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  • Artikel  (823)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (823)
  • 1990-1994  (470)
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  • Artikel  (823)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    GENERATING TEXT WITHOUT TREES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: In this paper, I present an architecture for generating extended text. This architecture is implemented in a system, Salix, which incrementally generates natural language texts whose structure is derived from the domain structure of the subject matter. The architecture is composed of data-driven, domain-independent strategies for producing increments of text. The strategies include metastrategies that combine or choose among all strategies that are applicable at each increment or decide what to do if no strategy applies. Salix's capabilities are demonstrated in generating texts, in the domains of houses and families, that are comparable to descriptions elicited from human speakers. Salix has also been utilized to generate texts about text style (Germain 1991). The approach to text generation presented here is compared to others in the literature along the dimensions of local organization, coherence, focusing, and domain independence. An argument is made for the approach presented here that locally organizes and incrementally generates coherent text.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00340.x
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    STORY GENERATION BASED ON DYNAMICS OF THE MIND (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: A story generation system based on dynamics of the mind is presented. Semantic theories until now avoided discussing a linkage of language with encyclopedic human knowledge. This paper attacks the problem of how to make clear the complicated, wide-ranging dynamics of the mind and how to connect it to language.First, the background of this study is shown, in which our model of the mind, with both five levels along the concept formation process and eight domains according to the contents of mental activities, is surveyed.Based on this model, then, the dynamics of mind are discussed, along an Aesop fable. A unit of data processing in the mind is called a “module,” and the mental dynamics are considered as a chain activation of those modules, represented by a dynamic network. Next, a method for story generation is discussed. Propositional information of a sentence is embedded in a slot of activated, frame-structured modules, and the discourse structure of a generated story basically depends on the dynamic network. Both the chain activation and the generation processes are verified by experiments.Lastly, residual problems of our research, a comparison with related research, and its applications are discussed.This case study would be expected to give a basis to integrated systems for problem solving, natural language and image understandings, their generations, and intelligent robots.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00341.x
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SOME NEGLECTED ASPECTS OF THE GENERATION TASK (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Looking to the future, generators will have more knowledge of language and will have to deal with inputs that are very rich in information. As a result, several problems will become more acute, including selecting what to say at the subproposition level and dealing with interaction among goals and dependencies among choices. This paper explains how these problems arise and why they are hard to handle within traditional architectures for generation. It also discusses why these issues have not been well addressed, including the current lack of demanding applications, excessive emphasis on linguistic traditions, the use of reverse engineering to determine generator inputs, and the tendency to research only one issue at a time.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00342.x
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An expert system on a programmable logic chip with an architecture accommodating a large number of inputs (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00387.x
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00391.x
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An expert system for wide area network component configuration (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract: Many organizations today have an interest in communications networks, either as users of public networks or as operators of their own private networks. Thus, the management of communications networks has become an important issue in the communications industry. The network design task is fundamental to the whole notion of network management; however, with the rapid rate of change in network technology and the emergence of highly sophisticated network users, network design has become an increasingly complex problem.The purpose of this paper is to describe a development effort which incorporates expert systems techniques to treat one aspect of the network design problem—the initial planning and design of a network prior to implementation. The research effort was concerned with developing an expert system for Amdahl Communications Products which could be used by sales engineers in designing wide area networks to meet specified customer requirements. The system treats both the topological design problem and the component configuration problem.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00380.x
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00384.x
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00385.x
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pragmatic KADS: a methodological approach to a small knowledge-based systems project (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract: There has been a growing desire for methodological support for the development of knowledge-based systems, and the KADS methodology is probably the most widely known methodology in Europe. However, KADS has been criticised for the overhead which it places on small and medium-sized KBS projects where the risks of KBS development becoming unmanageable are relatively low. This paper describes the use of ‘pragmatic KADS’, an attempt to extract the most useful elements from the KADS methodology, in the development of the COURSE SELECTOR KBS, which assists undergraduate students to choose courses which comply with University regulations and timetabling restrictions. This KBS was built in six man-weeks. The paper describes the three major phases of a KBS project, giving a brief outline of the KADS approach to each of these stages, and then discusses the techniques which were actually used for COURSE SELECTOR. It concludes with a recommendation of techniques for future small KBS projects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00399.x
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00404.x
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    FDAS: architecture and implementation (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract: FDAS (Fabric Defects Analysis System) is a knowledge-based system (KBS) for diagnosing defects in woven textile structures. The following major issues were considered in the design of FDAS: (1) range of applications; (2) user profiles; (3) response time requirements; (4) modularity and (5) ease of system modification and enhancements. Knowledge about defects is represented in FDAS using a hierarchy of classes, with the slots representing defect attributes, and forward chaining rules. The inferencing process is controlled by slots of another distinct class hierarchy. Inference is made more efficient by hierarchical classification of the defects with pruning. The agenda (i.e. ordered set of hypotheses) is dynamically reset using actions attached to rules. The diagnosis information—information about the causes of the defects and remedial actions to be taken—is kept separate from the rules in the knowledge base. The user interface part of the system is also independent of the knowledge base, which facilitates easier tailoring of the system to meet the needs of different users. The user interaction with FDAS is menu-based and has been designed to minimize cognitive load on the user. FDAS has been extensively evaluated by in-house individuals who are experts in the task of fabric defects analysis. It has also been demonstrated to experts from the industry and is ready for field tests.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00392.x
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Explanation-based learning as justification of knowledge (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract: This paper describes the use of the explanation-based learning (EBL) machine learning technique in the practical domain of knowledge acquisition for expert systems. A knowledge acquisition tool, EBKAT (Explanation-Based Knowledge Acquisition Tool), is described, which may be used in the development of knowledge bases for diagnostic expert systems. The functioning of EBKAT attempts to combine the full potential of a domain expert's skills and the power of explanation-based machine learning techniques. The EBL component is not employed in the acquisition of the knowledge base rules but is used to justify the knowledge entered and to relate it to the knowledge already in the system. It is suggested that the EBKAT tool goes some way towards overcoming the knowledge acquisition bottleneck and results in the acquisition of knowledge which is rich in contextual information.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00394.x
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00396.x
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    LAZARUS: the Linguistic (Aramaic) Zoological Animation and ResUscitation System (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract: Knowledge-based systems have previously been restricted to capturing the knowledge of living human experts and, in the medical domain, to delaying the onset of death in living patients. The system described in this paper overcomes both these restrictions by providing knowledge-based support for the reanimation of dead patients, who may also be domain experts.There is a well-established literature on raising the dead to life and an extensive literature on counselling patients who have undergone traumatic experiences. Examination of this literature suggests that the actual reanimation process is a relatively simple process, so the system concentrates on the counselling and care aspects. Results so far are encouraging.The next version of the system is intended to include a natural language interface to handle the English-Aramaic interpretation which is expected to be necessary for the actual reanimation process: this version will require further funding and clearance from the appropriate ethical committees. Both of these are expected to present few difficulties.The success of this system demonstrates that application of proven KBS techniques to a domain previously considered intractable can produce surprisingly fast and impressive results; to date, over 90% of system modules have been successfully tested. It is likely that this success could be replicated in other areas and this is currently the subject of further study by the authors (Rugg & Phibes 1993b).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00402.x
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluating expert systems: the socio-technical dimensions of quality (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract: In this paper we present a new approach to evaluating expert systems. Our conceptual framework is based on a socio-technical model that spawned some 39 technical and contextual evaluation criteria. These socio-technical dimensions of quality are identified, defined and supported. We suggest that the approach presented here is an alternative to the restrictive verification and validation techniques that seem to be prevalent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00393.x
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Book Review (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Book reviewed in this article:Understanding Expert Systems Using Crystal, Mary Jackson
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00398.x
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00390.x
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Eliciting reliable uncertainty estimates (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract: Knowledge engineers often find that experts’ estimates of uncertainty change from one day to the next and therefore often seem unreliable. This article explores the unreliability of probability estimates. Forty undergraduates answered 31 questions concerning the probability of daily events at two separate times. Three answer modalities were available: probability, chances and percent of the time. This paper finds that reliability decreases when answer modalities change from one time to the next. It is hypothesized that problem-solving approaches changed along with the modalities. The subjects represented a wide range in reliability, with the most reliable subjects changing answer modalities less than the unreliable subjects. These results suggest that knowledge engineers should endeavor to have experts express their uncertainty estimates using consistent modalities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00382.x
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Prototyping expert solutions: an evaluation of Crystal, Leonardo, GURU and ART-IM (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract: Developing a prototype can be crucial to the eventual success of an expert system. This paper describes an evaluation of four expert system tools that can be used for prototyping. It outlines the evaluation method used and details findings, considering hardware and software requirements, tool features, support for development and consultation, and overall suitability for prototyping an expert system application.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00383.x
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Craft of Prolog (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Book reviewed in this article:The Craft of Prolog, Richard A. O'KeefeObject-Oriented Programming with Smat It al k/V, Dusko Savíc
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00386.x
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON NON-LITERAL LANGUAGE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00372.x
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    HIERARCHICAL ARC CONSISTENCY FOR DISJOINT REAL INTERVALS IN CONSTRAINT LOGIC PROGRAMMING (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: There have been many proposals for adding sound implementations of numeric processing to Prolog. This paper describes an approach to numeric constraint processing which has been implemented in Echidna, a new constraint logic programming (CLP) language. Echidna uses consistency algorithms which can actively process a wider variety of numeric constraints than most other CLP systems, including constraints containing some common nonlinear functions. A unique feature of Echidna is that it implements domains for real-valued variables with hierarchical data structures and exploits this structure using a hierarchical arc consistency algorithm specialized for numeric constraints. This gives Echidna two advantages over other systems. First, the union of disjoint intervals can be represented directly. Other approaches require trying each disjoint interval in turn during backtrack search. Second, the hierarchical structure facilitates varying the precision of constraint processing. Consequently, it is possible to implement more effective constraint processing control algorithms which avoid unnecessary detailed domain analysis. These advantages distinguish Echidna from other CLP systems for numeric constraint processing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00381.x
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CONSTRUCTION OF BELIEF AND DECISION NETWORKS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: We describe a representation and set of inference techniques for the dynamic construction of probabilistic and decision-theoretic models expressed as networks. In contrast to probabilistic reasoning schemes that rely on fixed models, we develop a representation that implicitly encodes a large number of possible model structures. Based on a particular query and state of information, the system constructs a customized belief net for that particular situation. We develop an interpretation of the network construction process in terms of the implicit networks encoded in the database. A companion method for constructing belief networks with decisions and values (decision networks) is also developed that uses sensitivity analysis to focus the model building process. Finally, we discuss some issues of control of model construction and describe examples of constructing networks.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00382.x
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MERGING SEPARATELY GENERATED PLANS WITH RESTRICTED INTERACTIONS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Generating action sequences to achieve a set of goals is a computationally difficult task. When multiple goals are present, the problem is even worse. Although many solutions to this problem have been discussed in the literature, practical solutions focus on the use of restricted mechanisms for planning or the application of domain dependent heuristics for providing rapid solutions (i.e., domain-dependent planning). One previously proposed technique for handling multiple goals efficiently is to design a planner or even a set of planners (usually domain-dependent) that can be used to generate separate plans for each goal. The outputs are typically either restricted to be independent and then concatenated into a single global plan, or else they are merged together using complex heuristic techniques. In this paper we explore a set of limitations, less restrictive than the assumption of independence, that still allow for the efficient merging of separate plans using straightforward algorithmic techniques.In particular, we demonstrate that for cases where separate plans can be individually generated, we can define a set of limitations on the allowable interactions between goals that allow efficient plan merging to occur. We propose a set of restrictions that are satisfied across a significant class of planning domains. We present algorithms that are efficient for special cases of multiple plan merging, propose a heuristic search algorithm that performs well in a more general case (where alternative partially ordered plans have been generated for each goal), and describe an empirical study that demonstrates the efficiency of this search algorithm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00383.x
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE ROLE OF LITERAL MEANING IN THE COMPREHENSION OF NON-LITERAL CONSTRUCTIONS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Based on psychological studies which show that metaphors and other non-literal constructions are comprehended in the same amount of time as comparable literal constructions, some researchers have concluded that literal meaning is not computed during comprehension of non-literal constructions. In this paper, we suggest that the empirical evidence does not rule out the possibility that literal meaning is constructed. We present a computational model of comprehension of non-literal expressions which is consistent with the data, but in which literal meaning is computed. This model has been implemented as part of a unification-based natural language processing system, called LINK.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00373.x
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    IDIOMS, NON-LITERAL LANGUAGE AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: There are two pertinent themes in the study of idioms in the area of natural language processing. Firstly, idioms should be defined and located in the space of non-literal expressions. This will be the first aim of this paper. Secondly, a processing model should be developed. In this paper, the application of knowledge representation techniques in three different models for the representation and processing of idioms are discussed. The first, a symbolic procedural model extends the two-level model which was originally developed in computational morphology. The second is a simple localist connectionist model. The third, a symbolic hierarchical model, represents idioms as part of a lexicon conceived as an inheritance hierarchy. A comparison between the models is made in which the focus lies on the resolution of the ambiguity of idioms, the relation between the literal and non-literal interpretation and the syntactic flexibility of idiomatic expressions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00374.x
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    METALLEL: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO NON-LITERAL PHRASE INTERPRETATION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Metallel is a program that incorporates marker passing techniques within a preference/collative semantics framework. This allows for the simultaneous generation of literal and non-literal meaning representations, while allowing for a much greater degree of parallelism during processing. In addition, we have integrated metonymic and metaphoric inferencing into one procedure, arguing that at least some types of metaphor can be represented as parallel metonymies. A number of examples are presented which show that metallel's output is roughly equivalent to conventional, rule-based approaches to metonymy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00376.x
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CONCEPTUAL SCAFFOLDING: A SPATIALLY FOUNDED MEANING REPRESENTATION FOR METAPHOR COMPREHENSION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Once viewed as a rhetorical and superficial language phenomenon, metaphor is now recognized to serve a fundamental role in our conceptual structuring and language comprehension processes. In particular, it is argued that certain experiential metaphors based upon intuitions of spatial relations are inherent in the conceptual organization of our most abstract thoughts. In this paper we present a two-stage computational model of metaphor interpretation which employs a spatially founded semantics to broadly characterize the meaning carried by a metaphor in terms of a conceptual scaffolding, an interim meaning structure around which a fuller interpretation is fleshed out over time. We then present a semantics for the construction of conceptual scaffolding which is based upon core metaphors of collocation, containment and orientation. The goal of this scaffolding is to maintain the intended association of ideas even in contexts in which system knowledge is insufficient for a complete interpretation. This two-stage system of scaffolding and elaboration also models the common time lapse between initial metaphor comprehension and full metaphor appreciation. Several mechanisms for deriving elaborative inference from scaffolding structures, particularly in cases of novel or creative metaphor, are also presented. While the system developed in this paper has significant practical application, it also demonstrates that core spatial metaphors clearly play a central role in metaphor comprehension.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00377.x
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  • 29
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    Digitale Medien
    PAU: PARSING AND UNDERSTANDING WITH UNIFORM SYNTACTIC, SEMANTIC, AND IDIOMATIC REPRESENTATIONS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: PAU is an all-paths chart-based unification parser that uses the same uniform representation for regular syntax, irregular syntax such as idioms, and semantics. PAU's representation has very little redundancy, simplifying the task of adding new semantics and syntax fo PAU's knowledge base. PAU uses relations between the syntax and semantics to avoid the proliferation of rules found in semantic grammars. By encoding semantics at the same level of representation as syntax, PAU is able to use semantic constraints early in the parse to eliminate semantically anomalous syntactic interpretations. Examples are given to show how PAU can handle the many eccentricities of different idioms using the same mechanisms as are used to handle regular syntax and semantics. These include the ability of some idioms, but not other idioms of the same syntactic form to undergo passivization, particle movement, action nominalization, indirect object movement, modification by adjectives, gerundive nominalization, prepositional phrase preposing, and topicalization. PAU's representation is bidirectional and is also used by a companion generator. PAU is designed to be efficient, runs in real time on typical workstations, and is being used in a number of natural language systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00375.x
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    BELIEF IN METAPHOR: TAKING COMMONSENSE PSYCHOLOGY SERIOUSLY (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Evidence from real discourse suggests that beliefs and other mental states (propositional attitudes) are often viewed by speakers and other agents in a metaphorical way. Typical metaphors are MIND-AS-CONTAINER—the view of the mind as a container, with thoughts being physical objects inside it—or IDEAS-AS-INTERNAL-UTTERANCES—the view of thoughts as natural language utterances inside an agent's head. It is therefore necessary for AI systems for mental-state representation/reasoning to reason within such views. This approach contrasts with the highly abstract logical stance adopted in most propositional attitude research. A formal representation scheme based on the various metaphors has been partially developed. In this paper, it is mainly the MIND-AS-CONTAINER segment of the formal representation scheme that is detailed. Inference processes operating over the scheme are also presented. The crucial distinguishing feature of the representation scheme is that the description of mental states is directly based on physical predicates, objects and so on, as opposed to abstract, tailor-made, mental ones. That is, the representation scheme is itself explicitly metaphor-imbued.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00378.x
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    METAPHORIC COHERENCE: DISTINGUISHING VERBAL METAPHOR FROM “ANOMALY” (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Theories and computational models of metaphor comprehension generally circumvent the question of metaphor versus “anomaly” in favor of a treatment of metaphor versus literal language. Making the distinction between metaphoric and “anomalous” expressions is subject to wide variation in judgment, yet humans agree that some potentially metaphoric expressions are much more comprehensible than others. In the context of a program which interprets simple isolated sentences that are potential instances of cross-modal and other verbal metaphor, I consider some possible coherence criteria which must be satisfied for an expression to be “conceivable” metaphorically. Metaphoric constraints on object nominals are represented as abstracted or extended along with the invariant structural components of the verb meaning in a metaphor. This approach distinguishes what is preserved in metaphoric extension from that which is “violated”, thus referring to both “similarity” and “dissimilarity” views of metaphor. The role and potential limits of represented abstracted properties and constraints is discussed as they relate to the recognition of incoherent semantic combinations and the rejection or adjustment of metaphoric interpretations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00379.x
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    QUALITATIVE PHYSICS: ALBATROSS OR EAGLE? (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00343.x
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CONVERSATION ACTS IN TASK-ORIENTED SPOKEN DIALOGUE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: A linguistic form's compositional, timeless meaning can be surrounded or even contradicted by various social, aesthetic, or analogistic companion meanings. This paper addresses a series of problems in the structure of spoken language discourse, including turn-taking and grounding. It views these processes as composed of fine-grained actions, which resemble speech acts both in resulting from a computational mechanism of planning and in having a rich relationship to the specific linguistic features which serve to indicate their presence. The resulting notion of Conversation Acts is more general than speech act theory, encompassing not only the traditional speech acts but turn-taking, grounding, and higher-level argumentation acts as well. Furthermore, the traditional speech acts in this scheme become fully joint actions, whose successful performance requires full listener participation. This paper presents a detailed analysis of spoken language dialogue. It shows the role of each class of conversation acts in discourse structure, and discusses how each class can be processed and recognized. Conversation acts, it will be seen, better account for the success of conversation than speech act theory alone. They also provide a pragmatic view of meaning in which the literal/non-literal distinction is simply irrelevant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00380.x
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    NARROW VIEWS, OLD TASKS, AND NEW BEGINNINGS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00345.x
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: We evaluate the success of the qualitative physics enterprise in automating expert reasoning about physical systems. The field has agreed, in essentials, upon a modeling language for dynamical systems, a representation for behavior, and an analysis method. The modeling language consists of generalized ordinary differential equations containing unspecified constants and monotonic functions; the behavioral representation decomposes the state space described by the equations into discrete cells; and the analysis method traces the transitory response using sign arithmetic and calculus. The field has developed several reasoners based on these choices over some 15 years. We demonstrate that these reasoners exhibit severe limitations in comparison with experts and can analyze only a handful of simple systems. We trace the limitations to inappropriate assumptions about expert needs and methods. Experts ordinarily seek to determine asymptotic behavior rather than transient response, and use extensive mathematical knowledge and numerical analysis to derive this information. Standard mathematics provides complete qualitative understanding of many systems, including those addressed so far in qualitative physics. Preliminary evidence suggests that expert knowledge and reasoning methods can be automated directly, without restriction to the accepted language, representation, and algorithm. We conclude that expert knowledge and methods provide the most promising basis for automating qualitative reasoning about physical systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00344.x
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    QP IS MORE THAN SPQR AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS THEORY: RESPONSE TO SACKS AND DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00346.x
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    COMMENTS ON “PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS” (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00347.x
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    FROM QUALITATIVE TO QUANTITATIVE PHYSICS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00348.x
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RESPONSE TO “PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS” BY ELISHA SACKS AND JON DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00349.x
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE PHYSICS OF FUTURES PAST: A RESPONSE TO SACKS AND DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00350.x
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE PROLEGOMENA (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The paper by Sacks and Doyle that is the focus of this debate resembles previous papers by Cheeseman and McDermott, leaping from the observation that a specific application of some AI technology is unable to solve a problem to the conclusion that the technology itself is of limited value. We argue that claims such as this should be made more cautiously in the future, and make constructive suggestions about future qualitative physics research based on Sacks and Doyle's results.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00351.x
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    STRAW MEN: A RESPONSE TO SACKS AND DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00352.x
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE QUALITATIVE REASONING HYPOTHESIS: A RESPONSE TO SACKS’ AND DOYLE'S “PROLEGOMENA” (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00353.x
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ON SHOOTING FLIES WITH CANNON BALLS AND ELEPHANTS WITH RUBBER BANDS: A REPLY TO “PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS” BY E. SACKS AND J. DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00354.x
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    QUALITATIVE PHYSICS BEYOND AUTOMATED MATHEMATICS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00357.x
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    REPLY TO SACKS AND DOYLE, “PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS” (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00358.x
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    WHITHER QUALITATIVE REASONING?: A RESPONSE TO SACKS AND DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00356.x
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH ON MODEL FORMULATION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The starting point for this commentary is Sacks’ and Doyle's conclusion that a central problem for qualitative physics is automating mathematical model formulation. We believe that model formulation is also a central problem for operations research, and although we have focused on models for production planning rather than for engineering systems analysis, our experience confirms that of Sacks and Doyle, that at least parts of model formulation are amenable to automation. In terms of their recommendations for future research, their strategy seems to emphasize the formalization of mathematical knowledge. We wish to stress that understanding the design or analysis context, the problem domain, and resource constraints on the modeling process is equally important. Methods used in cognitive psychology for understanding human problem solving, such as protocol analysis, can complement mathematical study by helping us understanding the processing that human modelers use to bring mathematical knowledge to bear. We have been using the results of such analyses to guide the creation of a model formulation system (MFS) within the Soar architecture. The use of cognitive studies and computer models in tandem seems to represent a viable strategy for making progress in this area.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00355.x
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    REAL PHYSICS FOR REAL ENGINEERS: RESPONSE TO “PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS” (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00359.x
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    COMMENTS ON “PROLEGOMENA” BY SACKS AND DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00361.x
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    GUARANTEED COVERAGE VERSUS INTELLIGENT SAMPLING: A REPLY TO SACKS AND DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00360.x
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THREE RADICAL QUIBBLES WITH THE “PROLEGOMENA…“ (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00362.x
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    WHOSE EXPERTISE IS IT ANYWAY? (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00363.x
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RESPONSE TO “PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS,” BY ELISHA SACKS AND JON DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00366.x
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SOME COMMENTS ON THE SACKS-DOYLE ARTICLE “PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS” (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00364.x
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DIRECTIONS FOR QUALITATIVE REASONING (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Sacks & Doyle provide an excellent overview of the fundamental limitations of the SPQR representations for reasoning about the qualitative properties of dynamic systems. We take this opportunity to outline some new directions for qualitative reasoning. In this paper, we provide a rigorous mathematical characterization for the term “qualitative property” in the context of static and dynamic systems. Based on these characterizations, we show that interval representations are well suited for reasoning about the qualitative properties of static systems such as qualitative comparative statics and qualitative stability. Moreover, we also show that symbolic computations help in the derivation of useful global properties of dynamic systems which can be used to guide numerical sampling of differential equations. The integration of symbolic and numeric methods provides a powerful approach for automating the qualitative analysis of differential equations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00365.x
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IS MORE THAN DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00367.x
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SOME FEATURES OF EXPERT REASONING IN QUALITATIVE PHYSICS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00368.x
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    EPILEGOMENON (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00369.x
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RATIONALITY AND ITS ROLES IN REASONING (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The economic theory of rationality promises to equal mathematical logic in its importance for the mechanization of reasoning. We survey the growing literature on how the basic notions of probability, utility, and rational choice, coupled with practical limitations on information and resources, influence the design and analysis of reasoning and representation systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00371.x
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    STRUCTURE RECOGNITION BY CONNECTIONIST RELAXATION: FORMAL ANALYSIS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: A formal description is given of a connectionist implementation of discrete relaxation for labelled graph matching. The network is shown to converge. The desired behavior of the algorithm is formally specified; then it is proved that the result of the relaxation meets the formal goal. The network is limited by complexity considerations to the detection and propagation of unary and binary consistency constraints. The application is fast parallel indexing into a memory of object models, based on a visually derived junction/link structure description. Implementation experiments are presented, and explicit and exact space and time requirements are developed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00336.x
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ASSUMPTION-BASED REASONING AND CLAUSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: A truth maintenance system is a subsystem that manages the utilization of assumptions in the reasoning process of a problem solver. Doyle's original motivation for creating a truth maintenance system was to augment a reasoning system with a control strategy for activities concerning its nonmonotonic state of beliefs. Hitherto, much effort has been invested in designing and implementing the concept of truth maintenance, and little effort has been dedicated to the formalization that is essential to understanding it. This paper provides a complete formalization of the principle of truth maintenance. Motivated by Reiter and de Kleer's preliminary report on the same subject, this paper extends their study and gives a formal account of the concept of truth maintenance under the general title of assumption-based reasoning. The concept of assumption-based theory is defined, and the notions of explanation and direct consequence are presented as forms of plausible conclusions with respect to this theory. Additionally, the concepts of extension and irrefutable sentences are discussed together with other variations of explanation and direct consequence. A set of algorithms for computing these conclusions for a given theory are presented using the notion of prime implicates. Finally, an extended example on Boolean circuit diagnosis is shown to exemplify these ideas.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00335.x
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    USING DISTRIBUTION-FREE LEARNING THEORY TO ANALYZE SOLUTION-PATH CACHING MECHANISMS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Much research in machine learning has been focused on the problem of symbol-level learning (SLL), or learning to improve the performance of a program given examples of its behavior on typical inputs. A common approach to symbol-level learning is to use some sort of mechanism for saving and later reusing the solution paths used to solve previous search problems. Examples of such mechanisms are macro-operator learning, explanation-based learning, and chunking. However, experimental evidence that these mechanisms actually improve performance is inconclusive. This paper presents a formal framework for analysis of symbol-level learning programs, and then uses this framework to investigate a series of solution-path caching mechanisms which provably improve performance. The analysis of these mechanisms is illuminating in many respects; in particular, in order to obtain positive results, it is necessary to use a novel representation for a set of solution paths, and also to apply certain unusual optimizations to a set of solution paths. Several of the predictions made by the model have been confirmed by recently published experiments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00370.x
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    COMBINING KNOWLEDGE BASES CONSISTING OF FIRST-ORDER THEORIES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Consider the construction of an expert system by encoding the knowledge of different experts. Suppose the knowledge provided by each expert is encoded into a knowledge base. Then the process of combining the knowledge of these different experts is an important and nontrivial problem. We study this problem here when the expert systems are considered to be first-order theories. We present techniques for resolving inconsistencies in such knowledge bases. We also provide algorithms for implementing these techniques.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00337.x
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INTRODUCTION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00338.x
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    TOWARD A THEORY OF COMPILATION FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: This article proposes a framework in which knowledge compilation can be exploited in a principled manner for the task of generating natural language. We have constructed an utterance generator for one side of a realistic dialogue that exploits compiled knowledge of, for instance, the effects of discourse pragmatics on text plans, and the effects of register, style, and politeness on text realization. The motivation for this work is the significant impact that compiled knowledge has on the speed of language generation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00339.x
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    EFFECT OF A HIGHWAY'S TRAFFIC ON THE LEVEL OF LEAD AND CADMIUM IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES GROWN ALONG THE ROADSIDES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 13 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Samples of fruits (grapes, pomegranates, and tomatoes), and vegetables (onions, potatoes, and spinach) were collected directly from randomly selected commercial farms along the Tripoli-Zawiya major road, at the appropriate harvest seasons, during the period of May through November 1988. The objective was to determine the extent of contamination of the crops with toxic heavy metals, lead and cadmium, from traffic emissions. For the purpose of comparison, similar crops were collected, within the same periods, from farms in Waddy Al-Rabia, far away from any major road.The samples were dry-ashed, and analyzed using flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).The statistical analyses of the experimental data showed that the major road contributed significantly (P 〈 0.05) to higher concentrations of lead in all the crops examined; and also cadmium in all the crops except in potatoes. Vegetable crops were found to have higher contents of these two metals than the fruits. Substantial amounts of these metals could be removed by washing the samples with triple distilled water.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00090.x
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    USE OF MEAT ISOLATE, LACTOBACILLUS BAVARICUS MN, TO INHIBIT LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES GROWTH IN A MODEL MEAT GRAVY SYSTEM (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 13 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The ability of Lactococcus lactis 11454, Pediococcus pentosaceus 43200 and Lactobacillus bavaricus MN, originally isolated from dairy, vegetable, and meat products, respectively, to inhibit growth of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in a model beef gravy was examined. In the first series of experiments, where the lactic acid bacteria and L. monocytogenes were inoculated at levels of 105 CFU/mL and 103 CFU/mL, respectively only L. bavaricus inhibited listerial growth at 10C. Subsequent experiments using L. bavaricus MN confirmed that the inhibition was caused by a bacteriocin, occurred at temperatures at low as 4C, and could be initiated by 103 CFU/mL L. bavaricus in the presence of L. monocytogenes at levels 10-fold higher. Although the inhibitory agent was protease-sensitive and inhibition occurred in the absence of a fermentable carbohydrate, the presence of acid enhanced efficacy of the bacteriocin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00091.x
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CONSUMER WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR SAFER FOOD PRODUCTS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 13 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Existing estimates of societal costs of food-borne pathogens use only out-of-pocket expenses, such as hospital charges, and ignore the cost of (or willingness to pay to avoid) the pain and suffering associated with a food-borne disease. This paper develops and implements a method to determine consumers’willingness to pay for safer food products. The results show that, for each meal that may be contaminated, participants in this study would pay 55 cents to eliminate Salmonella and 81 cents to eliminate Trichinella spiralis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00094.x
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SEAFOOD ALLERGY: PREVALENCE AND TREATMENT (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 13 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Seafood is a common cause of food allergy. Allergic reactions are reported by consumers following ingestion of seafood meat and by processing workers after occupational exposure to seafood by inhalation of vapors generated during cooking. Although seafood allergy is commonly observed in clinical practice, its precise prevalence is not established. Based on our estimates, approximately 100,000 to 250,000 Americans are at risk of developing allergic reactions to seafood products. In this study, skin testing, in vitro assays and double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge were employed to investigate seafood allergy in shrimp-allergic individuals. As in most food allergy studies only 1/3 of the alleged shrimp-sensitive subjects had a positive shrimp challenge test. The combination of a positive shrimp skin test and shrimp RAST (〉11% bound) had the best predictive value (87%) for a positive challenge response. Although occupational seafood allergy is not well-studied, based on a Canadian investigation, it can be estimated that 57,000 American seafood workers are at risk of developing work-related allergic reactions. Since seafood is a major food allergen in consumers and industrial workers, further studies are necessary. Despite developments of new antiallergic therapies, avoidance continues to be the best “treatment”for allergic ingestive, inhalative and occupational disease.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00095.x
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CONSUMER RESPONSE TO INFORMATION ON INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 12 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Risk communication theory is used to address consumer concerns about food safety and pesticide residues. Risk perception is a function of actual hazard and “outrage”factors. If concerns are acknowledged and information is provided on how risks are being addressed, the outrage component of perception is reduced. Two 2-min videos were prepared to present information on the environmentally responsive integrated pest management (IPM) approach to farming. The video was shown to a total of 197 consumers in controlled group settings. Although about 90% of participants expressed confidence in the safety of produce grown in California and the United States, 40% said they avoided some produce items due to safety concerns. Pre-and post-attitude assessments and group discussions documented a significant change in attitudes toward food safety, farming practices, and university efforts to help farmers. This project indicates that consumer concerns are significantly reduced when their knowledge of IPM practices is increased.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00087.x
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    EFFECTS OF DISCONFIRMED CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS ON FOOD ACCEPTABILITY (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Three studies were conducted to assess the effects of disconfirmed consumer expectations on food acceptability. In the first, disconfirmed expectations for the sensory attributes of an edible film had a negative effect on acceptability of the film. Greater disconfirmation resulted in lower acceptance and purchase intent. In the second study, written product information was used to establish three levels of expected acceptability and expected bitterness for a novel fruit beverage. Comparison of preexposure (expected) and postexposure (perceived) ratings of acceptability and bitterness supported an assimilation model of disconfirmation effects for conditions in which expectations of acceptability were high and expectations of bitterness were low. A contrast effect was observed for bitterness judgments when expectations of bitterness were high. Associative effects resulting from the expectation manipulation were observed on other sensory attributes. In the third study, expectations were manipulated to influence both direction (positive versus negative) and degree of disconfirmation for the acceptance of cola beverages. Results provided further support for an assimilation model of these effects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00194.x
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    USE OF THE RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC IN THE STUDY OF TASTE PERCEPTION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Studies of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) for taste are reviewed and new data on its shape are presented. What evidence there is suggests that ROCs for taste conform to the normal-normal equal variance model of signal detection theory. Few ROCs for taste have been reported, probably because the large number of trials required by detection theory makes the task arduous for subjects in taste experiments. However, pooling ratings from several subjects and estimating the parameters of the pooled ROC by jackknife techniques circumvents that problem to some extent. Because experiments on taste are often based on a small number of trials, it is especially useful to determine the standard errors of ROC parameters. Methods for estimating these standard errors, including that of the area measure, p(A), are therefore presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00196.x
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ORAL PUNGENCY (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Pungent spices are well-recognized for their aromatic and pungent nature; however, relatively little is known about their pungent or ‘burning’ responses. Therefore, this research was undertaken to characterize oral pungency of the principal irritants or red pepper (capsaicin), black pepper (piperine), cinnamon (cinnamaldehyde), cumin (cuminaldehyde), cloves (eugenol), ginger (ginger oleoresin), and alcohol (ethanol). These compounds were evaluated for four pungent qualities (burning, tingling, numbing, overall), two temporal qualities (lag time, overall duration), and three spatial qualities (longitudinal location, lateral location, localized/diffuse). The pungency of cinnamaldehyde was primarily burning and tingling. It had a quick onset and rapid decay. The pungency of eugenol had a long-lasting, predominantly numbing effect. The pungency piperine, capsaicin and ginger were primarily burning, but had different temporal and spatial responses. The pungency of ethanol was most diffuse in nature, with some burning and tingling sensations. It had the shortest perceived onset and overall duration. The pungency of cuminaldehyde was equally burning, tingling and numbing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00195.x
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RELIABILITY OF THE FOCUS GROUP TECHNIQUE IN DETERMINING THE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNGBEAN [VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEC] NOODLES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Two commercial samples were evaluated in five focus group sessions to determine the reliability of the focus group technique in identifying the desirable and important sensory characteristics of dry and cooked mungbean noodles and to determine its quality characteristics. Each focus group consistently identified a similar list of desirable and undesirable characteristics. These results indicated that the focus group technique was a reliable method for determining consumer criteria for quality for mungbean noodles. When there is a need to determine consumers’ definition of product quality at a stage when consumer testing is not desired, the focus group technique can be used as a valuable tool. Mungbean noodle quality was found to have two distinct aspects: appearance of the dry noodles and eating quality of the cooked noodles. Color, glossiness, and transparency are the most important characteristics of dry starch noodles while mouthfeel or texture is considered the most important characteristic of cooked starch noodles. Color, taste, and odor of the cooked noodles were considered not as important.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00197.x
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SENSORY PROFILING OF DULCE DE LECHE, A DAIRY BASED CONFECTIONARY PRODUCT (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Dulce de Lcche is a dairy based confectionary product, popular in most Latin American countries. A 24 factorial design was used to study the influence of glucose syrup concentration, type of neutralizer, cooking time and inclusion of vanilla essence on the sensory profile of this product. Fractions of the full design was used to obtain 37 sensory descriptors covering appearance, manual and oral texture, flavor and aftertaste, and a number of objective color and texture measurements. The effects of the design factors on individual descriptors were tested using analysis of variance; aggregate analysis of attributes were carried out using multivariate analysis of variance, principal component analysis and partial least squares regression.Analysis of the principal components identified several interpretable underlying factors for appearance and texture but not for flavor or aftertaste. Partial least squares regression showed that oral texture is closely related to manual texture, but that aftertaste is quite different from flavor. Instrumental color and texture measurements were found to be highly correlated with the corresponding sensory descriptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00531.x
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A STATISTICAL APPRAISAL OF THE PROBLEM OF SENSORY MEASUREMENT (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The problem of sensory measurement has been tackled using a wide range of methods, from sophisticated systems of scaling to simple ranking. This paper focuses on the problems arising from the fact that the units of sensory scales are frequently arbitrary. It looks at alternative methods of scale design and statistical analysis as a response to the problem and, in particular, introduces a novel combination of scale design and statistical analysis, which may be collectively described as a self-adjusting scale method. The self-adjusting scale method has particular appeal when there is little opportunity for the training of panelists in the use of a particular sensory scale and, though it was originally developed and evaluated in the context of laboratory assessment, may actually have its greatest application in the realm of consumer testing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00533.x
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    FREE-CHOICE PROFILING OF MILKS AND OTHER PRODUCTS PREPARED WITH MILKS OF DIFFERENT FAT CONTENTS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Free-choice profiling was used to develop a sensory profile of milks of different fat content and a range of food products prepared from them. The products were cornflakes, flavored milk, instant coffee, oat cereal, savory sauce, tea, and whipped dessert. The aim of the work was to investigate whether or not sensory differences brought about by using milk with a different fat content are noticeable in the context of use, and, if so how the differences can best be described. The milks of different fat content, the flavored milk and the cornflakes, savory sauce, and tea to which milk was added were significantly different from each other but the instant coffee, oat cereal, and whipped desserts were not. The differences found between the samples of different fat content were most often described with mouthfeel terms pertaining to viscosity, i.e., “thin/watery,”“buttery/fatty/ greasy/oily,”“coating/clinging,” and “creamy/rich.”
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00532.x
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF SENSORY PANELISTS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The replication variance of individual stimulus evaluations and scale utilization across a panelist's stimulus profile are simultaneously employed to develop statistics for assessing performance of panelists. The approach provides opportunities for comparison of panelists to each other, determination of attributes for which panelist confusion is observed, isolation of stimuli presenting unstable properties, and engagement of influence weights (based on relative precision) in subsequent analyses of data. Although the methodology has been developed for applications involving sensory panelists, the statistical concepts may be extended to other data collection scenarios involving replicated determinations from bounded quantitative measurement scales.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00534.x
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A NEW SIGNIFICANCE TEST FOR CONSENSUS IN GENERALIZED PROCRUSTES ANALYSIS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Generalized Procrustes Analysis is frequently used to find a consensus from sensory panel data. Recently King and Arents (1991) have proposed a goodness of fit of the consensus configuration based on Monte-Carlo simulations. A modified test is developed that retains the original assessor configurations by permutation of the data rows. This leads to a more powerful statistical test as is shown by application to data collected in the free-choice profiling of eight milk products.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00526.x
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CONSUMER PREFERENCE OF DULCE DE LECHE AMONG STUDENTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Dulce de Leche is a dairy-based confectionary product virtually unknown outside Latin America. A 24 factorial design was implemented to study the influence of sugar composition, type of neutralizer, cooking time and presence of vanilla essence on the preference of Dulce de Leche by UK university students. A fractional factorial pattern was used in sen'ing samples to assessors. Analysis of variance showed that the preferred levels were: 40% replacement of sucrose by glucose syrup, 100% sodium bicarbonate as neutralizer, and no vanilla essence. Cooking time did not significantly affect preference. Partial least squares regression was used to relate preference to sensory profile scores. The correlation was good for appearance and texture, not so for flavor and aftertaste. A mapping technique showed consumers to be uniformly grouped for appearance and texture, not so for flavor. Results from preference and general acceptability were encouraging in promoting this new dairy product in Great Britain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00528.x
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL PROFILING DATA: A COMPARISON OF A BRITISH AND A NORWEGIAN TRAINED PANEL (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Many studies have shown that conventional profiling provides reproducible and meaningful results. However, comparison of the technique as used in different countries appears to be nonexistent. In addition, data analysis is often approached differently, and this aspect is also addressed. This paper describes a study to compare the results obtained from profiling milk chocolate samples, using trained panels in Britain and Norway. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis, generalized Procrustes analysis and partial least squares regression. Results indicate that the underlying perceptual structure of the sample spaces obtained from both panels were similar, however, the emphasis on the underlying sensory dimensions differed. Moreover, it was possible to calibrate the two profiles, which has implications for marketing products for export, as well as providing a potential tool for panel monitoring and calibration across cultures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00527.x
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A COMPARISON OF FREE-CHOICE PROFILING AND THE REPERTORY GRID METHOD IN THE FLAVOR PROFILING OF CIDER (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Free-choice profiling has been used to collect descriptive sensory data from both trained and untrained assessors, though untrained assessors may have difficulty in generating sufficient and adequate descriptors. The more structured repertory grid method has been used as an alternative procedure, and is thought to help assessors in vocabulary development. To compare these two procedures, panels of assessors used them to describe the sensory properties of 25 ciders. Generalized Procrustes analyses of the two data sets provided broadly similar results, but the repertory grid method yielded more descriptors and interpretation of the resulting product space was slightly easier. However, the repertory grid method took slightly longer to carry out, and it was concluded that neither method was clearly superior.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00529.x
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    IMPORTANCE OF SENSORY FACTORS IN PROCESSED SEAFOOD: METHODS AND RESULTS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper considers “importance” of sensory attributes from the consumer point of view, with emphasis on processed seafood. There are three key measures of importance. Attitudinal importance measures what consumers think to be important and refers to general opinions about the category. Sensory system importance measures how strongly different sensory inputs (e.g., appearance, aroma, taste, texture) “drive” overall liking, and show the key sensory inputs to which consumers attend. Attribute level importance measures the relation between sensory intensity and overall liking for each attribute. It shows which specific attributes drive liking, how liking varies with the specific sensory attribute, and whether (and at what sensory level) there exists an optimal level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00530.x
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SENSORY DIFFERENCE TESTING: RANKING R-INDICES ARE GREATER THAN RATING R-INDICES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: R-index measures obtained by rating and by ranking were compared using a model system. Tne prediction that R-indices obtained by ranking should exceed values obtained by rating was confirmed for both ranking computations: RJB and RMAT-
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00521.x
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SENSORY OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS VARIABLES FOR PREPARING ROASTED GRAIN POWDERS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The quality of roasted grain powders is greatly affected bythe roasting process variables; viz., initial moisture content (IMC), grain-to-sand ratio (GSR), sand temperature (ST) and roasting time (RT). The sensory optimization for these variables was done in two phases. The IMC (12 ± 0.2%) and GSR (1:4) were standardized in the first phase, whereas ST (215C) and RT (1.5–2.0 min), in the second. The overall quality of the roasted grain powders was found to be greatly affected by ST followed by RT.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00520.x
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    UNDERSTANDING DISCRIMINATION TESTS: A USER-FRIENDLY TREATMENT OF RESPONSE BIAS, RATING AND RANKING R-INDEX TESTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO SIGNAL DETECTION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Aproblem central to sensory difference testing is response bias. There are two experimental strategies for dealing with this problem. The first is to use forced choice procedures, like the common duo-trio or triangle tests, while the second is to use signal detection measures like d′, P(A) and the R-index. These strategies are explained and discussed. The relationship between the R-index and the other signal detection measures is explained. The relationship between R-index values obtained by rating and ranking is explored, as are the alternative computations of the R-index by ranking: Rjb and Rmat.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00519.x
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RESPONSE TO COMMENTS ON SCRIVEN AND MAK (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00524.x
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MEETINGS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00525.x
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    COMMENTS ON SCRIVEN AND MAK (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In their article Scriven and Mak (1991) claim to have used Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) to analyze their data. However, the Consensus program they used does not perform a GPA. Since 1989 there is a very fast GPA program that runs on microprocessors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00523.x
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE OF PANELS SELECTED USING ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND CLUSTER ANALYSIS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A comparison of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cluster analysis as statistical methods for selecting members of a descriptive panel was conducted. Using 150–mm unstructured line scales, 10 panelists evaluated the performance in coffee of 2 whiteners on 14 sensory attributes. Factor analysis showed that 5 factors were adequate to model the data. The sensory ballot used had a reliability coefficient omega (Ω) equal to 0.93. One-way ANOVA and cluster analysis resulted in 2 different panels consisting of 9 judges each. Means and standard deviations of the scores showed that greater variability among panelists’ ratings resulted when the panel was selected using one-way ANOVA than when cluster analysis was used.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1992.tb00522.x
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    EFFECT OF REDUCED pH ON SECRETION, STABILITY AND ACTIVITY OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES LISTERIOLYSIN O (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 12 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The effect of environmental parameters on secretion, stability and activity of Listeria monocytogenes listeriolysin O (LLO) was examined. Increasing the initial glucose concentration in proteose peptone medium resulted in reduced LLO activity and lower final pH. Yield of LLO was substantially increased when the medium was buffered with ß-glycerophosphate. Extended storage of active LLO in growth medium adjusted to pH 5.3 resulted in loss of only 10% LLO activity; however, up to 90% activity was lost during storage atpH 〈 4.5. In contrast, LLO activity was maximal at pH between 4.0 and 5.5. When the initial pH of culture medium was adjusted to give a final pH after growth of 5.3, as little as 10% of the maximum LLO activity was obtained. The results suggest that the degree of acidity may control both secretion and stability of LLO.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00084.x
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INHIBITION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES BY LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS SUBSP. LACTIS ISOLATED FROM ITALIAN RAW HAM (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 12 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A total of 168 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Italian raw ham and screened for antagonistic activity against Listeria monocytogenes by using an agar spot assay. Only one strain of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis produced antagonistic effects other than inhibition by low pH and hydrogen peroxide. The proteinaceous nature of the compound produced by L. lactis B10 was demonstrated by its inactivation by proteolytic enzymes. The cell-free culture super-natants (filtered and heat-treated) showed a bactericidal mode of action. Bacteriocin produced by L. lactis B10 was inhibitory to other lactic acid bacteria and one strain of Staphylococcus aureus, but not to the gram-negative bacteria tested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00085.x
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    EFFECT OF PENCILLIN ON FREE OR IMMOBILIZED LACTOCOCCI: MILK ACIDIFICATION AND RESIDUAL ANTIBIOTIC LEVEL (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 12 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Five lactic acid cultures were added to milk containing penicillin, and the effect of immobilization on acidification and residual penicillin concentration were determined. Cells of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris CRA-1 immobilized in calcium alginate beads were less sensitive to penicillin than free cells, and inhibition occurred later in the fermentation. The lactococci were less sensitive to penicillin when high cell densities were inoculated (109 CFU/mL). There was a significant reduction of penicillin (up to 0.3 IU/mL) when milk was inoculated with high populations of Lac. cremoris and incubated at 30C for 6 h. The drop in penicillin concentration was not related to adsorption to the alginate or to the presence of β-lactamase on the cultures. When free cells of Lac. cremoris, Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus or Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were added to milk containing antibiotics, and incubated at 4 or 10C for 48 h, significant reduction of penicillin levels did not occur in the contaminated milk. Milks containing more than 4 × 106 lactococci CFU/mL can give false positive results in the antibiotic disk assay using Bacillus subtilis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00088.x
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DEVELOPMENT OF A TROPICAL FISH ASSAY FOR SAXITOXIN (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 13 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The tropical fish Notropis atherimoldes (0.2–0.4 g) was found to be highly sensitive to saxitoxin (STX) and well-suited for use in the biological estimation of saxitoxin. STX in distilled water at a concentration of 3.3 ng/mL resulted in a paralytic end-point being reached in 17.5 min. The assay is ideally suited for initially detecting the presence of paralytic shellfish toxins in bacterial culture supernates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00089.x
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF TRADITIONAL MARKET CURED FISH IN TANZANIA (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 13 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The microbiological quality of six varieties of retail market traditionally cured fish in Morogoro, Tanzania was investigated over a five-month period. The fish were contaminated with bacteria and molds at levels of: total aerobes, 106 - 1.7 × 107 c.f.u/g; faecal coliforms, 1.1 × 101 - 2.5 × 103 MPN/g; faecal streptococci, 1.4 × 101 - 1.3 × 103 MPN/g; Staphylococcus aureus, 1.3 × 103 - 8.6 × 103 c.f.u/g; Aspergillus flavus group, 2.1 × 101 - 2 × 102 c.f.u/g of fish. Of faecal coliform, 45% of the isolates were Escherichia coli. Twenty-five percent of the S. aureus isolates were coagulase positive. Sixteen percent of A. flavus isolates were aflatoxigenic. Aflatoxin contamination ranged from O to 18.5 μg/kg of fish. Insect infestation by Dermestes spp. and mites was observed. The results of this preliminary study emphasize the importance of proper processing and handling offish in the tropics in order to safeguard public health.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00092.x
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    TRIALS ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF GLUCOSE OXIDASE ON CHICKEN BREAST SKIN AND MUSCLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 13 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Use of glucose oxidase as a possible means to inhibit microbial growth on processed poultry was evaluated. Muscle and skin sections of chicken breast were inoculated with Pseudomonas spp. or Salmonella typhimurium and subjected to either: (1) 60 s dip in 2 units of glucose oxidase without glucose supplementation or (2) 60 s dip in 2 units of glucose oxidase with 4% glucose supplementation. Control groups were dipped in sterilized, distilled water. The Pseudomonas and Salmonella populations were determined for each section. Neither enzyme treatment reduced the initial Pseudomonas or Salmonella populations nor did the treatments inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas during the storage period. Salmonella was inhibited by the low temperature. Therefore, a glucose oxidase enzyme treatment has little potential for extending the shelf-life of chicken.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00093.x
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY ANALYSES ON EGG POWDER IRRADIATED TO INACTIVATE SALMONELLA AND REDUCE MICROBIAL LOAD (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 12 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Egg powder was treated with 0, 2, 5 and 10 kGy of gamma radiation at 20C to inactivate Salmonella and to stabilize its microbial load. Microbial, physicochemical and sensory determinations were performed during 4 months of storage to select the optimal radiation dose to attain the objective without significantly reducing egg quality. Microbial results show that 2.0 kGy inactivated Salmonella and reduced microbial load to levels below those stipulated by the Argentine regulations. Physicochemical determinations of egg powder extracts for peroxide number, spectrophotometric measurements in the visible and ultraviolet regions, functional properties on sponge cakes made with egg powder (height, comprssion-relaxiation cycle parameters), foam stability and viscosity showed that gamma radiation at the dose of 2 kGy, did not cause significant changes in these parameters. Higher radiation doses (5 and 10 kGy) did increase rancidity, pigment loss and protein chain scission. Sensory determinations performed on egg powder, and on cakes manufactured with it, agreed with the physicochemical results. After 110 storage days, 2 kGy was the most suitable of the tested doses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00083.x
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INHIBITION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES BY LIQUID SMOKE AND ISOEUGENOL, A PHENOLIC COMPONENT FOUND IN SMOKE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 12 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The behavior of Listeria monocytogenes was monitored in wiener exudate or Tryptose Broth (TB) in the presence of liquid smoke (CharSol Supreme) or smoke ingredients (i.e., phenols and acetic acid). L. monocytogenes grew in untreated exudate held at 25C, but was inactivated in the presence of 0.2 and 0.6% liq'iid smoke (D-values of 36 and 4.5 h, respectively). Of 11 individual phenols tested, only isoeugenol exhibited antilisterial activity in TB at 37C. Growth of the pathogen in the presence of isoeugenol (100 ppm) was inhibited to a greater extent in TB acidified with acetic acid to pH 5.8 compared to pH 7.0. These studies confirm the potent antilisterial activity of liquid smoke and establish the potential of isoeugenol for controlling the growth of L. monocytogenes in certain processed meats.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1992.tb00086.x
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Thermophysical Properties of Extruded Beef/Corn Flour Blends (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 57 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Thermal properties, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of three beef/corn meal blends extruded to reach end product temperatures of = 91°C and 109°C were analyzed. Density was also measured and used to calculate thermal diffusivity. The extruded products had densities of 1,054 to 1,091 kg/m3; specific heat was 2.944 to 3.055 kJ/ kgK; and thermal conductivity, 0.26 to 0.39 W/mK. Calculated values of thermal diffusivity were 0.831 to 1.200 (xl0-7m7sec). With the exception of specific heat, extrusion conditions and formulation affected some of the products physical characteristics and thermal properties.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1992.tb06837.x
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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