ALBERT

Notes: This paper proposes that salary structures and the development of salaries over time be considered within the framework of the distribution of income over time. In particular, it examines certain salary scales in the U.S. and the progressions of typical individuals’ salaries during the period 1948–1969, in comparison with the percentile distributions of household income in the same period, as reflected by the Current Population Survey of the Bureau of the Census.

Notes: This paper assesses the role of inventive and innovational activity in the growth process of Canada, a country which relies overwhelmingly, some 90 per cent, on the importation of technological advances and operational know-how from abroad. Canada has prospered under this arrangement but at a price. With technology came foreign capital, foreign management and substantial foreign control. To lessen Canada's dependence on foreign know-how, this country has embarked on an expanded R & D programme. But the pay-off from these efforts has been less than expected. To throw a light on the subject, the results of two new surveys are presented: one a sample survey of patents granted, the other an interview survey of large corporations. Questions examined include sources of know-how and technological advances, utilization of inventions and abandonment of innovations, R & D and innovations, domestic and foreign innovations, and the profitability of innovations. Aggregative assessment is supplemented by disaggregative analysis using cross-section and industry data.

Notes: The paper presents forecasting models for (1) the share of competitive imports in the total demand for a commodity group and (2) the level of demand for competitive imports of a commodity group. The two forecasting models are used, respectively, with (1) input-output models which incorporate market share parameters as one vector of coefficients and (2) input-output models which assume imports have been determined autonomously. It is shown that these two types of input-output models can be made workable by prefixing one or other of the import forecasting models to the input-output model. Tests are made of the forecasting ability of the combined models.

Notes: This article is an extension of an earlier article dealing with gains and losses from changes in the terms of trade. The object of the present article is to show how gains and losses in foreign trade are distributed among the branches of domestic industry. To this end, price changes for gross domestic product at factor cost in each of 25 branches of industry over the period 1949–1965, computed where possible by the double deflation method, are compared with the change over the same period in final demand—i.e., consumption plus gross investment.

Notes: This paper develops a method for estimating long-run trends in income growth from the data available on a country's currency stock. The method is applied to nineteenth-centry Brazil. The results indicate that contrary to earlier beliefs, the country as a whole probably experienced only moderate growth in per-capita income during the nineteenth century. The approach may also be useful for other countries where data shortages preclude estimates of national income by conventional methods.

Notes: This paper discusses the relevance of the conventional national accounts systems to the traditional African economy and concludes that they contribute little because they omit certain economic activities and fail to recognise the reciprocity between social and economic activities. Social accounting is thus more relevant. Lack of statistical data may make it necessary to conduct special surveys and in some cases a tribe or village or economic region may be a more useful accounting unit than a nation. A modified system of accounts is suggested, based on the frame work of the four consolidated accounts of the SNA. It provides linkages to many more nonmonetised activities. Other linkages would be provided through supporting tables emphasising social activities and transfers. A system of transactor accounts in matrix form is also suggested. In the case of communities smaller than the nation several external transactor sectors could be included. It is recognised that the problem of evaluation of social activities and a number of economic activities remains to be solved and it is concluded that “time spent” may be the only common unit or value to equate such activities.The final section deals with investment in human resources and proposes a balance sheet approach to indicative planning. This exercise would be related to demographic projections in several variants. Other factors to be analysed dynamically would be education and health status, public finance and, ultimately, distribution of income and wealth since it is noted that the process of monetisation is having an impact which may have important welfare implications.

Notes: In this paper the author adds some further empirical tests of his theory of income distribution. This theory (cf. this Review, Series 16, Number 3, September 1970, p. 221 ff) sees income distribution as the distribution of prices of production factors, especially labour, of different quality and prices as the effect of demand and supply factors. The quality of labour is represented only by the number of years of schooling. Its supply is described by the actual numbers of people having each of the possible years of schooling; this frequency distribution can be characterized by its average and by some measure of its dispersion or by one of its deciles (in particular the highest) expressed in terms of its median. The demand for the various qualities of labour can be supposed to be reflected by (i) total demand for commodities, but (ii) more accurately by the percentage of third-level educated people used in and weighted by the size of the four main sectors of production: agriculture, manufacturing, trade and transport, and other services. Extensive material collected and reworked by Professors B. R. Chiswick for the U.S.A. and Canada and T. P. Schultz and L. S. Burns with H. E. Frech III for the Netherlands is used in cross-section tests to explain variations in income distribution in the states of the U.S.A. and the provinces of Canada and the Netherlands. The results can be found in the tables. While further increase and smaller dispersion in years of schooling, according to some of the findings presented, would only moderately reduce the degree of inequality in the U.S.A. and Canada, more result seems to be possible according to other findings, including those for the Netherlands. In the latter category the second demand index mentioned above has been used. This paper is one of several devoted in various ways to the testing of the same theory.

Notes: Statistics for developing countries often are misunderstood and misinterpreted because the published data do not distinguish between the economically modern and the traditional sectors. The purpose of economic development is to move a nation from the traditional, or largely non-monetary, subsistence agriculture type of life, to the modern or money oriented and technologically developed type. Statistics of national accounts, the economically active (the working force), and other topics often fail to be useful for economic development purposes because they are presented for the totality of the country and do not show the modern-traditional sectors separately.In addition, data are often misinterpreted and used incorrectly because the development economists do not understand the nature of the data—how they were collected and what they really signify. This point is illustrated with the economically active statistics. Finally, a plea is made for more statistics and information about families.

Notes: This paper deals with some results of an extended investigation which was carried out by the German Institute of Economic Research, Berlin, and the Ifo-Institute, Munich, and financed by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk. For 29 sectors of manufacturing Cobb-Douglas production functions have been calculated, based on quarterly figures 1958–1968 of value added, input of hours worked, input of utilized capital stock (net of scrappage), and of potential value added, potential labor input and total capital stock. The income distribution is used as production elasticities. For each of the 29 sectors 12 time series of quarterly indices of total factor input and technical change have been computed, using utilized data (variation 1-6) and capacity data (variation 7-12). Two different time series of α are used, taking quarterly interpolated data (variation 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11) and the geometric mean 1958–1968 (variation 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12). Moreover three different parameters of homogeneity are introduced, taking r= 1 (variation 1, 2, 7, 8), r= 1.1 (variation 3, 4, 9, 10) and r= 1.25 (variation 5, 6, 11, 12). Seven of the 29 sectors show a very high sensitivity of the rate of technical change due to the assumed r, six sectors a rather high sensitivity. Ten of the 29 sectors show a rather small sensitivity of technical change due to the assumed r, six sectors a very small or even negative sensitivity, i.e. an increasing r creates an increasing technical change. These results can be explained by taking account of the fact that total factor input in many branches increased very slowly or even decreased (labor input alone decreased in nearly all branches). A hierarchy of technical change has been calculated; this hierarchy is difficult to explain, because fast growing industries as well as industries with a small or a negative growth rate of output rank in both the leading and the last group of technical change. Very high rates of output result in high rates of technical change (chemicals, mineral oil refining, plastics manufactures), but some industries with a rather small growth of output (shipbuilding, fine ceramics, steel drawing, and cold rolling mills) show a high rate of technical change too.

Notes: An underlying theme in this paper is that the differences in approach in this area arise partly from the complexity of the phenomena in the real world being studied, the implications of this interrelated complexity for unbiassed and efficient estimates of the structural relations, and the problems of getting an adequate number of observations of the required form.Two distinct approaches have been used in the study of marginal and total factor productivity. One approach is to use the factor shares in national income as weights to combine the individual factor inputs to make an index of total factor input, and to use a factor's relative share to measure its marginal contribution. The second approach is to estimate the production relation from the data being used, and derive the marginal contribution of the productive factors to output from the estimated relation. The longest parts of the paper review the procedures followed to cope with the main problems in the real world, and the strengths and limitations in the two approaches. The discussion emphasizes the issues for the economy as a whole, and touches only briefly on the issues in disaggregation.Three major themes are emphasized in the conclusions to the paper. One is that many of the problems, the differences in view, and the controversies grow out of the range of interrelated issues in practical applications. A second major theme is that most of the attempts to solve particular issues by those using the factor shares approach are rather similar to those followed by researchers estimating the production relations directly. A third theme is to encourage more studies that will look at the interconnections between production relations and income distribution, from the points of view of both economic theory (and its predictions about the relevance to concrete applications) and statistical estimation.

Notes: This paper summarizes the results of several studies on total factor productivity of twenty-five countries over the period 1950–1965. Some methodological issues which underlie the derivation and calculation of the familiar partial and total factor productivity indices are discussed. Though evidence on labor productivity for a large number of countries is presented and discussed, the main thrust of the discussion is in terms of the determinants of total factor productivity. The quantitative and qualitative contributions of labor and capital to growth of income are assessed with special attention to the contrasting patterns of these contributions among developed and developing economies. The problems of acceleration and retardation of the growth rate of some economies are considered and possible explanations are offered. Variations in the magnitude and sectoral distribution of the growth rates in several countries over this period are examined. Finally, areas for further research in comparative economic growth are suggested.

Notes: This paper discusses the estimation of the CES Production Function with Hicks-neutral technical change, and gives the results of an empirical study based on time series data (quarterly values) for sixteen industrial sectors in the Federal Republic of Germany (including West-Berlin), 1958–1968. The validity of the basic assumptions of the production model used in this investigation—neutrality of technical change and perfect competition—is tested by estimation of alternative specifications of the equations of this model. For this purpose two different methods of estimation were used.

Notes: Developing countries which typically have import surpluses and inflationary pressures because of insufficient savings are prone to use indirect taxes on imports (Tm) and subsidization of exports (Sx) in order to prevent deterioration of the balance of trade. If these substitutes for devaluation are included in the net indirect tax component of product at current market prices (Ym) the import surplus is likely to be understated, and Ym upward biased. This distortion will be avoided if imports and exports are measured at effective exchange rates (ER), that is, at official rates (OR) plus Tm and Sx respectively, and if (Tm - Sx) is deducted from the net indirect tax component of Ym. Only in this manner become imports and exports consistent with the other uses and resources at market prices and can be articulated with them. At base-year prices the volume index of product at OR diverges from that of ER to the degree that the composition of imports and exports in regard to tax and subsidy rates computed ad valorem significantly changes.Such a case is similar to that of the price indexes of imports and exports moving in diverging proportions: the trade balance at base-year prices will differ from that at current prices. The resulting discrepancies in national accounts have led to proposals of deflating, for example, exports by the price index of imports. Suchlike approaches are incompatible with the principle of national accounting that prices are supposed already to measure substitution values. Deflating exports by import prices means reintroducing substitution values, as does, for example, deflation of incomes by a consumer price index. Correspondingly, since the trade balance at ER conceptually expresses the value of imports at domestic market prices as compared to the corresponding domestic market value of exports, and if at ER the trade balance diverges from that at OR, the former balance has an important meaning (as has the trade balance at base-year prices as compared to that at current prices) and the resulting discrepancy between the two measures should not be removed merely for the sake of accounting smoothness.In contrast to the market price approach, the measurement of product at base-year factor cost is indifferent to the measurement of the trade balance at ER and at OR.It is, therefore, proposed in countries in which part of import taxation and export subsidization substitutes for devaluation, to record imports and exports in the national accounts at effective exchange rates, and to correct the net indirect tax component of product correspondingly. Imports and exports at official exchange rates should be shown within the balance of payments, and the latter separately as a memorandum item.

Notes: Changes in many output determinants contribute to growth. An analysis of the sources of growth is an allocation of changes in output among these determinants. Total factor input and output per unit of input condense all determinants into two groupings. Misinterpretation of results is common because authors presenting either detailed or summary results often provide no complete or precise description of their classification of determinants, and readers ignore even the information provided. The classification suggested in this paper is detailed enough to bring out points at which description is required but often overlooked. Some effects of alternative estimating procedures on classification are described.The relative usefulness and practicality of possible alternative classifications also need consideration and discussion. This paper is concerned with general purpose classifications, appropriate for analysis of actual series measuring a country's total output, that are suitable for present use but will also accommodate useful detail that may later become feasible. A desirable classification will so specify determinants that (1) they both unite cause with effect and correspond to the economist's method of analysis so that his set of tools can be brought to bear; (2) they do not contribute to growth if they do not change; and (3) they conform as well as possible to practical possibility of estimation. Among several points considered fundamental are that the complete contributions of advances in knowledge and of resource reallocation each appear as an entity. They should not be dispersed among inputs or other determinants. It is less clear whether economies of scale should be a separate determinant or their contribution be dispersed.

Notes: Conventional measures of national product make no pretence of including everything that affects welfare. As increasing attention is being paid to environmental pollution, the problem of incorporating certain non-economic variables into the analysis of well-being becomes more relevant. The object of this note is to show how a difference in “needs” for, and hence expenditures on, anti-pollutants, which will show up in conventional national accounts comparisons as differences in “tastes”, should be converted into differences in real income.

Notes: The CMEA standard of statistical information provides a system of national wealth indicators. The paper deals with certain time series published in these countries and in the CMEA Statistical Yearbook as the components of that system. Special attention is paid to the USSR interbranch balance of 30 types of fixed assets cross-classified by 105 branches of economy. This balance is analogous to the input-output table technique in the western literature. On the basis of this balance the Soviet statisticians furnish coefficients of direct and total requirements in fixed assets for each branch. Such coefficients are usually called capital ratios or capital coefficients. In the USSR they are calculated together with the coefficients of direct and total requirements of labour for the same industries, and they supplement input-output tables. The scheme of the fixed assets balance and the matrix for the calculation of these coefficients are described in the paper together with some numerical illustrations of actual coefficients reached in the calculations.

Notes: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sources of economic growth in Japan and to compare the results with those in the U.S. and Europe as studied by E. F. Denison. The method used by Denison is followed as far as possible. The character of this paper is of fact finding, and the interpretation of results or the originality of methodology is not dealt with here. The results may be summarized as follows.(1) Japan's growth rate is two times that of Europe and three times that of the United States.(2) The contributions of labor, capital, and the residual to economic growth are all higher for Japan than for the U.S. or Europe.(3) Factors which account for the higher contribution of labor to economic growth are (a) the higher rate of increase in employment, (b) less shortening of working hours, and (c) improved age and sex composition.(4) Factors which account for the higher contribution of capital to economic growth are a higher rate of increase in capital input and the high elasticity of production with respect to capital.(5) Other notable points include: (a) the contribution of education is lower for Japan; (b) the capital-labor ratio in Japan increased remarkably; (c) capital's share of national income is higher; and (d) 60% of Japan's economic growth is accounted for by the residual.

Notes: This paper analyses productivity growth in the Hungarian economy over the two decades between 1950 and 1970 with the aim of establishing what help can be provided in such analyses by the use of total factor productivity index numbers. After the introductory sections the paper deals first with the rates and factors of Hungarian productivity growth, and then with some methodological lessons of the investigation.

Notes: The paper discusses the relevance of input/output tables as a tool for economic analysis and planning in developing countries. It contends that this is so only to the extent that the input out-put tables enable consistency of production accounts to be verified while providing a suitable basis for macro projections at the same time. As a by-product, such input out put tables, the paper adds, also provide a convenient framework for estimating the needs for extensions and improvements in basic statistics.All these requirements, it is stated, can be fulfilled by a relatively aggregated format of an input/output table—which some of the developing countries are in a position to compile. However, the paper states, it is feared that the case for input/output analysis is not based on these requirements. The main force of arguments is in fact based on the uses of input/output tables for more detailed sectoral analysis and projections. The current state of basic statistics on some key sectors, it is stated, is not sufficiently sound to yield an end-product which is reliable. In the case of sectors where this is so the input/output analysis is not relevant either because of concentration of production in a relatively few establishments or because of limited amount of inter-sectoral interaction. It is further felt that if such arguments were to be accepted by developing countries the result would be a distorted disposition of statistical resources. Immediate needs of the developing countries require concentration of effort in development of more reliable and relevant series on basic statistics.

Notes: At present two systems of measurement of national product are in practice, one as defined in the UN System of National Accounts (SNA) and the other termed the Material Product System (MPS) or National Balances for the Economy. In the present paper, an expanded system of accounts integrating the national balances within the framework of a simplified SNA has been suggested. The accounts suggested are mainly the two sets of (i) Supply, Disposition and Domestic Production of goods and services and Consumption Expenditure of Budget and Mixed Organisations and the Population, and (ii) Income and Outlay and Capital Formation Accounts.The system is convenient not only for arriving at estimates by either of the two approaches, but is readily manageable. This set of accounts can, without any effort, be put in the form of a matrix leading to its ultimate integration with either the UN System of National Accounts or a modified system of national balances.The system gives not only the integrated system of SNA and national balances, but also a coded list of transactors and transactions within the economy. This coded list can be used as the first set of information for the creation of the economic data bank for the Integrated Statistical Information System.

Notes: An announced in the December 1971 issue of this Review, the Thirteenth General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth will be held in Hungary in August of 1973. Persons interested in submitting papers to be considered for presentation in any of the sessions are reminded that they should communicate with the session organizer as soon as possible. A list of topics and session organizers will be found in the December 1971 issue of the Review.

Notes: The author describes the results of his current research designed to measure total investment, tangible and intangible, and the derived capital stocks for the U.S., 1929–1966. With respect to total investment, the estimates show a marked increase in its ratio to GNP. All of the increase occurs in the intangible component comprising R & D, education and training, health, and mobility. The increase was concentrated in the government sector, although households increased the proportion of disposable personal income devoted to total investment.Consistent with the relative investment trends, the stock of intangible capital grew considerably faster than the tangible stock. The growth of total capital stocks was somewhat less than that of GNP, however, in both current and constant prices. Thus, the rate of return on total capital rose somewhat over the period. Average rates of return on human and nonhuman capital were closely similar.In real terms, the growth of total capital stocks accounted for two-thirds of the growth in real GNP, 1929–1966. One-third of the growth is attributed to residual forces, chiefly economies of scale, changes in inherent quality of human and natural resources, changes in values and motivations, and changes in rates of utilization of capacity.The growth of the ratio of real intangible stocks to real tangible stocks accounted for less than half of the increase in total factor productivity 1929–1966. This is significantly less than the contribution of intangibles as estimated by Denison, and the author adduces several reasons why his estimates may understate the contribution. Nevertheless, it seems that the net effect of the residual forces enumerated above must also have made a substantial contribution to the growth of tangible factor productivity and real GNP over the 37-year period.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Predictable Views The New Economics of Richard Nixon: Freezes, Floats, and Fiscal Policy by Roger LeRoy Miller and Raburn M. Williams.The Voice of the Dodo Let Me Say This about That: A Primer on NIXONomics by Ralph Jensen.An Authoritative Analysis Making Monetary and Fiscal Policy by G. L. Bach.Bullish on Puerto Rico The Role of the Financial Sector in the Economic Development of Puerto Rico by Rita M. Maldonado.About Underdeveloped Societies Economic Progress and the Developing World by Edward Marcus and Mildred Rendl Marcus.Updating Development Protagonists of Change: Subcultures in Development and Revolution, edited by Abdul A. Said.The Transcendent Behaviorist Society and Economic Growth: A Behavioral Perspective of Social Change by John H. Kunkel.Viewing History Afresh At the Edge of History by William Irwin Thompson.The Snow of Yesteryear Public Affairs by C. P. Snow.Government Personnel Public Service: The Human Side of Government by John W. Macy, Jr.Labor Relations in Government The Unions and the Cities by Harry H. Wellington and Ralph K. Winter, Jr.Revolting Students, Then and Now Student Activism: Town and Gown in Historical Perspective, edited by Alexander DeConde.1972 Is Another Ball Game Passion and Politics: Student Activism in America, Part 1 by Seymour Martin Lipset and Part 2 by Gerald M. Schaflander.Tullock's Law The Logic of the Law by Gordon Tullock.Grace and Works in Latin America Human Rights and the Liberation of Man in the Americas, edited by Louis M. Colonnese.Man and Beast The Cougar Doesn't Live Here Any More by Lorus J. Milne and Margery Milne.Getting to Know the Bomagai-Angoiang Place and People: An Ecology of a New Guinean Community by William C. Clarke.Geography in the Seventies The North American City by Maurice H. Yeates and Barry J. Garner.Learning from the Past The New Deal in the Suburbs: A History of the Green-belt Town Program, 1935–1954 by Joseph L. Arnold.Slow Progress Urban Land Economics and Public Policy by Richard B. Andrews.Stop the Music Noise Pollution: The Unquiet Crisis by Clifford R. Bragdon.On Behalf of the Indian Big Brother's Indian Programs-With Reservations by Sar A. Levitan and Barbara Hetrick.Near-White Status The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White by James W. Loewen.Lost Ground The Job Crisis for Black YouthFinancial Dilemma Fiscal Pressures on the Central City: The Impact of Commuters, Nonwhites, and Overlapping Governments by Werner Z. HirschRed Roundup Yearbook on Latin American Communist Affairs, 1971, edited by William E. Ratliff.Comprehensive Guide The Cambridge History of Islam: Vol. 1, The Central Islamic LandsThe Value of a Degree Economic Dimensions in Education by Martin O'Donoghue.Demographic Dimensions Population Growth and the Brain Drain, edited by F. Bechhofer.Agricultural Sagacity The Economics of Agriculture by Margaret Capstick.A Brief Rapid Population Growth: Consequences and Policy Implications, Vol. 1, Summary and RecommendationsA Challenging Question Is Law Dead?, edited by Eugene V. Rostow.One River's Environment Swan River Landscapes by George Seddon.An Objective Method Voting and Collective Choice: Some Aspects of the Theory of Group Decision-Making by Prasanta K. Pattanaik.A Practical Handbook Regional Economic Analysis for Practitioners by Avrom Bendavid. Chicano Manifesto by Armando B. Rendon. Politics, Position, and Power: The Dynamics of Federal Organization by Harold Seidman. Economic Development and Population Control: A Fifty-Year Projection for Jamaica by B. Thomas Walsh.SDS by Alan Adelson.Now Is the Time: A New Populist Call to Action by Fred R. Harris. Japan: Its History and Culture by W. Scott Morton. The Emerging Japanese Superstate: Challenge and Response by Herman Kahn. Hanging Together: Equality in an Urban Nation by William L. Taylor. A Mind of One Piece: Brandeis and American Reform by Melvin I. Urofsky. Sentencing in a Rational Society by Nigel Walker. Social Experimentation and Manpower Policy: The Rhetoric and the Reality by Sar A. Levitan and Robert Taggart 111. Social Control and Social Change, edited by John Paul Scott and Sarah F. Scott. The State of the Nations: Constraints on Development in Independent Africa, edited by Michael F. Lofchie. The Presidency by Dale Vinyard. The American Left: Radical Political Thought in the Twentieth Century, edited by Loren Baritz. Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change by Victor Papanek. Man and Atom: Building a New World through Nuclear Technology by Glenn T. Seaborg and William R. Corliss. Toward a Rational Power Policy: Energy, Politics, and Pollution by Neil Fabricant and Robert M. Hallman. Land of Urban Promise: Continuing the Great Tradition-A Search for Significant Urban Space in the Urbanized Northeast by Julian Eugene Kulski. The Politics of Disorder by Theodore J. Lowi. The Shape of Likelihood: Relevance and the University Regional Economics: Theory and Practice, edited by David L. McKee, Robert D. Dean, and William H. Leahy. The Foreign Affairs Fudge Factory by John Franklin Campbell. The Public Economy of Metropolitan Areas by Robert L. Bish. The Future of the Oceans by Wolfgang Friedmann.

Notes: The Grapevine is intended to be of service to our readers in the field of regional development. If you have a news note, information about meetings or programs, a comment on an article appearing in Growth and Change, or something specific to say about regional development, please share it with us. Our address is The Grapevine, Growth and Change, College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506. Contributions for the October 1972 ism will be accepted until August 15.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Focusing on Suburban Growth. Suburban Land Conversion in the United States: An Economic and Governmental Process by Marion Clawson.New Hope in New Towns. Columbia and the New Cities by Gurney Breckenfeld.New-Style Dwellings. PUD: A Better Way for the Suburbs by Maxwell C. Huntoon, Jr.An Overview. The Urban Economy by Fred Durr.Cross-Cultural Investigation. The Cultural Context of Learning and Thinking: An Exploration in Experimental Anthropology by Michael Cole, John Cay, Joseph A. Glick, and Donald W. Sharp.Stability midst Growth. The Politics of Mexican Development by Roger D. Hansen.New Program for Farmers. Agricultural Development in India's Districts by Dorris D. Brown.Successful Development. Structural Change and Economic Policy in Israel by Howard Pack.A Multidisciplinary Review. Capitalism Today, edited by Daniel Bell and Irving Kristol.The OEO Pork Barrel. Citizen Participation: Effecting Community Change, edited by Edgar S. Cahn and Barry A. Passett.Commoner's Laws. The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology by Barry Commoner.One Area's Problems. The Environmental Destruction of South Florida: A Handbook for Citizens, edited by William Ross Mc-Cluney.Black Capitalism. Blacks in Business by Edward H. Jones.Budgets and Bureaucrats. The Revolt against the Masses: And Other Essays on Politics and Public Policy by Aaron Wildavsky.

Notes: INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS: THE BOARDROOM VIEWPOINT By George Bull, in collaboration with Peter Hobday and John HamwayTHE MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING by Ivor K. DaviesLABOUR COURTS AND GRIEVANCE SETTLEMENT IN WESTERN EUROPE edited by Benjamin AaronSTRIKES: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY edited by R. E. Frow and M. KatankaTHE USE OF ECONOMICS LITERATURE edited by J. FletcherESSAYS IN ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT by Sir Alec Cairncross

Notes: In the steel industry the influence of the employers and the steel workers' unions has probably played a more significant role in defining the direction and growth of white-collar unionism than the attitudes of the white-collar workers themselves.

Notes: A Guide to the Industrial Relations Act by C. G. HeathGuide to the Industrial Relations Act by N. M. SelwynManaging Shiftwork by Robert SergeanAn Employer's Guide to the Industrial Relations Act by Peter PatersonTrade Unions and Technological Change by J. E. MortimerExploring the Industrial Subculture by Barry A. TurnerThe Sociology of Industry by S. R. Parker, R. K. Brown, J. Child and M. A. SmithStatus, Productivity and Pay: a major experiment by Ronald S. Edwards and R. D. V. RobertsThe Nylon Spinners: A Case Study in Productivity Bargaining and Job Enlargement by Stephen Cotgrove, Jack Dunham and Clive VamplewThe Techniques of Production Management by R. WildSHORT REVIEWS: The New Anatomy of Britain by Anthony SampsonSHORT REVIEWS: Capital, Inflation and the Multi-Nationals by Charles LevinsonSHORT REVIEWS: Flexible Working Hours by J. Harvey BoltonSHORT REVIEWS: Labour Market Issues of the 1970's edited by D. J. Robertson and L. C. Hunter

Notes: In discussing the evolution of the “bargaining for change” movement, the authors throw light on change bargaining in the workplace, its significance in productivity bargaining, and its relationship with voluntarism.

Notes: THE REFORM OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AT PLANT AND COMPANY LEVEL by P.A.L. Parker, W.R. Hawes and A. L. LumbWHITE-COLLAR WORKERS By Albert A. Blum, et al.DEVELOPING AND TRAINING THE SUPERVISOR by C. M. BowenTHE SOCIOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS by V. L. AllenORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR by Joe KellyORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: AN EXPERIENTIAL APPROACH by D. A. Kolb, I. M. Rubin and J. M. McIntyreBRITISH ECONOMIC POLICY 1960–69 by C. D. CohenBRITAIN'S ECONOMIC PROSPECTS RECONSIDERED edited by Sir Alec Cairncross

Notes: While both management and union officials expressed confidence in the effectiveness of the Irish Conciliation Service, the survey revealed that the conciliation officers' views of the nature of conciliation differed considerably from that of the parties involved.

Notes: New approaches are required in the education and training of shop stewards if it is to equip them with the skills necessary to deal with the conflicting expectations and pressures inherent in their role.

Notes: The brewing industry is experiencing an upsurge of militancy amongst the tenants and managers of its public houses. How has this come about? Where is it likely to lead?

Notes: How to run an Incomes Policy and why we made such a mess of the last one by Hugh CleggA Sociology of Work in Industry by Alan FoxThe Industrial Relations Bill: For and Against by A. H. ThorntonThe Worker and the Law by K. W. WedderburnLocal Labour Markets and Wage Structures edited by Derek RobinsonEvaluation of Management Training by Peter Warr, Michael Bird and Neil Rackham

Notes: The work study data bank in the electricity supply industry has proved itself an invaluable technical aid in establishing a fair system of remuneration across the industry.

Notes: Trainers themselves, line management and operatives within an organization, as well as external bodies such as Industrial Training Boards, may have differing expectations of the trainer's role and where responsibility for training should lie. It is essential to clarify these attitudes and responsibilities if training is to be carried out effectively.

Notes: An analysis of the assumptions underlying the traditional approaches to training demonstrates their inadequacy when it comes to the development of training in an industrial relations context. By taking a broader approach, however, suitable training strategies and methods can be developed.

Notes: In an orderly statistical universe, it is always the purpose that governs. Next most fundamental is the money question: under whose payroll does the collection and processing of data, take place? Our lead-of paper appropriately raises these two basic issues. Its author is the Director of the Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia.

Notes: A panel discussion on economic data needs at the state and regional levels, featuring both producer and consumer participants, seemed to the editors of Growth and Change to merit a wider audience than it achieved at the November 1971 convention of the Southern Economic Association. We therefore offer to our readers the following slightly abridged version of the seven presentations.

Notes: When the Tennessee Valley Authority was created, its promoters had visions of flood control, irrigation, electric power, navigation, recreation, and industrialization; but even George Norris himself didn't foresee the full range of purposes that might be served by such a multipurpose project. The Director of Navigation Development and Regional Planning for the TVA tells of its pioneering work as, of all things, a generator of statistical data.

Notes: Regional economists in search of data by state usually turn first to Washington. There they are generously served in the tasteful surroundings of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Sometimes they come away hungry, however. Two data consumers at the Graduate School of Management, UCLA, believe that a gross state product series should be added to the menu. They are respectively Lecturer in Business Economics and Professor of Business Economics and Statistics. Dr. Williams is also Director of the UCLA Business Forecasting Project.

Notes: The case against a gross state product series is presented by the Associate Director for Regional Economic Analysis of the Commerce Department's Office of Business Economics (which recently changed its name to the Bureau of Economic Analysis). Dr. Graham, the newest member of this journal's editorial board, also provides some glimpses into the kitchen where his office is preparing new data morsels for regional economists.

Notes: As the science of econometrics becomes more sophisticated, its practice also becomes more expensive, and attention needs increasingly to be directed to the exploration of possible shortcuts and cost-sharing arrangements. The Executive Director, Short-Tern Forecasting, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates, believes that one answer lies in exploiting the decreasing cost characteristics of the econometric forecasting industry. In this paper, he demonstrates how a model designed for national forecasting can be put to state and regional uses.

Notes: THE REFORM OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AT PLANT AND COMPANY LEVEL by P.A.L. Parker, W.R. Hawes and A. L. LumbWHITE-COLLAR WORKERS By Albert A. Blum, et al.DEVELOPING AND TRAINING THE SUPERVISOR by C. M. BowenTHE SOCIOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS by V. L. AllenORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR by Joe KellyORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: AN EXPERIENTIAL APPROACH by D. A. Kolb, I. M. Rubin and J. M. McIntyreBRITISH ECONOMIC POLICY 1960–69 by C. D. CohenBRITAIN'S ECONOMIC PROSPECTS RECONSIDERED edited by Sir Alec Cairncross

Notes: In spite of the fact that the nature of their jobs is becoming closer to that of the manual worker, white collar workers still appear to see themselves in an essentially intermediate status in an organization, and this is reflected in their attitudes towards their work and towards trade unionism.

Notes: The states, in their taxing and regulating activities, are in contact with a rich lode of information which could be of immense value to them in their efforts to achieve more rapid economic development. Two University of Tennessee regionalists are concerned that in many states this valuable resource is neither exploited nor conserved. Dean Cotham is Director of Executive Programs and Dr. Quindry is Research Professor at the Center for Business and Economic Research, both in the College of Business Administration.

Notes: Is there a Phillips curve relating accuracy and relevancy? Are there significant variables in planning and forecasting which are not readily quantified? In this day when people are beginning to ask whether economic development is really desirable, such questions acquire a new urgency. They are examined in this concluding paper in our symposium. Dean Charles-worth is Director, Office of Business Development and Government Services, College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky.

Notes: You ought to speak of other States in the plural number; not one of them is a city, but many cities, as they say in the game. For indeed any city, however small, is in fact divided into two, one the city of the poor, the other of the rich; these are at war with one another; and in, either there are many smaller divisions, and you would be altogether beside the mark if you treated them all as a single State. [Plato, The Republic (Jowett translation), Book IV: 422.]

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Life in the Balance The Last Days of Mankind: Ecological Survival or Extinction by Samuel Mines.Water Resource Planning The Outlook for Water: Quality, Quantity, and National Growth by Nathaniel Wollman and Gilbert W. Bonem.Impending Collapse Overskill: The Decline of Technology in modern Civilization by Eugene S. SchwartzThe English Save Their Land Public Parks on Private Land in England and Wales by Warren A. Johnson.Applying Economics to Housing Housing: The Social and Economic Elements by Wallace F. Smith.A Comparative Evaluation The Urban Mosaic: Towards a Theory of Residential Differentiation by Duncan Timms.An Aid to Community Planning Advocacy Planning for Urban Development: With Analysis of Six Demonstration Programs by Earl M. Blecher.Taking the Lid off Housing Toward a Free Housing Market by Daniel Jay BaumReducing Poverty On Relief: The Economics of Poverty and Public Welfare by Bruno Stein. Perspectives on Poverty und Income Distribution by James G. Scoville.The Role of Trade Trade and Growth in the Philippines: An Open Dual Economy by George L. Hicks and Goeffrey McNicoll.Governments as Change Agents Government and Economic Development, edited by Gustav Ranis.An Involved Economist Economic Heresies: Some Old-Fashioned Questions in Economic Theory by Joan Robinson.Integrating the NEA The National Education Association and the Black Teacher: The Integration of a Professional Organization by Michael John Schultz, Jr.Not All to the Good American Indians and Federal Aid by Alan L. Sorkin.A Comprehensive Review An Introduction to Regional Economics by Edgar M. Hoover.Briefer Mention Culture and Scarcity The Growth of Economic Thought by Henry William Spiegel.Growth Statistics Economic Growth of Nations: Total Output and Production Structure by Simon Kuznets.Emphasis on the Interdisciplinary Economic Development and Social Change: The Modernization of Village Communities, edited by George Dalton.A Talk on Tape A Rap on Race by Margaret Mead and James Baldwin.Afro-Americans' Story The Long Struggle for Black Power by Edward Peeks.A Conservative's View The New Racism: Reverse Discrimination in America by Lionel Lokos.Significant Addresses Challenge and Perspective in Higher Education by Francis H. Horn.Utopian Thoughts The Metropolis: Its People, Politics, and Economic Life by John C. Bollens and Henry J. Schmandt. Urbino: The History of a City and Plum for Its Development by Giancarlo De Carlo Autokind vs. Mankind by Kenneth R. Schneider. Comparative Government by S. E. Finer. The Widening Gap: Development in the 1970′s, edited by Barbara Ward, J. D. Runnalls, and Lenore D'Anjou. Planning for Development in Libya: The Exceptional Economy in the Developing World by Rawle Farley. Tradition and Modernization: A Challenge for Lam among the Dink of the Sudan by Francis Mading Deng. Democracy by Dorothy Pickles. The Midwest: Myth or Reality? edited by Thomas T. McAvoy. America the Dutiful: An Assessment of U.S. Foreign Policy by Philip W. Quigg. Diplomaism by David Hapgood. Evaluation of Alterative Plans for New Communities: Toward Application of the Competition-for-Benefits Model by H. Benjamin Fisher. Changing Sources of Power: American Politics in the 1970s by Frederick G. Dutton.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Taxing and Spending in West Africa: A Review Article Nigerian Federal Finance: Its Development, Problems and Prospects by Adebayo Adedeji. A Development Duo. Economic Progress and Policy in Developing Countries by Angus Maddison. Latin American Farmers Sharecroppers of the Sertão: Economics and Dependence on a Brazilian Plantation by Allen W. Johnson. The Anchovy as Engine of Growth. Fishing for Growth: Export-led Development in Peru, 1950-1967 by Michael Roemer. Doing Business with the Poor. The Ghetto Marketplace, edited by Frederick D. Sturdivant. Strategy for Lagging Areas. Intermediate-Size Cities as Growth Centers: Applications for Kentucky, the Piedmont Crescent, the Ozarks, and Texas by Niles M. Hansen. The Rural Poor. Cooperatives and Rural Poverty in the South by Ray Marshall and Lamond Godwin. A Full-Screen Picture. Predicament of the University by Henry David Aiken Sagacity Revisited Technology and Humanism: Some Exploratory Essays for Our Time by William G. Carleton. Urban Programs Surveyed. The Conscience of the Corporations: Business and Urban Affairs, 1967-1970 by Jules Cohn. Social Responsibility and Profits. Social Responsibilities of Business Corporations by the Committee for Economic Development