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  • Articles  (527)
  • Springer  (527)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
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  • 1972  (527)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (527)
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  • Articles  (527)
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  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (527)
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  • 1
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 29-54 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper explains the need for the application of cost-benefit analysis to the evaluation of alternative projects for investment in the transport field and outlines briefly the historical development of the technique. The results of a comparative survey of a number of cost-benefit studies which have been carried out in Britain and some conclusions as to their thoroughness and comprehensiveness (or otherwise) are presented. The article concludes with a number of specific and detailed recommendations to remedy apparent methodological weaknesses. Six of these recommendations seem to merit particular attention: (1) The viewpoint of most studies should be extended so as to avoid confinement, for example, within an arbitrary local government boundary, and a wider range of “externalities” should be considered. Intangibles should be included explicitly in all such evaluation exercises. (2) The actual incidence of costs and benefits should be examined in order to indicate the directional impact of the project and its implications in terms of equity. The elimination of transfer payments and double-counting should be postponed until the latest possible stage in the evaluation. (3) Equity considerations should be investigated in any transportation plan, since most projects have considerable equity implications for particular areas or socio-economic groups. (4) Discounted cash flow techniques, which are still used only in a minority of transportation studies, should become standard practice. Most evaluations are based on a single-year rate of return, or at best on simple trend forecasting. More resources should be devoted to proper evaluation of alternative plans which give due importance to the cost and benefit streams through time. (5) Sensitivity analysis should be used in all transportation evaluations. Knowledge of the impact of different assignments, shadow prices, and discount rates are essential information for any decisionmaker. (6) Last, but not least, much greater communication should exist between analyst and decisionmaker than has existed in the past.
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  • 2
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Officials at various levels around the world are getting increasingly worried about the growth in automobile ownership and all the associated environmental problems that this implies. Voices are often heard advocating the exclusion of automobiles from the central areas of cities, much easier to say than to realise, unless the area is entirely reconstructed under a comprehensive redevelopment scheme, as, for instance, in the city of Västeras, Sweden. Another possible solution is to introduce some type of traffic restraint scheme involving compulsory rearrangement of the vehicular flow through the central area. The report deals firstly with an experiment carried out during the highly intensive, pre-Christmas shopping days in December 1969, when parts of the central business area of the city of Gothenburg, Sweden (population around 450,000) were closed to all unauthorised vehicles. The experience gained with this scheme was valuable when the next stage was being planned, i.e., a permanent traffic restraint scheme which was put into effect on August 18, 1970. Most of the report deals with the objectives, planning, realisation, and experience of the traffic restraint scheme, which involved dividing the central business area into five separate zones. During the first six months, several surveys were conducted to establish the impact of the scheme on vehicular flow, parking, pedestrian flow, public transport, accidents, air pollution, noise, and retail businesses. The scheme put into operation in Gothenburg has been a great success, having accomplished most of its objectives, and will be expanded to cover a still larger area in subsequent years.
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  • 3
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. i 
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  • 4
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 79-95 
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  • 5
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 69-78 
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  • 6
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 97-104 
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  • 7
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  • 8
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 55-67 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the aesthetic and ecological effects of highways. Little is known about the subject at the present time, and thus this treatment cannot be considered in any sense definitive. Part I offers a definition of aesthetic quality and considers its relevance to highway planning. It is noted that, although the principles of rural freeway design (curvilinear alignments, variable medians, etc.) generally accord with the aesthetic character of rural areas, freeways are infinitely more difficult to integrate aesthetically into urban areas. Comparisons are made in this regard among basic types of freeways. Part II notes that the effect of man's presence on the earth's ecology has resulted in new systems and processes to which man is now subject. Highways, as works of man, affect him and his environment in ways which are known only imperfectly. Nevertheless, there are steps which can be taken to minimize the more obvious forms of damage to the environment which can result from highway building. Part III discusses procedures for incorporating aesthetic and ecological considerations into highway planning. No method yet proposed is in itself sufficient, and none leads to a decision on an objective basis. A generally acceptable method must await further research. In the meantime, every effort must be made to assure full and fair consideration of environmental effects on an ad hoc basis.
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  • 9
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 177-196 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Urban transportation is identified as a functional element in the broader context of urban facilities and services. From this point of view, the relative merits of separate information systems for transportation planning and general urban planning, as contrasted to unified systems for all urban management functions, are discussed. The overriding need to make the most effective use of urban resources argues strongly for the unification of urban information systems to the greatest possible extent consistent with the special data requirements of various functional programs. The need to identify and correlate data items for very small areal units and to keep current records of the constantly shifting patterns of social and economic activities in urban areas present difficult, but not insurmountable technical problems. However, the most serious barrier to the development and implementation of comprehensive urban information systems is concluded to be institutional, rather than technical, in nature.
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  • 10
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 207-226 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 151-176 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Etarea is a planned satellite town for Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia, located some 10 km from the outskirts of the capital. Its projected population of 135,000 will live in 13 residential areas, each of which will have its own retail centre in addition to the main retail centre. The plans for Etarea incorporate a unique approach to the related problems of the storage and distribution of goods within urban areas. All incoming goods will be delivered by road or rail, and possibly in the future by water, to a central storage complex. Goods for the retail trade are distributed from this central store by automated trains pulled by battery-powered trucks, each train having a capacity of 8.75 tons. The trains, which run in a network of underground tunnels, 2 \sX 2.5 meters in cross section, are guided by an optical sensing system. The underground network comprises 3 main routes with branches serving the individual centres. Secondary storage facilities are planned for each of the 14 retail centres where unit loads received from the main storage centre are subdivided for retail sale. One of the proposed methods of retail distribution provides for the fully automated delivery of goods from the retail centres direct to the consumer's household. This is accomplished by means of a pneumatic tube system similar to that used for handling cash in some large stores. Orders will be placed by dialling the code number assigned to the required item, given in a catalogue of available goods. Provided that the customer's account is in credit the order will be accepted and the goods automatically dispatched from the local centre; delivery is estimated to take between 2.5 and 11.5 minutes depending on the distance of the customer's house from the centre. The same system is utilised for the delivery of regular orders for such items as newspapers and magazines as well as for mail and for the the removal of household refuse. In addition to the automated system each retail centre will also have over-the-counter, self-service and slot machine facilities for the sale of goods. All proposals for goods storage and distribution planned for Etarea are based on existing technologies.
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  • 12
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 227-238 
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  • 13
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 239-245 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Citizen participation at the neighborhood level will become effective only if reliable procedures can be developed for involving residents in the formulation of alternative plans before official decisions are made. Therefore, a research project in transportation planning was conducted in the Pico-Union neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, in order to design and test methods for producing reliable information that could be used by the neighborhood as well as by city transportation planners. The transportation problem of most concern to the residents of Pico-Union was the patterns and uses of their local streets, rather than the usual trip-to-work problem. Two independent methods were designed for determining what street patterns and uses were most preferred by the resident: a home-interview method and a photo-comparison method. The second enabled residents to compare photographic simulations of many possible re-designs of one of their local streets, and to make individual and group decisions about them. Results of the two methods generally agreed. However, one part of the research revealed that significant differences in decisions occur when simple changes are made in the orientation and sequence of the same two photographic simulations. Methods can be developed for obtaining information useful in urban planning at the neighborhood level by involving residents in an iterative learning and decision process. Broadly representative interdisciplinary teams are needed for further research to improve the reliability of such methods and for putting them into practice.
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  • 15
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 246-246 
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  • 16
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 197-206 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This article deals with the Transportation Study currently nearing completion in Dublin. A feature of this Study was the use of simplified data collection and modelling techniques. Beginning with a brief outline of the background to the transportation problem in Dublin, the article goes on to outline the objectives of the Study and the methods by which these objectives were fulfilled. These methods involved the taking of detailed inventories of Dublin's travel patterns, of its land uses, population and employment, and of its road and public transport systems. Mathematical models were then developed and modified until they could simulate the existing travel patterns to an acceptable degree of accuracy. These models covered the Study's trip generation, modal split, trip distribution and trip assignment stages, and the forms taken by the models are dealt with in the article. The article ends with a summary of the main recommendations of the Dublin Transportation Study.
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  • 17
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 291-305 
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  • 18
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 247-264 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper develops recommendations for improving in an evolutionary manner the performance of our urban ground transportation systems. The strengths and limitations of present static control technology and current computer traffic signal and freeway surveillance and control systems in urban areas are described. A taxonomy of possible information and control configurations in urban traffic operations is developed. The alternatives in the taxonomy are analysed and used as the basis for recommending specific real time information and control functions for improving, in an evolutionary manner, the performance of urban ground transportation systems. The recommended improvements would allow for the first time a meaningful substitution of operational control for physical (static) capacity increases in urban transportation.
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  • 19
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 321-341 
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 307-319 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The demand for large-scale interregional transport modelling is growing as the ability to do this type of work increases. There is clearly a promise held out by modelling to answer questions of regional economic growth distribution of benefits and incidence of costs. However, many problems are still to be faced in the design and implementation of these models before these expectations can be fully realized. This paper treats some of these problems with suggestions as to how they can be handled.
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  • 21
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 356-356 
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  • 22
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 343-355 
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    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 265-289 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An examination of the relationship between energy supplies and transportation systems indicates that a major confrontation is forthcoming. Predictions of the world's petroleum supplies and the primary dependence of transportation systems on petroleum show that there will be a depletion of these supplies in the next 50 years unless major changes in transportation and energy planning and policy making are forthcoming. A closer examination of specific transportation systems through the use of the transportation/ energy efficiency indicates that automobiles, aircraft and intercity trucking are most inefficient on a mobility per unit of petroleum basis. Recommendations on the difficult problem of how to account for the depletion characteristics of transportation systems are given. These include coordinated transportation and energy planning, restricted petroleum and transportation toll and tax rates, research and development on propulsion systems less dependent on petroleum, and a shifting of emphasis to higher transportation/energy efficiency systems such as compact automobiles, buses and trains.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 4 (1972), S. 129-129 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 4 (1972), S. 115-128 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Anwendung von Spritzbeton als Ausbau von Wasserstollen in wenig festem, wasserhaltigem Fels mit unbeschränkter Druckfestigkeit von ungefähr 1,9 kp/cm2 wird beschrieben. Die Stollen hatten eine Spannweite von 6 bis 8 m in Höhe der Mittellinie, die sich in einem Ausweitungsbereich bei einer Höhe von 6 bis 9 m bis auf 17 m vergrößerte. Ein ständiger Wasserzustrom von 25 l/s mit Schwallen bis 50 l/s wurde beobachtet. Im Ausweitungsbereich wurde kein innerer Stahlverbau benötigt, sondern es wurden 3 m lange, vorgemörtelte Bolzen zur Unterstützung des Felsens im Gewölbe verwendet. Scher- und Zugspannung entwickelten sich langsam in den Wänden des Übergangsbereiches, die dann geankert wurden. Im Hinblick auf Hohlraumbildungen durch Wassereinwirkung in den Wänden, die dem Ausbruch nachfolgend (6 m) entstanden, wurde ein Stahldrahtnetz unterhalb der Mittellinie in den Spritzbeton eingeführt. Geflutet und 12 Monate lang unter Wasser gelassen, entwickelte sich eine Bodenschwellung von 20–30 cm, ohne den Spritzbeton in den Wänden und im Gewölbe zu beschädigen. Die Sohlbögen wurden ohne Ausbau offen gelassen.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit l'emploi du béton projeté comme soutènement dans des roches semiconsolidées, meubles, et aquafères, dont la résistance à la compression simple est de l'ordre de 2 bar. Les tunnels ont 6 à 9 m de hauteur, 6 à 7,5 m de largeur aux naissances et jusqu'à 16 m dans les bifurcations. Le débit d'exhaure est 25 l/s avec des pointes à 50 l/s. On n'a pas employé d'armatures métalliques dans les bifurcations, mais on a renforcé le terrain de la voûte par des boulons injectés de 3 m de longueur. Des contraintes de cisaillement et de traction se sont lentement développées dans les piédroits des bifurcations, qui ont dû être boulonnés aussi. A l'avancement du tunnel après la bifurcation (en 6 m de large) l'écoulement de l'eau a provoqué des cavités dans les piédroits. On a alors ajoté du grillage au béton projeté au-dessous des naissances. Après un an d'abandon sans épuiser l'eau, le radier qui n'avait pas été revêtu s'est soulevé de 20 à 30 cm sans endommager la voûte ni les piédroits en béton projeté.
    Notes: Summary The use of shotcrete is described as a structural support in tunnels in soft, waterbearing, semi-consolidated soil-rocks with an unconfined compressive strength ranging about 27 psi. The tunnels were 20′–25′ span at springline, widening to 56′ in a transition section, 20′–30′ in height. Continuous water inflows of 25 litres/sec with surges to 50 litres/sec were experienced. No interior steel reinforcement was used in the transition section, though 3 m grouted bolts were used for rock reinforcement of the arch. Shear and tensile stresses slowly developed in the walls about the transition section, which were then bolted. In the face of waterinduced wall cavitations occurring in subsequent (20′) tunnelling steel wire mesh was introduced in the shotcrete below springline. Abandoned for 12 months and left under water, floor heave of 20–30 cm developed, without damage to the shotcrete arch and walls. The inverts had been left open without lining.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 4 (1972), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Spannungsverteilung um einen Tunnel unter dem Einfluβ des Eigengewichtes Aufgrund experimenteller Studien wurden Verschiebungen und die Spannungsverteilung in der Umgebung eines kreisrunden Tunnels in einer vertikalen, schmalen Gesteinsschicht eines homogenen Mediums untersucht, welche unter dem Einfluß des Eigengewichtes derselben steht. Die Versuche wurden an Modellen aus einem sorgfältig plastifizierten Expoydharz durchgeführt, welches empfindlich genug ist, den Einfluß des Eigengewichtes deutlich zu machen. Die Verschiebungen wurden unter Anwendung des projizierenden Moiré-Verfahrens gemessen. Ein engmaschiger Meßraster wurde mittels eines parallel geführten Lichtstrahles auf einen ähnlichen, aber linearen Referenzraster projiziert, welcher auf eine Glasplatte aufgedruckt war. Die Verformung wurde dem Modell so aufgeprägt, daß dieses auf einem freien Ende aufgehängt und so, unter Umkehrung der Spannungen, durch sein Eigengewicht belastet war. Die Auswertung geschah durch Photographien in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen, wobei der Referenzraster abwechselnd parallel zu den beiden Hauptachsen des Modellkörpers ausgerichtet war. Dadurch konnten ausreichende Daten zur vollständigen Erfassung aller Verformungs- und Spannungskomponenten rund um den Tunnel erhalten werden. Die Spannungskomponenten wurden unter Voraussetzung der für diesen Fall gültigen elastischen Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen und der dem Material zugehörigen elastischen Materialkonstanten ermittelt. Die Auswertung ergab bedeutende Spannungskonzentrationen am Umfang des Hohlraumes. Die so erreichten Untersuchungsergebnisse können auf Probleme der Boden- und Felsmechanik angewendet werden.
    Abstract: Résumé Distribution des contraintes autour d'un tunnel situé dans une couche, sous l'action des forces de gravité Une étude expérimentale est presentée sur la distribution des déplacements et des contraintes dans une couche mince d'un milieu homogène, percé par un tunnel central de section circulaire, sous l'influence des forces de gravité. Les essais sont exécutés à l'aide de modèles en résine epoxide plastifiée présentant une très grande sensibilité sous l'action des forces de gravité. La méthode du moiré par image projeté a été utilisé pour les mesures de déplacements. Pour cela un réseau dense croisé, imprimé sur la surface du modèle, a été projeté sur un réseau de référence linéaire ayant le même pas. La déformation du modèle a été obtenue en utilisant la méthode d'inversion, dans laquelle le modèle est suspendu libre par une de ses extrémités, ayant ainsi la possibilité de se déformer sous l'action des forces de gravité. L'évaluation de toutes les composantes des déplacements et déformations autour du tunnel a été faite à l'aide d'un grand nombre des photos prises à des intervalles de temps différents. Les contraintes sont calculées à l'aide des relations élastiques entre les contraintes et les déformations, valables pour ce cas de sollicitation. L'examen des résultats a montré des valeurs importantes pour les contraintes au bord du tunnel. Les résultats de cette étude sont applicables dans des problèmes de mécanique des sols et des roches.
    Notes: Summary Stress Distribution Around a Tunnel Situated in a Layer Under the Action of Gravity An experimental investigation is presented of the displacement and stress distribution in a narrow layer made of a homogeneous medium, which contains a central circular tunnel, under the influence of its own weight. The tests were executed in models made of a strongly plasticized epoxy polymer, which were very sensitive to the influence of body forces. For the measurement of displacements theprojected image moiré method was used. A dense crossed grating was printed on the surface of the model, which was projected, by a parallel light beam, on a similar, but linear, reference grating, which was printed on a glass plate. The deformation of the model was achieved by the inversion method, where the model was freely suspended from the one extremity and left to deform by its own weight. A series of photographs at different time intervals, with the reference grating positioned successively parallely to the two principal axes of the specimen, gave sufficient data for the complete evaluation of all components of displacements and strains around the tunnel. The components of stresses were evaluated by using the elastic stress-strain relations holding for this case and the mechanical elastic constants valid for the material. Important stress-concentrations were revealed at the boundary of the cavity. The results derived from this investigation are applicable to problems of soil and rock mechanics.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 4 (1972), S. 25-44 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Classification of Rocks According to Their Drillability The estimation of drilling time is based on two aspects of equal value. First: the “active” aspect, which includes the drilling equipment including the operator; second: the “passive” aspect, which concerns the rock to be drilled. The influence of the drilling equipment can be evaluated with some difficulty, but the influence of the rock can be encompassed in a formula of efficiency only with great uncertainties. The influence of the equipment is analysed before the influence of the rock. Graphs are given about the parameters. Because none of the existing testing methods are applicable in practice, a specific testing drill with comparison results for representative rock samples is used for classification purposes. These classifications are accurate enough for drilling time estimations, although theoretical considerations lead to controversies.
    Abstract: Résumé Classification des roches selon leur forabilité Le calcul de la durée de forage s'appuie sur deux composantes d'importance équivalente: — la partie active, c'est le matériel de forage et la façon de s'en servir. — la partie passive, c'est le massif rocheux à forer. Si l'influence du matériel peut être déterminée quantitativement, si difficile que ce soit, l'influence du massif rocheux ne peut être introduite dans une formule d'avancement qu'avec de grandes incertitudes. L'influence du matériel de perforation a été examinée avant celle du massif rocheux. Des diagrammes existent pour leurs paramètres. Comme aucune des méthodes d'essai disponibles n'est applicable pratiquement, l'auteur essaie ici une classification au moyen d'un marteau perforateur témoin pour des roches représentatives. Bien que chaque essai soit très discuté par rapport à la classification proposée, le degré d'exactitude donné ici est sans doute suffisant pour le calcul de la durée de forage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Klassifizierung der Gesteine nach der Bohrbarkeit Die Berechnung der Bohrzeit stützt sich auf zwei gleichbedeutende Komponenten: den aktiven Teil, das ist die Bohrmaschine mit der Bedienung, und den passiven Teil, das ist das zu bohrende Gebirge. Während die Einflüsse der Bohrmaschine, wenn auch mit einiger Mühe, quantitativ erfaßbar sind, können die Gebirgseinflüsse in einer Leistungsformel nur mit sehr großen Unsicherheiten Eingang finden. Die Einflüsse der Maschine wurden vor den Gebirgseinflüssen untersucht. Über die Parameter sind Diagramme vorhanden. Da keines der vorhandenen Prüfverfahren praktisch anwendbar ist, wird hier eine Klassifizierung anhand eines festgelegten Vergleichsbohrhammers für repräsentative Gesteine verfolgt. Obwohl bei theoretischer Betrachtung von Klassifizierungs-vorschlägen jeder Versuch sehr umstritten ist, wird für die Aufgabe der Zeitberechnung der hier gegebene Genauigkeitsgrad ausreichen.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 4 (1972), S. 71-78 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorgeschlagene Klassifikation geht zurück auf systematische Untersuchungen an Rutschgebieten in der ČSSR. Sie lehnt sich an die besten gebräuchlichen Klassifikationen an, wobei letztere einer kritischen Beurteilung unterzogen werden. Ziel des neuen Vorschlages ist die Erarbeitung von Kriterien für die ingenieurgeologische Kartierung. Auf Grund des geomechanischen Charakters der Bodenbewegungen werden folgende vier Vorgänge unterschieden: Kriechen — geologisch langandauernde, nicht beschleunigte Bewegungen ohne ausgeprägte Gleitflächen; Gleiten — Hangbewegungen zusammenhängender Massen längs einer oder mehrerer Gleitflächen; Fließen — Hangbewegungen von flüssigkeitsähnlichem Charakter; Fallen — plötzliche Hangbewegungen, wobei die bewegte Masse den inneren Zusammenhang und kurzfristig auch den Kontakt mit dem Liegenden verliert. Die Grundtypen werden an Hand europäischer Beispiele graphisch dargestellt und durch Angaben über Größenordnung der Massen und deren durchschnittliche Geschwindigkeit ergänzt.
    Abstract: Résumé D'après les expériences acquises pendant les études de glissements en Tchécoslovaquie et d'après l'examen critique des classifications employées jusqu'ici, on a recommendé la classification suivante, destinée avant tout au levé de géologie de l'ingénieur. En relation avec le caractère géomécanique des mouvements de pente et de leur vitesse, quatre processus sont distingués: fluage, glissement, écoulement, écroulement. Le fluage — mouvements géologiquement de longue durée, sans accélération et sans surfaces de glissement exprimées. Le glissement — mouvements de pente de masses cohérentes, le long d'une ou de plusieurs surfaces de glissement. L'écoulement — mouvements de pente dans les roches et les sols, analogues aux mouvements dans les liquides. L'écroulement — mouvements de pente soudains, au cours desquelles les masses en mouvement perdent entièrement leur connexion intérieure et, pour un temps aussi, le contact avec le sous-sol. Les exemples sur les figures représentent les types principaux des mouvements courants dans les conditions climatiques de l'Europe. On indique aussi les dimensions et la vitesse moyenne des types individuels.
    Notes: Summary This paper presents a new universal classification of slope movements, destined for the purpose of engineering geological mapping. This classification was compiled after critical evaluation of the classifications used by now, on the basis of the experience gained by systematic study of slope movements in Czechoslovakia. The following 4 types of slope processes are recognized regarding to the geomechanical character and velocity of the movement: creep, sliding, flow and fall. Creep is a geologically long-term movement of non-increasing velocity without well-defined sliding surfaces. Sliding is a slope movement of coherent masses along one or more well-defined shear surfaces. Flow represents slope movements in rocks and soils, analogous to the movements in liquids. Fall is a sudden slope movement; the moving mass loses its coherence and, for a short time, also its contact with the underlying rock. The pictures show the elementary types of movements that are obvious in the European climatic conditions. Graphical representation of dimensions and velocity of the phenomena is included.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 4 (1972), S. 130-134 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 4 (1972), S. 186-189 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 4 (1972), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Keywords: cracking ; diamond ; drilling ; failure ; friction ; laboratory tests ; rock ; fissuration ; diamant ; perforation ; rupture frottement ; essais de laboratoire ; roche
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Reibungseffekt eines Diamanten — ein Einblick ins Gesteinsbohren Untersuchungen mit optischen Methoden wurden unternommen, um die ersten Stufen des Reibungseffektes eines mit Gewichten belasteten und auf glatten Flächen reibenden Diamanten auszuwerten, und zwar als Funktion der Geschwindigkeit, des Durchmessers, der Belastung und des Schmiermittels. Die Versuche wurden mit verschiedenen homogenen Werkstoffen durchgeführt, wobei neue Arten von Rißbildungen beobachtet werden konnten. Die statistische Variation war von Riß zu Riß, aber auch innerhalb eines einzelnen Risses, so groß, daß quantitative Schlußfolgerungen auf dieser Stufe nicht gezogen werden konnten, doch wurden einige allgemeine Auswirkungen der Variablen aufgedeckt. Die Anwendung der Ergebnisse auf das Gesteinsbohren ist noch nicht zwingend möglich und kann wohl erst nach voller Auswertung und Erweiterung der Untersuchungen erreicht werden.
    Abstract: Résumé Les dégâts produits par un diamant glissant — une approche de la perforation des roches dures Les premières étapes des dégâts occasionnés par un diamant sphérique et chargé se déplaçant sur une surface lisse, en fonction de la vitesse, du rayon, de la charge et de la lubrification pour plusieurs matières homogènes ont été évaluées par des méthodes optiques. De nouveaux types de réseaux de fissures et de traces d'abrasion ont été observés. La variation statistique, de trace en trace, est si grande que des conclusions quantitatives ne sont pas possibles pour le moment quoique les effets généraux des variables soient notés. L'application à la perforation des roches dures n'est pas aisée et devra probablement attendre une évaluation de la quantité de matière enlevée.
    Notes: Summary Damage Induced by a Sliding Diamond — an Approach to Hard Rock Drilling Optical methods were used to evaluate the early stages of damage caused by a loaded spherical diamond moving over a smooth surface, as a function of speed, radius, load and lubrication, for several homogeneous materials. New types of cracking patterns and abraded tracks have been observed. The statistical variation from track to track, and even within one track, is so great that quantitative conclusions are not possible at this stage, although some general effects of the variables are noted. Application to hard rock drilling is not straightforward and will probably have to await an evaluation of material removed.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 199-207 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié le mécanisme de l'adsorption de l'eau sur la silice au moyen d'une méthode qui consiste à déterminer simultanément la concentration superficielle, la pression de vapeur et le spectre infrarouge. On est passé d'une concentration d'eau nulle à la pleine saturation en plus de 60 étapes. L'appareil à haut vide utilisé comprend un tube de silice dans lequel l'adsorbant poreux à 96% de silice est suspendu à une hélice de silice et placé dans la trajectoire d'un rayon de lumière du spectrophotomètre. On a observé que le rayon non dispersé du spectrophotomètre infrarouge ordinaire augmente de 24 °C la température de l'échantillon. Cette chaleur, qui modifie considérablement la concentration superficielle, a pu être éliminée dans la présente expérience, et la quantité d'eau adsorbée a été déterminée par gravimétrie en même temps que se faisaient les mesures spectroscopiques. L'adsorption apparente des bandes 7,330 et 4,540 cm−1 diminue de façon logarithmique, et celle des bandes 5,270 et 7,150 cm−1 augmente de façon linéaire, à mesure qu'augmente la concentration d'eau. Puisque les premières bandes sont dues aux groupes libres de silanol en surface, les résultats appuient fortement l'hypothèse que c'est bien sur ceux-ci, et non sur d'autres groupes, que se produit l'adsorption de l'eau. Le taux de l'augmentation d'intensité des bandes 5,270 et 7,150 cm−1, qui sont associées avec l'eau adsorbée, change à une concentration de 2 mmoles/g, région dans laquelle l'intensité des bandes dues aux groupes libres de silanol atteint une valeur très faible. Par là on pourrait montrer que le rapport H2O/Si-OH dans la monocouche est de 1: 1. Les résultats suggèrent également que ce genre de verre poreux (Corning 7,930) contient des micropores qui commencent à s'emplir bien avant le début de la boucle d'hystérésis de l'isotherme d'adsorption. Cela concorde avec d'autres études sur l'adsorption, dans lesquelles on a décelé une boucle secondaire d'hystérésis. On a observé qu'une partie de l'eau adsorbée existe à l'état non perturbé, du point de vue spectroscopique, sur toute la région de concentration.
    Notes: Abstract The changes in the near infrared spectra of the porous 96% silica glass-water system were determined, simultaneously with the vapour pressure and the adsorbate concentration, during a complete adsorption cycle. The heating effect of the analyzing undispersed infrared beam was eliminated. From the absorbance vs concentration plots it is inferred that the “free” silanol groups are the main adsorption centres and the ratio of H2O to OH is 1:1 in the monolayer. The results indicate that the Corning 7,930 porous silica has micropores and a portion of the adsorbed water exists in an unperturbed state over the entire concentration region.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 261-264 
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 269-269 
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 297-302 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a déterminé les facteurs de déformation unitaire dans le béton flexible par des essais de fendage sur cylindre. Les données expérimentales ont été obtenues par la méthode Zandman des vernis photoélastiques. On donne les résultats pour deux types de liant de polyuréthane et trois types de granulat, soit des grains sphériques de deux dimensions différentes et un gravier siliceux. Le facteur de contrainte est environ deux fois plus grand pour les grains sphériques que pour le gravier; il s'accroît selon un facteur 3 lorsque le module du liant s'accroît selon un facteur 30.
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this investigation was to study the strain concentration factors in flexible concrete. The specimens were tested using the split-cylinder mode of loading, which was first reported by RILEM. The birefringent coating method, developed in France by Zandman, was used to determine the strain factors at and about the aggregate. It was shown how the strain factors increased with increasing modulus of the binder. The strain factors for spherical aggregate were greater than for the same size of gravel.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 331-334 
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    Notes: Abstract An instrument was developed to measure, non-destructively, the density of the top 2.5 cm layer of an asphalt paving. The instrument is based on the principle of gamma ray backscattering, but differs from the usual instrument in that the depth of measurement is only 2.5 cm. This is achieved by using a low energy source, Am 241, with a source to detector distance of 5.5 cm, and a NaI (Tl) detector. The instrument was checked in the field against the method of coring, cutting and weighing, and the root-mean-square difference between the methods was found to be 0.02 g/cc, which is less than 1%.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 335-337 
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 371-378 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On décrit une nouvelle méthode de détermination de la résistance de matériaux fragiles tels que le béton. Cette méthode consiste à placer entre les plateaux de compression d'une machine d'essai des éprouvettes ayant la forme d'un cadre d'une géométrie telle que l'un de ses éléments se trouve en traction. Le cadre se rompt du fait de la rupture de l'élément en traction; ainsi peut-on calculer la résistance en traction du matériau. Trois éprouvettes, désignées par 15 F, 10 F et 5 F, et ayant différentes proportions entre leurs éléments, ont été soumises à l'essai; ces proportions étaient telles que l'élément en traction, de section carrée, présente pour chacune des éprouvettes les dimensions hors-tout respectives suivantes: 15×15×15 cm, 30×10 ×10 cm et 40×5×5 cm. Une étude photoélastique a été faite afin de déterminer la nature et la valeur des contraintes engendrées dans les éléments des trois éprouvettes. Les essais, effectués sur des cadres en mortier de ciment et en béton, ainsi que l'examen photoélastique, ont montré que les éprouvettes 10 F et 5 F se prêtent mieux que les éprouvettes 15 F à la détermination de la résistance en traction des matériaux fragiles. Pour les compositions soumises à l'essai, les résistances en traction obtenues sur 10 F et 5 F atteignaient respectivement une valeur moyenne de 92% et 80% de la résistance fournie par l'essai de fendage sur cylindre. Cette nouvelle méthode peut être une solution du problème de la détermination de la résistance en traction indirecte du béton, avec une éprouvette d'essai telle que: 1) L'application de la charge soit aussi aisée que pour les essais en flexion ou de fendage; 2) il ne s'impose pas d'avoir recours à des dispositifs spéciaux d'amarrage; 3) une contrainte de traction uniforme soit engendrée dans l'élément qui se rompt en traction; 4) la mesure des déformations de traction ne présente aucune difficulté.
    Notes: Abstract A new indirect test for determining the tensile strength of brittle materials like concrete is presented. The method consists of testing frame-type specimens between the compression platens of a testing machine, the geometry of the frame being such that one of its members is in tension. Frames having three different sizes are tested. Photoelastic investigation has been conducted to determine the tensile stresses in the frame. Tests have been made on cement mortar and concrete frames and the frame size appropriate for determining the tensile strength has been indicated. The tensile strength determined from the frame specimens has been compared with the cylinder splitting strength.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 209-214 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le champ d'humidité dans le béton peut être défini en résolvant l'équation différentielle (1) de diffusion. On examine les conditions aux limites possibles—(3) et (4)—à l'aide de l'exemple du cylindre de béton infini, entièrement saturé au début et se desséchant en surface. Les deux types de conditions aux limites mènent à des solutions très voisines, à condition d'avoir un coefficient d'évaporation—h dans l'équation (4)—suffisament élevé. On compare avec les résultats expérimentaux. L'équation de diffusion linéaire ne décrit pas le processus de séchage de façon adéquate. On propose de considérer le coefficient de diffusion D comme une fonction quadratique de l'humidité (8). L'équation non linéaire correspondante (9) a été résolue par les différences finies (10).
    Notes: Abstract Humidity field in the concrete may be found by solving the diffusion differential equation. The discussion of possible boundary conditions was done on the example of the infinite concrete cylinder, drying upon its surface. Two proposed boundary conditions lead to very similar solutions, provided that the evaporation coefficient at the surface is high enough. A comparison with the experimental results was made. Linear diffusion equation does not describe the drying process adequately. Diffusion coefficient has been suggested to be a quadratic function of the humidity, and the corresponding nonlinear equation has been solved by the numerical way.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 361-370 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On examine les variations de résistance et des relations contrainte-déformation qu'on peut obtenir en faisant varier certaines des conditions expérimentales de base. On a étudié les incidences des variations du degré d'élancement de l'éprouvette, du rapport du diamètre de l'éprouvette à la dimension maximale du granulat, du diamètre du plateau d'essai utilisé pour transmettre la charge à l'éprouvette ainsi que de la méthode de mesure des déformations. Tous les essais ont été effectués sur des éprouvettes cylindriques carottées et sciées. Avec ce type d'éprouvette, on a obtenu une rupture uniforme par la suppression de la zone faible au voisinage de la surface de coulée. Les rapports d'élancement et les diamètres des carottes étaient respectivement compris entre 1–3 et 25–100 mm. On a maintenu une vitesse de déformation de 2,5×10−6/sec. Les principaux résultats de cette étude sont les suivants: a) la variation du comportement contraintedéformation en fonction du degré d'élancement montre différentes tendances selon que les déformations unitaires sont déterminées d'après la mesure des déformations globales ou d'après celle de la zone centrale des éprouvettes. Quoique ces différences diminuent avec l'augmentation du degré d'élancement, elles restent notables. b) Un degré d'élancement de 2,5 convient très bien à l'étude des propriétés du béton non armé. Pour des degrés d'élancement inférieurs, des ruptures se produisent aux extrémités fortement encastrées, tandis qu'à des degrés d'élancement plus élevés on constate un transfert indésirable d'énergie de déformation élastique depuis les régions de rupture aux extrémités vers la zone centrale de rupture. Le taux de variation de la résistance atteint aussi une valeur minimale. c) L'emploi de plateaux d'acier dont le diamètre excède celui de l'éprouvette détermine un accroissement de 3% de la déformation de rupture observée (à partir de la déformation globale); après application de la contrainte maximale le comportement est plus sérieusement affecté. d) Bien que la contrainte correspondant au début de la dilatation augmente avec le degré d'élancement, la contrainte latérale correspondant à ces contraintes de dilatation restait constante à 0,043% près. e) Avec une dimension maximale de granulat (D0) de 9,52 mm, et pour des éprouvettes de diamètre (D) différent, on constate que la résistance atteint un maximum pour D/D0=8. Le diamètre optimal d'une éprouvette, correspondant à sa résistance la plus élevée, pour la dimension maximale de granulat, peut être déterminé approximativement par: D/D0=14,55−6,68 log10D0.
    Notes: Abstract This report discusses the variations in strength and complete stress-strain behaviour which can result from varying some basic experimental conditions. The significance of varying the specimen slenderness ratio, ratio of specimen diameter to maximum size of aggregate, diameter of test platen used to transmit load from the testing machine to the test specimen, and the methods employed for strain measurement, have been evaluated.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 351-360 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A macrostructural hypothesis as to the rupture strength of concretes subjected to a simple compression test is presented, based on a possible form of rupture at the limit state, obtained by eliminating the surface friction between the plates of the press and the test piece bases. The macrostructural hypothesis has recourse to three fundamental parameters: the splitting strength of the aggregate (R f g ), the tensile strength of the mortar or the hardened cement paste (Rt) and the adhesion between the aggregate and the hardened cement paste or the mortar (R coh m ). Account is taken of the shrinkage stresses of the Portland cement concrete (Rstr). The hypothesis is expressed in the form of a linear relation between the fundamental parameters to which certain coefficients A, B and C are given; these coefficients express the possible number of rupture planes at the limit state which appear when there is a splitting of the aggregates (A), decohesion (loss of adhesion) (B), and tension of the hardened cement paste or the mortar (C); this relation is written: Rc=A R f g +B R coh m +C Rt+Rstr. Taking experimental data relating to two values of the water/cement ratio as a starting point, an estimation of the degree of relaxation of the structural stresses in relation to time was obtained; a relation expressing the relaxation of the stresses in terms of time is proposed. Experimental results are given showing the part played by the friction of the plates of the testing machine in the estimation of the strength of a concrete at rupture by pure compression. A linear relation is established between the real strength of a concrete subjected to a simple compression and the dimensions of the test piece used in the test, leaving the binding of the bases out of consideration. With equal dimensions of the aggregates the strength of the concrete increases with the dimension of the test piece, and not the reverse as is generally assumed. The hypothesis is verified experimentally by results of compression tests carried out on concretes having a base of crushed aggregates obtained from several varieties of rocks, the friction on bearing faces being eliminated.
    Notes: Résumé L'auteur présente une hypothèse de résistance à la rupture des bétons, fondée sur une forme possible de rupture par compression simple avec élimination du frettage aux appuis et sur la mise en évidence de trois paramètres principaux: résistance au fendage du granulat, résistance à la traction du mortier ou de la pâte de ciment durcie, adhérence entre granulat et pâte de ciment ou mortier. L'auteur tient compte des contraintes structurales, dues au retrait d'un béton à base de ciment portland et de la relaxation de ces contraintes dans le temps. L'hypothèse avancée est confirmée expérimentalement par des résultats d'essais faits sur des bétons à base de concassés obtenus à partir de plusieurs variétés de roches.
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 96-105 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 145-159 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 15-25 
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    Notes: Summary In an early discussion with North on the merits of the export-base theory, Tiebout stated: The idea that essentially the export base is the necessary and sufficient condition for regional economic growth may be, by definition, a true statement...Put another way, it is possible to define the necessary condition for regional economic growth as the creation of an export base... Again, formally speaking, it is the ability to develop an export base which determines regional growth. Yet in terms of causation, the nature of the residentiary industries will be a key factor in any possible development.
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 86-95 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 1-27 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 61-78 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 84-95 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 1-14 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 45-60 
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    Notes: Conclusion We have suggested a reformulation of the technique of DNO for regional-national growth rate differential by separate rate (growth) and weight effects as it is shown that their technique appears to be biased and inconsistent. From an analytical point of view the main points requiring modification are primarily two: (a) the use of geometric mean of initial and final year weights by sectors violates aggregation consistency, and (b) normalization rules are not obeyed by DNO for regional-national comparisons since uniform weights are not applied across both the region and the nation. An empirical test is performed by a reformulation (which eliminates the above two errors) with the employment data by 11 sectors for two regions, Atlantic Provinces and Ontario, vis-a-vis Canada (the nation) for two time units, 1961 and 1971. Separate rate and weight effects are then identified for Atlantic-Canada and Ontario-Canada.
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 108-116 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 28-34 
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    Notes: Conclusions Because of the many theoretical and statistical problems inherent in the construction of regional econometric models, I believe that considerable caution should be exercised by anyone who tries to use one of these models. I intentionally chose to emphasize the negative aspect of these models because I believe there is widespread misuse of econometrics and I fear that many people do not realize how tenuous the conclusions drawn from econometric models really are. This does not mean that I recommend the abandonment of econometric techniques in regional analysis. Instead, I wish to emphasize the weaknesses of regression analysis which are usually not treated by model builders. Regional models may be useful in providing short term forecasts and in assessing the immediate effects of policy decisions. The national econometric models have had limited successes in this area, and it is possible that regional econometric models will also serve in this area. However, given the structural problems of econometric models and the dubious forecasting properties of national models when compared with simple projections of time trends, I remain skeptical as to whether regional econometric models are worth building for structural analyses or as long term forecasting aides. Probably, the best reasons for employing regional econometric models in these capacities are that these models yield information which may be better than nothing at all and that there still are no better techniques available.
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 79-83 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 124-134 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 106-115 
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    Notes: Summary and conclusions Intersectoral flows analysis is a static technique. There is no dynamic or growth element. Shift-share analysis on the other hand is a growth oriented analytical tool with no capability for modelling the internal structure of a regional economy. It therefore seems useful to combine the shift-share and intersectoral flows approaches. The shift parameters provide a growth component for the final demand sectors of the intersectoral flows matrix. Externalities are incorporated into the model through the shift parameters which drive the final demand categories of the regional economy. This is deemed to be a fruitful approach at present because it can incorporate a variety of linear and non-linear externalities and is amenable to simulation. It also overcomes in theory some of the principal criticisms of shift-share. The economy, flexibility and potential rigour of this approach appears to us to provide the most likely operational approach to externalities in the immediate future.
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 207-213 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 26-34 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 73-85 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 96-107 
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    Notes: Summary This paper explores the short-term relationship between manufacturing and non-manufacturing employment in nine medium-sized urban areas in Michigan. More specifically, it examines the extent to which changes in employment in the non-manufacturing sector seem to be associated with changes in manufacturing employment; the existence of possible leads or lags in the relationship of the two employment sectors; and the quantitative importance of this relationship. It is assumed that, since the manufacturing sectors in the above areas export the largest part of their production, the fluctuations which occur in the demand for manufactures and in manufacturing employment are mainly due to external factors. The demand for non-manufacturing products and employment is then expected to fluctuate primarily as a result of the changes in the manufacturing sector. Correlation analysis is used to examine if there is any association in the variation of the two sectors and to detect any leads or lags. The results of this analysis suggest strong simultaneity in the variation of the two variables which may reflect the existence of unemployment and underemployment in certain industries and the influence of fluctuations that occur in the construction sector. A KOYCK-type distributed-lag regression function is used to investigate the quantitative importance of the relationship. The results of regression analysis suggest that a change in the number of manufacturing workers may cause a change in the number of non-manufacturing workers but the strength of the effect may vary according to the urban area. Some reasons for this are suggested in the paper.
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 188-194 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 139-145 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 116-123 
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    Notes: Conclusions The tentative answers reached to the questions posed in the introduction to this paper are as follows: The relative level of union wage scales in a particular city are related to the degree of unionization of the state in which the city is located, the level of wages in manufacturing in the particular city, city size, and whether located in the South. The percentage change in journeymen's wages between 1965 and 1968 was related to the degree of unionization, to location in the highly industrialized Northcentral region, and to the percentage change in contract construction employment. The unemployment rate in the area and changes in the areas' unemployment rate were not statistically related to construction wage changes. The latter finding can be interpreted in two ways: The unemployment variable pertained to all unemployed workers in the area, rather than to unemployed construction workers, and it may be that a more refined measure of unemployment would show the expected relationship. This seems most plausible as an explanation for the lack of association with changes in journeymen's wages, but less plsusible in the case of helpers and laborers' wages. An alternative interpretation is that among the more important factors influencing construction wages in the recent past have been demand factors and factors associated with the strength of trade unions in collective bargaining, rather than pronounced shortages of labor. The latter interpretation seems to be consistent with casual empiricism and with the commonly held view that the trade unions are indeed very powerful and that, within limits, they are able to gain large settlements even when there are substantial unemployed resources.
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 35-44 
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 61-72 
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    Notes: Conclusions This study was undertaken to test whether race has a significant effect on property values. We have assumed that the price paid for a housing unit is a function of its assessed value and either the race of the buyer (Model I) or the race of both buyer and seller and the state of the housing market (Model II). On the basis of these models, the evidence from our sample is that (1) blacks have a positive influence on housing prices and (2) the races of both buyer and seller and the state of the housing market are significant in explaining housing prices. The results obtained, of course, pertain only to Dallas an may be peculiar to the particular time period used. The black population of Dallas increased from 19% in 1960 to 25% in 1970. The rapid increase in black population, if taken as a fairly accurate measure of increase in housing demand, indicates a relatively large increase in black housing demand during the period. In addition the two black areas provided the first major supply of middle-income housing to blacks in the southern half of the city--easing the suppressed demand for black middle-income housing. These two factors help to explain how black demand (25% of the population) was able to more than make up for the loss of white demand (75% of the population) in the areas studied. Another factor which may have affected the results was the unstable Dallas housing market during the 1960's. The market fluctuated between oversupply and undersupply rather than reaching equilibrium.
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 117-138 
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    Notes: Summary An incomplete hierarchy of shopping centers has been identified for Austin, With consideration of the CBD and planned ribbon developments, a complete hierarchy might well be postulated. The depleted population of lowest level centers has been noted and shown to be not incompatible with the other findings. However, some systematic elements have been deduced from the spacing of these centers. With a map transformation, a greater regularity may be found than had been detected here. But the actual distribution has been explained in terms of uneven densities of opportunities since the hierarchical requirement of central place theory had already been fulfilled. Topological variance in such a map transformation as has been suggested may considerably complicate a solution which could adequately account for the distribution of such transport oriented service centers as shopping centers. Further research on this data with such reordered space, using entropic analysis and evaluating the information contained in several distributions under different transformations might prove interesting. More complete data on shopping centers, particularly opening dates, and for defunct centers, store types and closing dates would aid the evaluation of the validity of the deductions made here.
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 41-60 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper uses existing human capital theory to provide a unified explanation of the education, age, race, and income characteristics of migrants. The hypothesis is formulated that the better educated, the younger, and the middle-income groups are more mobile than the less educated, the older and the very lowor very high-income groups respectively. Nonwhites are expected to be less mobile than whites during periods of high unemployment in the economy. Empirical evidence concerning migrants to and from 93 SMSA's of the United States supports the theoretical hypotheses.
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    The annals of regional science 6 (1972), S. 135-144 
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    Notes: Conclusions It may be reasonably concluded from this study that the range of variation in these ratios of assessed to actual value are of a reasonable size for the great majority of cases. The frequency distribution of these sample ratios was not normal, however, as was assumed a process of this type would produce. On the other hand, the failure of the regression analysis to identify any significant variables which would explain these variations would tend to re-enforce the assumption that the fluctuations were indeed of a random nature. To sum it up in one paragraph, aside from a few extreme cases, the assessing process appears to give estimates which are more consistent than would be expected under the assumption that any errors would be of a random nature, but the regression analysis was unable to isolate any particular socioeconomic characteristics which would explain the variation which was present.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 267-268 
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 221-229 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une bonne part des discussions relatives au problème de l'élimination des déchets solides semble s'être concentrée sur la façon soit de les traiter chimiquement, soit de les brûler ou de les enterrer. L'incinération ne paraît pas compatible avec les soucis actuels de pollution de l'air, et, accomplie en vase clos, elle est coûteuse. Enterrer les déchets n'est pas non plus une solution viable étant donné l'augmentation du coût des terrains, et les fondations qu'on obtiendrait ainsi ne paraissent pas souhaitables pour les bâtiments futurs. On peut penser que les méthodes mécaniques de recyclage de ces matériaux offrent la meilleure solution potentielle. Cette solution peut être atteinte par l'analyse de système opérée par des équipes interdisciplinaires reposant sur des spécialistes de l'analyse des matériaux, des études de machines, et sur des ingénieurs constructeurs. Les spécialistes de l'analyse des matértaux peuvent accomplir les recherches nécessaires afin, de déterminer la forme, l'aspect et la constitution des matériaux, le constructeur de machines peut fournir l'appareillage propre à traiter économiquement les matériaux, et l'ingénieur constructeur jugera et décidera des applications. Dans cet article, on examine les obstacles aux solutions possibles, les quantités et les coûts des déchets solides, quelques tentatives de recherche antérieures et les résultats de plusieurs études de faisabilité relatives à l'utilisation des déchets pour l'amélioration de la construction. Cette récente recherche est unique, car on s'est servi de méthodes aérospatiales pour évaluer de nouveaux types de matériaux de construction, tels que les bouteilles de bière, les pneus, les récipients en matière plastique et les déchets animaux.
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the current amount of wasted solids, costs disposal, and some of the problems impeding solutions. Research efforts on recycling of various new types of construction materials such as beer bottles, scrap tires plastic milk jugs, and animal waste were discussed. New procedures were used for better evaluations in the reported feasibility studies.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 303-306 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De nombreuses spécifications de qualité du béton, qui s'appuient sur des données statistiques, posent une limite au nombre de résultats faibles dans les essais de résistance. La prescription usuelle est «pas plus de v résultats défectueux sur n essais». L'argument de cette prescription est qu'on ne doit pas avoir une proportion supérieure à v/n de béton défectueux dans l'ouvrage. Dans cet article, on montre que si le nombre d'essais n est petit, comme c'est souvent le cas, il y a une forte probabilité que le béton agréé suivant la règle ci-dessus ait une proportion plus forte que v/n de défectueux. Par exemple s'il est spécifié que «pas plus d'un résultat d'essai sur dix peut être défectueux», et si 10, 20 ou 30 essais sont faits, la probabilité d'agréer un béton médiocre (erreur du type II), c' est-à-dire un béton avec plus de 10% de défectueux, est respectivement de 0,505, 0,375 et 0,302. D'autre part, la probabilité d'éliminer un béton de bonne qualité si plus d'un essai sur dix est trouvé défectueux (erreur du type I), est très faible. Pour les cas indiqués ci-dessus, les probabilités sont respectivement de 0,110, 0,106 et 0,0104. On propose que, dans le cas où une proportion de béton de faible résistance équivalent au plus à v/n est acceptable dans un ouvrage, la prescription spécifiée soit modifiée en «pas plus de v−1 sur n résultats d'essai peuvent être défectueux». Ainsi, la probabilité d'une erreur d'acceptance est réduite et devient à peu près égale à la probabilité d'une erreur de refus. En se référant encore aux cas précédents, si l'objectif est d'obtenir pas plus de 10% de béton défectueux, la prescription pour 10 essais doit être «aucun résultat ne peut être défectueux», pour 20 essais «pas plus d'un résultat ne peut être défectueux» et pour 30 essais «pas plus de deux résultats ne peuvent être défectueux». Ainsi, la probabilité d'une erreur d'acceptance est respectivement de 0,313, 0,236 et 0,200, tandis que les probabilités correspondantes d'une erreur de refus sont 0,375, 0,274 et 0,226.
    Notes: Abstract Present specifications requirements on the acceptable proportion of low strength tests is discussed. It is shown that if the goal is to ensure no more than 100p percent understrength concrete in the work, a requirement of the form «no more thanv inn tests may be understrength, wherev=np» is inadequate. Actually this requirement implies a high probability of accepting deficient concrete, that is a concrete with more than 100p percent understrength proportion. The modification «v=np−1» is proposed. This modification reduces the probability of an error on acceptance making it about equal to the probability of an error on rejection.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 231-231 
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 215-219 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En Israël, le sable qui entre communément dans les mortiers de plâtre et de sable est du sable de mer (zifzif), mais la condamnation de l'ouverture de sablières sur les plages a conduit à tenter de remplacer ce matériau par du sable de concassage. Celui-ci est disponible en Israël en quantité illimitée, mais présente l'inconvénient de fournir des mortiers de faible ouvrabilité. Le présent article résume une série d'essais effectués sur les mortiers de plâtre et de sable confectionnés avec des mélanges de sables comprenant du sable de carrière (lavé ou non) et du sable naturel afin d'assurer l'ouvrabilité nécessaire. Le module de finesse résultant est celui qui caractérise le sable recommandé par les BSS pour le sable de type 1. Les dosages étaient de 1: 4 pour les mortiers à enduire les plafonds, et de 1: 6 pour les mortiers à enduire les murs. Comme pour les deux premières étapes de cette étude(1), la consistance des mortiers frais était uniforme et voisine de celle qu'on obtient communément en œuvre. D'après les résultats d'essai, et compte tenu du fait que les mortiers confectionnés avec du plâtre et des mélanges de sables se révèlent d'une ouvrabilité supérieure à celle des produits de plâtre et de sable de carrière uniquement, on conclue que les mélanges de sable de carrière (lavé ou non) et de sable naturel peuvent entrer dans la composition des mortiers de plâtre et de sable utilisés comme sous-couche en enduits intérieurs et constituent un bon produit de remplacement pour les mortiers de plâtre confectionnés avec le sable de mer (zifzif).
    Notes: Abstract This paper concludes the report on the general study on “Sands for Gypsum-Sand Plaster”. The object of the study was plaster mortars complying with the strength, hardness, shrinkage and workability requirements when made with sand mixtures whose constitutents, used separately, fail to comply with the former. The present series dealt with the properties of mortars made with sand mixtures comprising quarry sand—washed and unwashed—and natural sand with the resultant fineness modulus characterising the sand recommended by the B.S.S. for Type 1 sand.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 265-267 
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 275-295 
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    Notes: Résumé Cette étude comprend trois parties, intitulées respectivement: «Les mesures en rhéologie des mortiers», «Les comportements rhéologiques des mortiers», et «L'influence de la composition des mortiers sur leur viscosité». Elle a fait l'objet d'une thèse de Doctorat ès-Sciences Physiques présentée à l'Université Paul Sabatier de Toulouse et soutenue le 27 avril 1971. Etant donné son importance, nous ne publions dans ce numéro que les deux premières parties; la publication de la troisième partie est prévue dans notre prochain numéro.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 315-322 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a déterminé la vitesse de diffusion de l'eau dans des pâtes hydratées de ciment Portland et de ciment alumineux en mesurant à la thermobalance la perte de poids d'un échantillon sphérique dans un courant d'azote sec. On s'est servi de petits échantillons, d'un diamètre de 15 à 20 mm, et on leur a donné la forme sphérique pour des raisons de symétrie géométrique, ce qui a permis d'amener en quelques jours l'échantillon à l'équilibre de l'état sec. On a observé les modifications microstructurales de la pâte hydratée en cours de séchage à l'aide d'un microscope stéréoscopique à balayage. La migration d'eau dans les pâtes hydratées de ciment Portland ordinaire et de ciment alumineux suit étroitement, à 303°K, l'équation de diffusion. Le coefficient de diffusion tombe rapidement dans les 14 premiers jours après la coulée, mais par la suite la modification se fait beaucoup plus lentement. La vitesse de diffusion de l'eau dans la pâte de ciment alumineux est d'environ deux fois plus grande que dans la pâte de ciment Portland ordinaire. Le ciment «sulphacrete» forme aussi une pâte d'une forte porosité initiale et, même après trois mois de conservation, la vitesse de migration d'eau était le double de celle dans la pâte de ciment Portland ordinaire. L'introduction de granulat de calcaire concassé détermine une fluctuation cyclique de la vitesse de migration d'eau. La formation de microfissures à l'interface ciment/granulat en est une cause possible. L'addition de cendre volante à la pâte de ciment Portland ordinaire n'a pas suscité de modification anormale de la vitesse de diffusion d'eau. Les particules sphérique étaient parfaitement enrobées dans la pâte et n'ont provoqué aucune dislocation. Les variations de température de diffusion d'eau dans les pâtes de ciment entre 303 et 343°K ne correspondent pas à un simple processus d'activation. Sous 323°K, l'énergie d'activation était de 31 kJ°K−1 mole−1 pour le ciment Portland ordinaire et de 38 kJ°K−1 mole−1 pour le ciment alumineux; au-dessus de 323°K, les valeurs étaient respectivement de 102 kJ°K−1 mole−1 et 131 kJ°K−1 mole−1. Le passage d'un niveau faible à un niveau élevé de l'énergie de diffusion était probablement associé à une restructuration des silicates de calcium et des aluminates de calcium hydratés.
    Notes: Abstract Water migration in Portland cement paste follows closely the theoretical diffusion equation. The diffusion coefficient decreases with increasing curing time of the paste specimen at first, but after 14 days the value becomes nearly constant. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient indicates that diffusion involves an activation process, but the characteristic energy depends on the temperature range. The behaviour of aluminous cement is similar, but the value of the diffusion coefficient and its temperature dependence are about double those for Portland cement. Stereoscan electron micrographs of aluminous cement show a temperature sensitive microstructure and this probably causes the change in the diffusion activation energy. No comparable clear change can be seen in Portland cement structure.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des essais d'exposition accélérés, durant 500 heures, ont été accomplis sur 5 sortes de produits d'étanchéité pour joints à base de polysulfure, en vue de déterminer l'effet du vieillissement sur leurs propriétés, comme la première étape d'une étude plus générale qui comprendrait une corrélation avec le comportement de ces produits sous exposition naturelle. Les essais ont été faits dans un “Atlas Weather-O-Meter” (modèle à arc double). Les propriétés mécaniques des produits, telles que la dureté, la résistance à la traction, l'allongement à la rupture et l'énergie totale de déformation, ont été examinées après chaque période de 100 heures d'exposition et comparées avec les résultats obtenus sur des éprouvettes conservées dans une chambre à atmosphère contrôlée. Les éprouvettes dont on s'est servi pour ces essais étaient différentes des éprouvettes habituelles prescrites par USAS, qui ne conviennent pas aux essais d'exposition à cause de leurs grands blocs de ciments et d'une couche épaisse de produit d'étanchéité. Il a fallu donc concevoir une éprouvette spéciale de façon que soient accentués les effets des dommages dus à l'exposition. L'évaluation des résultats à l'aide de paramètres énérgétiques montre des differences notables entre les propriétés des différentes marques étudiées, avant et après exposition. On a pu en tirer des conclusions provisoires relatives aux performances des produits, et obtenir aussi une évaluation comparative de leur durabilité probable dans les conditions atmosphériques, quoique aucune prédiction en termes de durée en service ne soit possible à ce stade. Il faudrait en effet pour cela disposer de corrélations entre les résultats des essais accélérés et ceux de l'exposition naturelle qui viennent d'être commencés. Cette étude a été entreprise en vue de définir un coefficient de vieillissement accéléré en relation avec les conditions climatiques locales.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of accelerated aging on a number of important characteristics of five brands of polysulphide-based joint sealants was studied as the first step of a more general evaluation, with a view to correlation with their behaviour under natural exposure at local sites. Mechanical tests before and after periods of Weather-O-meter exposure were carried out on test pieces designed for accentuated projection of exposure damage. Evaluation of results by means of energy-based parameters showed significant differences in the properties of the various brands before and after exposure.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 344-345 
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 307-314 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On rend compte des études expérimentales sur le béton frais et le béton durci confectionnés avec des granulats de latérite qui sont abondants sur la côte sud-ouest de l'Inde. On a constaté que la proportion de 5/1 de latérite par rapport au sable de rivière donnait un béton d'ouvrabilité et de compactibilité satisfaisantes. On a confectionné plusieurs mélanges dont les rapports eau/ciment allaient de0,40 à0,60 et les rapports granulat/ciment de4 à6. On a étudié diverses propriétés, telles que l'ouvrabilité du béton jeune, les résistances en compression, flexion et traction, ainsi que le module d'élasticité du béton durci, sur cubes, cylindres et prismes. Les essais ont montré que l'ouvrabilité du béton à granulat de latérite, exprimée en résultats d'essais d'affaissement ou d'essais “vébé”, diminue avec l'augmentation du rapport granulat/eau. La résistance à la compression, qui va de 5 à 10 N/mm2 s'est révélée beaucoup plus faible que celle du béton à granulat de gravier ou de granit concassé, pour les proportions de granulat et les rapports eau/ciment considérés dans cette étude. La résistance en flexion du béton à granulat de latérite était de 20% de la résistance en compression, tandis que le rapport moyen de résistance en traction par fendage aux résistances en flexion et en compression était respectivement de 0,10 et de 0,47.
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents the results of tests conducted on fresh and hardened concrete using laterite as aggregate. Several mixes of laterite aggregate concrete were made with varying watercement and aggregate-cement ratios to study the properties like workability, compressive, flexural, tensile strength and Modulus of elasticity. The tests indicate that the workability decreases with increasing aggregate-water ratio. The compressive strength of laterite aggregate concrete is considerably lower than that of gravel or crushed granite aggregate concrete, while the average ratio of cylinder to cube strength compared favourably with that for normal aggregate concrete, for the range of aggregate and water-cement ratios covered in this investigation.
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 339-343 
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    Materials and structures 5 (1972), S. 379-393 
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    Notes: Summary The essential object of this study is to contribute to liberate the rheological study of fresh concrete from the present-day empiricism. For this an apparatus has been developed to determine the flow curve of the material and thus obtain its rheological equation of state. Changes in rheological behaviour have thus been shown relative to the dynamic state of the material (vibrated or not), the solid concentration and the shape of the aggregate. This study finally deals with the influence of the solid concentration, the grain size, the shape and nature of the aggregate on the viscosity of fresh mortars vibrated or at rest.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A typical geodetic satellite orbit has been computed by numerical integration for a period of thirty hours. The gravitational potential of a standard orbit was represented by the SAO 1969 Standard Earth potential coefficients taken to degree 18. Other orbits were generated using the generalized Stokes' equations and the coating method applied to gravity anomalies and surface densities, in 5°, 10°, 15° and 30° equal-area blocks, derived from the given potential coefficients. The differences between these orbits yield the position differences to be expected when representing the potential field by using gravity data instead of potential coefficients. Using 10°, 15°, and 30° blocks and the generalized Stokes' equations, the position error at the end of thirty hours was 89 meters, 224 meters, and 2060 meters respectively. This error is primarily due to the integration error in computing the gravitational field by summation over a finite number of areas.
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    Notes: Summary The aim of this paper is to examine the physical laws which govern the motion of a horizontal pendulum, mounted with the familiar Zöllner suspension geometry and to establish the equations of its motion. It is possible in this process to determine calibration parameters with greater precision and confidence and to demonstrate that procedures based upon period measurement can inherently claim a precision superior to some modern alternatives. Moreover in approaching the problem from a theoretical viewpoint it is possible to pinpoint those features of design which give rise to the troublesome aberrations. This facility makes it possible to comment upon design improvements so that a closer approach may be made to an ideal instrument.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 51-59 
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    Notes: Summary The partial derivatives of the dispersion curves have been calculated by means of a method founded on the theorem of implicit functions, which was described in[1]. The partial derivatives of the dispersion curves of Love waves are studied in detail for a model of a single-layered medium. Analytical formulae for the partial derivatives are used for deriving the limits of these partial derivatives when the period approaches zero or the critical period.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 10-29 
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    Notes: Summary Using the geocentric constant GM=398 601.3 × 10 9 m 3s −2 , the known value of the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation ω, Stokes' constants J n (k) and S n (k) upto n=21 (zonal), n=16 (tesseral and sectorial) [2], the geocentric co-ordinates and heights above sea-level of SAO satellite stations [2], the following will be derived: the potential on the geoid Wo, the scale factor for lengths Ro=GM/Wo, the radius-vector of the surface W=Wo, the parameters of the best-fitting Earth tri-axial ellipsoid, and the components of the deflections of the vertical with respect to the geocentric rotational IAG ellipsoid (Lucerne 1967), as well as to the best-fitting geocentric tri-axial ellipsoid. Some of the differences in the structure of the gravity field over the Northern and Southern Hemispheres will be given, and the mean values of gravity over the equatorial zone, determined from the dynamics of satellite orbits, on the one hand, and from terrestrial gravity data, on the other, will be compared.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 60-68 
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    Notes: Summary The paper is based on the approximation of dispersion relations, derived in[1, 2]. The propagation of the electric field of HM-waves through three different models of the lower ionosphere is investigated. It is shown that the composition of the lower ionosphere displays a strong effect on the amplitudes and shape of the polarization diagram.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 77-87 
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    Notes: Резюме Больще 50 знaченuŭ земно о mеnлово о nоmжкa нa mеррumорuu Чехословaкuu, оmносящеŭся ко ¶rt;вум рaзлuчньlм mекmонuческuм сuсmемaм, нaблю¶rt;aлuсь nо оmнощенuю к форме еоu¶rt;a u комбuнuровaнноŭ aномaлuu сuлы mяжесmu. Резульmamы nокaзывaюm, чmо облaсmu больщо о mеnлово о nоmокa сооmвеmсmвуюm возвыщенносmям еоu¶rt;a, возможно u локaльным ослaбленuям земноŭ коры:
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    Notes: Summary The problem of the electromagnetic field distribution, which is described by Helmholtz equation, is solved by treating the finite difference approximation. The field of H-polarization is studied on a bounded region consisting of blocks with different electrical conductivities separated by interfaces of a general form.
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    Notes: Резюме Дaюmся резульmamы эmaлонuровaнuя mрех aсmaзuровaнных квaрцевых рaвuмеmров CG-2 ео¶rt;езuческо о muna No; 174-G, 181-G u 228-G с nрuмененuем меmо¶rt;a нaклонa. По резульmamaм зmaлонuровaнuя моЗно зaключumь, чmо можно обесnечumь оmносumельную mочносmь 1. 10−4 u оnре¶rt;елumь нелuнеŭносmь щкaлы. Былa нaŭ¶rt;енa ¶rt;овльно больщaя зaвuсuмосmь мaсщmaбных коэффuцuенmов эmaлонuруемых рaвuмеmров оm mемnерamуры.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 96-100 
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    Notes: Резюме Обсуж¶rt;aеmся сооmнощенuе меж¶rt;у вmороŭ верmuкaльноŭ nроuзво¶rt;ноŭ еоnоmенцuaлa u nлоmносmью мaсс Эемлu в nре¶rt;nоложенuu, чmо nлоmносmь являеmся функцuеŭ лuщь рaссmоянuя оm ценmрa Эемлu. Срaвнuвaюmся резульmamы нaблю¶rt;енuŭ рa¶rt;uенmов в щaхmaх с резульmamaмu, nолученнымu nрu nомощu ¶rt;ру uх меmо¶rt;ов.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 103-106 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dem Artikel werden die Gleichungen zwischen der Anzahl von Gewittertagen, der Gewitterdauer und der Anzahl von Blitzentladungen abgeleitet, die durch den CIGRE-Blitzzähler in 13 Stationen in der ČSSR und 6 Stationen in Finnland während einer 4-jährigen ununterbrochenen Beobachtungspheriode registriert wurden. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die die Beziehungen zwischen der Anzahl von Gewittertagen und der Anzahl von Blitzentladungen und zwischen der Gewitterdauer und der Anzahl von Blitzentladungen nichtlinear sind. Die Nichtlinearität zwischen den Jahressummen ist höher als die Nichtlinearität zwischen den Monatssummen einzelner Parameter.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 122-125 
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    Notes: Summary Expressions for the time variation of gravity and for deformations of equipotential surfaces due to the free nutation of the Earth have been derived. The possibility has been shown of determining the polar motion by means of accurate gravity observations under the assumption that the other effects, particularly tidal, may be expressed with sufficient accuracy theoretically. The necessity of introducing gravity corrections due to the polar motion has been pointed out in investigating the secular variations of gravity and in accurate gravity measurements (standard error of the order of 0.01 mgal and less), in general.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 100-102 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Wurzeln einer charakteristischen Gleichung für die Randbedingung der Diffusion des toroidalen magnetischen Störungsfeldes berechnet, das in dünner Schicht unterhalb der Grenze Kern — Mantel, als eine Folge von Störung der Winkelgeschwindigkeit dieser Schicht in Anwesenheit des magnetischen Dipolfeldes induziert wird. Die Wurzeln werden für verschiedene Werte des Verhältnisses der Leitfähigkeit des Erdmantels und Erdkerns ausgerechnet. Es wird gezeigt, dass das aus dem Milieu mit der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit σ in das Milieu mit elektrischer Leitfähigkeit σm diffundierende toroidale magnetische Störungsfeld vom Werte σm/σ〈10−2 an von dem Verhältnis elektrischer Leitfähigkeiten beider Milieus unabhänging bleibt.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 107-121 
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    Notes: Summary A summation method of upward continuation of gravity data has been considered under the assumption that observations are available at regular intervals. The upward continued value has been obtained as the sum of products of individual gravity values and corresponding theoretical coefficients. Besides the usual parameter involving horizontal and vertical distances, the theoretical coefficients have been generalized to be dependent also on i) the order of a low order polynomial assumed to represent the gravity variation around a grid point and ii) the weights assigned to the gravity values at the nearest four grid points used for least-squares determination of the polynomial. Since the observations in practical cases are available over a finite area only, the effect of truncation of the area of the integration has also been discussed separately. The method has been programmed and tested on a three-dimensional model, whose true gravity effects were computed at various levels over a finite area. Upward continued values have been computed under various assumptions about the gravity field in the “outside” region. Comparisons of these results with the true values indicate that the truncation effect becomes increasingly important for larger values of the ratio of elevation to grid separation and/or when the gravity field is not a local one. It has also been found that the greater is the above ratio, the less important is the effect of weights on the theoretical coefficients and practically vanishes(〈10 −4 ) when the ratio is greater than5.0.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 153-166 
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    Notes: Summary The paper deals with the problems of fast determination of the magnification curve and of the partial constants of an electromagnetic seismograph by means of responses to release and shock tests, using a computer.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 177-185 
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    Notes: Summary A simple two-layer model of finite-amplitude frontal waves was derived. During the development of the unstable waves the cusp point is formed on the front. On the relatively steep (very flat) frontal planes very short (relatively long) amplified waves are to be expected.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 126-152 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Grundbeziehungen für die Berechnung von Strahlen seismischer Wellen in inhomogenen Milieus abgeleitet, in denen die Geschwindigkeit allgemein von drei krummlinigen Koordinaten abhängt. Die angeführten Beziehungen stellen ein System von gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen erster Ordnung dar. Die numerische Lösung dieses Systems bietet eine Möglichkeit, die Strahlendiagramme, Laufzeitkurven und Isochronen für die gegebenen Geschwindigkeitsmodelle zu konstruieren. Aufmerksamkeit wird ebenfalls dem Einfall der Strahlen auf eine unebene Grenzschicht gewidmet. Die Beziehungen für die Berechnung reflektierter und refraktierter Strahlen werden abgeleitet. Anhand der abgeleiteten Beziehungen werden Strahlendiagramme und Laufzeitkurven für eine Geschwindigkeitsverteilung berechnet, die durch die vorläufige Interpretation der Ergebnisse von seismischen Tiefensondierungen am tschechoslowakischen Teil des Profils VI gewonnen wurden.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 16 (1972), S. 167-176 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
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    Notes: Summary The magnetic phases of natural pyrrhotites were studied by the method of powder patterns, the chemism of the magnetic phases by means of the electron microprobe method, and the crystal phases by etching the polished sections. The method of powder patterns distinguished the ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases in the transition-type pyrrhotites. The method of absorbed electrons lead to the discovery that both phases have a different chemical composition and that the ferrimagnetic phase has a lower denisty and an average atomic number. The linear and point-by-point analysis disclosed that the ferrimagnetic phase has a lower weight content of Fe and a higher weight content of S than the antiferromagnetic phase. Both the magnetic phases displayed different properties when etched, and therefore they not only have a different chemical composition, but also a different crystal structure. The necessity of studying the image of the absorbed electrons and the image of the etched surface of the polycrystalline samples of pyrrhotites of the transition type separately on individual grains was pointed out.
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