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  • Articles  (41)
  • Comets  (41)
  • Springer  (41)
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  • Articles  (41)
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  • Springer  (41)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Springer Nature
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  • 2020-2024
  • 2000-2004  (5)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the existence of small comets and their interactions with planets (1996)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 72 (1996), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; small ; search program ; planets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Arguments are presented for a substantial, unexplored population of comets with radii less than 1 km. Known examples confirm this population and extrapolation of any plausible size-distribution function indicates large numbers. However, their accurate numbers, orbital characteristics, and physical properties are unknown. Thus, even though the small comets may be the most frequent cometary bodies impacting the planets, a quantitative evaluation is not currently possible. We advocate an optimized, dedicated search program to characterize this population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00117524
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comet Hale-Bopp (1995 O1) (1996)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 73 (1996), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; named objects ; Comet Hale-Bopp (199501) ; photometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Considerable interest has been raised by the discovery of Comet Hale-Bopp (1995 O1) and the possibility that it might become a very bright object in Spring 1997. The evidence to support either of the conflicting hypothesis (an intrinsically bright comet or a faint comet in a very large outburst) is too limited to reach solid conclusions and may remain so for some months yet. The pre-discovery observations encountered to date provide some limits to photometric models and suggest that the comet may be intrinsically bright, but do not yet permit a firm discrimination, even between extreme scenarios, due to the enormous extrapolation that must be made from the heliocentric distance at discovery, to that of perihelion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00058042
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monte Carlo Simulations of Oort Cloud Comets: the Influence of Mantle Blow-off on the Inclination Distribution of Jupiter Family (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 77 (1997), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; Jupiter family ; simulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have developed an efficient Monte Carlo method by which we can evaluate the evolution of comets. There are many poorly known evolutional parameters, and we have investigated the influence of these parameters on the final populations and the inclination distributions of short-period comets. We compare the observed and calculated inclination distributions of different comet populations and obtain a good fit for the inclinations of the Jupiter family comets by assuming a mantle blow-off and a sudden brightening of the comet when its perihelion distance is lowered in a major jump.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006281618542
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What is the Parent of CH in the Coma of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)? (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 78 (1997), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; chemistry ; spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The ratio of CH4/CO in comets is an important indicator of the region of their formation. However, it is difficult to measure the quantity of CH+. The Giotto Ion Mass Spectrometer experiment observed a quantity of CH+ which seemed inconsistent with the amount of CH+. Thus, it was proposed that a source of the CH+ was a distributed source in the dust. We tested this hypothesis by observing the CH emission strength in comet Hale-Bopp as a function of dustiness. We see no strong correlation between the dust and the gas. Thus, for Hale-Bopp,dust is unlikely to be a dominant source of CH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006235715217
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection Of Soft X-Ray Emission From Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 77 (1997), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; general-comets ; individual (Hale–Bopp 1995 O1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report the detection of soft X-rays from comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) by the Low Energy Concentrator Spectrometer (LECS) on-board the X-ray satellite, BeppoSAX. The observations took place on 1996 September 10–11 approximately 1 day after a large dust outburst (Schulz et al., 1997–1999). After correcting for the comets motion, a 7σ enhancement was found centered (2.1 ± 1.3) x 105 km from the position of the nucleus, in the general solar direction. The total X-ray luminosity in the 0.1–2.0 keV energy band is 5 x 1016 erg s−1 which is at least a factor of ∼ 3 greater than measured by the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE)4 days later and suggests that the bulk of the emission measured by the LECS is related to the dust outburst. The extracted LECS spectrum is well fit by a thermal bremsstrahlung-like distribution of temperature of 0.29 ± 0.06 keV - consistent with that observed in other comets. We find no evidence for fluorescent carbon or oxygen emission and place 95% confidence limits of 1.0 x 1015 and 7.8 x 1015 erg s−1 to narrow line emission at 0.28 and 0.53 keV, respectively. We calculate that if such lines are present, they constitute at most 18% of the 0.1–2.0 keV continuum luminosity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006253028962
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collisional Quenching of OH Radio Emission from Comet Hale-Bopp (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 78 (1997), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; production rates ; OH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations of comets in the 18-cm OH transitions offer a means to probe gas production, kinematics, and OH excitation in comets. We present initial results of OH observations of comet Hale-Bopp obtained with the NRAO 43 m antenna located in Greenbank, WV. Maps of the emission provide strong constraints on the amount of quenching of the inversion of the OH ground state Λ-doublet in the coma. Analysis of the total radio OH flux and maps of its radial brightness distribution indicate a quenched region on the order of ∼500,000 km during March and April 1997. This large value is generally consistent with previous observations of radio OH quenching in lower production rate comets when the high production rate of comet Hale-Bopp is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006258908857
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Molecular Species in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) Observed with the Caltech Ssubmillimeter Observatory (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 78 (1997), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; composition ; radio observations ; spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present millimeter-wave observations of HNCO, HC3N, SO, NH2CHO, H13CN, and H3O+ in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)obtained in February–April, 1997 with the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO). HNCO, first detected at the CSO in comet C/1996B2 (Hyakutake), is securely confirmed in comet Hale-Bopp via observations of three rotational transitions. The derived abundance with respect to H2O is (4-13) × 10-4. HC3N, SO, and NH2CHO are detected for the first time in a comet. The fractional abundance of HC3N based on observations of three rotational lines is (1.9 ± 0.2) × 10-4. Four transitions of SO are detected and the derived fractional abundance, (2-8) ×10-3, is higher than the upper limits derived from UV observations of previous comets. Observations of NH2CHO imply a fractional abundance of (1-8) × 10-4. H3O is detected for the first time from the ground. The H13CN (3-2)transition is also detected and the derived HCN/H13CN abundance ratio is 90 ± 15, consistent with the terrestrial12C/13C ratio. In addition, a number of other molecular species are detected, including HNC, OCS, HCO+, CO+, and CN(the last two are first detections in a comet at radio wavelengths).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006281802554
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The HNC/HCN Ratio in Comets (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 78 (1997), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; interstellar molecules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The abundance ratio of the isomers HCN and HNC has been investigated in comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) through observations of the J = 4−3 rotational transitions of both species for heliocentric distances 0.93 〈 r 〈 3 AU, both pre- and post-perihelion. After correcting for the optical depth of the stronger HCN line, we find that the column density ratio of HNC/HCN in our telescope beam increases significantly as the comet approaches the Sun. We compare this behavior to that predicted from an ion-molecule chemical model and conclude that the HNC is produced insignificant measure by chemical processes in the coma; i.e., for comet Hale-Bopp, HNC is not a parent molecule sublimating from the nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006202823878
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations Of Scattered Light From Cometary Dust And Their Interpretation (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 79 (1997), S. 221-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; dust ; colour ; polarization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This review begins with a discussion of the techniques needed for observations of scattered light from cometary dust. After an introduction into the basic concepts of the scattering process, observations of the phase curves of brightness, colour and polarization are covered. Images of colour and polarization are presented and the observed relation of colour and polarization in jets and shells is discussed. The interpretation of the measurements is based on the power law size distributions of dust grains observed from space. The power index must lie between 2 and 4 to provide the mass budget and visibility of the dust coma in accordance with the basic facts of cometary physics. Application of mechanical (radiation pressure) theory to cometary images allows us to derive related power law distributions for comets not explored by spacecraft. Grain scattering models are presented and compared with observations. A prediction is made of the spatial distribution of Stokes parameters U and V in the presence of aligned particles. Up to now such patterns have not been observed. Future work should include the exploration of comets at small and possibly very small phase angles and a detailed comparison of polarization and colour images of comets with thermal images and with models based on mechanical theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006249703639
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dust-Gas Interrelations In Comets: Observations And Theory (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 79 (1997), S. 275-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; Hale-Bopp ; dynamics ; photochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The development of the expanding atmosphere from the evaporating cometary nucleus has traditionally focused on observing and modeling the separate development of two distinct components, gas and dust,which are coupled dynamically with one another at distances out to a few tens of cometary radii. In the last decade or so, however, direct evidence from observations and suggestions from theory suggest that the dusty-gas coma is a tightly coupled system where material is transferred between the solid and gaseous phase as an important integral part of the basic development of the coma. Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) was discovered far from the sun and is the largest and most productive comet, in the sense of release of gas and dust in modern times. This has permitted observations to be made over an unprecedented range of heliocentric distance. This paper presents a review of a range of important issues regarding interrelations between dust and gas in comets, a description of the gas and dust environment for Hale-Bopp, and a summary of the preliminary results from Hale-Bopp which are relevant to these issues. Particular topics include dusty-gas models, dust fading and fragmentation, the role of dust and gas jets, the day/night distribution of gas and dust, and extended sources of gas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006257922294
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