ALBERT

Description: The sedimentation regime off Northwest Africa is shaped by: (1) structur~al factors. which result in generallv low relief on land. shelf widths between 40 and more than 120 km. and av-erage sfope inclinations between 10 30' and 30; (2) land climates. which contral the delivery of terrigenous particles to the margin: (3) water movements including boundary currents and upwelling; and (4) the post- Pleistocene sea level rise. This chapter combines published and new results arising from research into the sedimentation processes off Northwest Africa. and emphasizes particularly the activities of the Kiel marine geological group during the past few years. Reviews of cruise activities and results were given in Closs et al. (1969) (Meteor cruise 8. 1967. off Morocco) . Seibold (1972) (Meteor cmise 25 . 1971. off Sahara to Central Senegal). Seibold and Hinz (1976) (Meteor cmise 39,1975 . and Valdivia cruise 10. 1975, from Morocco to South Senegal), and Waiden et al. (1974) (Meteor cmise 30, 1973, off Sierra Leone). Some of these cmises were used for pre- or post-site surveys for the Deep-Sea Drilling Project, or to add undisturbed Quaternary cores to the Glomar Challenger cores (leg 41, ] 975; Lancelot, et al .• 1978); leg 47 A, Arthur er al .• 1979; Lutze et al., 1979). We have concentrated our geological investigations on a number of standard profiles from the shelf to the upper continental rise as given in Figure 1. The manuscript was finished May 1979.

Description: Although a large number of Tortricoid species and several genera from the Indo-Malayan region have been described by earlier authors (Walker, Snellen, Walsingham, Meyrick, and a few others), no survey of the present group has ever been made. Edward Meyrick, the author of most of the new names, has never attempted a synopsis of the Olethreutinae. He made surveys of the Australian and New Zealand Tortricoidea (1911), but the results are too superficial for our modern standards. During a long sojourn, working and collecting in Java, I became greatly fascinated by that fauna. Having completed a number of preliminary studies of the subfamily Tortricinae (1939 et seq.), I turned next to the South Asiatic, especially Javanese, Olethreutinae. After a long delay due to World War II, their revision has been initiated by the study of the two then least known and most confused genera, Bactra Stephens and Lobesia Guenée (Diakonoff, 1950 et seq.).

Description: Cytologioal investigations within Galium boreale L. showed the occurrence of tetraploids (2n=44) as well as hexaploids (2n=66) in Europe. Comparative morphological studies failed to demonstrate any differences in characters between the two cytotypes. Crosses between the tetraploid and hexaploid were unsuccessful, due to the occurrence of a strong and effective barrier between the two levels of ploidy. From a taxonomical point of view the two cytotypes are considered as to belong to the same taxon.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 67 species of Dutch Angiosperms were determined. Notes on 11 species are added.

Description: With the appearance in 1889 of Engler’s treatment of the Urticales in “Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” there came a pause in the interesting development of the classification of this group, which was defined, albeit somewhat vaguely, by A.L. de Jussieu in 1789 in his “Genera Plantarum” as the order Urticeae. Since the 1830’s, many, including Gaudichaud, Trécul, Miquel, Bureau, Eichler, Baillon, and Bentham, have contributed to the establishment of the Engler system which until recently has been generally accepted. An important moment in this history was the appearance of Trécul’s treatment of the then most problematical group, the “family” Artocarpeae. Trécul (1847) considered the “families” which at that time were distinguished within the “class” Urticineae, viz Moreae, Urticeae, Ulmeae, Celtideae, and Cannabineae, as being very closely related to the Artocarpeae. Along with the Conocephaleae, split off from the Artocarpeae, we find these “families” as tribes of the “class” Urticaceae in the “Genera Plantarum” of Bentham and Hooker (1880) and as subfamilies or families in Engler: the subfamilies Moroideae, Artocarpoideae, Conocephaloideae, and Cannaboideae in the family Moraceae, the subfamilies Ulmoideae and Celtoideae in the family Ulmaceae, and finally the family Urticaceae. Since the end of the last century and until recently no revisions of any large groups of Moraceae and Urticaceae had appeared. But with the development of monographic taxonomic research the system has come out of its static situation, as can be seen from the study by Corner (1962). He proposed a new delimitation of the Moraceae and Urticaceae and another subdivision of the Moraceae sensu stricto.

Description: Nineteen species of Stereocaulon are treated from the northern Andes, mainly from Colombia. Descriptions and keys are given, with notes on the north-Andean distribution and ecology. Seven species are new for the Colombian flora, viz. St. atlanticum, St. claviceps, St. corticatulum (chem. strain with atranorin and perlatolic acid), St. delisei, St. microcarpum, St. pachycephalum and St. pomiferum. St. crambidiocephalum is reported for the first time from Costa Rica, as is St. didymicum from Venezuela, and St. delisei is reported for the first time from the New World (Colombia and Costa Rica). St. cornutum Müll. Arg. is reduced to synonymy under St. pityrizans Nyl.

Description: Controversy over the taxonomic relationship of the Taxineae with the Coniferineae has created a new interest in the field of wood anatomy. This has been reflected by the flurry of investigations being conducted in families such as the Podocarpaceae. The systematic position of Amentotaxus is somewhat uncertain (see Keng, 1969). While many authors place Amentotaxus in the Taxaceae, this genus has also been referred to the Cephalotaxaceae or even considered to represent a separate family, the Amentotaxaceae. When Kudo and Yamamoto (1931) described this last family, it was considered to be represented by only a single species, Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger. In his revision of Amentotaxus Li (1952) recognized four species. However, the description and publication of three new species of Amentotaxus based on leaf morphology would appear to have been overly optimistic and has not gone unchallenged. Hu (1964) recognized only three of the species, since she thought that Amentotaxus cathayensis Li could not be usefully upheld as distinct. Moreover, Chuang and Hu (1963) considered that Amentotaxus formosana Li was better referred to Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger. The divergence of opinion has increased the need to investigate any anatomical features that may be of taxonomic importance. In connection with this work it was thought an examination of the wood anatomy would be worthwhile, even though taxonomic evaluation at the subgeneric level is not often successful in this field. A comparative study of the wood anatomy within the genus Amentotaxus is considerably limited by the lack of availability of suitable material; most locations of Amentotaxus are in China. The scanty and now somewhat rare wood specimens were collected before 1935, with the exception of some from Taiwan.

Description: A key is offered to the wood of 35 out of 38 Inga species known from Suriname and the other Guianas. The wood structure indicates that the sections Leptinga, Diadema, Bourgonia and Euinga sensu Bentham are taxonomically sound. Section Pseudinga is unnatural and should be subdivided. The author is in favour of keeping the sections Leptinga and Diadema apart.

Description: Gradstein et al. (1982) propose to conserve four generic names of Lejeuneaceae: Lopholejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Acrolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Trachylejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. and Taxilejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., each of which was introduced as a subgeneric name in Lejeunea by Spruce (1884), and subsequently raised to generic rank by Schiffner in his treatment of the Hepaticae in Engler-Prantl (preprint 1893) [see proposals to conserve 675-678 see p. 746]. Although Spruce (l.c.) used for his Lejeunea species a binary nomenclature by combining subgeneric names with specific epithets, it is clear (e.g. text, index) that the binomina are meant as Lejeunea combinations and they are considered as such by most authors (see Gradstein et al. for further details). Before 1893, however, the Sprucean subgeneric names were used in various papers by F. Stephani in a “seeming” generic rank; indeed Stephani now and then referred to them as “genus.” A chronological survey of a number of relevant papers by Stephani, mainly those published in Hedwigia, was given by Bonner et al. (1961), in conjunction with a brief discussion of the subject of this paper. These authors were the first to realize that on the basis of Art. 42 ICBN some generic names in Lejeuneaceae, e.g. Taxilejeunea and Trachylejeunea, can be considered as validly published by Stephani in Hedwigia 28, 1889. Later on Grolle (1979) demonstrated valid publication of monotypic new Lejeuneaceae genera by Stephani in the Bot. Gaz. 15, 1890, e.g. Lopho-Lejeunea and Acro-Lejeunea. For an evaluation of the status of Lopho- Lejeunea Steph., Acro-Lejeunea Steph., Trachylejeunea Steph. and Taxilejeunea Steph., one might consider these names against the background of the entire context of Stephani’s work on Lejeuneaceae until 1893. As the survey of Stephani’s papers in Bonner et al. is rather incomplete, and as there are several points of divergence in opinion, a new analysis of Stephani’s relevant papers (before Sep 1893) is presented below.

Description: During 1981 the Botanical Survey of India had again collections made. We list them in the same manner as on pages 3559-3560. In Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Great Nicobar, 300 specimens. In Andhra Pradesh: Anantagiri, Endrika Hills, Ganganaju-medugula, Paderu, 1590. In Arunachal Pradesh: Ganganagar, Hapoli, Naharlagan, Namdapha Biosphere Reserve of Tirap Distr., Tamer Road, Tiruli of Subansiri Distr., Ziro, 1054. In West Bengal: areas of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Midnapur Districts, places of Bangaon, Tantulia and Basirhat of 24-Parganas Districts, Jaldapara Reserve, Totopara, &c., 2240. In Gujrat: Lalpur and vicinity, 1090. In Karnataka: vicinity of S. Karnataka River-Mulla Periyar and catchment areas, 500. In Kerala: Alleppey, Anathode, Cannanore, Devicolam, Kakki, Kasargod, Kokharjam, Munnar Peermade, Muzhiyar, Pachakanam, Pamba Dam areas, Peruvanzuzhi, Ponnambala Medu, Sabarigiri, 4150. In Madhya Pradesh; areas of Panna Distr., 800. In Maharashtra: Bhimsankar, Janar, Purandar, 985. In Meghalaya: Cherrapunjee, Nongapoh, Sunnapahar of Khasi Hills, Jowai, Jorain of Saintea Hills, Tura of Garo Hills Distr., 3500. In Nagaland: areas of Mekokchung, Tuensang, Wokha, Zunbebato Districts, 500. In Rajasthan: Jaisalmer and areas of Barmer Distr., 1000. In Sikkim: Burtuk Busty, Chakung, Changu, Chuten, Enchy Monastery, below Honuman Top, Jorethang, Lower Bustak, Ranipal, Reumtek, Sang Ratepani, Sinchey, Singtham East, Soren, Suntale forests, Tadong, 4800. In Tamil-Nadu: Kannayakumari, Sethur Hills, Srivilliputhur R.F., 2090. In Uttar Pradesh: Agra-Khal, Ballaieri, Chamoli Chakrata, Dudhwa Nat. Park, Govana, Khan-Khaliadha, Mussoorie, Pam Vali-Kantha, Panwali, Parbagi, Rajkhark, Saharshradhara, 2500.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk. The SEM-observation of plant material normally requires dehydrated, dry specimens coated with carbon or metal. Unfortunately, the standard drying methods (including the critical-point-drying-technique) often cause shrinking and deformation of the specimen surface; therefore, SEMstudies on plant ontogeny are rather difficult, material- and time-consuming. Experiments using deep-frozen specimens have been carried out in England and in the USA, but have proved not satisfying.

Description: Apocynaceae wanted — pickled. Mary E. Fallen, Systematische Botanik, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland, who has done considerable morphological work on development of the reproductive organs in Apocynaceae, has been frustrated in her many efforts to obtain suitable material of Lepinia and Lepiniopsis. Ample information on both can be found in Pacific Plant Areas 3, Blumea Suppl. 5 (1966) 112-113, with map and description. The very oddly shaped fruit of Lepinia (W. Pacific) has been depicted in Blumea 11 (1962) 302, Van Steenis’s paper on the Land Bridge Theory. The one of Lepiniopsis (E. Malesia) seems to be buoyant. Also material of Anechites (Central America) is needed; it may be closely related to Condylocarpon. Any stages of flowers can be used, from tiny green buds at initiation up through anthesis, as well as fruiting stages. They should be pickled in FAA. Expenses of handling and postage will gladly be refunded. Vials with the liquid can be provided. Thanks on her behalf!

Description: In this paper the new species Myxarium crystallinum is described and its relationships with Tremella grilletii and Sebacina sphaerospora discussed. The two latter species are transferred to the genus Myxarium Wallr. An account of a third British gathering of Tremiscus helvelloides is given, together with a detailed review of its world-wide distribution, since it is one of the species included in the European Mapping Scheme for fungi.

Description: Newly discovered mycorrhizal relationships of boletes (with Nothofagus, Shorea, Quercus humboldtii, Alnus jorullenses, Eucalyptus, and Leptospermum) are discussed. Type studies on Fistulinella, Boletus granulatus var. capricollensis, Boletogaster, and Gastroboletus are reported. The following new combinations are proposed: subsections Pictini and Spectabiles in sect. Solidipes of Suillus; Suillus ochraceoroseus; Chalciporus piperatus, C. rubinus, C. rubinellus, and the new section Eximia of Leccinum, with L. eximium (Peck) Sing. The interpretation of Porphyrellus pseudoscaber on the basis of topotypical material is indicated.

Description: The ascomycete Anixiopsis peruviana Cain is transferred to a new genus Xanthothecium v. Arx & Samson. The name Leucothecium emdenii v. Arx & Samson, gen. nov., spec. nov. is proposed for a soil-borne fungus with light coloured, smooth cleistothecia, catenulate asci, lenticular ascospores and an arthroconidial state. The relationships of both genera are discussed.

Description: Twelve species are recognized of which five (P. womersleyi, P. brassii, P. hooglandii, P. schoddei. and P. clemensae) are described as new. Nine species are reduced to synonymy (P. warburgii, P. puberula, P. myriantha, P. paniculata, P. parvifolia, P. acuminata, P. habbamensis, P. pulchra and P. dallmannensis). All twelve species occur in New Guinea, only one (P. arfakiana) extending westwards into Sulawesi. P. incana, P. gracilis and P. hypargyrea may also occur in Queensland in addition to the three species already described from Australia.

Description: Two gynoecial primordia are initiated as discrete units but soon get interconnected by the occurrence of interprimordial growth between them. A rim of meristematic tissue thus produced gives rise to the ovary wall by zonal growth. The residual floral apex grows parallel to the gynoecial primordia in the form of a septum. The two placental ridges arise from the inner lateral walls of the ovary, grow into the ovarian cavity, and ultimately fuse with the axial septum. The anterio- posterior region of the ovary wall also grows into the ovarian cavity to form a false septum which divides each locule into two. The Labiatae show a placentation which is neither true axile nor true parietal but an intermediate condition between the two, as the septum grows like in a typical axile placentation and the placentae like in typical parietal placentation. The gynobase in Labiatae is considered to be carpellary in nature.

Description: Two new genera and nineteen new species of Dicotyledons from Papua New Guinea collected and described by A. Gilli (1980) have been examined by specialists. These families are Begoniaceae, Cruciferae, Elaeocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Hypericaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Saxifragaceae, and Sterculiaceae. Both new genera are reduced: Melachone to Amaracarpus (Rub.), Disaster to Commersonia (Sterc.). Supposed new generic records to Malesia proved erroneous: a new Thelygonum belongs to Nertera (Rub.), and a Trochiscus to Nasturtium (Cruc.); the Viburnum from Papua is a Psychotria (Rub.). All species are reduced to those already known. It is advocated as undesirable to describe novelties from odd tropical plant collections.

Description: The pollen morphology of all 7 species of the genus Crossonephelis was studied and found to be rather uniform, supporting Leenhouts’ circumscription of the genus. Minor inter- and intraspecific differences are present. Within Lepisantheae a close resemblance exists with the pollen of some species of Placodiscus, while the pollen of Lepisanthes is less similar and specialized in a different direction.

Description: In the Cyclopaedia of Malaysian Collectors and Collections, Mrs. M. J. van Steenis-Kruseman (Flora Malesiana I, I, 1950, 248a, 527b) stated that plants of Herb. Houttuyn, which Houttuyn had acquired from various collectors, were subsequently incorporated in other herbaria, that of Burman in particular. Merrill had questioned this in his work on Houttuyn (J. Arn. Arb. 19, 1938, 291—375, reviewed in Fl. Mal. Bull. no. 17, 1962, 906), as he could not locate a single sheet of Houttuyn’s collection. He only mentioned (l.c.p. 310) that in the Copenhagen Herbarium, in Herb. Vahl, there would be a fragmentary specimen of Myristica fragrans on the back of which was noted ‘ded. Houttuyn’. We could not find this photographed in the IDC microcards of Herb. Vahl.

Description: The genus Badusa is transferred from the Cinchoneae to the Condamineae subtribe Portlandiinae: it is closely related to Morierina. A new species B. palawanensis is described from Palawan, and a new subspecies from Biak, B. corymbifera ssp. biakensis.

Description: Sericolea is a genus endemic to New Guinea. The relevant literature is surveyed. Descriptions are given of all species and keys provided to the 15 species and all infraspecific taxa accepted. Two species are described as new: S. coodei and S. microphylla. A new subspecies of S. brassii A. C. Sm. is recognized: ssp. carrii. S. arfakensis Gibbs, S. gracilis (Laut.) Schltr., and S. novoguineensis Gibbs reduced by Coode in a recent paper are reinstated and S. glabra Schltr.. also reduced by Coode, is recognized as a variety of S. micans Schltr. Three new varieties are distinguished in S. gaultheria (F. v. M.) Schltr. and one in S. novoguineensis Gibbs.

Description: Taxonomic revision, precursory to the treatment of the Rosaceae in Flora Malesiana. Generic limits in tribus Sorbeae are discussed, Stranvaesia is included in Photinia (5 spp. in Malesia), Micromeles (1 sp. in Malesia) is treated as generically different from Sorbus. Apart from these, there are in Malesia representatives of Eriobotrya and Rhaphiolepis (both 1 sp.), and some more species are cultivated and occasionally naturalized. No new species are described. New combinations: Photinia serratifolia (basionym Crataegus serratifolia Desf., replacing illegitimate Photinia serrulata Lindl.), Photinia nussia (basionym Pyrus nussia D. Don, transferred from Stranvaesia), Rhaphiolepis philippinensis (basionym Eriobotrya philippinensis Vidal), Micromeles corymbifera (basionym Vaccinium? corymbiferum Miq., known as Sorbus granulosa (Bertol.) Rehd. or Pyrus granulosa Bertol.).

Description: The present bibliography on pelagic Tunicates has been compiled over a period of 4 years, mainly by the first author. It is meant, not as an official publication, but as a working aid for students of pelagic Tunicates. It comprises about 1300-1400 different titles of books and articles. For obvious reasons the mere listing of all those titles in alphabetical order would be impractical for specialized demands. Splitting this list in as many subheadings as possible in a way like the Zoological Record would be ideal. However, many articles and books are difficult to place under one heading; the same titles would have to be mentioned under a number of different headings. With as many headings as possible this would mean a multiplication of the 1300-1400 titles to an impractical amount. Moreover, at present only part (60%) of the titles mentioned below have been checked and abstracted by the authors; for specialized subheading all articles and books need to be studied. It was decided to meet both ends and an unspecialized subdivision was made into six headings: Copelata, Salpidae, Doliolidae, Pyrosomidae, General Zooplankton and General Tunicates. The important articles or books concerning more than one of the systematic groups have been listed under more than one heading. For instance: “Thompson, H. Pelagic Tunicates of Australia” can be found under Copelata as well as under Salpidae, Doliolidae or Pyrosomidae. General zooplankton papers or books, in which pelagic Tunicates are not a major subject, are not listed under several headings, but are compiled under “General Zooplankton”. General articles or books on various subjects of the Tunicata as a whole are listed under “General Tunicates”.

Description: The present study deals with the taxonomy of a family of the brown algal order Sphacelariales in Europe. The taxonomy of this order is much influenced by the works of Sauvageau as published between 1900 and 1914. A short survey of the work on Spacelariales by him and his phycological predecessors is given in the introduction. The order Sphacelariales is described and its nomenclatural history is given. Other paragraphs deal with distribution, morphology and the used descriptive terminology, ecology, variability and culture studies, reproduction and life-history, systematic position and classification. In the notes on morphology the history of the descriptive terminology is incorporated, as well as discussions on the correct use of this terminology. Most technical terms are also included in the glossary, located near the end of this book. In the sections on ‘Form range and cultures’ and on ‘Reproduction and life-history’ the methods used for unialgal cultures and methods for chromosome counts are discussed. Also a review of life-histories in Sphacelariales is incorporated, as well as a discussion on the criteria used for the distinction of taxa and the delimination of the order. A key to the families concludes the treatment of the order. The family Sphacelariaceae, which is the largest and most cosmopolitan family of the order, is treated in a similar way. The two genera in this family, the monotypic genus Sphacella and the complex genus Sphacelaria, which contains four subgenera, seven sections and 16 species in Europe, are also treated in comparable paragraphs. Keys to the taxa and to ecological growth-forms (ecads) are given. In the paragraph on relationship of genera, subgenera, sections and species, several approaches for the construction of a classification are mentioned. The phyletic-cladistic approach, based upon methods developed by Hennig (1950), is discussed in detail. One conclusion is that the genus Choristocarpus cannot be considered to belong to a monophyletic group together with the Sphacelariaceae. Further it can be concluded that the Sphacelariaceae all belong to one group with a monophyletic origin. The monotypic genera Battersia, Disphacella and Chaetopteris have to be included into the genus Sphacelaria. Sphacella, however, is maintained as a monotypic genus. For nomenclatural reasons Sphacelaria reticulata (formerly Disphacella reticulata) must be chosen as type-species of the genus Sphacelaria. The descriptions of family, genera and sections are usually short, but the descriptions of the species are comprehensive and contain a formal description and a list of dimensions. The paragraphs on distribution start with summaries of coastal regions where the species occur. Each summary is followed by an extract of the list of collections and relevant references. Distribution maps are added. Full lists of collections and references for all species are published separately. Important taxonomic conclusions occur in Sphacelaria reticulata (was Disphacella reticulata (Lyngb.) Sauv.), in S. radicans (ecad libera found in the Baltic), in S. nana (= S. britannica Sauv.) which include S. saxatilis and which is different from S. rigidula (= S. furcigera Kütz.), in S. plumigera (unattached growthform = ecad pinnata, found in the Baltic), in S. mirabilis (was Battersia mirabilis Reinke ex Batt.), in S. fusca (different from S. rigidula), in S. cirrosa (includes S. bipinnata (Kütz.) Sauv. and S. hystrix Suhr ex Reinke which are incorporated amongst the five different ecads of the species) and in S. sympodiocarpa (which cannot be incorporated into one of the described subgenera). Most details of morphology are depicted.

Description: 1. This paper deals with various aspects of the life-history, ecology, water management and osmoregulation of the West-Indian land hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus (Herbst) in Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. 2. Land hermit crabs belonging to the family Coenobitidae may be considered as one of the most terrestrial forms of decapods. They are characteristic for tropical coasts and islands. Though C. clypeatus may be found in a variety of habitats they show a preference for areas with a relatively dry climate. In this respect habitats as found on the Leeward Group of the Lesser Antilles are representative for the species’ occurrence. In addition to populations of animals living on the coast, the ‘coastal animals,’ there are also individuals living in the interior, the ‘inland animals.’ The latter generally are older specimens, living in well-fitting and undamaged Livona-shells, and able to settle and maintain themselves in habitats rich in food, where there is a supply of fresh or brackish water. Though these animals still maintain a close bond with the sea, they may be said to have reached a more advanced stage of terrestrial life. The greater part of the research was carried out with inland animals. 3. In July reproductive migration starts, adult and not yet fully grown animals migrating towards a restricted number of spawning places on the southern coast, probably following traditional pathways. These places are characterized by the presence of good shelter, suitable drinking water and a quiet and accessible coast. Usually animals of roughly the same size gather in separate groups. It is assumed that fertilization occurs here. Soon afterwards, usually around the time of full moon, the first ovigerous females may be observed. Under the circumstances prevailing on Curaçao, the fresh red-brown eggs develop in about three weeks. The eggs then contain a full-grown larva, in the first zoea stage, which is liberated as soon as the egg is brought into the sea. In a number of consecutive nights the females deposit clusters of ripe eggs at the low water line, from which clusters the larvae are carried away by the rising tide. Apart from females with fully developed eggs another, second, wave of animals with freshly laid eggs may be observed, to be followed in some cases by a third wave. In this way groups of larvae in consecutive cycles, are brought to the sea throughout the summer season. The reproductive period lasts from July to about November on the Leeward Group of the Lesser Antilles. A striking feature is the difference in sex ratio between younger and older animals, the relative number of females decreasing with increasing age. 4. Land hermit crabs are frequently exposed to strong evaporation, therefore a good water management is of primary importance. There are many factors contributing to this maintenance, such as adaptations in anatomy, way of life and behaviour, the powers of detection and uptake of water, the mainly nocturnal life, the possession of a shell which can be closed, the shell water, the urge to seek a suitable micro-habitat, etc. Under constant environmental conditions dehydration always proceeds along the same lines in the same animal. At a temperature of 28°C and a relative air humidity of about 75%, which for Curaçao are the normal conditions, average survival was 8 days, together with water losses of maximally 30% of the initial amount of body water. Dehydration always entails an increase in osmotic value of the body fluids; uptake of water makes the concentration decrease again. 5. In favourable conditions Coenobita clypeatus actively stores a great amount of water as shell water. By applying salt accumulation, washing, mixing or dilution, in relation to the salinity of the available drinking water, the animal effects a rough regulation, in which the shell water is kept more or less constantly at a salinity fluctuating around 32-33‰ S, which is slightly below the value of normal sea water (= 36‰ S). As a rule small animals maintain a slightly higher concentration of shell water than large animals. Air humidity also influences the concentration of shell water in such a way that in a period of drought shell water of a slightly lower concentration is stored. Generally speaking the time factor has a stabilizing influence on the concentration. When in an experiment drinking water of various concentrations is offered, there is a tendency to take up water of ever decreasing salinities, while the total amounts are decreasing too. 6. Osmoregulation fails in land hermit crabs that do not possess an external environment of water. Due to evaporation and consequently dehydration of the animal the osmoconcentration may reach very extreme, lethal heights, equivalent to over 60‰ S. Dehydrating hermit crabs may be compared to osmoconformers. If, however, such an external environment is actually present, Coenobita proves to be a fairly good regulator, trying to keep its body fluid as constant as possible, both in hypotonic and hypertonic media. Generally the role of the external environment is played by the shell water, which serves as an intermediate environment between the available water and the internal medium. As this shell water is already regulated, the osmoregulation proper must be considered as superimposed on that of the shell water. An optimal value for osmoconcentration of the body fluid approaches an equivalent of 34-35‰ S. Non-electrolytes contribute greatly — up to 30% – to the total concentration. Osmoregulation however is mainly brought about by regulation of the electrolytes.

Description: Certain Lower Devonian platform conodonts are described from the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Of the Polygnathus foveolatus group, defined here, P. foveolatus Philip & Jackson, P. lenzi Klapper, P. pireneae n. sp., P. cf. P. foveolatus Philip & Jackson and P. cf. P. lenzi Klapper are described. P. pireneae n. sp. is recorded from the Gedinnian. Furthermore, Spathognathodus carlsi n. sp. and a platform conodont not previously recorded are described.

Description: The Antillean island of Jamaica is inhabited by 17 native species of frogs and three introduced species. This anuran fauna has not been reviewed since 1940, and the present paper brings up to date the nomenclature of the Jamaican frogs, and in addition gives much new zoogeographic, altitudinal, ecological, and reproductive data on 16 native and two introduced species. New subspecies of Eleutherodactylus cundalli, E. gossei, and E. pantoni are described. The total native anuran fauna of Jamaica is discussed, both as far as its internal (within Jamaica) and external (other Antillean islands) relationships are concerned, and a zoogeographic picture of differentiation from two major evolutionary centers in Jamaica is presented in reference to the frogs of that island.

Description: The genus Sclerostyla is better known from fossil records than from recent material (WRIGLEY, 1951; MÜLLER, 1970). This is not surprising, since Sclerostyla ctenactis is difficult to find, the tube usually being imbedded in the substrate. Such material was studied only by MÖRCH (1863) in the Zoologiske Museum, København; by AUGENER (1922) in the zoological museums of Berlin and Hamburg; by TREADWELL (1929) in the American Museum of Natural History and by WRIGLEY (1951) in the Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles. The specimens have been reexamined. Additional specimens were collected by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (1955, 1963—64) and by the author (1970). This material, as a rule, was preserved with formaldehyde and, after a short period, transferred to alcohol. These specimens are deposited mainly in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (Nrs. 04466— 04476) or in the author’s collection (tHU 119, and tHU 121—127). Single specimens have been presented to the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, D.D.R. (ZMB), to the Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg (ZMH), to the Zoologiske Museum, København (ZMK), to the British Museum Natural History, London (BMNH ZB. 1971. 228— 231), to the Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles (AHF), to the Station Marine d’Endoume, Marseille (SME), to the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH) and to the National Museum of Natural History, Washington (USNM).

Description: Precambrian clastic rocks, deposited under unstable conditions, were folded before in a relatively stable environment shallow marine sedimentation spread out over the whole area. Silico-clastic sediments were deposited from Cambrian to Devonian, except from the Lower-Middle Cambrian when carbonate deposition dominated. With a hiatus in sedimentation during the Llanvirn to Llandovery the influence of a rising block, NNE of the present area, started. During the Silurian this rise resulted in development of clastic sequences trending to thin towards the N. From the Devonian to Upper Carboniferous sedimentation circumstances became less stable. As a result an alternation of clastic and carbonate rocks developed. Towards the end of the Devonian epeirogenetic uplift and tilting of the northern part of the area resulted in strong erosion and consequently the uppermost transgressive Devonian sandstone rests on a variety of older deposits. The Sabero-Gordón line separates the uplifted area in the north from the area where continued subsidence and sedimentation took place during the Upper Devonian. During the Lower Carboniferous differences in sedimentation circumstances were strongly reduced resulting in the deposition of the Alba Formation all over the area. During the Namurian the Sabero-Gordón Une renewed its function as a facies boundary between a northern and a southern area. Together with the development of the progress of the maximal Carboniferous sedimentation towards the north the initial folding of the Hercynian orogenesis started south of it. After the orogenesis oblong coal basins developed during the Stephanian B along normal faults approximately parallel to the strike of the folding. After folding of these coal basins a long period of non-deposition followed which ended in the Upper Cretaceous when sedimentation took place along the southern border of the folded Palaeozoic. The Tertiary morphogenetic uplift of the Cantabrian Mountains is accompanied by continental deposits forming the border of the Duero basin. During the Hercynian orogenesis major deformation took place in the Leoides (Fig. 3). The Sabero-Gordón line separates the Leónides in a strongly folded area in the south and an area with thrust sheets north of it. The shape of folds and thrusts is mainly determined by the lithological properties of the Palaeozoic rocks. Table 2 shows the rocks units which are supposed to have their own tectonic-style. In the southern area (Alba synclinorium) minor folding is an important feature. Based on a symmetry-concept most of these folds are parasitic folds. In some places minor folds in the folded area as well as in the thrust area show that deformation took place by gravity-stress. The León line separating the Leonides from the Asturides seems to have no significance as a fundamental structural line in this area.

Description: Probably Lower Paleozoic quartzo-pelitic schists with bands of feldspathic schists, white and black quartzites, graphite schists and amphibolites have been folded twice. Hercynian regional metamorphism led to porphyroblastic growth of chlorite, albite, biotite, garnet, staurolite mainly between F1 and F2. Andalusite porphyroblasts are related to Hercynian granite intrusions of varying age with respect to F2. An isograd map of biotite, garnet, staurolite and andalusite is presented. Structures elucidating the relations between deformation phases and metamorphic mineral growth are discussed.

Description: The water-bearing strata in the area under study consist mainly of fluviatile Pleistocene. The base is formed by the marine Plio-Pleistocene, the top by the Holocene clay and peat deposits. The chemical composition of the ground-water in this aquifer depends on processes related to the geological history, not on the type of sediment. The most important of these processes is cation exchange, which occurs in two ways. When fresh water replaces salt water in the aquifer, an exchange takes place between the Ca2+ ions from the ground-water and the exchangeable Na+ ions from the sediments. The reverse process takes place when sea-water infiltrates a sediment with fresh ground-water: the Na+ ions from the sea-water are exchanged for Ca2+ ions from the sediments. A classification of ground-water according to 8 types was made. These types are indicated on a map and on sections. In the western part of the area, intrusion of salt water originating from the Eemian transgression can be recognized. During the Calais transgression salt water infiltrated the aquifer; this salt water has gradually been replaced by fresh water. In part of the area salt water also infiltrated during the Duinkerke transgression. In an east-west zone, where the ground-water flows from the high-lying areas in the north and the Pleistocene outcrops in the south converge, the fresh/salt water boundary rises. In this zone high Cl¯-concentrations occur at the surface locally, due to increased upward seepage through the Holocene clay and peat layers at places where the vertical resistance is low. In some bore-holes the concentration of the minor constituents I¯ and Br¯ and of the isotopes of oxygen and carbon was measured. The Cl¯: Br¯ concentration ratio proved to be indicative of polluted ground-water. High 13C concentrations are an indication for an upward flow of ground-water.

Description: Records of 10 species of shallow water Pycnogonida from Western Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, and New South Wales, including Achelia shepherdi n. sp., Parapallene avida Stock, 1973 (♀ new to science), and Anoplodactylus pulcher Carpenter, 1907 (new to Australia).

Description: Laboratory-reared larvae of the spider crab, H. araneus L., were studied with regard to their fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and energy content (J; estimated from C). FW remains fairly constant in each larval stage, regardless of feeding or starving conditions. This is due to regular changes in water content as opposed to those in organic constituents. There is a considerable gain (by a factor of 2 to 3) within each of these two instars. In the magalopa also a high amount of C, N, H, and energy is accumulated, but most of this gain is lost again during the last third of its stage duration. In all larval stages, weight-specific energy (J/mg DW) follows rather a cyclic pattern with decreases before and after molts, and increases during intermolt periods. It shows a decreasing trend during larval development. During starvation, biomass declines in an exponential pattern. Larvae of all stages die, when ca. 40 to 60% of their living substance and energy is lost.

Description: Filtration rate (F) and ingestion rate (I) were measured in the rotifer B. plicatilis feeding on the flagellate Dunaliella spec. and on yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ). 60-min experiments in rotating bottles servedas a standard for testing methodological effects on levels of F and I. A lack of rotation reduced F values by 40%, and a rise in temperature from 18 degree to 23.5 degree C increased them by 42%. Ingestion rates increased significantly up to a particle (yeast) concentration of ca. 600-800 cells/µl; then they remained constant, whereas filtration rates decreased beyond this threshold. Elemental analyses ofrotifers and their food suggest that B. plicatilis can ingest up to 0.6 mJ or ca. 14% of its own body carbon within 15 min. The long term average was estimated as 3.4 m/ind or ca. 75% of body carbon/d.

Description: The family of the Ranunculaceae, although a large one (ca. 1200 species) occurring almost throughout the world, is generally regarded as a very natural one. The only genera with a recently more or less disputed position are Circaeaster, Glaucidiutn, Hydrastis, Kingdonia, and Paeonia. The others may at present all be considered to be ‘true’ Ranunculaceae. Various botanists have studied the delimitation of these genera, their affinity and phylogenetic links. Their ideas are often widely divergent. There is no need to go into the subject here, but some opinions on the place in the system of Caltha may be reviewed.

Description: The present paper is intended to be the first of a series on the species of Pachylomidium from all over the world. It has been prepared under supervision of Dr. P. A. Florschütz (Instituut voor Systematische Plantkunde, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht). The species of Pachylomidium are characterised by leaves which are completely or nearly completely bordered, with a nerve which nearly or completely reaches the apex, smooth cells and a pluristratose border. The species of this section grow exclusively near running water and are inundated during part of the year. Unfortunately there are some species which are more or less transitional between this section and other ones. I will deal with these problems more extensively in a following paper.

Description: The well-known and widespread lichen species Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. is usually very constant in its chemistry: fumarprotocetraric acid is its main secondary metabolite, sometimes accompanied by atranorin. Recently a new chemical strain, characterised by the presence of psoromic acid instead of fumarprotocetraric acid or atranorin, was found in Portugal by the first two authors during phytosociological investigations of heath vegetations. The plants are preserved in the herbarium of the Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Utrecht (U), leg. Barendregt & v.d. Dries nr. 1-2 (U). Morphologically the plants with psoromic acid represent the slender form of C. furcata. which is the predominant form in lowland western Europe (fig. 1). The podetia are c. 3 cm long and up to 0.8 mm wide, branching regularly but not very densily dichotomously, and olivaceous green to brownish in colour. Their habit varies from creeping and loosely tufted to erect and densily tufted. Squamules are present only occasionally, on the lower parts of the podetia, and are roundish with a crenulated margin, up to c. 1.2 mm wide.

Description: In June, 1969, the author studied a number of limestone grassland-vegetations in the French Jura Mountains, South of Champagnôle, on the methods of the French-Swiss School of phytosociology. These vegetations can be assigned to the alliance Mesobromion Br.-Bl. & Moor 1938, and belong to the: A. Pinguicula Vulgaris – Bromus ERECTUS-VEGETATION. B. Eu-Mesobromion Oberd. 1957. Mesobrometum collinum (Scherr. 1925) Oberd. 1957. 1. subass. typicum 2. hypericetosum subass. nov. a. Achillea millefolium-variant b. Teucrium chamaedrys-variant Special attention was paid to the cryptogams ocouring in these associations. More than 40 taxa of bryophytes and lichens were met with. There proved to be a distinct correlation between the phanerogamic communities and the distribution of the cryptogams.

Description: A morphological, chemical, and ecological analysis was performed on a large number of collections of Cladonia pyxidata and related taxa from the Netherlands. The following species are recognized: Cladonia fimbriata. Cl. conistea, Cl. conista. Cl. pyxidata. Cl. chlorophaea. Cl. cryplochlorophaea. Cl. merochhrophaea and Cl. grayi. A strain with novochlorophaeic acid is described as a new variety: Cl. merochlrophaea Asah. var. novochlorophaea (colour reactions: P -〉 orange-red or often negative; K -〉 negative; C -〉 negative or yellow; KC -〉 negative). In morphological and ecological respect a close relationship has been found between 1. Cladonia conistea and Cl. conista, and 2. Cladonia cryplochlorophaea and Cl. merochlorophaea. For comparison also some material from other European countries has been studied.

Description: Comparative morphological investigation of Galium boreale L. on herbarium specimen from different parts of the area confirmed the complexity of this species as stated by others. This is discussed. Based on fruit-indument characters it is concluded that four varieties can be distinguished.

Description: This book is designed as a practical guide for the identification of fossil and extant woods with the aid of a marginally perforated card key, based on the ones devised by Clarke and perfected in the well-known Hardwood and Softwood keys published by the Princes Risborough Laboratory in 1961 and 1948 (1966) respectively. Using the cards originally prepared for Metcalfe and Chalk’s Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, the Princes Risborough cards, and numerous additions to these sets, the authors have gained considerable experience with this time-honoured identification method. A microfiche of these cards can be purchased separately from the Botanical Museum of Harvard University. Besides general chapters and appendices on for instance wood structure and variability, and how to prepare wood for microscopic examination and how to use the key cards, the main body of the book consists of a richly illustrated catalogue of diagnostic characters to be used in wood identification. It is in this section that the book shows most of its weaknesses. This is because of numerous mistakes in the choice of illustrations or misleading legends to the latter. For instance: fig. 3c (p. 24) is said to show abrupt latewood in Larix laricina, but the earlywood-latewood transition zone is not included in the photomicrograph; on p. 68 the vessels of Nyssa are said to be predominantly in multiples of four or more but the photograph illustrates vessel pairs alternating with fibres (i.e., vessel multiples in a distinct radial pattern; the latter feature is illustrated on p. 69 with examples showing no sign of such a pattern at all!); the tangential vessel arrangement of fig. 4b, p. 70 is in fact oblique; Myrica is incorrectly credited with ephedroid perforations on p. 73; Sphenostemon pictured with the most beautiful example of scalariform intervessel pits is said to show spiral thickenings instead (p. 74); long and slender pit canals are mistaken for plasmodesmata on p. 83; essentially similar fibre-tracheids in Eucryphia are classified as belonging to two fibre types (p. 87); fibres of Sleumerodendron are mistaken for vascular tracheids and crystals in the Dicotyledons are illustrated with an example from Gnetum (p. 124). The quality of many of the photomicrographs leaves much to be desired.

Description: Acanthaceae. At C, Dr. Bertel Hansen took an interest in the family, and began by going through the many papers by C.E.B. Bremekamp. Annonaceae. Mr. Paul Kessler, Botanik, Universität, Box 3049, Kaiserslautern, W. Germany, has undertaken work on Orophea.

Description: Caudex erect, short-creeping or long-creeping, rarely scandent; vascular structure in all cases a radially symmetrical dictyostele; scales usually thin, not peltate, in almost all cases bearing both marginal and superficial Unicellular hairs which are either acicular or glandular. Vascular strands at base of stipe 2, linear in section (rarely with an additional pair of small ones), uniting upwards to a U-shape; a linear aerophore with stomata continuous along each side of stipe and rachis. Fronds usually pinnate with crenate or lobed pinnae, in a few cases simple or bipinnate, never with basiscopically enlarged basal pinnae; apical lamina usually triangular and lobed, grading into upper pinnae, in some cases pinna-like; lower pinnae in many cases gradually much reduced or with abrupt transition to a series of small rudiments; a small aerophore, sometimes swollen or elongate, present at the base of each pinna; a translucent membrane present in the base of each sinus between adjacent pinna-lobes; venation in each pinna consisting a costa bearing costules, each costule bearing pinnately-arranged veins in a pinna-lobe; veins free in deeply lobed pinnae, or basal veins in adjacent lobes anastomosing to form an excurrent vein, which may be joined by other veins, terminating at the base of a sinus-membrane, successive veins Passing to the sides of the sinus-membrane where this is elongate. Indument: scales always present at base of stipe, gradually smaller upwards, uunute (often consisting of a single row of cells) on the distal parts of fronds, often nearly all caducous; adaxial surface of rachis and costae a'ways bearing antrorsely curved acicular unicellular hairs, in a few cases a'so septate acicular hairs; abaxial surface of rachis and costae usually bearing a different indument consisting of more slender unicellular acicular and/or glandular hairs or sessile glands of various forms (forked hairs in Ampelopteris only); surface of lamina between veins either quite glabrous or more often with a distinctive complement of hairs and glands different adaxially and abaxially. Sori borne on abaxial surface of veins, orbicular or sometimes elongate, indusiate or not; indusia reniform, glabrous or bearing hairs and/or glands, in some cases very small, athyrioid in some species of Coryphopteris; sporangia sometimes bearing glands or short acicular hairs (setae) near annulus, often with a hair of distinctive form on the sporangium-stalk; spores in almost all cases monolete, with perispore of varied form, in Trigonospora trilete. Gametophyte in all cases symmetrical-cordate, with unicellular chlorophyllous hairs on all parts, these hairs with ± swollen rounded tips which become wax-encrusted; in most cases, usually as a late development, unicellular acicular hairs, comparable with those on the sporophyte, may occur; other types of hair may be distinctive of some genera. Distribution. Throughout the tropics, especially in wetter areas; species few in temperate regions (5 in Europe), almost 1000 in all. The majority are terrestrial ferns of forest, but a few (especially in Christella few and Macrothelypteris) occur in open places only, and a (Cyclosorus, Thelypteris) in open swamps; some are adapted to grow on rocks by streams; very few are scandent; a few are casually epiphytic.

Description: A stipitate Operculate Discomycete with asci that blue in iodine, Lepidotia hispida, has been rediscovered growing on Sphagnum-pots in North America. The species was first found nearly a century earlier by Quélet in France, and has not been reported since. It is the type species of the nearly forgotten generic name Lepidotia, which is not accepted here but placed in synonymy with Peziza. An unnamed imperfect state is formed, and apothecia are quickly and easily produced in pure culture. When treated as a species of Peziza, a new name is required, P. quelepidotia Korf & O’Donnell, nom. nov.

Description: An introduction is given to the taxonomy of Entoloma subgenus Leptonia, followed by a revision of its section Leptonia. Eleven species are recognized, fully described and illustrated, of which three are new, viz.: Entoloma carbonicola, E. tjallingiorum and E. allochroum.

Description: Mise au point critique des connaissances actuelles acquises grâce à la microscopie photonique et à la microscopie électronique par transmission.

Description: The wood anatomy of 81 species of Ilex is described in detail. The wood anatomical range encountered is presented in a generic description (p. 196). Data on ontogenetic changes in vessel member length and number of bars per perforation are given for three species. The great amount of variation in mainly quantitative but also in some qualitative features is hardly or not related with subgeneric classification but with latitudinal and altitudinal distribution. In both the northern and southern hemisphere and in both the Old and New World, temperate and subtropical species are characterized by conspicuous growth rings, numerous narrow vessels, relatively short vessel members and few bars per perforation plate, conspicuous spiral thickenings on both vessel and fibre walls, and the fibretracheids are frequently provided with rather numerous conspicuously bordered tangential wall pits. In tropical lowland species growth rings are absent or less marked, the vessels are scanty and wide, the vessel members are long and the number of bars per perforation plate is high. Spirals are lacking or faint, or occur only in a minor part of the axial elements. The fibre-tracheids have usually few pits with more reduced borders on the tangential walls. Tropical montane species resemble the temperate ones to a great extent, but this does not apply to growth rings, spiral thickenings, and frequency and size of fibre-tracheid pits. The only wood sample of a climbing Ilex species from the tropics studied deviates from the general trend in having few bars per perforation plate. The two temperate species I. serrata and I. verticillata are exceptional in lacking spiral thickenings. In all wood characters they resemble the genus Nemopanthus (also Aquifoliaceae) very closely. Comparisons with data from literature and original observations on Prunus, Symplocos, Vaccinium. Viburnum, and to some extent also on Hydrangea, support the view that the gradual differences between temperate and tropical Ilex species conform to a general trend also present in other taxa. Therefore a major climatic influence on wood structure is indicated. This is discussed with reference to the major trends of phylogenetic wood specialization. The fact that within Ilex and Symplocos the tropical lowland species have perforations with the most numerous bars cannot be brought in agreement with the general phenomenon of a rare occurrence of scalariform perforations in tropical lowland floras. Other items such as the parallel between the absence of spiral thickenings and the presence of entire leaf margins, the lack of a clear taxonomic pattern in the wood anatomical variation in Ilex, and observations by former students of Ilex wood anatomy are also discussed.

Description: The dioecious species of the genus Blyxa can be divided into 2 groups, those with 6 stamens and those with 9 stamens in the male flowers. The first group is restricted to tropical Africa and needs further study. The second group occurs in Asia and Australia and up to now was considered to consist of 2 very distinct species, Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Planch, ex Thw., characterized by a basal rosette of long, smooth, linear leaves, and B. novoguineensis den Hartog which is caulescent with short serrulate leaves. B. octandra is widely distributed in India, Burma, Indo-China, New Guinea, and the tropical part of Australia. B. novoguineensis is known with certainty only from New Guinea. Recently a third species, very similar in its habit to B. octandra, was found by Dr. C. F. van Beusekom and Mr. R. Geesink in Thailand. From a study of herbarium material it appeared that this species had already been collected several times but had not been recognized as a separate species, probably because of the absence of seeds in these plants.

Description: In this paper a revision is given of the Malesian species of the Crabgrasses, or Digitaria Haller ( Gramineae). The research was done at the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, while many other Herbaria were shortly visited; some field work was done in Indonesia, Australia, and Papua-New Guinea. The foundation for the study in this large and cosmopolitan genus must be Henrard’s monumental work ‘Monograph of the genus Digitaria’ (1950), which is therefore extensively cited and discussed. Henrard based his division in sections, 32 in the subgenus Digitaria, with an emphasis on the amount of spikelets per grouplet and the various types of hairs, but such a subdivision appears difficult to maintain. As only part of the species of Digitaria occurs in Malesia, not representing all sections, a new infra-generic system can not be given. As far as the sections present in Malesia are concerned, it appeared that the Biformes, Horizontales, and Parviglumae had to be united with the section Digitaria, the Remotae and Subeffusae had to be merged into one, the Remotae, while the Atrofuscae had to be included, at least partly, in the Clavipilae, here renamed Filiformes. The subgenus Solitaria is better regarded as a section of the subgenus Digitaria. The distinction between annual and perennial in the everwet tropics poses a problem; these conceptions have been maintained, but on a more clearly defined basis. In the region studied 27 species occur, 3 of which are new to science; 25 species are indigenous, 2 are introduced and established; in the key 4 more species have been taken up, which were introduced only once, but have probably vanished. One subspecies and one variety are distinguished, both under a new name. All taxa were also studied for their extra-Malcsian distribution; from the resulting synonymy it appeared that about 52 species recognized by Henrard could be reduced to 24. The genus is estimated to contain about 170 species instead of about 325. Finally, some species are discussed which were said either to occur in Malesia or to belong to Digitaria, but for which one or the other of these suggestions proved to be false. Of these taxa two species and one variety were given a new name, while one new variety could be described.

Description: The genera Microlaena R. Br., Petriella Zotov, and Tetrarrhena R. Br. are included in Ehrharta Thunb. (Gramineae-Ehrharteae), which necessitates four new combinations in the latter. In Malesia Ehrharta is represented by two taxa originally included in Microlaena: E. diplax F. v. Muel. var. giulianettii (Stapf) L. P. M. Willemse (M. giulianettii Stapf) and E. stipoides Labill. var. stipoides [M. stipoides (Labill.) R. Br. var. stipoides]. Descriptions of and notes on these taxa are given.

Description: Four specimens of an Araliaceous species collected in the Vogelkop Peninsula and a neighbouring area of SW. New Guinea are so distinctive as to require a new genus. The large, simple, oblanceolate leaves clustered at the ends of the branches recall the habit of Meryta, but the flowers do not share the highly distinctive features of that genus: in particular, they are hermaphrodite, the calyx is well-defined, and a distinct articulation occurs below the ovary. The technical floral and fruit characters are not unlike those of Polyscias (e.g. there is an articulation below the flower, the style arms are free, and the endosperm is smooth), but their general facies is unlike that genus, and this, together with the distinctive inflorescence and leaf, makes the plant quite different from any species of Polyscias.

Description: In Malesia and Taiwan there are 6 species of Agrostis Linné (Gramineae). Agrostis rigidula Steud. has 8 varieties, 5 in Malesia and 4 (incl. one Malesian) in Taiwan. Agrostis clavata Trin. is native in Taiwan and once found in New Guinea. Agrostis gigantea Roth must be called A. stolonifera Linné var. ramosa (S. F. Gray) Veldk. and is partly native, partly introduced in Malesia. Agrostis hirta Veldk. is a new species from New Guinea. New combinations for varieties are proposed in A. rigidula and the Indian A. pilosula Trin.

Description: In February 1970 plankton sampling has been started as a section of the “Cooperative Investigations in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions” (CICAR-project). Sampling was executed by ornithologists on board the M.S. “Luymes”. Open plankton nets with meshes of 0.056 mm diam. were used for sampling between 0 and 18 metres. Part of the samples made in 1970 has been examined. 1. The samples examined came from the area around the islands Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao (area 1, fig. 1), visited in summer and winter, and from the coast off the Guyana’s (area 2, fig. 2), visited in autumn. The second area is strongly influenced by the outflow of the Amazon, which in summer is nearly three times as much as in winter (fig. 3). 2. For area 1 only the temperature of surface layers was measured, in area 2 also the salinity, current velocity, and primary production. A temperature salinity diagram was made based on data from 42 stations (fig. 4). From this diagrim, and the position of these stations (fig. 5), it was concluded that three different watermasses are sampled in area 2. They are called “river-water” (mainly from the Amazon), “upwelling-water”, and “mixed-water” (a mixture of “river-water” with “upwelling-water”, and/or oceanic surface-water). With “upwelling-water” is meant, water coming in the coastal region from deeper layers, though this water may also originate from a divergence or turnover of a watermass. 3. A project was started concerning the distribution and relative abundance of the Crustacea Lucifer typus, an “oceanic” species, and Lucifer faxoni, a “neritic” species. The differences in their distribution were striking. In summer L. typus was in area 1 two and sometimes more than three times as abundant as L. faxoni, depending depth. However, in winter L. faxoni was about twenty times more abundant than L. typus (fig. 7). The great influence of the Amazon and the wet season in area 1 are expected to be responsible for the seasonal differences. In area 2 L. faxoni was nearly five hundred times as abundant as L. typus. The abundånce in the different watertypes was totally different (figs. 8, 9). In “mixed-water” we found about 12 specimens of L. faxoni in each sample, in “upwelling-water” 103 specimens, and in “river-water” 732 specimens. So, the “neritic” character of this area in autumn is not equally distributed. This confirms the generally accepted theory that water from the Amazon is penetrating the area in “bubbles”. 4. The following species and formae of the Euthecosomata were found: Limacina inflata, L. lesueuri, L. trochiformis, L. bulimoides, Creseis acicula forma acicula, cf. Cr. acicula forma clava, Cr. virgula forma conica, cf. Cr. virgula forma virgula, Styliola subula, Hyalocylis striata, Cuvierina columnella forma atlantica, Diacria trispinosa forma trispinosa, D. quadridentata quadridentata forma danae, Cavolinia longirostris forma longirostris, cf. Cav. longirostris forma strangulata, Cav. uncinata uncinata forma uncinata, and Cav. inflexa forma inflexa. All of these were present in area 1 during summer; L. inflata was by far the most abundant at that time (73,1%). In winter this species has also the greatest abundance (58,3%); L. trochiformis, Cr. acicula forma acicula, Cr. virgula s.l., St. subula, Cav. longirostris forma longirostris/strangulata, and Cav. uncinata forma uncinata were the only species also present in winter. In area 2 in autumn Cr. acicula forma acicula showed the greatest abundance (91,4%). The following species were also found: L. inflata, L. trochiformis, Cr. virgula s.l., H. striata, Cav. longirostris forma longirostris/strangulata, Cav. uncinata uncinata forma uncinata, and Cav. inflexa forma inflexa. 5. Cr. acicula forma acicula without shell and without intact columellar muscle turned out to be distinguishable from other Creseis without shell. Only this forma has the wing protusion separated from the wing gland (fig. 12). The distribution of juveniles of Cav. inflexa was obviously different from that of the adults of this species and rather in accordance with the distribution of adults of Cav. longirostris. However, the very small juveniles of this species were not described, and could resemble those of Cav. inflexa (Van der Spoel, pers. comm.). Investigation of the soft parts of the juveniles was started and series of animals with increasing length were selected. Most juveniles turned out to be young specimens of Cav. longirostris instead of Cav. inflexa (Troost & Van der Spoel, 1972). 6. The already known distribution of the Euthecosomata (Van der Spoel, 1967) could be corrected for L. inflata (1), L. lesueuri (2), L. trochiformis (3), L. bulimoides (4), Cr. acicula forma acicula (5), (probably also the forma clava (6)), Cr. virgula forma conica (7), and Cav. longirostris (8). Numbers 2, 4, 6 and 7 occur in area 1 (between 67° – 70° W and 12° – 13° N); numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8 occur in area 1, and also in area 2 (between – 47° – 63° W and 05° – 12° N). 7. The presence in different watermasses made it possible to enlarge the already known ranges for temperature and salinity of L. inflata, L. trochiformis, Cr. acicula forma acicula, Cr. virgula s.l., H. striata, and Cav. longirostris. These ranges are now 26.9°C to maximal 28.6°C and 33.2 ‰ S (average value) to more than 36 ‰ S, respectively. 8. After having comparised samples collected during day-time and night-time, a diurnal vertical migration became evident for several species, except for Cr. virgula s.l., and Cav. longirostris. The already known double diurnal migration in Cr. virgula could not be proved with the present samples. 9. Biometric differences in shell dimensions have been found for all formae of Creseis (fig. 18), some of which were difficult to identify, even with intact shells. For nearly all other species and formae biometric data were collected (figs. 15, 16, 20, 22, 25). 10. Some specimens of Cav. longirostris resemble the forma flexipes from the Red Sea as to the lateral spines and sometimes the dorsal shell lip; they differ, however, in size. A comparable selective pressure in both areas may result in similar phenotypic features. For a more complete description of this variation more investigations are required. 11. Ten species of Pseudothecosomata, Gymnosomata, and Nudibranchiata were found. Of the Prosobranchiata-larvae specimens of 31 different types were found; they have been illustrated (figs. 27-54). 12. To simplify handling and comparison of fish larvae a new method has been developed. It was obvious, that identification was difficult. Only eight species belonging to seven families have been distinguished, and numerous specimens belonging to another eight families. The larvae of the Anquilliformes have been divided into ten different groups (Pl. I) on ground of the arrangement of the chromatophores and the total number of myomeres. It was striking, that most of the larvae of the Anguilliformes from area 2 came from stations, situated near the continental slope.

Description: Monsieur le Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK m’a confié à plusieurs reprises de petites collections de trichoptères des Petites Antilles rassemblées lors de ses voyages. Les matériaux recueillis en 1936 à Margarita m’avaient permit de décrire (1959) une nouvelle espèce de Helicopsyche; quelques larves appartenant à d’autres familles restèrent non étudiées à cette occasion: ils le seront dans le présent travail. Tout récemment M. HUMMELINCK a eu l’amabilité de me confier quelques trichoptères recueillis à St. Thomas, Montserrat, Trinidad et Curaçao; avec ceux que nous venons de mentionner, ils formeront l’objet de ces notes.

Description: In den “Studies on the fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands”, Vol. XVI, 1963 habe ich die Beschreibung von 13 Uropodiden-Arten gegeben, von denen 6 neu waren. Auf Seite 2 dieser Arbeit befindet sich in der 3. und 4. Zeile des dritten Abschnitts ein Druckfehler, den niemand verstehen wird, wenn er nicht die Stellen in der Literatur studiert. In der dritten Zeile steht: “Im Jahre 1913 bestimmt er diese Art als die typische für seine neue Gattung Prodinychus.” In meinem Manuskript für diese Arbeit habe ich den Gattungsnahmen so geschrieben, wie es BERLESE 1913 tat, nämlich Prodynichus. Offensichtlich hat ein Korrektor aus der verschiedenen Schreibweise nichts zu machen gewüßt. Aber meine Auseinandersetzungen über den Gattungsnamen in der 4. und 5. Zeile des genannten Abschnitts haben keinen Sinn, wenn in der 4. Zeile der Name Prodinychus so stehen bleibt, wie er soeben geschrieben wurde. 1917 änderte BERLESE den Namen Prodynichus in Prodinychus, der Verwandtschaft mit der Gattung Dinychus Kramer folgend. Ich folge ihm, obwohl BERLESE eigentlich gegen die “Regeln zur wissenschaftlichen Bezeichnung der Tiere” verstößt, nach denen stets die erstgebrauchte Schreibweise vorgeschrieben ist.

Description: Scanning Electron Microscope photographs of Siphonodella cooperi and Siphonodella lobata suggest that basal pits decrease in size after having reached a maximum. Analysis of biométrie data and computed regression lines confirm this. The phenomenon is explained by postulating migration of the plane of separation between the conodont and the basal plate, downwards in the holoconodont.

Description: This study concerns the petrology of the Mellid area, the SE portion of the outer zone of the Ordenes Complex which is one of the upthrusted Precambrian complexes in the axial zone of the Hercynian orogen in Galicia, NW Spain. An eugeosynclinal rock sequence is found containing units with different metamorphic evolutions. All units were affected by Precambrian tectonization and retrogressive metamorphism. This orogeny may be subdivided into three metamorphic and four deformation phases which caused definite changes in the mineralogical composition and the texture of the rock. The sequence of metamorphic phases, established in a granulite facies unit is as follows: the first phase of Precambrian metamorphism is characterized by the (hornblende-)granulite facies, more precisely the (hornblende-)clinopyroxene-garnet-sodic plagioclase subfacies of the kyanite-bearing granulite facies. At that time, PH2O must have been very low locally. The second and third phases were marked by the hornblende-clinopyroxene-garnet-sodic plagioclase subfacies and the amphibolite facies, respectively. The other units bear witness to lower grade metamorphic activities. The granulite facies unit comprises metamorphosed basic lavas, metapelitic rocks, garnet-bearing metagabbros and garnet-bearing peridotites. The metapelitic rocks (kyanite-garnet-orthoclase-sodic plagioclase-biotite) and the metamorphosed basic lavas (clinopyroxenegarnet-sodic plagioclase-amphibole) are described in detail. The latter rocks contain Ca-rich inclusions, displaying scapolite-bearing mineral assemblages. The inclusions can be ascribed to deuteric alteration or incipient metamorphism in the basic lavas prior to the granulite facies metamorphism. The other units contain metasedimentary rocks and granitic and granodioritic orthogneisses. Metamorphic conditions during the Hercynian orogeny did not go further than the lower amphibolite facies. Therefore, retrogradation of the Precambrian units continued but a clear conversion of the rock texture cannot be discerned. The most important Hercynian event in the Mellid area was the emplacement of an ophiolitic rock suite.

Description: Sediments and volcanic rocks (ophiolites) all of early Palaeozoic age were metamorphosed, multiply deformed, and intruded by igneous rocks during the Caledonian orogeny. At least six deformation phases including late faults are recognized. There is no simple correlation between deformation phases and tectonic style. The second deformation phase (D2) is accompanied by Barrovian type metamorphism, ranging from biotite to sillimanite grade, and transposes earlier surfaces into a new foliation, which is itself folded on a regional scale. The transposition foliation varies from crenulation cleavage to schistosity. Basic intrusives are rimmed by contact metamorphic aureoles also of syn-D2 age. Acid intrusives are of syn- to post-D2 age. Structural and stratigraphic correlations with nearby areas are attempted. An Ordovician/Silurian age is suggested for the Gula Schist Group.

Description: Gammarus tigrinus was first recorded in the Netherlands in 1960 and has spread rapidly since. In 16 of 18 lakes sampled in the Frisian lake district, G. tigrinus was the dominant gammarid. G. pulex was found in 6 lakes, and G. duebeni in 1 lake. G. tigrinus has now largely replaced the former gammarid faunas of the Frisian lake district .

Description: A new species of glassfish (Ambassidae) belonging to the genus Parambassis is described from 20 specimens collected in the Idenburg (Mamberamo) River of north-western New Guinea (Irian Jaya). Parambassis altipinnis n.sp. is distinguished by a combination of features which include a relatively tall dorsal fin, a high lateral-line scale count, and a lack of dark pigmentation.

Description: 13 new species and two new subspecies of Lunatipula Edwards are described. The new taxa are: Tipula (Lunatipula) mallorca from Mallorca, T. (L.) bimacula minos from Crete, T. (L.) simova from Thasos, T. (L.) artemis asiaeminoris, T. (L.) christophi, T. (L.) franzressli, T. (L.) horsti, T. (L.) huberti, T. (L.) neutra, T. (L.) ornithogona, and T. (L.) renate, T. (L.) trapeza T. (L.) ulrike from Turkey, and T. (L.) kinzelbachi and T. (L.) leeuweni from Syria. Also presented are the females of T. (L.) sciurus Theischinger and T. (L.) sigma Theischinger. Information on the geographical variation of some species is supplied. New records of a few very little known species are given. All but 2 holotypes, and some paratypes are lodged at Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (ZMA), 2 holotypes at Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), the other specimens in the collection of the author (GT).

Description: Dentectus barbarmatus, a new genus and species of mailed catfish of the subfamily Loricariinae, tribe Loricariini, is described from tributaries of the northern margin of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Morphometric and meristic data of several specimens are presented and illustrations are given. The relationships of the new genus with other genera of the tribe are discussed. It is assigned to the subtribe Planiloricariina, together with Pseudohemiodon Bleeker, 1862, Rhadinoloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1974, Crossoloricaria Isbrücker, 1979, and Planiloricaria Isbrücker, 1971.

Description: De las Islas Galápagos se conoce más de 200 especies de briófitas (el número total de los musgos y de las hepáticas es de mas o menos igual). Más que 2/3 partes de las especies occurren en la selva y matorrales perennifolias y húmedas limitadas a las zonas altas de algunas islas. Una proporción elevada (65-70%) de la brioflora trata de especies de una distribución amplia y neotropical o ampliamente tropical, que probablemente han llegado cón los vientos predominantes orientales del continente sudamericano. Generalmente las briófitas de las Islas Galápagos tienen una dispersión excelente, al contrario de otros grupos de organismos. Mas o menos 85% de las hepáticas produce esperes y/o gemmae y aproximadamente 40% de las especies son bisexuales. Además es interesante anotar que taxa sin diásporas están limitados hacia una sola isla, y que taxa con formación de diásporas tienen una distribución más ámplia según las condiciones ecológicas favorables. Una proporción bastante elevada (20%) de los musgos pertenece al elemento “oceánico-Caribe" probablemente llegado con los vientos alisios desde las costas de Centro-América o directamente de las Antillas via el Istmo de Panamá Este grupo de especies se encuentra en las Islas Galápagos en alturas más bajas, con preferencia cerca de la costa. Unas pocas especies templadas y disyuntas están presentes en las pampas frias y secas de Isabela arriba de 1200 m. Además taxa cosmopolitos y ciertos taxa endémicos son común en las pampas. La proporción de los taxa endémicos es más elevada entre las hepáticas (16%) que entre los musgos (6%). Taxa endémicos occurren con preferencia en las regiones abiertas y secas en las Islas Galápagos, probablemente debido a que este medio ambiente para selección natural y evolución existía ya hace más tiempo, como es corroborado por evidencia palaeobotánica. Se trata de caracterizar y comparar la brioflora de Galápagos, aunque las listas de recopilación para briofloras regionales del trópico hacen falta en una forma tremenda. En comparación con la brioflora del continente sudaméricano la de las Islas Galápagos es un poco pobre en especies; faltan marcadamente taxa de la selva húmeda tropical y de selva nublada. La proporción bastante elevada de hepáticas talosas del orden Marchantiales caracteriza la brioflora de las Islas Galápagos como mas o menos mesofítica y subtropical, a pesar de la presencia elevada de Lejeuneaceae.

Description: The 42 recognized species of Coussapoa are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Eleven new species are described: C. argentea Akkermans & Berg, C. arachnoidea. Akkermans & Berg, C. batavorum Akkermans & Berg, C. cupularis Akkermans & Berg, C. echinata Akkermans & Berg, C. floccosa Akkermans & Berg, C. longepedunculata Akkermans & Berg, C. macerrima Akkermans & Berg, C. napoënsis Akkermans & Berg, C. pachyphylla Akkermans & Berg, and C. scabra Akkermans & Berg. Some new combinations are made. Keys to the species of 8 regions are presented.

Description: The Lejeuneaceae are the largest family of the Hepaticae with over 1500 species in about 90 currently accepted genera (Gradstein, 1980). Much has already been written on the nomenclatural and taxonomic problems associated with the generic names in this family. A brief review of the problems is given, introductory to the proposals presented here. Current generic concepts in Lejeuneaceae are essentially based on Richard Spruce’s treatment of the group in his “Hepaticae of the Amazon and of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador” (Spruce, 1884). Spruce recognized, besides the monotypic Myriocolea Spruce, one single genus, Lejeunea, for several hundreds of species of Lejeuneaceae known at that time. This muchembracing genus was subdivided by Spruce into 37 subgenera. Each of the subgenera received a name in which the generic name “Lejeunea” was hyphenated with an appropriate, descriptive prefix: e.g. Acro-Lejeunea, Cerato-Lejeunea, Hygro-Lejeunea, Sticto-Lejeunea.

Description: Four new species of Dorstenia are described: D. panamensis C.C. Berg, D. boliviana C.C. Berg, D. peruviana C.C. Berg, and D. belizensis C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 21 Dorstenia species distinguished in north-western tropical America are presented, together with synonyms and distributions.

Description: During study of American Chlorophotas (Kaastra 1972) Chlorophora brasiliensis (Martius) Standley (= Maclura brasiliensis (Martius) Endlicher) and Chlorophora scandens Standley et Williams seemed not to be closely related to Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Bentham et Hooker. The taxonomic position of Maclura brasiliensis was already called dubious by Bentham & Hooker (1880) and more recently also by Macbride (1937); the same holds true for Chlorophora scandens (Standley & Williams 1950). Chlorophora brasiliensis and Chl. scandens show much resemblance to some other genera treated by Corner (1962) as sections of Maclura: Maclura Nuttall s.s. (= Maclura pomifera (Rafinesque) Schneider), Cardiogyne Bureau, and Cudrania Trécul. Corner, however, did not mention Chlorophora brasiliensis nor Chl. scandens. There is at least one other taxon that seems to be closely related to the group concerned here, the genus Plecospermum Trecul. Bentham & Hooker (1880) combined Plecospermum with Cardiogyne; Corner (l.c.) regarded it as a distinct but problematic genus. Richter (1895), on account of anatomical studies, pointed out that Plecospermum, Cardiogyne, and Cudrania could be regarded as a single genus.

Description: Ms. Wanda Ave, a student of biology at Leiden with interest in ethnobotany, prepared 30 maps with text for Pacific Plant Areas, then studied rattan species of Malaya, where she went in March 1982 to work on smallscale utilization of rattan by indigenous tribes. Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy, duly elected in the democratic manner, took over as Head of the Tropical Department at L, from Dr. W. Vink who felt that he had served his time.

Description: Beccari, Odoardo (1843-1920) H.E. Moore Jr, Odoardo Beccari (1843-1920). Principes 25 (1981) 29-35, portr. His trips and bibliography on palms. Everist, S.L. (1913-1981) On 21 October, 1981, Dr. Selwyn L. Everist, past director of the Queensland Herbarium, died in hospital in Brisbane, after a period of intermittent ill health. He commenced work at the Herbarium in 1930 and graduated from Queensland University with a B.Sc. in 1936. Following the retirement of Mr. W.D. Francis in 1954, he became Government Botanist, a position which was later changed to Director, Botany Branch and the Queensland Herbarium, Department of Primary Industries. He retired in 1976 (see Flora Malesiana Bulletin 30, 2745-2746). He was awarded an honorary Ph.D. on the basis of written work. Dr. Everist will be best remembered for his work in the field of economic botany. He published numerous articles on weeds and poisonous plants and his book Poisonous Plants of Australia will remain the definitive text in its field for many decades. He received a copy of the second edition of his book just one day before he died. The considerable addition of material following the first edition is testimony to his activity in ’retirement’. He was a good herbarium administrator, though he most enjoyed working in the field. He was always willing to provide assistance to herbarium botanists throughout Australia and overseas and he was very supportive of the Flora Malesiana project.— R.W. Johnson.

Description: The SEM-observation of plant material normally requires dehydrated, dry specimens coated with carbon or metal. Unfortunately, the standard drying methods (including the critical-point-drying-technique) often cause shrinking and deformation of the specimen surface; therefore, SEMstudies on plant ontogeny are rather difficult, material- and time-consuming. Experiments using deep-frozen specimens have been carried out in England and in the USA, but have proved not satisfying. Recently, a new preparation technique working with shock-frozen specimens has been developed by ALDRIAN at the Technical University of Graz (Austria). This technique, originally devoted to checking the water content of concrete, was tested and applied to living plant material by the present communicators. As a test object the Malayan gesneriad Monophyllaea horsfieldii was chosen. Studying in special the inflorescence and calyx development, the results proved by far superior to those obtained by conventional SEM-preparation methods. As it appears this technique can be successfully employed in ontogenetical and morphological studies of any kind working with living material.

Description: In October 1981, the Sijthoff-Noordhoff firm which published the Flora Malesiana was taken over by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Box 566, The Hague, The Netherlands*. Publication is continued in the same form, but the transition caused some delay in the schedule. Flora Malesiana Series ii (Pteridophyta) Volume 1 Part 5 thus was issued on 1 March 1982. The posted price is Dfl. 170 abroad (in the Netherlands, Value Added Tax is to be paid). This price includes the binding of this volume, which is now completed. This Part 5, containing pages (1)—(20) and 331-599, gives the Dedication and the revision of the Thelypteridaceae, both by R.E. Holttum. The Dedication, p. (6)-(20), incl. portr., is to Carl Christensen. Rather than biographical — many such references give F.A. Stafleu & R.S. Cowan, Taxonomic Literature, 2nd ed. (1976) 501 — it is a history of pteridology in a nutshell, with notes on strengths and weaknesses of various authors, exemplified in Gleicheniaceae, Grammitidaceae, Lomariopsis/ Stenochlaena, and Pleocnemia. ”We now have reached the stage at which most Malesian species can be allocated to definite natural groups which may have generic rank; most genera can also be associated in groups which appear to be natural; but it is often not yet clear how groups of genera are inter-related.” The Thelypteridaceae itself was one of the most difficult groups the author could chose. It here contains 440 species in 22 genera, with many new taxa and transfers, particularly from Dryopteris, a key genus to which Christensen devoted a monumental study. All Old World genera are treated Haplodictyum is sunk into Pronephrium). The publication of this Part brings the score for Series ii to:

Description: With the death of Dr. M. A. Donk on 2 September 1972 the mycological world has lost one of its great personalities. Born on 14 August 1908 at Situbondo, Java, of Dutch parents, Donk went to a secondary school at The Hague and entered the University of Utrecht in 1927. He received his doctor’s degree on 7 July 1933.