 17.6:1 in the distal and 17.8:1 in the basal filamental region, while in the tip region of 7 filaments 126 AVAeff but only 1 AVAaff were encountered. No direct connection between the lamellar lacunae and the central sinus was detected. According to these results, non-respiratory intrafilamental blood shunting appears unlikely. AVAeff are assumed to be the main route for blood entering the central venous sinus which would consequently flow into the branchial veins.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 251-269 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapse ; Development ; Spinal cord ; Amphibian
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopical study has been made of the cervical spinal cord of Xenopus laevis embryos, from the time that the neural tube closes until the larvae were hatched and could swim. Sections of the whole cord were searched for intercellular junctions during this period. Two nonsynaptic types were found, the first were widely distributed puncta adherentia, the second were rare and similar to “gap” junctions. Membrane specializations with synaptic vesicles were first found when the neural folds had fused; “membrane-vesicle clusters” which looked like the presynaptic half of a synaptic junction were present, together with synaptic junctions lacking any postsynaptic membrane thickening or cytoplasm density. About four hours later, mature synaptic junctions with full thickening of the postsynaptic membrane, dense cytoplasm and striated or dense material in the synaptic cleft were present. Presynaptic mitochondria, dense-cored and flattened vesicles, fibre to fibre and fibre to cell body synapses were present from the first, as were synapses onto very fine dendrites which might be filopodia from dendritic growth cones. Synaptogenesis may start with the accumulation of vesicles in dense cytoplasm near a thickened cell membrane; the postsynaptic element becomes associated with this “membrane-vesicle cluster” and matures by increasing cleft and cytoplasmic density, and by membrane thickening.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 493-503 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Glomerular body ; Marine teleost ; Hexagrammos otakii ; Larval osmoregulation ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the larvae of the marine teleost, Hexagrammos otakii, the prolactin, ACTH, STH and pars-intermedia cells as well as the neurohypophysis and glomerular body showed no histological change at the time of hatching. These cells or organs do not seem to be specifically involved in the mechanisms of adjustment to the hypertonic osmotic stress at this time. The size of the nuclei of the prolactin cells increased in fresh-water (F. W.) and that of the ACTH cells decreased in 2/3, 1/2 and 1/3 sea-water (S.W.). The amount of chrome-alum haematoxylin-positive material in the neurohypophysis of fish immersed in 1/2 S.W., 1/3 S.W. and F.W. was less than that of the control fish. There was a difference in the glomerular ratio between the fish kept in F. W. and control fish. And the red blood cells in the glomerulus of the larvae kept in 1/2 and 1/3 S.W. apparently increased in number in comparison with the control fish.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Development ; Monoamines ; Colour change ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Xenopus laevis the development of hypothalamic monoaminergic cells was studied in relation to adaptation to background colour. The first melanophores appear at stage 33/34 (normal table of Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956), gradually increasing in number. The melanine granules are dispersed throughout the cell, irrespective of the background colour. The dispersion apparently is caused by MSH released by the developing pars intermedia cells. Between stage 39 and stage 41, larvae placed on a white background changed colour from black to white due to aggregation of the melanine granules within the melanophores. With Falck's method for demonstrating monoamines, a small number of fluorescent cells was observed in the hypothalamus simultaneously with the first background-dependent colour change. These cells were arranged in a paired nucleus, bordering the third ventricle. Initially, the nucleus extends from 50 microns behind the optic chiasma to the lateral dilatations of the third ventricle; 8–10 hours later, similar cells were also found at the lateral dilatations and in the dorso-lateral part of the infundibular lobe. The cells have apical processes protruding in the ventricular lumen. Fluorescent axons, originating from the cells, were occasionally observed. Considering the above-mentioned results in combination with the electron microscopical data of Nyholm (1972), it is concluded that the MSH producing cells are under monoaminergic nervous control from the beginning of background colour adaptation.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 535-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; Mitoses, topographic distribution ; Influence of fixation ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les mitoses de l'adénohypophyse du rat mâle ont été examinées comparativement après fixation par perfusion et après fixation par immersion. Après fixation par perfusion la répartition topographique des mitoses dans le parenchyme est homogène, et l'index mitotique est de 1,85 pour 1 000 cellules. Après fixation par immersion, la densité des mitoses décroit de la périphérie vers le centre, et l'index mitotique n'est que de 0,80 mitoses pour 1 000 cellules. La lenteur de pénétration du fixateur pendant l'immersion est tenue pour principal responsable des différences observées. Elle entraîne une modification de l'aspect des mitoses, telle que plus de la moitié d'entre elles ne sont pas identifiables et échappent aux comptages.
    Notes: Summary The mitoses of the adenohypophysis in male rats have been observed comparatively after fixation by perfusion and fixation by immersion. After fixation by perfusion, the topographic distribution of mitoses throughout the parenchyma is homogenous and the mitotic index is 1.85 for 1 000 cells. After fixation by immersion, the density of the mitoses is decreasing from the periphery towards the center and the mitotic index is only 0.80 for 1 000 cells. The slow penetration of the fixative during fixation by immersion is considered to be the main cause in the differences observed. This slow action causes a modification in the aspect of the mitoses, and more than fifty percent of them cannot be identified and escape to the counts.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 353-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epidermis ; Bufo bufo ; Moulting cycle ; Structure ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skin samples were taken from 17 toads (Bufo bufo) in various phases of the moulting cycle. The phase was determined by recording a number of moulting intervals prior to sacrifice and by study of the macroscopic appearance of the skin and the moulting behaviour at sacrifice. Eight of the toads were in the moult when the samples were taken. Characteristic morphological changes were found to be restricted to a period immediately prior to and after shedding of the slough. Chemical changes of the membranes of stratum corneum (or material adhered to them) were observed already prior to adoption of the moulting posture. The separation from the underlying epidermis prior to shedding was accompanied by a swelling of the stratum corneum cells. After final detachment of the slough the replacement layer was differentiated into a new stratum corneum within 24 hours. Significant changes in the morphology of the flask cells were not observed. The findings are discussed with emphasis on the processes of separation and differentiation of the stratum corneum. Based on the morphology of the epidermis the following terminology is proposed for the phases of the moulting cycle: Intermoult phase, preparation phase, early shedding phase, late shedding phase, and differentiation phase.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Rana temporaria ; Development ; Corticotropin cells, melanotropin cells ; Immunofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the embryonic and larval developmental stages of the frog, Rana temporaria L, anti-β 1–24, α 17–39 corticotropine, α and β MSH antibodies were used to define, with immunofluorescence technique, the appearence of corticotropic and melanotropic cells. A very small number of fluorescent corticotropic cells appears for the first time during the embryonic stage (10 mm), just before the differentiation of the pars intermedia. The cells are small, their large nucleus is surrounded by a fine rim of fluorescent cytoplasm. During premetamorphic stage, the anti-ACTH antibodies (anti-β 1–24 and anti-α 17–39 corticotropine) reveal more fluorescent cells in the whole pars distalis. The pars intermedia cells can also be visualized by both antisera. At the end of prometamorphosis and during climax the corticotropic cells show a more precise localization. As in adult frog pars distalis, they are concentrated in the rostral half of the lobe. With the same technique anti-α and β MSH antibodies reveal only the cells of the pars intermedia. No other cell type of the pars distalis reacts with these antibodies. This technique has the advantage to show that the ACTH and the MSH cells appear very early during the embryonic life.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic neurons ; Chromaffin cells ; SIP cells (Newborn rat) ; Development ; Administration of hydrocortisone ; Stretch preparations ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Air-dried stretch preparations were used to study adrenergic nerve fibres and catecholamine-containing cells with the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method in the abdominal tissue block containing the para-aortic paraganglia, in the neurovascular structures of the cervical region including the carotid body, in the bladder, in the ileum, in the mesentery, in the vagus nerve and in the sympathetic ganglia of 5- or 15-day-old rats. The adrenergic nerves and the catecholamine-containing cells were well preserved and showed little or no diffusion of amines. While most intensely fluorescent cells of the main para-aortic body disappeared during the first two postnatal weeks, some such cells survived and they showed long, slender fluorescent processes. Administration of 20 mg/kg of hydrocortisone acetate daily for 5 days after birth caused a striking increase in the number and size of the clusters of the intensely fluorescent cells in the organ of Zuckerkandl, in the sympathetic ganglia and in the bladder, as well as an increase in the fluorescence intensity of the carotid body. In rats treated with hydrocortisone for 5 days and left to recover for 10 days an increased fluorescence was still observed. However, in the organ of Zuckerkandl the intensely fluorescent cells of hydrocortisone-treated 15-day-old rats showed less processes than those of the control rats of the same age.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 45-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chicken ; Bursa Fabricii ; Thymus ; Spleen ; Tonsilla caecalis ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bursa Fabricii, Thymus, Milz und Zäkaltonsillen von 63 Hühnern im Alter von 1 Tag bis zu 1 Jahr werden histologisch untersucht, wobei das Vorkommen der als bursaabhängig geltenden Keimzentren und Plasmazellen quantitativ erfaßt wird. Beide treten in der Milz und Tonsilla caecalis erst während des Reifestadiums der Bursa in zunehmender Menge auf. Mit Beginn der Bursainvolution werden Keimzentren und pyroninophile Zellen in der Milz selten, während in den Zäkaltonsillen kaum Veränderungen auftreten. Im Thymus verschiebt sich das Verhältnis zwischen Mark- und Rindenbreite zugunsten des Marks. Bei 8 Monate alten Tieren fehlt die Rinde vollständig. Plasmazellen treten im Thymusmark während des Reifestadiums der Bursa auf und nehmen mit dem Beginn deren Involution zu. In dem Zeitraum zwischen 2 Wochen und 5 Monaten ändert sich das Verhältnis zwischen reifen und unreifen Plasmazellen beständig zugunsten der reifen Plasmazellen.
    Notes: Summary Bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen and cecal tonsils were histologically examined with special reference to the number of bursa-dependent germinal centers and plasma cells in 63 chickens, 1 day to 1 year old. Both structures appear in spleen and cecal tonsils increasingly during the bursal maturity stage. At the beginning bursal involution, germinal centers and pyroninophilic cells become rare in the spleen, in contrary no changes appear in the cecal tonsils. The medulla cortex ratio of the thymus changes in favour of the medulla, in animals 8 months of age the cortex is absent. Plasma cells appear in the medulla of the thymus during the bursal maturity stage and increase in number with beginning involution. During the period of 2 weeks to 5 months the proportion between mature and immature plasma cells changes in favour of mature cells.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 149-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Suctorial disc ; Echeneis naucrates ; Sustentacular tissue ; Sense organs ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die lichtmikroskopische Untersuchung der Haftscheibe des Teleostiers Echeneis naucrates führte unter anderen zu folgenden Ergebnissen: 1. Das mehrschichtige, Schleimzellen enthaltende Epithel der Scheibe weist deutliche regionale Unterschiede auf. So ist auf der Dorsalfläche der flexiblen Randlippe eine an Schleimdrüsen besonders reiche bandförmige Zone ausgebildet. Ferner werden die Eingänge in die Taschen zwischen den Lamellen des Saugapparates und die Oberfläche der medianen Hautleiste von stark schleimbildendem Epithel umgeben bzw. bedeckt. Der Schleimstreifen der Haftscheibe wird als Einrichtung zur Abdichtung der Haftfläche gedeutet. 2. Im Drüsenfeld auf der Dorsalfläche der Randlippe liegen große Sinnesorgane vom Typus der Chemorezeptoren. Ihre Funktion besteht möglicherweise in der Prüfung der Oberfläche des Wirtes, an dem sich Echeneis festsaugt. Die Angaben von Houy (1910), wonach diese Sinnesorgane in der Wand eines Kanalsystems liegen und nicht intraepithelial, beruhen auf der Fehlinterpretation artifiziell entstandener Spalten. 3. Die interlamellären Taschen der Saugplatte werden von einem verhältnismäßig niedrigen und an Schleimzellen armen, gefältelten Epithel ausgekleidet. Es ist der Beanspruchung auf Dehnung angepaßt, die bei dem Ansaugen infolge Vertikalstellung der Lamellen der Scheibe auftritt. 4. Der ovale abgeplattete Stützgewebsstreifen innerhalb der Randlippe, dessen Gewebe von Houy (1910) nicht klassifiziert werden konnte, besteht aus hyalinzelligem Chondroidgewebe (Schaffer), das von kollagenen und elastischen Fasern, ferner von einem weitmaschigen Kapillarnetz durchsetzt wird. Zarte Septen aus Kollagenfilamenten umgeben jede einzelne Hyalinzelle. Das im Zentrum des Reifens gelegene univakuoläre Fettgewebe differenziert sich aus den Hyalinzellen des Chondroidgewebes, die ihrerseits von perichondralen Fibrozyten abstammen. Auch die innerhalb der Lamellen des Saugapparates gelegenen Knorpelformationen werden von hyalinzelligem Chondroidgewebe gebildet, das mit Fettgewebe in Zusammenhang steht. 5. Die Faserarchitektur des Randstreifens entspricht der trajektoriellen Bauweise des Hyalinknorpels.
    Notes: Summary A light microscopical study of the suctorial disc of the teleost Echeneis naucrates revealed the following details: 1. The stratified mucous-cell bearing epithelium of the disc shows distinctive regional differences. Thus the dorsal surface of the flexible marginal lip contains a peculiar glandular zone which is particularly rich in mucous cells. Furthermore, the openings to the pockets between the lamellae of the suction apparatus and the surface of the median dermal ridge are mucus producing zones. These areas are interpreted as devices for tightening. 2. In the mucous zone of the dorsal surface of the marginal lip are large sensory organs of chemoreceptor type. Possibly their function consists in the chemical assessment of the host's surface. The statement by Houy (1910) according to which these organs are located in the wall of a canalicular system rather than intraepithelially stems from his erroneous interpretation of artifactitious clefts. 3. The interlamellar pockets of the suction disc are lined by a low folded epithelium with relatively few mucous cells. It is capable of adjusting to the stretch caused by the tilting of the disc's lamellae during suction. 4. The oval flattened ring of sustentacular tissue within the marginal lip, which Houy (1910) was unable to classify, represents a chondroid tissue consisting mainly of hyaline cells (“hyalinzelliges Chondroidgewebe, Schaffer 1930”) and traversed by collagenous and elastic fibres. It also contains a wide-meshed capillary network. Each hyaline cell is surrounded by delicate septa formed by collagenous filaments. The unilocular adipose tissue in the ring's center develops from the hyaline cells of the chondroid tissue which in turn are derived from perichondrial fibrocytes. Also the cartilaginous structures within the lamellae of the suction apparatus are formed by the same chondroid tissue that is in connection with adipose tissue. 5. The spatial arrangement of the fibres and fibrils traversing the sustentacular tissue within the marginal lip corresponds to the trajectorial pattern of hyaline cartilage.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 313-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Limulus polyphemus ; Abdominal ganglion ; Neurons ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the first abdominal ganglion of Limulus polyphemus (L.) was examined by reconstructions from stained serial sections. This ganglion, one of a chain of eight which form the ventral cord, is bilaterally symmetrical and shows the typical invertebrate division into two zones, cellular rind and fibrous core. The core of the ganglion comprises two major longitudinal tracts which are continuous with the connectives between the ganglia and four areas of regional neuropile which occur at the roots of the nerves developed from the ganglion. Minor tracts and neuropile are present. The rind is divided into several cell groups: U-shaped lobes around the nerve roots, a lateral lobe between the nerve roots and two cell layers along the ventral aspect. Six cell types are recognized: encapsulated unipolar cells, secretory unipolar cells (two types), encapsulated bipolar cells, “neuroglandular” bipolar cells and small non-encapsulated cells.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 511-520 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Sensory ending ; Rat ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fine structural study of sternothyroid muscle spindles of young adult rat demonstrates the rare occurrence of unique nerve endings. These endings are situated in the juxta-equatorial region of nuclear-bag fibers, adjacent to the annulo-spiral sensory endings. They consist of a bundle of terminal axons less than 0.3 μ in diameter and appear to be disposed nearly longitudinally to the axis of the intrafusal fibers. Whereas, the annulo-spiral endings consist of a single axon, coiling around the intrafusal fibers. Transverse sections of these muscle spindles reveal these unique endings scattered around the muscle fibers, fitting into depressions on their surface. The innermost axons directly face the muscle surface and are separated by a narrow gap less than 200 Å in width. No Schwann cell process appears to be associated with these endings. From their unique multi-axonal composition, these endings are termed “bundled endings”. Investigations of developing muscle spindles show the occasional presence of a similar multi-axonal composition of sensory endings in perinatal rats. It is suggested that “bundled endings” are sensory in nature, carrying an immature feature over to adult life.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 145-167 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macroglia ; Microglia ; Spinal Cord ; Monkey ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron-microscopic study has been made of the glial cells in the developing lateral funiculus of the cervical spinal cord in fetal rhesus monkeys. The various macroglial cell types, their precursor cells, and microglia are discussed in detail. An astrocytic lineage is proposed in which glioblasts present in the lateral funiculus give rise to astroblasts that then develop into mature astrocytes. Oligoblasts apparently migrate into the lateral funiculus as such and develop into active oligocytes. The active oligocytes become most predominant during the initial stages of myelinogenesis and are in direct continuity with developing myelin. The active oligocytes develop into mature oligocytes after myelination is completed. Microglia cells are present throughout development as three forms; resting microglia, globose microglia, and active microglia. The globose and active microglia predominates at specific times early in development when degeneration of apparent neuronal processes is taking place. The microglia cells are characterized by dense nuclear chromatin clumps, lipid inclusion bodies, dense vesicles, and, often, intracellular debris.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 203-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Development ; Chick embryo ; Cell culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The formation and development of synaptic contacts between dissociated chick spinal cord neurons has been investigated. By the 6th day in vitro “immature” profiles with few vesicles were observed. By 14–18 days “mature” types with numerous vesicles were found, indistinguishable from those of newly hatched chick spinal cord. After this period degeneration occurred, and was especially marked in the post-synaptic element. Such degeneration could be postponed by the addition of small numbers of somatic muscle cells. The Kanaseki and Kadota (1969) technique was applied to the study of coated vesicles at various stages of synaptic development.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 509-534 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Genital tract ; Viviparous toad ; Cyclic variations ; Light microscopy ; Biometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'oviducte de Nectophrynoïdes occidentalis Angel, petit crapaud vivipare d'Afrique occidentale, peut être divisé en quatre parties: le pavillon, la trompe, l'utérus et le tronc commun utérin distal. Seul le pavillon ne varie pas au cours de l'année; il reste toujours transparent et dépourvu de cellules glandulaires. Un épithélium cilié tapisse sa lumière. La trompe est un conduit rectiligne de 7 à 10 millimètres de long qui peut être divisé en quatre segments principaux, différenciés par la constitution chimique des substances de la muqueuse. La structure de la trompe est relativement simple et comparable à celle des autres Vertébrés inférieurs. Elle apparait alternativement sous deux aspects principaux: trompe au repos et trompe active. La période de repos se poursuit pendant une bonne partie de la gestation; la reprise d'activité sécrétrice s'effectue plusieurs semaines avant la parturition et atteint son maximum dans les jours qui précèdent l'ovulation. L'utérus subit continuellement des remaniements. Tour à tour vide et gravide, il passe par trois phases essentielles: une phase de nécrose s'étendant sur les douze jours qui suivent la parturition et correspondant à l'élimination de la couche superficielle de la muqueuse; une phase de prolifération, allant du douzième jour après la mise-bas jusqu'à lóvulation suivante; caractérisée par le régénération progressive de la muqueuse à partir de la couche profonde restée en dehors des processus de nécrose; une phase de sécrétion et d'hypérémie qui dure pendant toute la gestation. La partie terminale de l'oviducte, formée par la confluence des deux conduits müllériens, subit les mêmes variations que l'utérus gestant. Son épithélium est tout-à-fait comparable à celui de l'utérus; son chorion, en revanche, est beaucoup plus dense et développé mais ne possède qu'une faible vascularisation.
    Notes: Summary The oviduct of Nectophrynoides occidentalis Angel, a small viviparous toad of West Africa, is divided into four parts: ostium, tube, uterus and the distal common uterine segment. Only the ostium does not show seasonal variations: it always remains transparent and is devoid of glandular cells. A ciliated epithelium lines its lumen. The tube is rectilinear, about 7–10 millimeters long and may be subdivided into four principal segments, on the basis of the chemical composition of the substances of the mucosa. Its structure is relatively simple and comparable to that of other lower vertebrates. Its appearance differs according to whether it is at rest or in activity. For most of the gestation period the tube is at rest but secretory activity starts several weeks before birth. It reaches its maximum during the days immediately preceding ovulation. Unlike the tube, the uterus undergoes continuous changes, which can be pregnant, divided into three essential phases: a phase of necrosis, extending to twelve days following birth, and corresponding to the elimination of the superficial layer of the mucosa; a phase of proliferation, extending from the twelfth day after birth until the subsequent ovulation, characterized by the progressive regeneration of the mucosa, which is initiated by the deep layer which was not involved in necrosis; a phase of secretion and hyperemia which lasts during the whole period of gestation. The terminal part of the oviduct, formed by the confluence of the two Müllerian ducts, undergoes the same variations as the uterus, its epithelium being completely comparable to that of the uterus; its chorion, however, is much denser and better developed but its vascularization is less intense.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junction ; Development ; Cholinesterases ; Axonal transport, Neurotubules, Colchicine, Vinblastine ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Colchicine (0.1 M) or vinblastine (0.01 M) was locally applied on the sciatic nerves of newborn rats. Both colchicine and vinblastine caused reversible disappearance of axonal neurotubules and appearance of increased amounts of neurofilaments at the site of application. Subsequent morphogenesis of myoneural junctions in the tibialis anterior muscle was studied after histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C. 3.1.1.7) and non-specific cholinesterase (Ns. ChE; E.C. 3.1.1.8) activity in the myoneural area. Development of the postsynaptic muscle plasma membrane of the myoneural junction was arrested in the ipsilateral, but not in the contralateral control side, for a period of about three weeks following treatment with the test substances. After this delay the myoneural morphogenesis continued normally and neurotubules were seen in the axoplasm. Since disruption of neurotubules is likely to cause blockage of the intratubular axoplasmic transport system, it seems possible that the neurotrophic influence responsible for the development of the postsynaptic muscle membrane is mediated through a secretory product transported along axons intratubularly to the nerve endings.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars tuberalis ; Rat ; Development ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the pars tuberalis was studied in the rat fetus from 13 days of gestation to 6 weeks after birth. After the closure of Rathke's pouch, the pars tuberalis anlage is clearly distinguishable from the anlagen of the partes intermedia and distalis. It comprises the entire basal portion of the adenohypophysial anlage; the limit between the anlagen of the pars tuberalis and the pars distalis is defined by Atwell's recess, i.e. the pathway taken by the hypophysial vessels coming from the vascular plexus of the median eminence. At 14 days the pars tuberalis cells are characterized by the presence of glycogen which persists in the adult. Their secretory differentiation (elaboration of granules with a diameter of 100–120 nm) is obvious at 15 days of gestation. It therefore, clearly precedes that of the other hypophysial cell types. Its functional differentiation takes place well before its adhesion to the primary vascular plexus of the portal system. Cystic formations appear just before birth in the pars tuberalis, much later than those of the pars distalis. These observations on the development of the pars tuberalis, together with previous observations on the adult PT in various species, showing that the specific glandular cells of the pars tuberalis are cytologically different from all known adenohypophysial cell types, seem to indicate a specific endocrine function of this lobe.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventral cord ganglia ; Limulus polyphemus ; Cell types ; Neurosecretion ; Cytochemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventral cord ganglia of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, contains six distinct cell types: three appear to be ordinary neurons and three exhibit the staining affinities of neurosecretory cells. The presumed neurosecretory cells have been termed neurosecretory cell I (NSC I), NSC II and NSC III. NSC I cells contain a colloid-like inclusion which may occur as a single small vacuole or occupy more than one-half of the cell volume. Colloid inclusions occur with greater frequency toward the periphery, although small cells of similar staining affinity occur in cords extending to the fibrous core. The histochemical tests suggest that the cytoplasm is positive for proteins, but contains no strong acidic groups which may have been derived from S-S or S-H groups. The presence of carbohydrate is also indicated. NSC II cells exhibit distinct secretory cycles. Early in the cycle the cytoplasm becomes phloxinophilic and progresses to a distinct fuchsinophilic stage. Small homogeneous irregular inclusions are found in the axon hillock during the latter stages of the cycle. Histochemical tests suggest the presence of a carbohydrate and strong acidic groups which may have been derived from S-S or S-H groups. There are small cells present which appear to be immature neurosecretory cells. NSC III cells are characterized by a perinuclear ring of cytoplasm which is stained by chrome alum hematoxylin but not by paraldehyde fuchsin. A secretory cycle may also be present in this cell type. The three cell types presumed to be ordinary neurons exhibit no particular staining affinity for the stains or tests used in this study.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 261-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Rat, Cat ; Motor endplate ; Reinnervation ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The formation of endplates outside the original endplate region of a muscle fibre was studied in slow and fast rat muscles. It was found that such new endplates are readily formed on the soleus muscle, whereas hardly at all in the fast extensor digitorum longus. Most new endplates appear to be morphologically normal within 2 months after nerve implantation. 2. The time course of recovery of slow and fast cat muscles was followed after crushing the sciatic nerve. It was found that the slow soleus muscle recovers more rapidly than the fast flexor hallucis longus muscle. 3. The endplates of reinnervated cat muscles are more complicated than those of the control muscles, but have nevertheless fewer nerve terminals per endplate. Reinnervated muscles are more sensitive to curare and it is suggested that this is due to a decrease in transmitter release, for it was found that less acetylcholine is released from reinnervated rat hemidiaphragms than from control ones. 4. Motor and sensory reinnervation of spindles and tendon organs was studied. At the time when motor reinnervation is almost completed the sensory endings from spindles and tendon organs are highly abnormal. Thus sensory reinnervation proceeds much more slowly than motor.
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