ALBERT

Description: An analysis of the steady-state heat conduction model for the Earth's crust and the upper mantle revealed that the main difficulties in the downward continuation of subsurface geothermal measurements q were connected with an estimation of the heat flow density q"SUB M" at the Moho boundary and of the source distribution f. Solving the steady-state heat conduction equation numerically by means of finite differences (finite elements), we can describe the relation between q, q"SUB M" and f by a linear algebraic system. To overcome the non-uniqueness and instability, a least squares approach is suggested to solve these systems. Bounds for the square-means of the unknown parameters q"SUB M" and f are introduced, whereby it is possible to find solutions with appropriate mean properties. A two-dimensional geothermal profile crossing Central Europe is used to demonstrate this method. The difficulties in estimating reasonable mantle heat flow density and optimal heat source models from geothermal measurements only are pointed out.-Authors

Description: In der vorliegenden Abhandlung werden die an verschiedenen Orten in den vergangenen 13 Jahren vom Autor veröffentl1chten Arbeiten zur Lösung der Bandwertaufgabe der physikalischen Geodäsie nach dem gravimetrischen Zusatzglied zusammengefaßt. Zunächst wird das Bandwertproblem allgemein betrachtet. Als Bandwerte werden das Potential und seine Normalableitung eingeführt, und es wird gezeigt, daß daraus die Geometrie der Bandfläche eindeutig bestimmt werden kann. Geeignete Umformungen des GREENschen Satzes führen zu einer Formel zur Bestimmung der Lotabweichungen an der Erdobertläche einschließlich der Glieder zweiter und höherer Ordnung, die sich von der klassischen Lösung von VENING-MEINESZ u.a. dadurch unterscheidet, daß zu den Freiluftanomalien das gravimetrische Zusatzglied addiert wird. Für dieses Zusatzglied wird eine Integralgleichung angegeben. Diese wird in eine NEUMANNsche Reihe entwickelt. Die Konvergenz dieser Reihe wird gezeigt. Duroh Superposition des Störpotentials mit den Potentialen der isostatischen und der BOUGUER-Massen wird man zu einer Verallgemeinerung der Ergebnisse geführt und zu Formeln, bei denen die Geländereduktion auftritt und die für praktische Anwendungen besonders geeignet sind. Durch Integration kommt man von den Lotabweichungen zu den Höhenanomalien und Geoidundulationen. Die erhaltenen Lösungen werden an praktischen Beispielen und Geländemodellen erläutert und erprobt.

Description: 1. Einleitung 2. Das Bandwertproblem der physikalischen Geodäsie und seine Eindeutigkeit 3. Die Umformung des GREENschen Satzes für die Bestimmung der Lotabweichungen an der Erdoberfläche nach dem gravimetrischen Zusatzglied 4. Die Integralgleichung für das gravimetrische Zusatzglied 5. Die Formeln für die Bestimmung der Lotabweichungen an der Erdoberfläche nach dem gravimetrischen Zusatzglied 6. Numerische Beispiele für die Berechnung der Lotabweichungen 7. Die Bestimmung der Lotabweichungen an der Erdoberfläche nach Addition der isostatisohen oder der Geländereduktion zu den Freiluftanomalien 8. Die Bestimmung der Höhenanomalien und der Geoidundulationen nach dem gravimetrischen Zusatzglied 9. Die Höhenanomalien naoh der Integralgleichung von MOLODENSKY 10. Die Bestimmung des Geoids naoh der Methode von BJERHAMMAR Literatur

Description: Abstract : The report develops working equations for carrying out the combination of gravimetric and satellite data starting from the equations of Moritz, and using the principles of the usual least squares adjustment and the least squares collocation. Of the two methods of combining data considered, one could not be carried out because of the need to invert a 1654 x 1654 full matrix. Numerical tests were conducted through the estimation of ten sets of potential coefficients complete to degree 20 plus certain resonance coefficients which have been derived starting from the GEM 3 potential coefficients and a 5 degree equal area block anomaly field. The solutions differ in two ways: first, the weighting applied to the a priori known potential coefficients, and second whether the usual least squares or collocation adjustment scheme is used for the estimation of the potential coefficients. To determine a best overall set of potential coefficients, comparisons have been made with astro-geodetic undulations (4196 values in Australia and the United States); with 5 degree anomalies; with anomaly degree variances, and by use of the coefficient sets in orbit fitting and prediction. Such comparisons indicate that collocation derived potential coefficients yield better values than those found using the usual least squares approach. A recommended set of potential coefficients and a consistent 5 degree equal area block anomaly field are given. (Author)

Description: The unique solvability of the inverse gravimetric problem for systems of point masses arbitrarily distributed in a bounded region is proved. Using the equivalence of this statement to the linear independence of the corresponding Newtonian potentials for single point masses this proof can be given by means of a generalized momentum representation both in modern potential theory and in classical algebraical manner.-Authors

Description: Zur Prüfung der Leistungsfähigkeit des Meridiankreises von Pistor & Martins (189/2640 mm) werden Zapfen, Teilkreis, Mikrometer und Libellen untersucht und umfangreiche Reihenbeobachtungen von Fundamentalsternen durchgeführt. Die Untersuchung der Zapfen erfolgt mit Fühlhebel und elektrischer Pendellibelle (Talyvel). Die Messung in zwei Positionswinkeln erweist sich als vorteilhaft. Zur Bestimmung der Zapfenfehler wird ein modifiziertes Berechnungsverfahren angewendet, das auf rationellem Wege zu einer strengen Problemlösung führt. Der Teilkreis wird im eingebauten Zustand nach der BRUNSschen Rosettenmethode unter Verwendung zweier die Hilfswinkel reproduzierender Pendellibellen untersucht. Lang- und kurzperiodische Teilfehler liegen in der Größenordnung von ±0“,4; der mittlere zufällige Teilfehler beträgt ±0“,13. Die praktischen Beobachtungsergebnisse stellen das mit photographischer Teilkreis-Registrierung arbeitende Instrument bezüglich des qualitativen Leistungsvermögens in die Reihe der besten Meridiankreise. Aus Nacht-zu-Nacht-Vergleichen ergeben sich die mittleren Fehler der Einzelbeobachtung zu m_∝ cos⁡δ = ±0(s,)013 und m_δ = ±0“,21.

Description: 1. Einleitung 2. Beschreibung des Instruments 2.1. Historischer Abriß 2.2. Daten und Zustand des Instruments 3. Die Untersuchung des Mikrometers 3.1. Der fortschreitende Fehler der Rektaszensionsschraube 3.2. Periodische Fehler der Rektaszensionsschraube 3.3. Periodische Fehler der Deklinationsschraube 3.4. Prüfung der Abhängigkeit der Mikrometerablesungen von der Schwerkraftrichtung 3.5. Zusammenfassung 4. Prüfung der Libellen 5. Die Untersuchung der Zapfen 5.1. Allgemeines 5.2. Die Meßanordnung 5.3. Darstellung der Meßreihen 5.4. Berechnung der Zapfenfehler 5.4.1. Allgemeines 5.4.2. Grundschwingungen in den Meßwerten 5.4.3. Berechnungsergebnisse 5.4.4. Einfluß der Zapfenfehler auf die Durchgangsbeobachtungen 5.5. Bemerkungen zur Zapfenuntersuchung 6. Untersuchung des Teilkreises 6.1. Vorbemerkungen 6.2. Erfassung und Genauigkeit der Teilkreisablesungen 6.3. Die Bestimmung einiger ausgewählter Durchmesserkorrektionen 6.3.1. Die BRUNSsche Rosettenmethode 6.3.2. Durchführung der Untersuchung 6.3.3. Untersuchung der elektrischen Pendellibellen 6.3.4. Bemerkungen und Ergebnisse zur Kreisuntersuchung nach BRUNS 6.4. Der kurzperiodische Teilungsfehler 6.5. Kreisexzentrizität 6.6. Kontrollmessung 7. Beobachtungen am Meridiankreis 7.1. Durchgangsbeobachtungen 7.1.1. Reduktion der Beobachtungen 7.1.2. Gewichte der Fehlergleichungen 7.1.3. Der Einfluß der Zapfenfehler 7.1.4. Beobachtungsergebnisse 7.2. Deklinationsbeobachtungen 7.2.1. Auswertung der Beobachtungen und Ergebnisse 7.3. Die Koordinaten des Meridiankreises 7.4. Stabilität von Aufstellung und Instrumentalgrößen 8. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen Literatur

Description: Station corrections have been introduced into the M"SUB L"-scale hitherto used for Baltic Shield earthquakes. The new formula is valid for Benioff and Grenet seismograph stations in Finland and Sweden. An extension of the magnitude scale to distances as small as 30 km is made by adding the constant 0.31 to the equation. Correlating the instrumental magnitude with macroseismic parameters, a relationship between the radius of areas of perceptibility (km) and maximum intensity has been obtained which is especially useful in quantification of historical earthquakes. For stations of the Finnish Seismic Array (FINSA) equipped with Geotech S13 seismographs, formulae has been obtained from which magnitudes may now be assigned to weak shocks, which were not possible to quantify previously. -from Authors

Description: Der vorliegende Festband steht unter dem Rahmenthema "Stockwerkbau und Felderteilung - Beiträge zur paläodynamischen und stofflichen Entwicklung der Erdkruste". Er ist dem 25. Jahrestag der am 12.9.1946 erfolgten Gründung des ehemaligen Geotektonischen Instituts und dem Gedenken an die Akademiemitglieder Hans Stille und Serge von Bubnoff gewidmet. Einleitend werden Aufgaben und Entwicklungstendenzen des Zentralinstituts für Physik der Erde der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR dargelegt. Es folgen Beiträge zu allgemeinen Fragen der Geotektonik wie dem Problem der Gleichzeitigkeit tektonischer Ereignisse im weltweiten Maßstab oder der heutigen Situation und den Aufgaben der Geotektonik. Die Mehrzahl der Aufsätze beschäftigt sich mit der paläotektonischen und stofflichen Entwicklung des Tafeldeckgebirges, des Molassestockwerks oder des Grundgebirgsstockwerks in verschiedenen regionalen Krusteneinheiten. Weitere Beiträge behandeln Fragen der regionalen Geophysik und der Tektonik von Lineamentzonen. Insgesamt wird der Versuch unternommen, einen Überblick über aktuelle Forschungsgebiete zu geben und damit Entwicklungstendenzen aufzuzeigen, die die Geotektonik zu einem integrierenden Bestandteil der Krustenforschung machen und zugleich das theoretische Gerüst der Lagerstättenforschung mitformen.

Description: This Jubilee Volume is published under the general title "Stockwerk structure and areal division - contributions to the palaeodynamic and material development of the earth's crust". It is dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the former Geotectonical Institute, established on Sept. 12th, 1946, and to the memory of the academicians Hans Stille and Serge von Bubnoff. An Introductory note explains the development and the tasks of the Central Earth Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of G.D.R. The following papers are concerned with general problems of geotectonics, such as the problem of simultaneity of tectonical events on a world-wide scale, as well as with the present situation and tasks of geotectonics. The majority of the papers attends to the palaeotectonical and material development of the platform cover, the molasse stockwerk or the basement stockwerk within various regional crustal units. Other papers deal with problems of regional geophysics and the tectonics of lineament zones. Altogether, an attempt is made to give a review of actual fields of research, thus indicating trends in the development which make geotectonics an integral part of crustal research and simultaneously contribute to establishing the theoretical framework of research for mineral deposits.

Description: In the years 1963-79, altogether 176 Swedish earthquakes have been detected and located. The earthquakes have occurred within a belt from the SW to the NE part of the country and in N Lapland. Corresponding local magnitudes are not greater than 4. b-values of the magnitude-frequency relation are 0.7 and 1.5 for magnitude intervals 2.2-3.0 and 3.0-3.9, respectively. The strain energy release has been rather regular during most of the time. The apparent increase of small-size shocks in recent years is due to improved instrumental facilities and not to a real increase of seismicity. The presented data can be used as a base for seismotectonic and seismodynamic studies of the Swedish bedrock.-from Author

Description: A procedure for assessing the seismic hazard based on the algorithm proposed by Cornell (1968) and the respective computing programme by McGuire (1976), was applied to the territory of the GDR in view of the influence of 10 earthquake source regions. The delineated regions are described by the cumulative frequency of earthquakes as a function of their intensities and the expected maximum intensities I"SUB max". The intensity attenuation with distance was determined by generalizing the observed macroseismic observations. Hazard maps displaying the expected macroseismic intensities for mean return periods of 100, 500, 5000 and 10 000 years are presented and discussed, explicitly comparing the results with the map of maximum observed intensities of the GDR. -Authors

Description: Near the E edge of Leipzig (GDR) an earthquake occurred on February 20, 1982, with an epicentral intensity of 5o. The last comparable earthquakes in this area were observed in 1905 and 1914. These events and the seismic activity of the focal region 'Northwest Saxonia' are presented. The source parameters of the 1982 earthquake determined from the polarities and the spectra of different wave types are given.-from Authors

Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die praktischen Aspekte des Prinzips der Approximation topozentrischer Satellitenbahnen durch Kleinkreise theoretisch vertieft und zu einer technologischen Reife geführt. Die theoretischen und praktischen Grundlagen der Beobachtungstechnik für Satellitenbeobachtungsgeräte der 2. Generation werdem erarbeitet und bei der Erprobung des gegenwärtig modernsten Geräts dieser Art, des SBG, experimentell bestätigt.

Description: Using Sg-amplitudes measured at GDR and Czechoslovak stations from earthquakes in Central Europe and the surrounding area, and magnitudes given by various stations and agencies for the same events, calibration functions modelled to contain separated components of geometrical spreading (r"SUP -n") and anelastic attenuation (e"SUP -br/T") have been derived. Obtained b-values show significant variation for different spreading types, but surprisingly small scatter, for any given spreading type, for different geographical regions (sectors). Derives a magnitude formula applicable to short-period vertical-component seismograph readings at stations BRG, CLL, MOX, KHC and PRU. Epicentral distances should be greater than 100 km. The attenuation of Sg- waves in the Central European crust can be described by a mean value of Q = 230. -after Authors

Description: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230891291_The_Orbital_Theory_of_Pleistocene_Climate_Support_frim_a_Revised_Chronology_of_the_Marine_d18O_Record

Description: Summary Holocene sediments of the North Lagoon, Bermuda, were studied with shallow seismic reflection profiles (200 km CSP-survey, UNIBOOM-system) and vibration coring (40 sediment cores, pneumatic vibration corer, Meischner et al., 1981). Seismic Stratigraphy Four seismic sequences are distinguishable by seismic stratigraphy. All seismic sequences correspond to depositional sequences built up during high sea levels in interglacial times. The seismic sequences are separated by unconformities which are often strongly reflective and correspond to emersion planes during glacial phases. The upper sequence (sequence 4) is related to Holocene sediments. The pre-Holocene bedrock is divided into three different seismic sequences (Kuhn et al., 1981): Sequence 1: oldest Pleistocene sequence (pre-Sangamon sea-level highstands), upper boundary with levelled relief (lower boundary not discernible), composed of strongly cemented carbonate sediments, forms the bedrock below Three Hill Shoals Sequence 2: Sangamon (125 ky sea-level highstand), distinct surface morphology, forms the bedrock of a large area below Holocene sediments, Holocene reefs grew up on elevations of the sequence 2 surface, the Holocene reef rim was developed on an elevated rim of sequence 2 Sequence 3: youngest Pleistocene sequence (Sangamon, 105 and 85 ky sealevel highstands lower than recent), deposited mainly in depressions of the bedrock deeper than -15 m below recent Mean Sea Level, levelling the older relief, peat sedimentation in places The distribution of recent reef areas and lagoonal basins is strongly controlled by pre-Holocene topography and geology of the bedrock. During the Holocene approx. 1050 x 106 m3 of carbonate sediments were deposited in the North Lagoon (290 km2) and approx. 1350 x 106 m3 in the reef rim area (170 km2). Sedimentology There are no larger oscillations of the Holocene sea level identifiable in the sedimentological record. The pre-Holocene topography was gradually drowned during the Holocene sea-level rise. At first, the depositional depressions were separated and landlocked. Fresh water peat marshes, fresh water ponds, marine ponds and bays were formed. With rising sea level, the land barriers were more and more eroded, drowned and lost their influence on the back-barrier sedimentation area. Autochthonous and allochthonous peat, lime gyttja and carbonate mud are a typical transgressive back-barrier sediment sequence. After destruction of the barrier, the depositional milieu changed from restricted marine to normal marine, open lagoonal. Sea-grass sediments and nearly mud-free carbonate sand were deposited in shallow water in an exposed environment. Hydrodynamic energy decreases with increasing water depth in the lagoonal basin. A more densely growing reef rim and intralagoonal reef growth added to the protection of the deeper lagoonal floors. Fine-grained sediments were deposited in this environment. They are distributed over a large area of the North Lagoon and form the top of the transgressive lagoonal sediment sequence. Holocene reefs mainly developed on rises of the pre-Holocene surface. In the early Holocene, solid reef build-ups were able to keep up with the rapid rise of sea level. Sand pockets in the reefs were left behind and filled up mainly in the later Holocene. The percentage of fine-grained sediments, produced and resuspended in the reef rim and deposited in the near lagoonal back-reef zone, increased during the Holocene. Two models of Holocene sedimentation in a depression and on an elevation of the pre-Holocene surface illustrate the dependence of vertical facies gradation on pre-Holocene topography. Trends of the mostly polymodal grain-size distributions of the Holocene sediments are a coarsening-upward in the back-barrier and a fining-upward in the lagoonal sediment sequences. Change in the composition of the molluscan fauna in the Holocene sediments (particle size 〉 2000 µm) is an Indication for fades changes. Gastropods are abundant in the basal backbarrier sediments. Bivalves are rare and their diversity 1s low. Sea-grass sediments contain Codakia orbicularis and Astraea phoebia shells. In the sheltered lagoonal environment shell fragments 〉 2000 µm become rare, common species are Gouldia cerina, Pitar fulminata and Finella sp. (approx. 1000 µm). Fine-grained reef-rim derived sediments differ from lagoonal sediments by a higher percentage of Homotrema rubrum fragments and Alcyonaria spicules.

Description: Although a large number of Tortricoid species and several genera from the Indo-Malayan region have been described by earlier authors (Walker, Snellen, Walsingham, Meyrick, and a few others), no survey of the present group has ever been made. Edward Meyrick, the author of most of the new names, has never attempted a synopsis of the Olethreutinae. He made surveys of the Australian and New Zealand Tortricoidea (1911), but the results are too superficial for our modern standards. During a long sojourn, working and collecting in Java, I became greatly fascinated by that fauna. Having completed a number of preliminary studies of the subfamily Tortricinae (1939 et seq.), I turned next to the South Asiatic, especially Javanese, Olethreutinae. After a long delay due to World War II, their revision has been initiated by the study of the two then least known and most confused genera, Bactra Stephens and Lobesia Guenée (Diakonoff, 1950 et seq.).

Description: Cytologioal investigations within Galium boreale L. showed the occurrence of tetraploids (2n=44) as well as hexaploids (2n=66) in Europe. Comparative morphological studies failed to demonstrate any differences in characters between the two cytotypes. Crosses between the tetraploid and hexaploid were unsuccessful, due to the occurrence of a strong and effective barrier between the two levels of ploidy. From a taxonomical point of view the two cytotypes are considered as to belong to the same taxon.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 67 species of Dutch Angiosperms were determined. Notes on 11 species are added.

Description: With the appearance in 1889 of Engler’s treatment of the Urticales in “Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” there came a pause in the interesting development of the classification of this group, which was defined, albeit somewhat vaguely, by A.L. de Jussieu in 1789 in his “Genera Plantarum” as the order Urticeae. Since the 1830’s, many, including Gaudichaud, Trécul, Miquel, Bureau, Eichler, Baillon, and Bentham, have contributed to the establishment of the Engler system which until recently has been generally accepted. An important moment in this history was the appearance of Trécul’s treatment of the then most problematical group, the “family” Artocarpeae. Trécul (1847) considered the “families” which at that time were distinguished within the “class” Urticineae, viz Moreae, Urticeae, Ulmeae, Celtideae, and Cannabineae, as being very closely related to the Artocarpeae. Along with the Conocephaleae, split off from the Artocarpeae, we find these “families” as tribes of the “class” Urticaceae in the “Genera Plantarum” of Bentham and Hooker (1880) and as subfamilies or families in Engler: the subfamilies Moroideae, Artocarpoideae, Conocephaloideae, and Cannaboideae in the family Moraceae, the subfamilies Ulmoideae and Celtoideae in the family Ulmaceae, and finally the family Urticaceae. Since the end of the last century and until recently no revisions of any large groups of Moraceae and Urticaceae had appeared. But with the development of monographic taxonomic research the system has come out of its static situation, as can be seen from the study by Corner (1962). He proposed a new delimitation of the Moraceae and Urticaceae and another subdivision of the Moraceae sensu stricto.

Description: Controversy over the taxonomic relationship of the Taxineae with the Coniferineae has created a new interest in the field of wood anatomy. This has been reflected by the flurry of investigations being conducted in families such as the Podocarpaceae. The systematic position of Amentotaxus is somewhat uncertain (see Keng, 1969). While many authors place Amentotaxus in the Taxaceae, this genus has also been referred to the Cephalotaxaceae or even considered to represent a separate family, the Amentotaxaceae. When Kudo and Yamamoto (1931) described this last family, it was considered to be represented by only a single species, Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger. In his revision of Amentotaxus Li (1952) recognized four species. However, the description and publication of three new species of Amentotaxus based on leaf morphology would appear to have been overly optimistic and has not gone unchallenged. Hu (1964) recognized only three of the species, since she thought that Amentotaxus cathayensis Li could not be usefully upheld as distinct. Moreover, Chuang and Hu (1963) considered that Amentotaxus formosana Li was better referred to Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger. The divergence of opinion has increased the need to investigate any anatomical features that may be of taxonomic importance. In connection with this work it was thought an examination of the wood anatomy would be worthwhile, even though taxonomic evaluation at the subgeneric level is not often successful in this field. A comparative study of the wood anatomy within the genus Amentotaxus is considerably limited by the lack of availability of suitable material; most locations of Amentotaxus are in China. The scanty and now somewhat rare wood specimens were collected before 1935, with the exception of some from Taiwan.

Description: A key is offered to the wood of 35 out of 38 Inga species known from Suriname and the other Guianas. The wood structure indicates that the sections Leptinga, Diadema, Bourgonia and Euinga sensu Bentham are taxonomically sound. Section Pseudinga is unnatural and should be subdivided. The author is in favour of keeping the sections Leptinga and Diadema apart.

Description: ANDERSON, J.A.R., A checklist of the trees of Sarawak, 364 pp. (1983, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Cawangan Sarawak, for Forest Department, Kuching, Sarawak). Cloth Mal$ 15.00. When Dr. Anderson retired from the Forest Department in 1973 he left the manuscript of this checklist for publication. Unfortunately publication was delayed for 10 years. It contains data on over 2500 arboreous plant species. The text consists mainly of two parts: the first is a list of vernacular names with their scientific equivalents, the second is a list of plant names alphabetically arranged by family. Each species is concisely annotated with its vernacular name(s), maximum diameter, ecology, frequency, soils, etc. Species names have been coded: the first two figures are for the family, the next two for the genus and the last two for the species. A list is given of the trees of the peat-swamp forests of which Anderson was a great expert. A small draw-back is that the literature of the last ten years has not been included. Nevertheless this is a most helpful book. — C.G.G.J. van Steenis.

Description: Small evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas; two genera ( Cansjera and Opilia) are known to be root-parasites. Leaves distichous, simple, usually extremely variable in form and size, entire, exstipulate, pinnately veined; dried leaves mostly finely tubercled by cystoliths located in the mesophyll. Inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous, panicle-like, racemose, umbellate (in Africa) or spicate; bracts narrowly ovate or scale-like, in Opilia peltate, often early caducous. Flowers small, (3—) 4—5) (—6)-merous, mainly bisexual, sometimes unisexual and plants then dioecious ( Gjellerupia, Melientha, and Agonandra) or gynodioecious (Champereia). Perianth with valvate, free or sometimes partly united tepals (in ♀ flowers of Gjellerupia wanting). Stamens as many as and opposite to the tepals (in ♀ flowers only small staminodes); anthers introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk intrastaminal, lobed (lobes alternating with the stamens), annular, or cupular. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style short or none, stigma entire or shallowly lobed. Ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of a central placenta, anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellar. Fruit drupaceous, pericarp rather thin, mesocarp ± fleshy-juicy, endocarp woody or crustaceous. Seed large, conform to the drupe, without testa; hilum basal, often in a funnel-shaped cavity. Embryo terete, embedded in rich, oily endosperm, nearly as long as the seed or shorter, with 3—4 linear cotyledons, radicle often very short. Distribution. There are 9 genera with about 30 spp., widespread in the tropics. Rhopalopilia is restricted to Africa and Madagascar, Agonandra to South and Central America. In Malesia: 7 genera, 5 of these only known from the eastern Old World (1 endemic: Gjellerupia in New Guinea); Opilia and Urobotrya occur also in tropical Africa.

Description: Monoecious, medium-sized to very large trees (rarely shrubby in very exposed situations). Either four independent cotyledons or two fused pairs (which may be retained in the seed after germination). The growing point of foliage shoots quite distinct between the two genera, being just a few highly reduced leaves in Araucaria and a highly organized bud formed of overlapping scales in Agathis. The leaves vary from scales or needles to broad leathery forms with many parallel veins sometimes on the same plant at different stages of growth. Pollen produced in cylindrical cones from one to as much as twenty cm long with numerous pedunculate spirally placed microsporophylls each with several to many pendent elongated pollen sacs attached to the lower side of an enlarged shieldlike apex which also projects apically more or less overlapping the adjacent microsporophylls. Pollen cones solitary, terminal or lateral, on branches separate from those bearing seed cones, subtended by a cluster of more or less modified leaves in the form of scales, deciduous when mature. Pollen globular, without ‘wings’. Seeds produced in large, well-formed cones which disintegrate when mature, dispensing the seeds in most cases with the help of wing-like structures; the seed cone terminal on a robust shoot or peduncle with more or less modified leaves that change in a brief transition zone at the base of the cone into cone bracts, formed of numerous spirally-placed bract complexes, usually maturing in the second year. Individual seed cone bract leathery or woody and fused with the fertile scale which bears one large inverted seed on its upper surface. Distribution. The 40 species in two genera are well represented in Malesia (13 spp.) and extend eastward and southward into Fiji, New Caledonia (18 spp.), Australia, and New Zealand, with 2 spp. also in the cooler parts of South America, giving the family a distinct Antarctic relationship. Only one species of Araucaria (in South America) occurs completely outside of the tropics, while the majority of the species in the family belong in the lowland tropics and others grow in the tropical highlands.

Description: Many botanists must have wondered why as yet no volume of Flora Malesiana was dedicated to the outstanding botanist Carl Ludwig Blume, undisputed pioneer in planning the compilation of a ‘Flora Malesiana’. The writing of this Dedication would have been greatly facilitated if a full biography of BLUME had been existent, but none is available; there is not even a bibliography of his works. Only recently, in 1979, two biographical attempts were made, by J. MACLEAN and by A. DEN OUDEN, but only for the period 1820-1832; together with other biographical and obituary notes they are here assembled in Appendix B. I have also compiled a bibliography: Appendix A.²

Description: Erect or straggling herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, the herbs sometimes rhizomatous; branches sometimes jointed at the nodes, sometimes without vessels ( Sarcandra). Leaves simple, decussate or sometimes whorled in fours, serrate, crenate or dentate, the teeth often thickened at the apex, penninerved, usually petiolate; petioles more or less connected at the base at least by a transverse line or connate into a distinct sheath; in Ascarina often alternating with leafless internodes which have the petiolar sheath; stipules minute to fairly conspicuous, subulate, borne on the petiole bases or sheath, occasionally pectinate. Flowers much reduced, without perianth, fully unisexual or essentially bisexual with the reduced anther-bearing organ adnate to the side of the ovary; arranged in spicate, paniculate, or capitate axillary or terminal inflorescences. — Male flowers bracteate or not, apparently consisting of 1—5 stamens, or in Hedyosmum consisting of numerous anthers in a cone-like structure; if 3 then the whole forming a fused 3-lobed organ sometimes enveloping the female flower by its edges, the central anther with 2 or aborted loculi and the laterals with single loculi, simply lobed or with connectives slightly to considerably produced so that the whole organ is 3-fingered; if with only 2 anther locelli then these on either side of a thickened filament plus connective. — Female flowers naked or enclosed by a cupular bract, the perianth adnate to the ovary, often minutely or shortly dentate at the apex and the ovary thus inferior; ovary 1-locular; stigma sessile or style short; truncate, 2-lipped, depressed or subcapitate (or horseshoe-shaped in one species), rarely linear or clavate. Ovule solitary, orthotropous, pendulous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Drupes fleshy, small, ovoid or globose, sometimes more or less 3-sided in Hedyosmum, free or united into a mass by the bracts; endocarp hardened and crustaceous. Seeds subglobose, exarillate, with copious fleshy or oily endosperm and minute embryo, the cotyledons divaricate or scarcely formed. Distribution. Four genera with about 80 species. Since VESTER’S (1940) small-scale map the family (Ascarina) has been found in Madagascar. It is mainly tropical but Ascarina extends south to North Island of New Zealand (fig. 6) and Chloranthus and Sarcandra extend north to Japan, China, Korea and the eastern U.S.S.R. (Ussuri).

Description: Trees or shrubs (or rarely suffrutices outside Malesia). Leaves simple, alternate, often coriaceous, glabrous or with an indumentum on undersurface, margin entire; petioles often with 2 lateral glands. Stipules 2, minute and caducous to large and persistent, usually linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence racemose, paniculate or cymose; flowers bracteate and usually bibracteolate; bracts and bracteoles small and caducous or larger and enclosing flower or groups of flowers and persistent. Flowers actinomorphic to zygomorphic, hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous, markedly perigynous. Receptacle campanulate to cylindrical or rarely flattened cupuliforum, often gibbous at base; calyx lobes 5, imbricate, often unequal, erect or reflexed. Petals 5 (absent in some Neotropical species), inserted on margin of disk, commonly unequal, imbricate, deciduous, rarely clawed. Stamens indefinite, 2—60 (to 300 in Neotropics), inserted on margin of the disk, in a complete circle or unilateral, all fertile or some without anthers and often reduced to small tooth-like staminodes; filaments filiform, free or ligulately connate, short and included to long and far exserted; anthers small, 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Ovary basically of three carpels but usually with only one developed, the other two aborted or vestigial, variously attached to (the base, middle or mouth of) receptacle, usually sessile or with short gynophore, pubescent or villous; ovary unilocular with two ovules or bilocular with one ovule in each locule. Ovules erect, with micropyle at base (epitropous). Style filiform, basally attached; stigma 3-lobed or truncate. Fruit a fleshy or dry drupe of varied size, interior often densely hairy; endocarp much varied, thick or thin, fibrous or bony, often with a special mechanism for seedling escape. Seed erect, exalbuminous, the testa membraneous; cotyledons amygdaloid, plano-convex, fleshy, sometimes ruminate. Germination hypogeal with the first leaves opposite or alternate or epigeal with opposite first leaves. An extensive review of the generic limits of the family has been published: G.T. PRANCE & F. WHITE, The genera of Chrysobalanaceae: a study in practical and theoretical taxonomy and its relevance to evolutionary biology, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 320 (1988) 1—184. This contains full details of taxonomic history, morphology, anatomy, pollen, ecology and distribution of the family. A condensed version of these subjects is given here. Details of the Neotropical members of the family are given in: G.T. PRANCE, Chrysobalanaceae, Flora Neotropica 9 (1972) 1—410. The African members of the family were treated in: F. WHITE, The taxonomy, ecology and chorology of African Chrysobalanaceae (excluding Acioa), Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 46 (1976) 265—350.

Description: Perennial herbs, more commonly woody at the base, undershrubs or shrubs, erect, scrambling or scandent, sometimes high lianas. Rhizome not rarely tuberous. Branches often slightly swollen and jointed at nodes. Hairs simple, uni- or multicellular, short ones often with a hooked apex. Leaves simple, spiral or alternate, petioled (without an abscission zone), exstipulate; midrib usually prominent beneath, elevated or flat above; nervation commonly palmate, or pinnate, nerves often obliquely extending towards the margin. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, solitary, fasciculate, or in axillary or cauligerous, racemose, paniculate or cymose inflorescences, usually only one or two flowers open at a time; bracts present and often persistent; pedicel often hardly distinct from the ovary. Calyx petaloid, gamosepalous, 3- (or 6-) lobed or 1-lipped; lobes valvate or induplicate. Petals (in Mal.) absent. Disk (?) 0, rarely present (e.g. a few Thottea spp.). Stamens 6 (4 or 5 in some extra-Mal. Aristolochia spp.) or 6—c. 36 (—46), in 1 whorl or in 2 (3 or 4) whorls (Thottea); filaments free or slightly mutually united at the base, and/or almost completely adnate to the style column to form a gynostemium; anthers free (Thottea) or dorsally united with the style column (Aristolochia), each consisting of 2 thecae with 4 pollen sacs, extrorse, rarely introrse (extra-Mal. spp.), dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior (rarely half-inferior in extra-Mal. genera), 4—6-carpellate, 4—6-celled, syncarpous (or ± apocarpous in extra-Mal. Saruma); placentae parietal (distinct when young, then intruding and connivent axially, thus often seemingly axile); ovules usually many, anatropous, in 1 or 2 vertical rows in each locule of the ovary, horizontal or pendulous; style-column 3—many-lobed, sometimes some of the lobes redivided; stigmas or stigmatic tissue apical, lateral, or on the surface of style lobes. Fruits capsular or siliquiform (follicular or cocci in extra- Mal. genera), 4—6-celled; dehiscing apically towards the base (basipetal, e.g. Thottea) or basally towards the apex (acropetal, e.g. most Aristolochia); septicidal, rarely septifragal (some extra-Mai. Aristolochia) or bursting irregularly (extra-Mal. Asarum); rarely indehiscent (W. African Pararistolochia). Seeds many in each locule (1-seeded in extra-Mal. Euglypha), often coated with remains of placental tissue (membranous when dry), horizontal or pendulous, variously shaped; ovate, deltoid or triangular, flat, convex-concave, or longitudinally curved, or oblong (and triangular in cross-section), rugose, finely verrucose, or smooth, immarginate (Thottea; Aristolochia, p.p.) or winged (Aristolochia, p.p.); albumen fleshy, copious; embryo minute, cotyledons two, distinct. Distribution. There are 7 genera, Aristolochia worldwide, Asarum over the northern hemisphere, Thottea in continental Southeast Asia and Malesia, Pararistolochia in tropical Africa, and 3 monotypic genera, viz. Saruma in China, Holostylis and Euglypha in South America. As to number of species, Aristolochia is by far the largest with some 300 spp., largely concentrated in the New World, especially in Central and South America, in Malesia with 28 spp.; Asarum (incl Hexastylis and Heterotropa) with possibly some 70 spp. in northern temperate regions, Thottea with 26 spp., of which 22 in Malesia, and Pararistolochia with 12 spp. in West Africa.

Description: In this paper the new species Myxarium crystallinum is described and its relationships with Tremella grilletii and Sebacina sphaerospora discussed. The two latter species are transferred to the genus Myxarium Wallr. An account of a third British gathering of Tremiscus helvelloides is given, together with a detailed review of its world-wide distribution, since it is one of the species included in the European Mapping Scheme for fungi.

Description: Newly discovered mycorrhizal relationships of boletes (with Nothofagus, Shorea, Quercus humboldtii, Alnus jorullenses, Eucalyptus, and Leptospermum) are discussed. Type studies on Fistulinella, Boletus granulatus var. capricollensis, Boletogaster, and Gastroboletus are reported. The following new combinations are proposed: subsections Pictini and Spectabiles in sect. Solidipes of Suillus; Suillus ochraceoroseus; Chalciporus piperatus, C. rubinus, C. rubinellus, and the new section Eximia of Leccinum, with L. eximium (Peck) Sing. The interpretation of Porphyrellus pseudoscaber on the basis of topotypical material is indicated.