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  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (1,055)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (506)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974  (549)
  • 1983  (258)
  • 1981  (248)
  • 1972  (549)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (506)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974  (549)
Year
  • 1
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    Miniature battery-operated electromagnetic flowmeter (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Life Sci. Publ., Vol. 2; 7 p
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  • 2
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    Si:Bi array detectors and astronomical applications of the Goddard 10 micron camera (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: An improved 4 to 18 micron array camera system was developed at NASA Goddard SFC for astronomical photometry, using an Aerojet Electro Systems Corp. 16 x 16 Si:Bi accumulation mode charge injection device (AMCID) which could be suitable for eventual low-background spaceflight applications. An astronomical observing program using this device was carried out as a collaboration between NASA Goddard (Infrared and Radio Astronomy Branch and Micro Electronics Branch), the Harvard/Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona. In 1983 the camera system was revised, and a new Aeroject Si:Bi array with 16 x 16 active pixels was obtained from NASA/Ames Research Center as part of a new scientific collaboration between the Ames and Goddard infrared array research groups. The 16 x 16 device had sufficiently good sensitivity, uniformity and noise characteristics to be used for successful observations at the Mt. Lemmon 60 and 61 inch telescopes in May 1983. Complete laboratory characterization of the 16 x 16 array was carried out in summer of 1983. Initial results indicate that this detector has sensitivity and noise characteristics comparable to other devices from the same generation of Aerojet arrays.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 12 p
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  • 3
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    Solar corona photography, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Photographic observations of the solar corona by the Apollo 16 command module pilot while in lunar orbit are reported. These were designed to provide data on outer coronal forms and intensities to elongation angles of 25 deg. The results of Apollo 15 solar corona photography verified the procedures and provided the first photographs of identifiable coronal streamers curving at elongation angles of some 10 deg. By using the Apollo 15 data, exposure settings were optimized for Apollo 16, and the results show a significant improvement in photometric quality over the large range of brightness to be photographed. Ground observations of the inner solar corona (to approximately 2 solar radii from Sun center) indicate a general lack of coronal structure, and results of data reduction thus far show no streamer structure at large elongation angles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 4
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    Astronomical photography. Part A: Gum nebula, galactic cluster, and zodiacal light photography (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: It is reported that the Apollo 16 command module astronomical photography was performed with the specific objective of capitalizing on the uniqueness of the double umbra as a vantage point to collect astronomical data that are obtainable only near our Moon. For this reason, these data will be compared directly to analogous photography performed from Earth orbit during Project Mercury and the Gemini Program as well as to the Apollo-duplicated photography taken from sites on the Earth surface. Comparison with Earth-based photography should yield direct information on the Earth airglow layer and on atmospheric scattering and extinction.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 5
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    Photogrammetry using Apollo 16 orbital photography, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Discussion is made of the Apollo 15 and 16 metric and panoramic cameras which provided photographs for accurate topographic portrayal of the lunar surface using photogrammetric methods. Nine stereoscopic models of Apollo 16 metric photographs and three models of panoramic photographs were evaluated photogrammetrically in support of the Apollo 16 geologic investigations. Four of the models were used to collect profile data for crater morphology studies; three models were used to collect evaluation data for the frequency distributions of lunar slopes; one model was used to prepare a map of the Apollo 16 traverse area; and one model was used to determine elevations of the Cayley Formation. The remaining three models were used to test photogrammetric techniques using oblique metric and panoramic camera photographs. Two preliminary contour maps were compiled and a high-oblique metric photograph was rectified.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 6
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    Photogrammetry and altimetry. Part A: Apollo 16 laser altimeter (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The laser altimeter measures precise altitudes of the command and service module above the lunar surface and can function either with the metric (mapping) camera or independently. In the camera mode, the laser altimeter ranges at each exposure time, which varies between 20 and 28 sec (i.e., 30 to 43 km on the lunar surface). In the independent mode, the laser altimeter ranges every 20 sec. These altitude data and the spacecraft attitudes that are derived from simultaneous stellar photography are used to constrain the photogrammetric reduction of the lunar surface photographs when cartographic products are generated. In addition, the altimeter measurements alone provide broad-scale topographic relief around the entire circumference of the moon. These data are useful in investigating the selenodetic figure of the moon and may provide information regarding gravitational anomalies on the lunar far side.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 7
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    Examination of the Surveyor 3 surface sampler scoop (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The operation and external appearance of the surface sampling scoop are discussed. An attempt was made to measure the magnitude of the existing adhesion between the lunar soil and the various surfaces of the scoop.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 100-114
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  • 8
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    NASA-ARC 36 inch airborne infrared telescope (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A 36 in. aperture telescope is being developed for installation aboard a NASA-Lockheed C-141A aircraft. This airborne observatory will permit observation of infrared emission at altitudes above 45,000 ft above much of the infrared-absorbing atmospheric water vapor. The telescope will look through a movable open port in the aircraft fuselage. A porous spoiler, upstream from the open port, will attenuate pressure disturbances and permit operation at ambient temperatures and pressures without an obscuring window. The telescope's entire structure is supported by a 16 in. spherical air bearing, which effectively isolates it from angular aircraft motions. This air bearing support, with inertial stabilization and star tracking, will permit net line of sight stability of better than 2 arcsec rms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 81-88
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  • 9
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    Astronomical photography, part T (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Photographic observations of astronomical interest conducted during the Apollo 15 mission are discussed. Procedures used in photographing the solar corona are described together with calibration and reduction methods. In addition, selected preliminary results obtained from the photography are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Its Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 39 p
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  • 10
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    First earthshine photography from lunar orbit, part S (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The first photographs of the moon taken with earthshine illumination by the Apollo 15 crew were examined. Emphasis in the analysis was placed on a comparison of predicted exposures and obtained exposures. The results of the investigation indicate the following: (1) The predicted exposure of the maria areas and the obtained exposures were in reasonably close agreement. (2) The apparent-albedo values obtained for the floor of Aristarchus Crater are seven times greater than those for the maria.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 11
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    The particles and fields subsatellite magnetometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: It is reported that the objectives of the particles and fields subsatellite (PFS) magnetometer experiment are to calculate the interior electrical conductivity of the moon, to survey the remanent magnetization of the lunar surface, and to study the interaction of the moon with its plasma environment. The magnetometers also support the PFS particle experiment by providing onboard magnetic sectoring and a posteriori pitch angle data and plasma diagnostics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept. te]; 13 p
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  • 12
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    X-ray fluorescence experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, carried in the scientific instrument module bay of the command and service module, was used for orbital mapping of the lunar surface composition and X-ray galactic observations during transearth coast. The lunar surface measurements involved observations of the intensity and characteristic energy distribution of the secondary or fluorescent X-rays produced by the interaction of solar X-rays with the lunar surface. The astronomical observations consisted of relatively long periods of X-ray measurement of preselected galactic sources such as Cygnus (Cyg X-1) and Scorpius (Sco X-1).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 13
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    Far UV camera/spectrograph (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The far UV camera/spectrograph deployed in the Apollo 16 mission recorded light in the invisible band of wavelengths between 50 and 160 nm, approximately one-third the wavelength that can penetrate the atmosphere of the earth to ground based telescopes. The photographs obtained show hydrogen and other gases in the solar wind and interplanetary media, and provide new data on stars, nebulae, and galaxies. The instrument is described, the experimental goals outlined, and the preliminary results discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 14
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    Lunar orbital mass spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A lunar orbital mass spectrometer carried by the Apollo 16 command and service module was used to detect the lunar atmosphere and to search for active lunar volcanism. The experimental procedure and results are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 15
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    Gamma ray spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The transearth coast period of the Apollo 16 mission provided an opportunity to study the astronomical sources of gamma radiation. This experiment was used to aid compositional identification for geochemical mapping of the lunar surface.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 8 p
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  • 16
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    UV photography of the earth and moon (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: This experiment obtained imagery of the earth and the moon at a series of wavelength intervals in the near ultraviolet. These photographs were used to aid in the interpretation of the UV appearance of other planets in the solar system, especially mars and venus. The filter and film characteristics are described, as well as the ozone absorption coefficient curve.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 17
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    Surveyor television camera, selected materials and electronic components, Appendix C (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The locations of various parts of the Surveyor camera are presented. Tables were prepared with emphasis on: (1) exterior parts and surfaces that are directly exposed to space, (2) parts that shield others from space radiation, (3) representative or unique materials, and (4) electronic devices that may contain unique or well-characterized materials.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 278-283
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  • 18
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    High voltage transmission microscopy of Surveyor 3 camera shrouds (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The internal structure of painted and unpainted aluminum alloy sheet samples from the TV camera shrouds were examined by high-voltage transmission electron microscopy. No clear-cut evidence of radiation damage effects was observed. Noticeable differences in microstructures between the upper visor and the sides and bottom of the lower shroud suggest different thermal histories, and the maximum temperatures due to solar heating are estimated to be between 164 and 319 C. Some correlation between microstructures and maximum estimated temperature is noted. It is felt that the apparent temperature rise due to solar heating will not affect the structural integrity of spacecraft components except possibly for very long periods of exposure. However, substantial thermal diffusion could affect interpretation of solar wind rare gas studies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 184-196
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  • 19
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    A contamination experiment investigating the failure of the Nimbus 4 filter wedge spectrometer (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A ground test is described wherein a quartz crystal microbalance was used in defining the quantity and direction of a contaminant. The cause of the failure of an experiment in orbit was thus confirmed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Simulation; p 469-485
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  • 20
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    An instrument for real time detection of contamination in space environmental tests chambers (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: An instrument for in situ vacuum detection of surface reflectance changes at 1216A was designed. Using successive reflections, this instrument is more sensitive as an indicator of reflectance changes than similar instruments having only a single reflection. The selection of each component of the instrument and its operational performance is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Simulation; p 503-519
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  • 21
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    Alpha-particle spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Observation of lunar radon emanation during the Apollo 15 and 16 missions shows the existence of areas with locally high emanation rates. The most conspicuous Rn-222 feature found in the data analysis is a region that includes Aristarchus Crater. The excess emanating power of the Aristarchus region may be an indication of internal activity at that site. There are regions with anomalously high rates of Po-210 activity, which indicates transient phenomena involving the release of Rn-222 gas from certain areas of the moon.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 22
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    Shutter mechanism for spacecraft spectrophotometer (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A shutter mechanism is described for the backscatter ultraviolet spectrophotometer experiment on the Nimbus D satellite. The purpose of the experiment is to determine spatial distribution of atmospheric ozone from measurements of ultraviolet radiation backscattered by the earth's atmosphere. The system consists of two independent, rotary cylinder shutters, controlled by a dual star Geneva mechanism, and driven by a single stepper motor. A single driver controls a combination of two independently driven Geneva stars. Design considerations involved the use of low friction, nonmetallic materials.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 95-100
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  • 23
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    Near-terminator photography, part R (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The advantages resulting from the use of near-terminator photography in lunar surface investigations are discussed. It is pointed out that, under near-terminator conditions, small changes in slope produce greater contrast changes than at high sun elevation angles. This desirable phenomenon is confirmed by an examination of the near-terminator photography taken during the Apollo 15 mission. Many of the photographs obtained show lunar surface areas within a few degrees of the terminator and are therefore of significant geologic interest. In addition, many geologic features stand out in a distinct manner not normal in conventional lunar photography, thus providing additional data on the surface morphology and the configuration of a large number of lunar surface structures.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 24
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    Apollo 15 laser altimeter, part D (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The laser altimeter, consisting of a Q switched ruby laser, transmitting optics, counting timer, receiving optics, and a photomultiplier is described. Harmonic analysis of the mission data is also presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 25
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    Examination of returned Surveyor 3 camera visor for alpha radioactivity (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The TV camera visor was placed in a vacuum chamber and examined for alpha radioactivity using an alpha-scattering instrument, and plates covered with the same paint and made at the same time as the visor were used as a control. The spectra of visor and plates are very similar, and it is concluded that the gross activity on the visor is due entirely to the activity of the paint. The data were used to obtain the amount of Po-210 activity on the lunar surface. It is felt that the lack of detected alpha radioactivity does not indicate a lack of activity on the moon, since dust layers were knocked off the visor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 177-180
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  • 26
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    Convective heating measurement by means of an infrared camera (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: The development of rapid and accurate wind tunnel techniques to measure convective heating distributions in complex reentry configurations is discussed. Major emphasis was put on the infrared camera technique. Its essence is the measurement of infrared emission from the surface of a wind tunnel model as a function of time. Prior calibration of the infrared camera relates the emission to the surface temperature of the model. The time history of the surface temperature can then be related to the heating rate by standard techniques. The output of the camera is an electrical signal that is tape-recorded in analog form, then digitized and processed by computer, so that automated and relatively rapid data reduction can be accomplished. In addition, the camera produces real-time visual displays of the infrared emission as pictures on an oscilloscope screen. These pictures give immediate indications of hot and cool spots on the model.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 645-660
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  • 27
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    Active cavity radiometer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The active cavity radiometer (ACR) experiment on the Spacelab 1 mission to measure the total solar irradiance is discussed. Short and long term variations in the total solar output of optical energy are studied. Solar total irradiance observation provides information on the solar cycle and other long term trends in solar output that are of climatological significance as well as short term solar physics phenomena. The interaction of solar radiation with the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land masses provides the primary driving forces for the formation of weather systems and the determination of climate. Astrophysical measurements determine the total energy flux. The principal role of the ACR observations support extended solar irradiance experiments on free flying satellites. Solar irradiance measurements are important in the establishment of the radiation scale at the solar total flux level in the international system of units (SI).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 28
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    Very wide field camera (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The study of galactic and faint extragalactic extended sources and peculiar ultraviolet objects by a very wide field of view camera, operated in the ultraviolet photometric and spectrometric modes is discussed. The photometric mode is direct photography through filters for observation of the following sources: (1) large scale distribution of ultraviolet radiation in the Milky Way; (2) diffusion of the galactic light above the galactic plane and in front of the large absorbing clouds; (3) the optical emission of the interstellar matter; (4) stars, and starlike objects with diameters less than 3 arc minutes. In the spectrometric mode (nebular spectrograph) the light from the center of the photometric field is concentrated on a slit covering 10 degrees by 10 arc minutes on the sky.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 29
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    Personal miniature electrophysiological tape recorder (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-05
    Description: The use of a personal miniature electrophysiological tape recorder to measure the physiological reactions of space flight personnel to space flight stress and weightlessness is described. The Oxford Instruments Medilog recorder, a battery-powered, four-channel cassette tape recorder with 24 hour endurance is carried on the person and will record EKG, EOG, EEG, and timing and event markers. The data will give information about heart rate and morphology changes, and document adaptation to zero gravity on the part of subjects who, unlike highly trained astronauts, are more representative of the normal population than were the subjects of previous space flight studies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 30
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    Metric camera experiment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: A test of the mapping capabilities of high resolution space photography taken at the resolution limit of image motion on large film format is planned. The metric camera system and its planned operation are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 31
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    Waves in the OH emissive layer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Photography and measurement of cloud-like structures of bright parallel bands observed in near infrared photography of the night sky is planned. The instrument is described and the purpose of the experiment summarized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 32
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    Grille spectrometer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: High resolution infrared spectroscopic observations of the Earth's limb in the wavelength range characteristic of the vibrational-rotational lines of trace atmospheric constituents is planned. The instrument and its operation and the purpose of the experiments are summarized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 33
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    An automatic light scattering CCN counter (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The counter is a static thermal diffusion chamber which has been modified to include an optical system for the determination of droplet concentration by the measurement of scattered light. The determination of concentration is made by measurement of the peak scattered light signal from the cloud of growing droplets which is a function of both the droplet concentration and chamber supersaturation. Because the formation of the peak is related to the rate of growth of the droplets and sedimentation, both of which are determined by supersaturation, the system calibration can be uniquely determined by comparison with an absolute counter such as a static diffusion chamber with a photographic recording system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 40-41
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  • 34
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    Cloud condensation nucleus counter by impactor sampling technique (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Unlike typical CCN counters, this device counts the numbers of water droplets condensed on aerosol particles sampled on a microcover glass at various different relative humidities. The relative humidities ranged from 75 percent to a calculated value of 110 percent. A schematic of the apparatus is shown. The individual CCN can be identified in an optical micrograph and scanning electron micrograph and may be inspected for their chemical composition later.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 35-36
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  • 35
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    The CCN counter of the IOPG of Puy de Dome: Main characterisics and results of measurements (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In performing the data analysis of the measurements achieved during the Workshop with the device, a global approach was preferred rather than an individual analysis, in order to illustrate some main characteristics in the behavior of the device with respect to a mean behavior resulting from a general survey of all the equipments involved in each experiment. The device tends generally to overestimate the CCN concentrations measured near the high supersaturations and sometimes underestimates the concentrations close to 0.1% or 0.2% of supersaturation. Despite the fact that it belongs to a type of static diffusion chamber, it shows, however, similar spectra to those obtained with other types of chambers (continuous flow diffusion chamber and haze chamber).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 17-19
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  • 36
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    Contribution to CCN Workshop report from University of Wyoming group (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The group's CCN counter is described. It is a static, horizontal, parallel plate thermal gradient diffusion chamber. Examples of the application of the CCN are presented and include the CCN spectra measured during the winter of 1978-79 near Elk Mountain, Wyoming. Comparisons of droplet concentrations derived from upwind CCN spectra are covered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 11-13
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  • 37
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    Measurement of the aerosol size distribution with NRL's mobility analyzer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The size distribution was measured in the size range between 0.0057 and 0.57 micrometer radius. A description of the instrumentation and data analysis is given, together with the measured size distributions calculated for 23 experiments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 69-78
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  • 38
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    Modified MEE Industries static thermal gradient diffusion cloud chamber (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The experiments performed at the Workshop were undertaken to confirm the calculated sample volume, determine the usable range of supersaturation, and minimum detectable size. Comparison of absolute CCN concentrations with other state-of-the-art continuous flow diffusion chambers at supersaturations near 1 percent indicated that the volume used produced CCN concentrations well within the range of CCN concentrations determined at the workshop. This agreement is interpreted to mean the sample volume was correct. Direct measurements of the beam geometry done in the laboratory indicated a factor of 4-5 error. This error is apparently due to the larger apparent visible beam diameter versus the actual usable beam diameter given the droplet illumination, chamber optical geometry, microscope optics and film characteristics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 44-45
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  • 39
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    Multi-channel chopper system for a total ozone mapping spectrometer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A multi-channel chopper system designed and built to stringent specifications is providing an excellent performance for a total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS). State of the art machining technology, suitable material selection, and a way to hold and position the slit plate resulted in the instrument's better than expected performance. A shutter method used for internal calibration allows compensation for the occurrence of an unlikely wavelength shift during testing, launch, or during the orbiting life of the instrument. The TOMS is part of a payload on Nimbus 7 launched on October 24, 1978.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 63-75
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  • 40
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    Description of the NRL isothermal haze chamber (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In the IHC the critical supersaturation is inferred from the measurement of the size of particles which have grown to their equilibrium size at exactly 100 percent RH. The largest size channel corresponds to a critical supersaturation of 0.014 percent. The growth time required for particles of this size to reach their equilibrium size exceeds the 110 second residence time in the IHC. Since the supersaturation spectrum is always very steep in this region, the contribution of these larger particles which have not yet attained their equilibrium size to smaller size channels is negligible. However, failure of these particles to reach their equilibrium size could result in a significant lowering of the count in the size channel corresponding to the smaller critical supersaturation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 42-43
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  • 41
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    Static diffusion cloud chambers (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The chamber geometry and optical arrangement are described. The supersaturation range is given and consists of readings taken at five fixed points: 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, and 1.25%. The detection system is described including light source, cameras, and photocell detectors. The temperature control and the calibration of the chamber are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 26-27
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  • 42
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    Description and discussion of the NRL TGDCC (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The NRL thermal gradient diffusion cloud chamber (TGDCC) consists of two plates 7.5 cm in diameter separated by 1.25 cm and covered with saturated filter paper. The cylindrical wall separating the plates is glass. The top plate is at room temperature and the bottom plate is cooled with a thermoelectric cooler. The temperature difference is measured with several sets of thermocouples. The CCN concentration was determined from the video recording. This procedure of averaging the maximum count obtained on several successive recordings at the same supersaturation results in concentrations which are somewhat higher than concentrations calculated from an average across the plateau.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 14-16
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  • 43
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    Comparing dry aerosol size measurements (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Two instruments were used to size dry aerosols for the CCN experiments: the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) instrument which uses an electrical mobility analyzer to separate the aerosol size fractions and a diffusion chamber to grow and count the particles and the University of Wyoming (WYO) aerosol monitoring system. Measurements from these two systems were usually found to be in agreement during the CCN Workshop. Two examples are presented to compare aerosol size distribution measurements of the two instruments: experiment 8 (monodisperse NaCl) and experiment 27 (polydisperse AgI). Differential (dN/dR) and cumulative plots are shown for both instruments for experiment 8 and experiment 27; also shown are Aitken particle measurements for comparison.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 106-107
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  • 44
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    CCN comparisons of static diffusion chambers (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Nine CCN counters of the static diffusion (SDC) type were compared with one another and with continuous flow diffusion (CFD) chambers. The nine SDCs showed a considerable amount of variation, largely attributable to newness and/or lack of prior calibration of some units. The five more consistent instruments agreed quite well, to within at least 20 percent of the NRL mobility analyzer and to within 10 percent at 1 percent supersaturation. There was satisfactory agreement between the more reliable SDC and CFD chambers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 57-63
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  • 45
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    Diffusion tube (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The diffusion tube was designed to operate below about 0.25 percent of water supersaturation. It is simply a long tube lined on the inside with a damp chamois cloth, and heated isothermally to a few degrees centigrade above the incoming air. The diffusion coefficient for water vapor is slightly larger than that for heat, making it possible to supersaturate the airflow. This is the same principle by which transient supersaturations may occur in parallel plate cloud chambers. Only the diffusion of vapor and heat from the walls into the moving air are considered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 37-39
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  • 46
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    A description of the UK Meteorological Office CCN counter (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The chamber is a thermal gradient diffusion type with the upper plate at room temperature and the lower plate thermoelectrically cooled. The light from a 25W projector bulb is focused in a beam of approximations 1x3 mm in the central part of the chamber. The light scattered by drops is viewed in the forward direction (40 deg) by a microscope and a sensitive photodetector. Experiments were performed to relate the peak output from the photocell with the maximum number of drops in the beam recorded photographically. The microscope is used to check the calibration at low concentrations of CCN. The results of the experiments and the performance of the counter are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 33-34
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  • 47
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    Head-up displays for STOL visual approaches (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A simulation study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a simple head-up display in improving glide-slope tracking performance during steep visual approaches in a STOL aircraft. The head-up display featured an attitude-stabilized horizon bar and glide-slope reference bar parallel to and 7.5 deg below the horizon bar. On some approaches a flight-path marker symbol showing the projected ground impact point was also displayed. Half of the approaches were flown in a conventional mode in which the pilot changed pitch attitude to correct for height errors. The remaining approaches were flown in a direct-lift mode in which the pilot modulated thrust to change the flight-path angle without pitching the aircraft.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 227-243
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  • 48
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    The response of covered silicon detectors to monoenergetic gamma rays. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements have been made of the efficiency in detecting gamma rays of a 0.3-mm-, 3-mm-, and 5-mm-thick silicon detector covered with different absorbers. Calibrated sources over the range from 279 keV to 2.75 MeV were used. The need for the absorbers to obtain meaningful results and their contribution to the response of the detectors at electron biases from 50 to 200 keV are discussed in detail. It is shown that the results are virtually independent of the atomic number of the absorber. In addition, the role of the absorber in increasing the efficiency with increasing photon energy for low bias settings is demonstrated for the 0.3-mm crystal. Qualitative explanations are given for the shapes of all curves of efficiency versus energy at each bias.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Science and Engineering; 47; Apr. 197
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  • 49
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    Extreme ultraviolet solar images televised in-flight with a rocket-borne SEC vidicon system. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A TV image of the entire sun while an importance 2N solar flare was in progress was recorded in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation band 171-630 A and was transmitted to ground from an Aerobee-150 rocket on Nov. 4, 1969 using S-band telemetry. The camera tube was a SEC vidicon, with its fiber optic faceplate coated with an XUV-to-visible conversion layer of p-quaterphenyl. The XUV passband was produced by three 1000-A thick aluminum filters in series together with the platinized reflecting surface of the off-axis paraboloid that imaged the sun. A number of images were recorded with integration times between 1/30 sec and 2 sec. Reconstruction of pictures was enhanced by combining several to reduce the noise.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; May 1972
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  • 50
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    Radiometer for remote sounding of the upper atmosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The pressure-modulated carbon dioxide radiometer is a new kind of instrument capable of making temperature soundings in the 40-80-km region of the earth's atmosphere. It is intended to be mounted on a polar-orbiting satellite, where it will give global coverage of the upper atmosphere in a region that is not well understood at present but that is, as rocket soundings show, clearly the seat of many interesting and vigorous phenomena. The new technique employs a cell containing carbon dioxide as a filter. The pressure and hence transmission of this cell is periodically modulated, resulting in the selection of thermal radiation from the strong lines in the spectrum of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This radiation originates at levels in the atmosphere where the pressure is low. The energy grasp of the device is large enough to give high sensitivity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Jan. 197
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  • 51
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    Thermospheric temperature measurement technique. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method for measurement of temperature in the earth's lower thermosphere from a high-velocity probes is described. An undisturbed atmospheric sample is admitted to the instrument by means of a free molecular flow inlet system of skimmers which avoids surface collisions of the molecules prior to detection. Measurement of the time-of-flight distribution of an initially well-localized group of nitrogen metastable molecular states produced in an open, crossed electron-molecular beam source, yields information on the atmospheric temperature. It is shown that for high vehicle velocities, the time-of-flight distribution of the metastable flux is a sensitive indicator of atmospheric temperature. The temperature measurement precision should be greater than 94% at the 99% confidence level over the range of altitudes from 120-170 km. These precision and altitude range estimates are based on the statistical consideration of the counting rates achieved with a multichannel analyzer using realistic values for system parameters.
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  • 52
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    Piston manometer as an absolute standard for vacuum-gauge calibration. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Determination of the total pressure in a calibration volume by measuring the force on a thin circular disk, of accurately known area, that is freely suspended in a hole in the container wall, so that the disk is substantially flush with the wall. The disk almost fills the hole, so that there is a narrow annular gap. A continuous flow of calibrating gas, injected into the container in order to maintain a desired pressure, passes through the annular gap to a diffusion pump. The ratio of pressures on the two faces of the disk is of the order of 100:1, so that downstream pressure need be known only nominally in order to deduce the upstream surface. Force on the disk is measured by a balance that is calibrated in situ with dead weights. In one arrangement, pressures in the range from 10 to 500 microtorr were measured with an estimated probable error of (1 microtorr + 1%).
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  • 53
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    Neutral-particle wake method for measuring the atmospheric temperature from a satellite. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a method that would permit a satellite-borne neutral mass spectrometer to measure the atmospheric temperature. The spectrometer examines the partial pressure variations that occur as the wake of a small rectangular baffle is swept across the entrance orifice of the spectrometer. For a given baffle size and for a mounting distance from the orifice, the depth of the resulting pressure minimum depends only on the thermal velocity or temperature of the observed species. The validity of the method can be checked by measuring the wake characteristics of more than one species and/or by employing each of several baffle sizes. The theory includes the effect of a finite orifice size, finite baffle length, and the backscattering of particles from the baffle into the orifice. It is found that a suitable baffle arrangement can be achieved that will permit the temperature to be measured over at least the range normally encountered in the thermosphere (200 to 2000 K) and, depending on the sensitivity and background pressure of the spectrometer, over an altitude range of about 140 to 600 km.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 54
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    Selected-zone dark-field electron microscopy. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a new method which makes it possible to reduce drastically the resolution-limiting influence of chromatic aberration, and thus to obtain high-quality images, by selecting the image-forming electrons that have passed through a small annular zone of an objective lens. In addition, the manufacture of special objective-lens aperture diaphragms that are needed for this method is also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 20; Feb. 1
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  • 55
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    Electronic systems for the new multichannel spectrometer at Sacramento Peak. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of the design features and operation of a new multichannel solar spectrometer to be used for ground-based observations of active regions whose X-ray and EUV emissions are studied by the OSO-H and other satellites. The electronic systems associated with the instrument include (1) an electrooptical guider controlled by a punched paper tape capable of making raster scans of selected portions of the solar disk, (2) a programmer unit that applies paper-tape commands to various portions of the instrument, (3) a closed-loop servosystem for the vacuum heliostat, (4) stepping motor controls for spectral scans, (5) a 40-channel photomultiplier readout, and (6) a magnetometer. Preliminary solar observations indicate satisfactory performance of the system.
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  • 56
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    The large space telescope instrumentation. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Aspects of the Large Space Telescope project (LST) as it is developing at the Goddard Space Flight Center are presented and a brief discussion is given of the types of observing program that might be handled. The special characteristics of an LST are large light-gathering power, good spectral efficiency from 900 A to 5 microns, near diffraction limited performance, launch by the space shuttle into a low orbit like that of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatories, and a lifetime of at least 10 years. A basic set of instruments to be used with the telescope might include on-axis cameras with broad-band filter response, an imaging spectrograph, a low-resolution spectrograph, a high-resolution spectrograph, spectrum scanners, narrow-band photometers, interferometers for use in the near infrared, polarimeters for use in the ultraviolet, and provision for measuring the time variations of the light from astronomical objects on a scale of milli-seconds as well as on a scale of minutes, hours, days, and weeks.
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  • 57
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    Photographing flow fields and heat-transfer patterns in color simultaneously. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A color-schlieren technique is described that combines the flow-field shock shapes and the phase-change coating to give a very descriptive account of aerodynamic heating. This technique employs, in addition to the conventional schlieren system, a temperature-sensitive material as a thin surface coating that undergoes a visible phase change from opaque solid to clear liquid at a known temperature. The resulting pictures can lead to a better understanding of shock/boundary layer interactions, as shown with the aid of a specific example.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 10; Apr. 197
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  • 58
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    Fabry lens. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the properties, operation, and applications of the Fabry lens. As used in stellar photometry, a Fabry lens is nothing more than a simple converging lens inserted into the optical train of a photometer to construct an image of the objective on the photomultiplier cathode. The thereby derived advantages are reviewed, and some techniques designed to maximize these advantages are outlined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Feb. 197
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  • 59
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    Analog simulation of a gas pressure regulator. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The behavior characteristics of direct-acting gas pressure regulators are discussed in terms of spring force, flow force, and friction force. The dynamics of the metering valve and bellows assembly are described by equating all forces on the valve to zero. Continuity equations for the regulator are derived. Simulations are carried out to determine effects of sensing orifice diameter, poppet stem friction, output volume, and supply pressure on regulator behavior. Several regulator configurations are studied.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Instruments and Control Systems; 45; Apr. 197
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  • 60
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    Calibration of small gauge thermocouples. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique has been developed to dynamically calibrate fine wire thermocouples of 0.025 mm diam and smaller to 1625 K in less than 10 sec. In this method, the varying physical parameters present under typical dynamic heating conditions are simulated, and therefore, wire deterioration can be related to time, temperature, pressure, and atmosphere. A description of the equipment and procedures is given along with the preliminary results that correlate well with thermoelectric theory.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Jan. 197
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  • 61
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    Cameras on the moon with Apollos 15 and 16. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of the cameras used for photography and television by Apollo 15 and 16 missions, covering a hand-held Hasselblad camera for black and white panoramic views at locations visited by the astronauts, a special stereoscopic camera designed by astronomer Tom Gold, a 16-mm movie camera used on the Apollo 15 and 16 Rovers, and several TV cameras. Details are given on the far-UV camera/spectrograph of the Apollo 16 mission. An electronographic camera converts UV light to electrons which are ejected by a KBr layer at the focus of an f/1 Schmidt camera and darken photographic films much more efficiently than far-UV. The astronomical activity of the Apollo 16 astronauts on the moon, using this equipment, is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Mercury; 1; Mar
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  • 62
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    Compact photomultiplier housing with controlled cooling. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a compact photomultiplier housing which can provide controlled cooling to the photomultiplier tube down to -90 C. The cooling is accomplished by flowing liquid nitrogen cooled helium gas through a series of coils which envelop the photocathode portion of the tube. The temperature is controlled by controlling the flow of the gas with a fine adjustable needle valve. The temperature is measured near the photocathode of the photomultiplier by a calibrated thermistor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Apr. 197
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  • 63
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    A cavity type absorption cell for double resonance microwave spectroscopy. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of an experimental dual resonant cavity absorption cell for observing microwave spectroscopic double-resonance effects. The device is composed of two Fabry-Perot interferometers excited by independent microwave sources and mounted at right angles in a suitable vacuum enclosure. The pumping transition is modulated by one source and the modulation induced on the rf absorption in the orthogonal cavity is detected.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Apr. 197
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  • 64
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    Cloud microstructure as determined by an optical cloud particle spectrometer. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Use of an improved single-particle light-scattering instrument for measurement of cloud microstructure in field studies. Cloud particle size and number information is measured over 12 sizing intervals, in the range from 4 to 85 microns in diameter. The microstructure can be observed in real time and with a spatial resolution not previously reported. The general features of water cloud droplet size and number distributions are consistent with previous direct capture and replication studies. The transition from water to ice phase regions in cumuliform clouds can be inferred from dramatic changes observed in the distribution features. Results are also presented for stratus and cirrus cloud penetrations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 11; Feb. 197
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  • 65
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    Heating rate controller for thermally stimulated conductivity and thermoluminescence measurements. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A temperature controller is described which enables the temperature of a sample mounted on a cold finger to be varied linearly with time. Heating rates between 0.5 and 10 K/min can be achieved for temperatures between 90 and 300 K. Provision for terminating the sample heating at any temperature between these extremes is available. The temperature can be held at the terminating temperature or be reduced to the starting temperature in a matter of minutes. The controller has been used for thermally stimulated conductivity measurements and should be useful for thermoluminescence measurements as well.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Feb. 197
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    A low power X-ray diffractometer for soil analysis in remote locations employing a multiwire proportional counter detector array. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A low power X-ray powder diffraction system suitable for remote mineralogical analysis of lunar, planetary, or asteroid soils has been designed. A one Curie Fe-55 source provides a monochromatic X-ray beam of 5.9 keV. Seeman-Bohlin focusing geometry is employed in the camera, allowing peak detection to proceed simultaneously at all angles and obviating the need for moving parts. The detector system is an array of 500-600 proportional counters with a wire-spacing of 1 mm. An electronics unit comprising preamplifier, postamplifier, window discriminators, and storage flip-flops requiring only 3.5 milliwatts has been designed and tested. Total instrument power is less than 5 W.
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  • 67
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    Zeeman effect of As II. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectrograms of As electrodeless-discharge tubes operated in a field of 24,025 G have given Zeeman patterns for 232 As II spectral lines from 2361 to 10,556 A and yielded 80 Lande g factors, of which more than half are new. There is agreement between these and the g values calculated by least-squares fitting for single configurations or for multiconfigurations, where configuration interaction is noticeable. All of the measured g values as well as the energy levels are used in the fitting process.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 62
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  • 68
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    Area influences and floating potentials in Langmuir probe measurements. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of the influence of a relatively small reference electrode on a Langmuir probe measurement of plasma density and temperature. The analysis employs the collisionless theory of Laframboise for spherical and cylindrical probes and in a completely general way includes a broad range of electron densities and temperatures, as well as all possible values of ion mass and multiplicity of ionization. It is shown that a ratio alpha of reference-electrode area to probe area of 10,000 will guarantee no distortion of the measurement as a result of a shifting reference-electrode potential. It is further shown that the constraint on alpha can be relaxed by approximately two orders of magnitude when the charge-normalized ion mass is decreased from 200 to 1 amu and the ratio of reference-electrode radius to Debye length is decreased from 100 to 0. An additional result of the analysis is the dependence of a probe's floating potential on its geometry and radius, as well as on the properties of the plasma. A discussion of the latter result reveals in a striking manner the significant differences between the ion-current responses of spherical and cylindrical probes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 43; Mar. 197
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  • 69
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    Infrared absorptivities of transition metals at room and liquid-helium temperatures. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evaluation of experimental data concerning the normal spectral absorptivities of the transition metals, nickel, iron, platinum, and chromium, at both room and liquid-helium temperatures in the wavelength range from 2.5 to 50 microns. The absorptivities were derived from reflectivity measurements made relative to a room-temperature vapor-deposited gold reference mirror. The absorptivity of the gold reference mirror was measured calorimetrically, by use of infrared laser sources. Investigation of various methods of sample-surface preparation resulted in the choice of a vacuum-annealing process as the final stage. The experimental results are discussed on the basis of the anomalous-skin-effect theory modified for multiple conduction bands. As predicted, the results approach a single-band model toward the longer wavelengths. Agreement between theory and experiment is considerably improved by taking into account the modification of the relaxation time due to the photon-electron-phonon interaction proposed by Holstein (1954) and Gurzhi (1958); but, particularly at helium temperatures, the calculated curve is consistently below the experimental results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 62
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  • 70
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    Profiling with the electron microscope. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of a profiling technique using a scanning electron microscope for obtaining depth information on a single micrograph of a small specimen. A stationary electron beam is used to form a series of contamination spots in a line across the specimen. Micrographs obtained by this technique are useful as a means of projection and display where stereo viewers are not practical.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering; 38; Mar. 197
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  • 71
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    Refractive index and birefringence of 2H silicon carbide. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the refractive indices of 2H SiC over the wavelength range from 435.8 to 650.9 nm by the method of minimum deviation. A curve fit of the experimental data to the Cauchy dispersion equation yielded, for the ordinary index, n sub zero = 2.5513 + 25,850/lambda squared + 8.928 x 10 to the 8th power/lambda to the 4th power and, for the extraordinary index, n sub e = 2.6161 + 28,230/lambda squared + 11.490 x 10 to the 8th power/lambda to the 4th power when lambda is expressed in nm. The estimated error (standard deviation) in these values is plus or minus 0.0006 for n sub zero and plus or minus 0.0009 for n sub e. The birefringence calculated from these expressions is about 20% less than previously published values.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 62
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  • 72
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    Small optical telescopes on the moon. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems associated with the design and operation of efficient lunar-based telescopes are discussed. The various types of reflecting telescopes and catadioptric optical systems developed so far are characterized and compared. Requirements concerning mounting of a telescope on the lunar surface are examined. Properties of materials to be used in manufacturing telescopes for a safe operation in the lunar environment are considered. Finally, the telescope size is dealt with.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Spaceflight; 14; Mar. 197
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  • 73
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    Heterodyne frequency measurements and frequency calibration standards for tunable diode lasers (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New frequency calibration tables are required to keep abreast of the resolution attainable by currently available tunable lasers. One key to the generation of tables with requisite accuracy involves accurate heterodyne frequency measurements; another key consists of reliable fitting and analysis. Coordinated activity in NBS involves selection of suitable molecular calibration candidates, their frequency measurement and analysis, and dissemination of the results in the form of frequency calibration tables. Current status of these efforts is described.
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  • 74
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    Optogalvanic photodetachment spectroscopy (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new extension to optogalvanic spectroscopy, in which electrons detached from negative ions formed in the discharge are observed as a function of incident laser wavelength, has been developed. The determination of the electron affinities of I(-) and Cl(-) atomic ions is described. The potential of the technique for studying the spectroscopy of molecular negative ions is also discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal de Physique (ISSN 0449-1947); 44; C7-461 t
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  • 75
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    Nd:YAG holographic interferometer for aerodynamic research (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A holographic interferometer system has been installed in the NASA Ames 2- by 2-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel. The system incorporates a modern 10 pps, Nd:YAG pulsed laser which provides reliable operation and is easy to align. The spatial filtering requirements of the unstable resonator beam are described, as well as the integration of the system into the existing schlieren system. A two-plate holographic interferometer is used to reconstruct flow field data. For static wind tunnel models, the single exposure holograms are recorded in the usual manner; however, for dynamic models such as oscillating airfoils, synchronous laser hologram recording is used.
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  • 76
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    Differential absorption lidar technique for measurement of the atmospheric pressure profile (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new two-wavelength lidar technique for remotely measuring the pressure profile using the trough absorption region between two strong lines in the oxygen A band is described. The theory of integrated vertical path, differential ranging, and horizontal-path pressure measurements is given, with methods to desensitize and correct for temperature effects. The properties of absorption troughs are described and shown to reduce errors due to laser frequency jitter by up to two orders of magnitude. A general analysis, including laser bandwidth effects, demonstrates that pressure measurements with an integrated-vertical-path technique are typically fifty times more accurate than with a differential ranging technique. Simulations show 0.1-0.3 percent accuracy for ground and Shuttle-based pressure-profile and surface-pressure experiments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 22; 3759-377
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  • 77
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    Airborne detection of oceanic turbidity cell structure using depth-resolved laser-induced water Raman backscatter (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Airborne laser-induced, depth-resolved water Raman backscatter is useful in the detection and mapping of water optical transmission variations. This test, together with other field experiments, has identified the need for additional field experiments to resolve the degree of the contribution to the depth-resolved, Raman-backscattered signal waveform that is due to (1) sea surface height or elevation probability density; (2) off-nadir laser beam angle relative to the mean sea surface; and (3) the Gelbstoff fluorescence background, and the analytical techniques required to remove it. When converted to along-track profiles, the waveforms obtained reveal cells of a decreased Raman backscatter superimposed on an overall trend of monotonically decreasing water column optical transmission.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 22; 3778-378
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  • 78
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    An instrument for the simultaneous detection of the OI ground state /2p4 3P/ and first metastable state /2p4 1D/ populations. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Dec. 197
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  • 79
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    Removal of a glowing spot from an image tube using laser radiation. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A troublesome problem with the Kron electronograph has been the presence of a white glowing spot on the glass wall of the tube adjacent to the focus electrode. The procedure followed to eliminate the spot was to operate in the dark and apply voltage only to the focused electrode. Ruby laser radiation was unfocused, and its position was shifted on the electrode between laser shots until an effect was observed. This technique for removing the glowing spot should be applicable to other electronic image tubes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Dec. 197
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  • 80
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    Martian gas, soil sampler tested. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) is scheduled to be carried aboard the Mars Viking lander, which is to make a soft landing on the Martian surface. The GCMS has two distinct tasks including a sampling of the Martian atmosphere and an analysis of Martian soil. The instrument is designed to be highly sensitive. It can detect 0.1 part per million of organic compounds in the soil and from 10 to 100 parts per million of atmospheric constituents.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Aviation Week and Space Technology; 97; Nov. 13
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  • 81
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    Cleaning of contaminated channel electron multiplier arrays. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Polymerized organic materials found in vacuum systems frequently contaminate the individual channels (which can be as small as 15 microns) of an oil-pumped channel electron multiplier array used as a vacuum UV- to visible-radiation conversion device. It is shown that exposure to an oxygen plasma is an effective means of decontaminating the channels, thereby restoring the sensitivity of the device.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Nov. 197
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  • 82
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    A portable self-contained gas chromatograph. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The design and fabrication of a completely portable, self-contained gas chromatograph is described. This instrument utilizes a closed-loop hydrogen carrier gas flow as maintained by a hydrogen generator-separator. It employs an auxiliary hydrogen generator to keep a positive flow of hydrogen through the detector. The detector is an ionization cross section detector. The only maintenance required is the addition of water (5-15 cc/day) to the auxiliary hydrogen generator. Lower limit of detection for the present system is of the order of 1-10 ppm ethane.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Oct. 197
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  • 83
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    Fourier spectrum of beams chopped by circular apertures. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The circular apertures in the case investigated are uniformly spaced. It is assumed that modulation does not alter beam collimation and that diffraction from aperture edges can be neglected. It is also assumed that the diameter of the apertures is equal to the spacing between the trailing edge and the leading edge of successive apertures. The motion of apertures across the beam is rectilinear. Calculations have been performed for both homogeneous and bivariate normal intensity distributions. The absolute values of the first six Fourier coefficients are plotted as a function of the beam radius normalized to aperture radius.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Oct. 197
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  • 84
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    Absorption profile of a planetary atmosphere - A proposal for a scattering independent determination. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of scattering theory to infer atmospheric optical parameters requires the separation of absorption and scattering. It is demonstrated that a gradient flux relation exists that would provide the absorption (altitude) profile independently of scattering and irrespective of the state of polarization of the light field. The relation is derived for an atmosphere of plane-parallel or spherical geometry and for broad (continuum) and narrow (spectral line) frequency bands. The results are shown to hold, in particular, for the polarizations induced by both Rayleigh and Mie scattering in the field. Experimental setups are proposed for each of the cases considered of atmospheric geometry and frequency bandwidth.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Oct. 197
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  • 85
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    Instrumentation for balloon and rocket experiments. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a number of plasma, particle, and field detectors used on rocket investigations in and above the earth's atmosphere. Emphasis is on magnetospheric and solar-interplanetary studies. A balloon-borne X-ray telescope system with 20-min pointing accuracy is discussed. A PCM telemetry system used on both balloons and rockets to handle scientific data is described which includes a simple Doppler ranging system that gives location to 1.5 km. A system to reduce and analyze PCM data on the ground is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 13; June 197
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  • 86
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    A simple, low power, multiple pulse NMR spectrometer. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Sept
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  • 87
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    Experimental investigation of a holographic system that records front surface detail from a scene moving at high velocities. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Sept
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  • 88
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    Regression technique for determining temperature profiles in the upper stratosphere from satellite-measured radiances. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 100; July 197
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  • 89
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    Use of an infrared-imaging camera to obtain convective heating distributions. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The IR emission from the surface of a wind-tunnel model is determined as a function of time with the aid of an infrared-sensitive imaging camera. Prior calibration of the IR camera relates the emission to the surface temperature of the model. The time history of the surface temperature is then related to the heating rate by standard techniques. The output of the camera is recorded in analog form, digitized, and processed by a computer. In addition, real-time visual displays of the IR emissions are obtained as pictures on an oscilloscope screen.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 10; Aug. 197
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  • 90
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    Autocorrelation methods to obtain diffraction-limited resolution with large telescopes. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 176; Aug. 15
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  • 91
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    Fixed-bias floating double-probe technique with simple Langmuir-probe characteristics. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new floating double-probe method is presented which has advantages over other floated-probe systems heretofore described in the literature. The method utilizes two electrodes, one of constant area and the other with a variable area, and the two-electrode configuration is separated by a fixed bias voltage. The current-voltage characteristics of the new technique, which are generated by varying the area of one electrode, are identical to those of a simple Langmuir probe, thus coupling all the advantages of a floated-probe system with the simple analysis scheme generally applied to the Langmuir probe for the determination of plasma density and temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 43; Aug. 197
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  • 92
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    A relative performance analysis of atmospheric laser Doppler velocimeter methods. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A performance analysis is presented that compares two remote-sensing atmospheric laser Doppler velocimeter systems, one using dual-scatter and the other local-oscillator illuminating techniques. The comparison results show that there exist specific parameter ranges and conditions whereunder the performance of one of the systems is superior to that of the other. A procedure providing a quantitative basis for a judicious system selection is proposed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 11; Jan
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  • 93
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    Holographic nondestructive testing with impact excitation. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of some experimental results of bond flaw detection in composite materials by holographic recording of the surface of samples subjected to mechanical impact. The resulting deformation of the samples recorded in a sequence of double exposure holograms at increasingly longer time intervals after impact renders the presence of flaws observable. A proposed deformation enhancement technique increases detection sensitivity and is helpful in visualizing smaller flaws.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; July 197
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  • 94
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    The surface plasmon resonance effect in holography. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A hologram has been made using a surface plasmon resonance wave as the reference beam. The surface wave was stimulated on a 1200-line/mm aluminum reflection grating that was coated with a thin layer of high-resolution photographic emulsion. Experimental results are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optics Communications; 5; May 1972
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  • 95
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    Polarization of the solar corona. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method of obtaining polarized photographs of the solar corona during total eclipse is described. The required equipment is a reflex viewing type camera with a lens of adequate focal length to give an image of the corona a few millimeters in diameter at the focal plane. A sheet of linear polarizing filter material is placed directly in front of the lens. The filter is mounted in such a way so as to permit a set of four exposures of equal length to be taken after totality begins. Since the light of the corona is highly polarized, the resultant set of photographs will show marked differences in the shape of the corona.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society of Canada; vol. 66
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  • 96
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    Sensor noise in low-level flux-gate magnetometers. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The noise mechanism in a well-designed magnetometer is shown to be due to small-scale magnetic moments which are probably small volumes of the core material that are not oriented by the drive field. Design developments include the sense coil radius and the development of a drive waveform which yields considerably improved performance over the commonly used sine wave drive.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics; MAG-8; June 197
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  • 97
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    Use of propagation corrections for VLF timing (1972)
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    Description: The theory of VLF timing from phase measurements is briefly reviewed with attention to both frequency and epoch. Propagational aspects are noted without specific attention to predictional details. Cycle slippage is described. Application of propagation corrections to VLF timing is described, with particular attention to the use of available skywave corrections published for the OMEGA Navigation System.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 310-323
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  • 98
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    Hawaii PTTI test bed (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The development and installation of a test bed for a Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI). A prime goal in the effort is to develop a repertoire of techniques and equipment that will permit communications facilities to be served most effectively by their ties to a common time reference. The test bed provides guidance for the implementation of precise time and frequency discipline at other facilities. One product of the test-bed problem is an assessment of the accuracy of the time-discipline chain from the observatory to each level of use.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 182-193
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  • 99
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    Operational stability of rubidium and cesium frequency standards (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In the course of testing various rubidium and cesium frequency standards under operational conditions for use in NASA tracking stations, about 55 unit-years of relative frequency measurements for averaging times from 10 to 10 to the 7th power have been accumulated at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Statistics on the behavior of rubidium and cesium standards under controlled laboratory conditions have been published, but it was not known to what extent the lesser controlled environments of NASA tracking stations affected the performance of the standards. The purpose of this report is to present estimates of the frequency stability of rubidium and cesium frequency standards under operational conditions based on the data accumulated at GSFC.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 168-181
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  • 100
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    Intermediate term frequency measurements with the HP computing counter in the USNO clock time system (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High precision frequency measurements with various integration times can be made with conventional counters by using variable gate times. The Hewlett-Packard (HP) computing counter allows such measurements over a wide range of frequencies and measurement times. This instrument can also convert period measurements into frequency by means of its arithmetic capabilities: The program library contains programs to facilitate frequency stability measurements in the most direct and convenient way. This method was used as the basis for all time scale computations, until requirements for highest resolution justified the development of an automatic data acquisition system. The phase measurements are now being made with the HP computing counter (with time interval plug-in unit) under program control from the HP System Programmer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 152-167
    Format: text
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