ALBERT

Description: Although a large number of Tortricoid species and several genera from the Indo-Malayan region have been described by earlier authors (Walker, Snellen, Walsingham, Meyrick, and a few others), no survey of the present group has ever been made. Edward Meyrick, the author of most of the new names, has never attempted a synopsis of the Olethreutinae. He made surveys of the Australian and New Zealand Tortricoidea (1911), but the results are too superficial for our modern standards. During a long sojourn, working and collecting in Java, I became greatly fascinated by that fauna. Having completed a number of preliminary studies of the subfamily Tortricinae (1939 et seq.), I turned next to the South Asiatic, especially Javanese, Olethreutinae. After a long delay due to World War II, their revision has been initiated by the study of the two then least known and most confused genera, Bactra Stephens and Lobesia Guenée (Diakonoff, 1950 et seq.).

Description: Three sections with a total number of four species of the genus Phyllanthus have been examined. The pollen grains show a strong resemblance to each other and also the taxonomic arguments to differentiate between the three sections proved to be rather weak. Because of both palynological and taxonomic reasons the sections Ceramanthus Baillon, Cluytiopsis Mueller Arg. and Anisolobium Mueller Arg. have been united into one section; viz. section Ceramanthus Baillon s.l.

Description: This paper is an addendum to the author’s (1971) paper. At the time that the latter paper was finished, there were difficulties in taking photographs of the newly described male fructifications. Subsequently those difficulties have been solved, and the present paper contains the photographs of the male fructifications of the type specimens of Hastystrobus muirii v. Kon., Masculostrobus harrisii v. Kon., and Pityanthus scalbiensis v. Kon., and the photographs of the male fructifications, as described in the above-mentioned paper, of Ginkgo huttoni (Heer) Sternberg and Brachyphyllum crucis Kendall. All specimens are preserved in the Division of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Botanical Museum and Herbarium, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Most of the photographs were taken with the specimens illuminated obliquely in air, but some were taken with the specimens flooded with oil. This procedure is generally applied when the specimen requires enhancement of contrast, so that details are more evident than if the specimen was photographed dry.

Description: Since the completion of Radlkofer’s monumental work on the Sapindaceae in Engler’s series “Das Pflanzenreich” 50 years have now elapsed, almost 40 since its publication. It is still the basis of virtually all taxonomic studies in the family. Some of the gerontogean genera have since been the subject of revisional work (Leenhouts 1969, 1971), but for the neogean representatives there are only some regional treatments (e.g. Rambo 1952; Barkley 1957; Reitz 1962; Soukup 1969), apart from descriptions of new taxa scattered through the literature. When studying the taxa native to Suriname in connection with the preparation of a supplement to the family treatment published previously in the “Flora of Suriname” (Uittien 1937) it soon became apparent to me that the genus Talisia was particularly incompletely known when Uittien published his account of the family, actually not much more than an extract from Radlkofer’s work. The number of species known or to be expected from Suriname proved to have doubled; this is not due to inadequateness of Uittien’s work but to much more extensive collecting. Two of the species met with since could not be identified with any species dealt with by Radlkofer or described after his time: these are described as new below. In order to establish that they were truly undescribed the descriptions and, where possible, types and/or other authentic specimens of all species described after Radlkofer were checked. A list of these follows; it may serve as a kind of bibliographic supplement to Radlkofer’s monograph. The two species marked with an asterisk have been posthumously listed in the supplement to his work.

Description: Dicranella staphylina Whitehouse, a species recently described from Great Britain, is now recorded from Belgium, Denmark and The Netherlands. A new combination, Anisothecium staphylinum (Whitehouse) Sipman, Rubers & Riemann, is proposed. A study of the costal anatomy revealed that A. staphylinum in this respect most resembles A. rufescens.

Description: The author studied the morphology of Blackstonia perfoliata s.l. and compared its variability with that of the other representatives of the genus. She also carried out ecological studies of “Blackstonia perfoliata ssp. serotina” on the Dutch island Voorne and compared her results with those in the literature relating to B. perfoliata in some adjacent regions, notably the Upper Rhine area. On morphological and ecological grounds B. perfoliata ssp. perfoliata and ssp. serotina are to be regarded as two distinct species, B. perfoliata and B. acuminata.

Description: The pollen analyse of a raised-bog on the High Vosges crest shows the vegetation regional development since 3200 years. A prehistoric civilization, the Gallo-roman period, the great migrations and the Carolingian period are reflected in the pollen diagram by N.A.P. minima and maxima. A discussion on curves fluctuations of the main A.P. follows.

Description: Cytologioal investigations within Galium boreale L. showed the occurrence of tetraploids (2n=44) as well as hexaploids (2n=66) in Europe. Comparative morphological studies failed to demonstrate any differences in characters between the two cytotypes. Crosses between the tetraploid and hexaploid were unsuccessful, due to the occurrence of a strong and effective barrier between the two levels of ploidy. From a taxonomical point of view the two cytotypes are considered as to belong to the same taxon.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 67 species of Dutch Angiosperms were determined. Notes on 11 species are added.

Description: With the appearance in 1889 of Engler’s treatment of the Urticales in “Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” there came a pause in the interesting development of the classification of this group, which was defined, albeit somewhat vaguely, by A.L. de Jussieu in 1789 in his “Genera Plantarum” as the order Urticeae. Since the 1830’s, many, including Gaudichaud, Trécul, Miquel, Bureau, Eichler, Baillon, and Bentham, have contributed to the establishment of the Engler system which until recently has been generally accepted. An important moment in this history was the appearance of Trécul’s treatment of the then most problematical group, the “family” Artocarpeae. Trécul (1847) considered the “families” which at that time were distinguished within the “class” Urticineae, viz Moreae, Urticeae, Ulmeae, Celtideae, and Cannabineae, as being very closely related to the Artocarpeae. Along with the Conocephaleae, split off from the Artocarpeae, we find these “families” as tribes of the “class” Urticaceae in the “Genera Plantarum” of Bentham and Hooker (1880) and as subfamilies or families in Engler: the subfamilies Moroideae, Artocarpoideae, Conocephaloideae, and Cannaboideae in the family Moraceae, the subfamilies Ulmoideae and Celtoideae in the family Ulmaceae, and finally the family Urticaceae. Since the end of the last century and until recently no revisions of any large groups of Moraceae and Urticaceae had appeared. But with the development of monographic taxonomic research the system has come out of its static situation, as can be seen from the study by Corner (1962). He proposed a new delimitation of the Moraceae and Urticaceae and another subdivision of the Moraceae sensu stricto.

Description: Controversy over the taxonomic relationship of the Taxineae with the Coniferineae has created a new interest in the field of wood anatomy. This has been reflected by the flurry of investigations being conducted in families such as the Podocarpaceae. The systematic position of Amentotaxus is somewhat uncertain (see Keng, 1969). While many authors place Amentotaxus in the Taxaceae, this genus has also been referred to the Cephalotaxaceae or even considered to represent a separate family, the Amentotaxaceae. When Kudo and Yamamoto (1931) described this last family, it was considered to be represented by only a single species, Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger. In his revision of Amentotaxus Li (1952) recognized four species. However, the description and publication of three new species of Amentotaxus based on leaf morphology would appear to have been overly optimistic and has not gone unchallenged. Hu (1964) recognized only three of the species, since she thought that Amentotaxus cathayensis Li could not be usefully upheld as distinct. Moreover, Chuang and Hu (1963) considered that Amentotaxus formosana Li was better referred to Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger. The divergence of opinion has increased the need to investigate any anatomical features that may be of taxonomic importance. In connection with this work it was thought an examination of the wood anatomy would be worthwhile, even though taxonomic evaluation at the subgeneric level is not often successful in this field. A comparative study of the wood anatomy within the genus Amentotaxus is considerably limited by the lack of availability of suitable material; most locations of Amentotaxus are in China. The scanty and now somewhat rare wood specimens were collected before 1935, with the exception of some from Taiwan.

Description: A key is offered to the wood of 35 out of 38 Inga species known from Suriname and the other Guianas. The wood structure indicates that the sections Leptinga, Diadema, Bourgonia and Euinga sensu Bentham are taxonomically sound. Section Pseudinga is unnatural and should be subdivided. The author is in favour of keeping the sections Leptinga and Diadema apart.

Description: Peculiar slit-like apertures in the walls of the fibre tracheids of Dicranostyles mildbraediana described in a previous paper, were recognized by the co-author as the result of a ‘soft-rot’ fungal attack. Consequently these structures are not a characteristic feature of this species.

Description: A small set of bryophytes collected on the islands of Malta and Gozo in April-May, 1968, and April, 1969, by K. U. Kramer and L. Y. Th. Westra (Utrecht) was handed to the author for identification. The results are presented here as a supplement to a paper on the vascular plants of the Maltese islands (Kramer et al. 1972). The collections are deposited in the herbarium of the State University of Utrecht. In the past few years many new data have been published on the bryophytes of the Mediterranean islands, cf. Sunding (1967,1971), Koppe (1965), Lübenau & Lübenau (1970), Düll (1967), Gradstein (1971), and Townsend (1965). The liverwort flora of the Mediterranean coasts is being studied thoroughly by Jovet-Ast & Bischler (cf. 1968). Yet the bryophyte flora of the Maltese islands received very little attention in the literature. A brief survey of the main data follows here.

Description: Harold St. John has (in Le Naturaliste Canadien 98, 1971, 571-580) given an evaluation of J.R. & G. Forster plants described in their Characteres generum which is newly dated to have been issued March 1, 1776. We feel induced to correct some inaccuracies. Gingidium montanum (l.c. 574, no. 21) — later transferred to Ligusticum as L. gingidium by Forster f., Prod. (1736) 22; DC., Prod. 4 (1830) 159, as an illegitimate homotypic synonym — is unnecessarily named as a new (superfluous) combination Angelica forsteriana St. John. Hooker f., Handb. New Zeal.Fl. (1867) 97, had this (according to the present Code, art. 72) correctly named Angelica gingidium, as because of the earlier Angelica montana Brot. (1804) he could not use the epithet montanum. For the rest Dawson (New Zeal.J.Bot. 5, 1967, 90) has reinstated the generic name Gingidium. He has still more recently changed the name Gingidium Forst., non Hill (1756), into Gingidia as Hill’s herbal has been said to be declared nomenclaturally valid.

Description: In mid-1971 Dr. K. Iwatsuki made a four-weeks’ collecting trip in Thailand, 10 Sept.- 10 Oct. From Oct. 1971 till mid-January 1972 a joint Leyden exploring expedition was made by Mr. C.P. van Beusekom and Mr. R. Geesink to various parts of Thailand.

Description: I must apologize that this Bulletin appears late. Material had been assembled for it and I had anticipated to compose this number about Christmas 1971. But on my birthday, 31 Oct. 1971, it was announced as a complete surprise that the firm of Brill was authorised to publish a book on the Javanese Mountain Flora of which the core is 57 hand-coloured plates on which 456 different species are depicted. The fieldwork was done, and drawings were composed in 1939-1941. After the war no publisher could be found; a precursor with 4 plates appeared in Endeavour (21, 1962, 183-193). The condition attached to this allowance was that I should promise stante pede to deliver the text by end December 1971 or at least as soon as possible, because the promotors of the plan intended to present me with the printed book on the occasion of my retiring from office, 1 Sept. 1972. So the rather peculiar situation arose that I had to make my own present. With my already tight time schedule for my last year of office I hesitatingly agreed. The available text was, however, very incomplete, having been written in the war prison camp, thirty years ago. Moreover it was at that time intended to be very popular for a pocket size atlas, as Schröter’s ’Pflanzenführer fur Alpenwanderer’ which had stood model for the purpose. With the generous life-size plates and folio format book now envisaged to edit, this text had to be completely rewritten in much enlarged scope and all captions carefully checked with the present literature and with the herbarium. Though the plates are explained by the captions, the general text also needed illustration and so figures had to be made or selected and photographs sorted. I had to give this project absolute priority. Notwithstanding the most liberal assistance rendered to me by my senior staff members, to whom I could entrust several time-consuming official duties, the composition of the text was real slave labour for seven days a week until late for five months. The captions were delivered end January, the general text May 22nd. The colour plates are printed and come out magnificently, practically as good as the original water-colour drawings, and the captions are by now in page proof, so that I hope the work will indeed be printed early September and available in October. Publication of Flora Malesiana proceeds well. In April 1971 the third instalment of the Fern volume appeared (Lindsaea-group by Dr. Kramer) and the text for a fourth instalment by Prof. Holttum & Drs. Hennipman is almost finished in MS. The final instalment of vol. 6 is in press and will appear presumably in September. Of vol. 7 the first instalment containing revisions of 12 families appeared in Jan. 1972. The second instalment of vol. 7 is in print (Fagaceae, Passifloraceae) and will appear in autumn. There is the prospect of publishing in the rather near future three very large families: Moraceae, Cyperaceae and Dipterocarpaceae. From the third chapter of this Bulletin it can be observed that progress with revisional work is satisfactory, though speed of publication still falls short of my expectation.

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Names of families which have been revised in volumes 4, 5, 6, and 7 have been entered and are printed in bold type, so that as far as this is concerned this index is complete for all preceding volumes as well.

Description: Monoecious trees or rarely shrubs, in Mai. evergreen, sometimes buttressed or with stilt-roots; growth mode flushwise, with perular buds. Hairs simple or stellate or fasciculate, rarely with resiniferous colleters, or scales on pits on the underside of the leaf. Leaves simple, spirally arranged, rarely in whorls of 3 or distichous, sometimes crowded near the top of each flush, penninerved, in Mal. entire or rarely crenate or sinuate. Stipules present, caducous or rarely rather long persistent, rarely interpetiolar or peltately attached. Inflorescence a cyme or a simple or branched spike, bracteate, ♂, ♀, androgynous (with the ♀ flowers borne on the lower part) or mixed. Flowers unisexual or functionally so. — ♂ Flowers: solitary or in dichasial clusters of 2-30 along the rachis, sessile or pedicelled; perianth campanulate or tubular, 6(-9)-lobed, or irregularly incised; stamens (4-)6-12(-90), filaments filiform, long exserted, free or rarely connate at the base; anthers linear to reniform, dorsi- or basifixed, lengthwise dehiscent; pistillode absent or present, densely hairy. — ♀ Flowers: sessile, solitary or in dichasial clusters of 2-15, surrounded by a cupule; ovary inferior, 2-6(-9)-celled, usually hairy; ovules anatropous, 2 per cell, apical and collateral; perianth usually regularly 6-lobed, sometimes poorly developed; staminodes 6-12, or absent; styles as many as ovary cells, terete, rather short, conical or tongue-shaped; stigmas capitate, punctiform, or covering the inner surface of the styles. Cupules solitary or in dichasial clusters, often woody, rarely reduced or absent, from saucer- or cup-shaped to enclosing the fruit, indehiscent or splitting into 2-8 or more ± equal segments, rarely consisting of 2 free segments, variously muricate, spiny, squamose, or with concentric or spiral lamellae, very rarely almost smooth. Fruit an indehiscent nut (achene), 1-3-celled, sometimes falsely multiseptate, rounded or sharply 2-3-angular. Seed one, exalbuminous; embryo-large; cotyledons large, flat-convex, plicate or ruminate; germination epigeal or hypogeal. Recent distribution. Seven genera with possibly c. 700 spp., the majority on the northern hemisphere. In the Old World the distribution extends southwards from 62°N in Scandinavia southheastwards to Kashmir and then northeastwards to the Sea of Okhotsk at c. 55°N. In Africa, Fagaceae are confined to the northern rim in the western Mediterranean region. In Asia Fagaceae are absent from the dry parts of the Middle East, from the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, from the desert and colder parts of China, from Manchuria, and from the extreme northern parts of Japan. In America, the distribution extends from Canada and the United States southwards to Central America, as far south as a few scattered localities in Columbia, in South America. On the southern hemisphere, Fageceae are present in Malesia, in the scarce wet parts of East Australia, in Tasmania, New Caledonia, and in New Zealand (otherwise absent from Pacific islands); in South America they occur from Fuegia and Staten I. northwards to Argentina and on the western slopes of the Andes in Chile up to 33°S. Fig. 1.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson, Kuching, was on leave in spring 1971; he would return in the middle of the year for a final short tour. Dr. Anderson’s merits for the development of Botany in Sarawak are extremely large; it is a great pity to see such most experienced personalities leave the scene. We are thankful for his important endeavours and wish him a happy retirement. Prof. Dr. C.D.K. Cook, Zürich, is preparing a manual for the identification of aquatic plants.

Description: Mostly climbing herbs or lianas with axillary tendrils, rarely erect herbs, shrubs or small trees, glabrous or hairy, in Mal. not spiny. Branching usually by a supraaxillary serial bud. Leaves (mostly) spirally arranged, simple or compound, pinninerved or palminerved, entire or lobed; petiole or blade-base often with 1-many glands, and often glands on margin and lower surface of the blade. Stipules present. Inflorescences essentially axillary, cymose, sessile or peduncled, 1-many-flowered, ending in (a) tendril (s) or not. Bracts and bracteoles mostly small. Flowers often stiped, articulate to the pedicel, actinomorphic, bisexual or functionally unisexual (either with staminodes or a vestigial ovary, and then plants mostly dioecious) or polygamous. Perianth mostly 2-seriate, mostly persistent, the segments free or partially connate (Adenia p.p.), inserted on the rim of the saucer- or cup-shaped or tubiform hypanthium. Sepals (4—)5( 6), imbricate. Petals (4-)5(-6), mostly imbricate. Corona inserted on the hypanthium, mostly a complicated structure, composed either of filaments, hairs, or appendages, or membranous, annular, or composed of scales (disk), or in addition with ‘septa’ (Adenia p.p.), rarely corona absent (Adenia p.p.). Stamens 4-10, inserted mostly at the base of the hypanthium, or on an androgynophore (mostly hypogynous), (mostly) opposite the sepals; filaments free or partially connate into a tube; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent, sometimes apiculate. Ovary superior, subsessile or on a gynophore or androgynophore, 1-celled, 3(-5)-carpellate; placentas 3(-5), parietal; ovules many, anatropous; integuments 2; styles 1 or 3 (-5), very short to distinct, sometimes partially connate; stigmas ± globose, or capitate, or papillate, or much divided. Fruit a loculicidally 3(-5)-valved capsule, or berry-like. Seeds mostly numerous, mostly compressed, often beaked, enveloped by a (membranous or juicy) aril; funicles often distinct; testa crustaceous (coriaceous), mostly striate, reticulate or pitted; endosperm (copious) horny; embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous. Cf. HARMS in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 470-507. Distribution. About 10 genera and 500 spp., almost entirely confined to the tropics: in America c. 350 spp. (mainly Passiflora, a few species in Dilkea, Mitostemma, Tetrastylis), in Africa (incl. Madagascar) c. 110 spp. (mainly Adenia c. 80 spp., Tryphostemma c. 20 spp., Deidamia, incl. Efulensia, Crossostemma, c. 6 spp., incl. Schlechterina, 2 spp.), in Asia and Australia c. 40 spp. (Passiflora c. 20 spp., Adenia 14 spp., Hollrungia 1 sp., Tetrapathaea 1 sp. in New Zealand).

Description: Herbs, sometimes with scaly rhizomes, bulbs, bulbils or stolons, or woody perennials, shrubs, lianas or trees. Leaves penninerved, digitately or pinnately trifoliolate, imparipinnate or paripinnate, basal, alternate, subopposite or apically tufted. Stipules sometimes present. Petioles with basal joint, petiolules articulated. Inflorescences basal, axillary or pseudoterminal, cymose to pseudumbellate, rarely racemose, 1-many-flowered, bracteate and bracteolate. Flowers ♂♀, very rarely also ♂ specimens (Dapania), actinomorphic, 5-merous, hetero-tri-, -di-, or homostylous, sometimes cleistogamous. Pedicels articulate. Sepals imbricate, free or connate at base, sometimes with apical calli (Oxalis), persistent. Petals contort, quincuncial or cochlear, free but usually cohesive above the base (‘pseudosympetal’), clawed (sometimes minutely so), glabrous or inside sometimes with minute papillae or pilose. Filaments 10, obdiplostemonous, connate at base into an annulus, persistent, the epipetalous (shorter) sometimes with a basal gland near the insertion of the petals, or sometimes with 2 scales or dark lines on the annulus (Dapania), rarely without anthers; the episepalous (longer) with a dorsal tooth (Oxalis) ) or hunchbacked; anthers dorsifixed, versatile, 2-celled, dehiscing extrorsely by longitudinal slits. No disk. Ovary 5-celled, superior; styles 5, terminal, persistent, free, in LF¹ and MF erect, in SF patent to recurved, rarely reduced (♂ flowers); ovules 1-2-several per cell in 1-2 rows, epi- and anatropous, pendulous, superposed, bitegmic. Fruit capsular, loculicid, 5-celled, dry, rarely fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds usually with an aril; endosperm copious, fleshy, rarely absent; embryo straight. Distribution. 6(7?) genera with c. 850 spp. Of the Malesian representatives Oxalis, the largest genus, is most numerous in S. America and S. Africa and Biophytum in S. America and Madagascar; Dapania has 2 spp. in Malesia and 1 in Madagascar; Sarcotheca (11 spp.) is endemic in Malesia, while Averrhoa (2 spp.) assumedly also originated here; it is now cultivated pantropically.

Description: Trees or shrubs, evergreen (Mal. spp.); leaf-scars large. Leaves crowded towards the end of the shoots, spiral, simple, exstipulate, serrate with glandular teeth, often with an apical gland, more rarely entire; nerves a little decurrent along the midrib, both midrib and nerves ± impressed above, ± prominent beneath. Indumentum of branchlets, leaves and inflorescences consisting of simple, and/or long, fascicled and ± patent, and/or minor, ± depressed stellate hairs. Flowers bisexual, regular, 5(-6)-merous. Inflorescences sometimes simple solitary terminal racemes, but mostly consisting of a terminal raceme and several lower approximate racemes, each of the latter from the axil of a ± reduced or caducous leaf, thus forming together a panicle-, fascicle- or umbel-like inflorescence; bracts mostly caducous during anthesis, rarely subpersistent. Calyx lobes 5 (-6), persistent, quincuncially imbricate, united at the base only. Petals 5 (-6), generally free, sometimes cohering to some degree, alternate with the calyx lobes, rather early caducous, generally sweet-scented. Stamens 10(—12) in 2 whorls of 5(-6), the outer whorl opposite the petals, the inner one opposite the calyx lobes; filaments adnate to the corolla at the extreme base; anthers dorsifixed, overturned outwards in bud, erect in anthesis, introrse, upper part of cells ± divergent, opening with apical, slitlike pores; pollen grains single, tricolporate, psilate. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with axile placentation; ovules ∞, small, anatropous; style simple, mostly shortly, very rarely hardly divided into three apical lobes, sometimes more deeply so and trifid, each lobe stigmatic at the top. Fruit a 3-valved, loculicidal capsule, the septae of which become loose from the persistent central axis, subtended or ± enclosed at maturity by the persistent calyx. Seeds ∞, small, subovoid to irregularly angular or subtrigonous, with a foveolate-reticulate testa (all Mal. spp.). Endosperm fleshy. Embryo cylindrical. Distribution. A small, monogeneric family in the Ericales, of (sub)tropical Asiatic-Malesian, and temperate and tropical American distribution, and with 1 sp. in Macaronesia (Madeira, and formerly in Teneriffe).

Description: Shrubs, small trees, or lianas, in Malesia evergreen, or herbs. Stipules present. Leaves in Malesia spirally arranged, sometimes distichous, simple, the margin often shallowly incised; generally stalked. Inflorescences axillary variously modified bundles, or racemes, or panicles, sometimes terminal, or flowers solitary in the leaf axils; bracts small; pedicels often articulated, whether in the lower or in the upper part; bracteoles, if present, small and in the lower part of the pedicel. Flowers bisexual or rarely dioecious, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, particularly in the corolla; the parts often persistent in fruit. Sepals 5, the median one adaxial (posterior), free or occasionally for a small portion connate, often ciliate. Petals 5, free, generally sessile, the median one abaxial (anterior), often longer and differently shaped, the base then mostly with a sac or spur. Androecium often cylindrical, stamens 5, episepalous; filaments often more or less connate into a tube, in the Malesian genera with zygomorphic flowers, those near the odd petal with a recurved fleshy appendage; anthers introrse, in Malesia nearly always the connective at the top produced into an approximately triangular membranous appendage converging with the others, cells sometimes with a small appendage at the top. Gynoecium superior, sessile, ovary small, subglobose, one-locular, with generally 3 carpels, the median one adaxial, each carpel with a parietal placenta in the middle bearing 1-many anatropous ovules; style straight or, in the zygomorphic flowers S-shaped with the stigma curved towards the odd petal and club-shaped with variations. Fruit in Malesia capsular, the carpels thickened to boat-shaped leathery or woody valves (in the latter eventually the endocarp separated from the pericarp) which spread and often compress upon dehiscence. Seeds 1-many, sessile, one to a few mm in size, often with distinct raphe, sometimes with funicular outgrowths; rich in endosperm; embryo straight. Distribution. A pantropical family; only Viola is cold-loving. Hybanthus extends into the subtropics‘ so does Melicytus (Pacific Plant Areas n. 103, Blumea Suppl. 5, 1966) in Polynesia and New Zealand. Hymenanthera (congeneric with the former? l.c. n. 104) is temperate in SE. Australia and New Zealand. Number of genera 16, 8 of them American; the largest are Viola, currently credited with c. 400 spp., Rinorea with c. 200, Hybanthus with perhaps 70, and there are about 50 more in the other genera altogether. Total number of species c. 720, in Malesia 31, two of these introduced.

Description: Trees, or whether or not climbing shrubs, or lianas. Leaves spirally arranged, rarely opposite, simple, entire or lobed (in Mal. never crenate or serrate), pennior palmatinerved, exstipulate. Inflorescences mostly axillary, sometimes terminal, rarely extra-axillary, or from old wood, in spikes or spike-like racemes, or often in cymes, both spikes and cymes not rarely collected to panicles or heads, very rarely reduced to few-flowered fascicles or to a solitary flower. Flowers bi- or unisexual, in the latter case at least functionally so, i.e. the plants dioecious, actinomorphic, (4-)5(-6)-, by reduction rarely in part 3-merous, cyclic (with sepals or calyx lobes and petals) or rarely spiral (with petals only in Pyrenacantha, or without petals in the ♀ flowers of Platea and some spp. of Iodes and Gomphandra). Pedicels, if any, articulated with the calyx. Sepals 4-6, free or mostly connate below to various degree to a 4-6-lobed calyx, the lobes imbricate or valvate, generally persistent. Petals 4-6, free or connate below to various degree, sometimes to a tube, the lobes valvate, very rarely subimbricate, tip inflexed, mostly caducous, sometimes persistent. Stamens as many as sepals or petals, episepalous, inserted basally or sometimes in the upper part of the tube; filaments subulate, fleshy, often flattened, or filiform, not rarely with clavate subglandular elongate hairs distally; anthers 2-celled, cells often diverging below, basifixed, latrorse or introrse, in Polyporandra dismissing the pollen from numerous operculate pores. Disk whether or not present, either annular or cup-like, free or adnate to the ovary, or a unilateral fleshy scale. Ovary free, 1-celled (in Pseudobotrys, Gonocaryum and Citronella 2-celled with an empty tube-like unilateral cell) (in Mai.); ovules 2 (rarely 1 abortive), apical, pendent, anatropous, apotropous, unitegmic; style 1 or none; stigma punctiform, subcapitate or peltate, entire or slightly 2-5-lobed or -crenate, often depressed to one side. Drupe ellipsoid to globose, often laterally compressed and almond-like; exocarp generally thin-fleshy; endocarp thin-crustaceous to thick-woody, sometimes spongious or fibrous, often veined or ribbed lengthwise or reticulate-lacunose outside, smooth or with tubercles or blunt aculei inside, the seed pitted then. Seed 1, exarillate, generally with abundant endosperm, which rarely is ruminate; embryo straight; cotyledons whether or not foliaceous. Distribution. About 56 genera with c. 300 spp., all woody, predominantly in the tropics, rapidly decreasing in number towards the subtropics; 5 genera with part of their species in the temperate zones of Africa, Asia, Australia and S. America.

Description: Perennial waterplants with a tuberous, elongate or cylindrical and often branched rootstock or rhizome which produces a tuft of leaves and the inflorescences. Leaves submerged and/or floating (very seldom emerged), with a mostly distinct midrib and one or more pairs of parallel main nerves, connected by numerous cross-veins. Inflorescence long-peduncled, emerging above the water surface, in bud enveloped by a caducous or rarely persistent spathe, composed of 1 (in Mal.) or 2-11 spikes. Flowers (in Mal.) bisexual, spirally arranged, turned towards all directions. Tepals 2, mostly persistent, rarely caducous. Stamens 6, in 2 whorls. Ovaries 3(-4-5), free, sessile, narrowed into the style with a stigmatic ridge on the inner side; ovules 2-8 per carpel. Fruits with a mostly distinct, lateral or terminal, often curved beak. Seeds without endosperm; testa mostly a single envelope, sometimes, however, split into two envelopes, the inner one, brown and closely fitting the embryo, the outer loose, transparent and reticulately veined; embryo with the plumule fitting in a groove or not, or without plumule (the embryos of all species with a double testa seem to have no plumule). Distr. About 40 spp. described, from Africa (Ethiopia to the Cape), Madagascar, India & Ceylon, through SE. Asia (to c. 30° NL) and Malesia to SW., N. and E. Australia (to 34° SL), centering in Africa and Madagascar.

Description: In this paper the new species Myxarium crystallinum is described and its relationships with Tremella grilletii and Sebacina sphaerospora discussed. The two latter species are transferred to the genus Myxarium Wallr. An account of a third British gathering of Tremiscus helvelloides is given, together with a detailed review of its world-wide distribution, since it is one of the species included in the European Mapping Scheme for fungi.

Description: Annual or perennial, often grass-like herbs, only the monotypic African genus Microdracoides tree-like; the perennial spp. with short- or long-creeping, mostly sympodial rhizome not rarely emitting stolons. Stems solid, exceptionally hollow, sometimes septate, often trigonous, more rarely 2-sided or terete, or 4-, 5-, or multangular, usually nodeless below the inflorescence. Leaves often 3- ranked, more rarely distichous or polystichous, basal and/or cauline, usually sheathing at the base, the sheaths closed (in Mal.), very rarely open, the blades as a rule sessile, linear (grass-like) or setaceous, rarely lanceolate and petioled, rarely much reduced or even absent; sheath and blade whether or not separated by a rim of short hairs or by a membranous ligule almost completely fused to the upper surface of the blade. Flowers simple, inconspicuous, each subtended by a bract (glume), arranged in small spiciform units (spikelets), in subfam. Caricoideae strictly unisexual, in subfam. Cyperoideae tribe Hypolytreae composed of monandrous lateral ‘flowers’ and a terminal ovary, in tribe Cypereae reduced to bisexual synanthia, a few of which may be functionally male or female by abortion of the other sex. Spikelets often (always?) cymose (‘pseudo-spikelets’), (1-) few- to many-flowered. Inflorescence paniculate, anthelate, capitate, or spicate, with few to many spikelets, rarely reduced to a single spikelet, often subtended by 1-several leafy involucral bracts, Perianth consisting of bristles, hairs, or scales, but often absent. Stamens often 3, not rarely reduced to 2 or 1, very rarely more than 3 to numerous; filaments ligulate, free, only in a few Carex spp. connate, sometimes strongly elongating after anthesis; anthers basifixed, introrse, opening lengthwise by a slit. Ovary solitary, superior, usually 2- or 3-carpellate, unilocular; style not rarely thickened at the base, the thickened part whether or not articulated with the ovary; stigmas 2 or 3 (rarely more), only in a few spp. style unbranched; ovule solitary, erect from the base of the ovary, anatropous. Fruit indehiscent, a nut (often termed achene), sessile, or seated on a disk, free, or surrounded by a modified prophyll (perigynium, utricle). Seed erect, with thin testa not adhering to the pericarp; embryo small, at least partly surrounded by abundant mealy or fleshy endosperm. Dist ribution. About 70-80 genera with probably some 4000 spp., throughout the world.

Description: In the former century Byblis was mostly included in the Droseraceae, for example by BENTHAM & HOOKER. f. (Gen. P1. 1, 1859, 220); even ENGLER had it in that position in 1912 (Syllabus ed. 7, 329). PLANCHON had in 1848 (Ann. Sc. Nat. III, 9, 1848, 80, 90) already pointed to affinity with Cheiranthera of the Pittosporaceae; HALLIER f. merged Byblis and Roridula with Tremandraceae, curiously referring this to an Ochnaceous assemblage (Abh. Gebiete Naturw. Hamburg 18, 1903, 53). About the same time LANG argued (Flora 88, 1901, 179) that on morphological and anatomical grounds Byblis cannot belong to Droseraceae, but should be referred to Lentibulariaceae. DIELS (Pfl. R. Heft 26, 1907, 51) and DOMIN (Act. Bot. Bohem. 1, 1922, 1) definitely concluded to the alliance with Pittosporaceae, and so did HUTCHINSON (1926, 1959) and SCHULTZE-MENZ (Syllabus 1964): resemblance with Drosera is superficial, sympetaly unimportant. HALLIER f. and HUTCHINSON include the S. African genus Roridula also in the family Byblidaceae, but others regard this as an allied family.

Description: Newly discovered mycorrhizal relationships of boletes (with Nothofagus, Shorea, Quercus humboldtii, Alnus jorullenses, Eucalyptus, and Leptospermum) are discussed. Type studies on Fistulinella, Boletus granulatus var. capricollensis, Boletogaster, and Gastroboletus are reported. The following new combinations are proposed: subsections Pictini and Spectabiles in sect. Solidipes of Suillus; Suillus ochraceoroseus; Chalciporus piperatus, C. rubinus, C. rubinellus, and the new section Eximia of Leccinum, with L. eximium (Peck) Sing. The interpretation of Porphyrellus pseudoscaber on the basis of topotypical material is indicated.

Description: The ascomycete Anixiopsis peruviana Cain is transferred to a new genus Xanthothecium v. Arx & Samson. The name Leucothecium emdenii v. Arx & Samson, gen. nov., spec. nov. is proposed for a soil-borne fungus with light coloured, smooth cleistothecia, catenulate asci, lenticular ascospores and an arthroconidial state. The relationships of both genera are discussed.

Description: A general consideration is given on various aspects of the taxonomy of Operculate Discomycetes. The thesis is advanced that the genus, rather than the species, may represent the basic evolutionary unit. More detailed considerations are devoted to a few topics, for instance to the systematic position of the genera Cyttaria and Medeolaria.

Description: Since Hornemann (Fl. Dan. 9, 1816, p. 3, pl. 1501) published the name Zostera marina var. angustifolia together with a very poor drawing and the extremely short diagnosis ‘foliis subenerviis’ several interpretations of the identity of this taxon have been given. Some authors regarded it as a separate species closely related to Z. marina L., e.g. Reichenbach (1c. Fl. Germ. 7,1845, p. 3, as Z. angustifolia), and Tutin (J. Bot. 74, 1936, p. 227—230, as Z. hornemanniana). Others thought that it was a hybrid between Z. marina and Z. noltii Hornem., e.g. Ascherson (in Boissier, Fl. Orient. 5, 1882, p. 25), Prahl (Krit. Fl. Schlesw.- Holst. 2, 1890, p. 211), and Rouy (Fl. Fr. 13, 1912, p. 290, as Z. hornemanni). Recently I myself expressed the opinion that Hornemann’s variety was merely a brackish-water form of Z. noltit (Den Hartog, Sea-grasses of the world, 1970, p. 68). Thanks to the kindness of Mr. A. Hansen I was able to study two sheets of original material of Hornemann’s taxon and as a result all the above-mentioned interpretations can be ruled out. One of the two sheets is marked ‘cotypus’ and is labelled ‘Zostera marina angustifolia, e sinu Othiniensi, Hornemann’, the labelling in the characteristic handwriting of Prof. J. W. Hornemann himself. The specimens mounted on this sheet are all extremely narrow-leaved Z. marina. The specimens on the other sheet are very similar, and were collected from the same place; the labelling, however, is in the handwriting of N. Hofmann Bang, who was a close friend of Hornemann and owned the manor Hofmannsgave near the type locality.

Description: The pollen morphology of all 7 species of the genus Crossonephelis was studied and found to be rather uniform, supporting Leenhouts’ circumscription of the genus. Minor inter- and intraspecific differences are present. Within Lepisantheae a close resemblance exists with the pollen of some species of Placodiscus, while the pollen of Lepisanthes is less similar and specialized in a different direction.

Description: This work is the first of its kind in so far that it gives an account of the chemotaxonomy of a large family of plants and its implications on the taxonomy of that family. The ideas for this book were derived from a symposium, to which all the 19 authors contributed, ‘The Comparative Biochemistry of the Leguminosae’, which was held at the John Innes Institute, Hertfordshire. The first chapter, by V. H. Heywood, gives a ‘Systematic Purview’ of the family. Chapter 2—14 provide a description of the known distribution of both low molecular weight and macromolecular constituents. In several chapters the methods used are also extensively discussed. Often the information of the various chapters has been obtained by workers belonging to other disciplines than taxonomy, and little attention has been given to taxonomic methods. Several of the chapters lack a summary and a discussion of the taxonomic implications.

Description: In the Cyclopaedia of Malaysian Collectors and Collections, Mrs. M. J. van Steenis-Kruseman (Flora Malesiana I, I, 1950, 248a, 527b) stated that plants of Herb. Houttuyn, which Houttuyn had acquired from various collectors, were subsequently incorporated in other herbaria, that of Burman in particular. Merrill had questioned this in his work on Houttuyn (J. Arn. Arb. 19, 1938, 291—375, reviewed in Fl. Mal. Bull. no. 17, 1962, 906), as he could not locate a single sheet of Houttuyn’s collection. He only mentioned (l.c.p. 310) that in the Copenhagen Herbarium, in Herb. Vahl, there would be a fragmentary specimen of Myristica fragrans on the back of which was noted ‘ded. Houttuyn’. We could not find this photographed in the IDC microcards of Herb. Vahl.

Description: A subdivision of the pollen types encountered in Lecythidaceae is proposed. The presence of a demarcation line between an original colpate and a derived syncolpate pollen type is confirmed. The significance of pollen characters for taxonomic subdivision is evaluated and it is concluded that the subdivision proposed by Niedenzu in 1892 agrees best with the pollen evidence. Pollen morphology does not yet provide any clear indications of wider affinities of the family, except in a negative sense.

Description: In the herbarium in Kiel the holotype of Sphacelaria paniculata was located. Australian material, known under the names Halopteris hordeacea (Harvey) Sauv., H. spicigera (Aresch.) Moore or H. gracilescens (J. Ag.) Womersl. has as correct name Halopteris paniculata (Suhr) P. v. R. comb. nov.

Description: This book is an exploration into the field of Plant Morphology. It deals with the placentation of the ovules in ten families of Centrospermae — including the Cactaceae — and in the Primulaceae. The core is formed by a very close observation and a complete documentation of the histogenesis of the ovary wall, the septs, and the placentae in four Caryophyllaceous species. Furthermore, the result is compared with similar known and newly discovered features in other species and in the other families. It appears that the ovary is composed of a cup of sterile phyllomes which surrounds a central body. This central part is built up by two alternating sets of five axial placentae bearing the ovules. The septs grow from the cup inwards and fuse with the placentae and their ovules. The pattern of the vascular bundles is in full accordance with the histogenetic results. Variations on this theme occur in the other species and families, the ultimate stage in reduction being an ovary with a solitary terminal ovule. However, the Primulaceae do not fit in this scheme; they cannot be considered as Centrospermae.

Description: Though the embryo provides one of the main generic characters of Haplolobus, up till now nothing was known about its germination or seedling (blastogeny). That is why the first author, when revising the genus Haplolobus (Leenhouts, 1972) contacted Mr. J. S. Womersley, Chief Division of Botany, Department of Forests, at Lae, Papua and New Guinea, and asked him for either viable seeds, or seedlings. We are very obliged to him and to the Department of Forests for providing us with both, including herbarium and spirit material of seedlings and a herbarium specimen of the parent tree. The latter was collected under nr. NGF 49210 (Henty) at Markham Point near Lae, and could be identified as Haplolobus floribundus H. J. Lam ssp. floribundus group A. The seedlings were collected 8 weeks after being sown in the Lae Botanic Garden; they were preserved under nr. NGF 49275. It is a pity that the seeds sown in the Botanic Garden at Leiden did not germinate.

Description: A historical survey of the family is followed by a discussion of the systematic position, the affinities within the family, the morphology, anatomy, phytochemical characters, flower biology, geographical distribution, dispersal, and growth. A key to the species is given. Each taxon has been described and provided with its full synonymy. All specimens have been cited except in those cases where more than 5 collections were made in one partial area (country, province, district, or small island). A complete identification list will be issued separately. In this revision of Taccaceae 1 genus and 10 species are accepted; 8 species are restricted to Indo-Malesia (SE. Asia to the Solomons), 1 to tropical South America, and 1 species occurs from the tropical west coast of Africa eastwards to Easter Island in the eastern Pacific. Two new species have been described, one from Borneo and one from the Solomons and New Guinea, and one new combination has been proposed. The genus Schizocapsa and a large number of specific names have been reduced. The species synonymy is considerable and comprises not less than 49 specific epithets. This situation is due to the fact that some widely distributed species have proved to be very variable. The material which I had at my disposal was considerably larger than previous workers, especially Limpricht, had in hand. As a result of this rich material numerous locally described species could no longer be maintained.

Description: Taxonomic revision, precursory to the treatment of the Rosaceae in Flora Malesiana. Generic limits in tribus Sorbeae are discussed, Stranvaesia is included in Photinia (5 spp. in Malesia), Micromeles (1 sp. in Malesia) is treated as generically different from Sorbus. Apart from these, there are in Malesia representatives of Eriobotrya and Rhaphiolepis (both 1 sp.), and some more species are cultivated and occasionally naturalized. No new species are described. New combinations: Photinia serratifolia (basionym Crataegus serratifolia Desf., replacing illegitimate Photinia serrulata Lindl.), Photinia nussia (basionym Pyrus nussia D. Don, transferred from Stranvaesia), Rhaphiolepis philippinensis (basionym Eriobotrya philippinensis Vidal), Micromeles corymbifera (basionym Vaccinium? corymbiferum Miq., known as Sorbus granulosa (Bertol.) Rehd. or Pyrus granulosa Bertol.).

Description: The species at present known as Metrosideros elegans was the basis for Ballardia Montr., Mem. Acad. Lyon 10 (1860) 204. The later described species of the M. elegans group were placed in Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn., Fruct. I (1788) 170, t. 34, and Beauvisage (1901) finally sank Ballardia in Metrosideros when he combined B. elegans Montr., Mem. Acad. Lyon 10 (1860) 205, with M. laurifolia var. minor Br. et Gris, Bull. Bot. Soc. Fr. 12 (1865) 300 under the binomial Metrosideros elegans. The group has remained in Metrosideros since that time. So far as is known the group is restricted to New Caledonia. The species may occur at quite low elevations, but are most common between about 300 and 1,500 metres altitude in forest or shrubland.

Description: It has been suspected for some time that Tetrameles nudiflora occurs in the Cape York Peninsula region of Queensland. The late Mr. L. S. Smith (Queensland Herbarium) referred some sterile specimens to this species, but, as far as is known, he never saw fertile material from Queensland. Mr. G. C. Stocker (Forestry and Timber Bureau, Atherton) collected good fruiting material of this species in the McIlwraith Ra. (13°50' S, 143°20' E) in November 1971 (Stocker 820). This appeared to be the first collection of fertile material. However, subsequent discussion with Mr. J. G. Tracey and Dr. L. J. Webb (Rain Forest Ecology Section, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) revealed that they had collected flowering material from large leafless trees in October 1968 at Claudie River (12°43' S, 143°17' E) and in October 1969 at McIlwraith Range and Rocky River ( Webb & Tracey 8230A, 9293A, and 9746A). Inspection of the Webb and Tracey specimens revealed that they were in fact Tetrameles nudiflora. Field evidence suggests that two of the suites of specimens, i.e. Webb & Tracey 9293A and Stocker 820, were from the same tree on the western slopes of McIlwraith Range. The specimens all agree with the description of Tetrameles nudiflora by van Steenis (Fl. Mal. I, 4, 1953, 385).

Description: The present bibliography on pelagic Tunicates has been compiled over a period of 4 years, mainly by the first author. It is meant, not as an official publication, but as a working aid for students of pelagic Tunicates. It comprises about 1300-1400 different titles of books and articles. For obvious reasons the mere listing of all those titles in alphabetical order would be impractical for specialized demands. Splitting this list in as many subheadings as possible in a way like the Zoological Record would be ideal. However, many articles and books are difficult to place under one heading; the same titles would have to be mentioned under a number of different headings. With as many headings as possible this would mean a multiplication of the 1300-1400 titles to an impractical amount. Moreover, at present only part (60%) of the titles mentioned below have been checked and abstracted by the authors; for specialized subheading all articles and books need to be studied. It was decided to meet both ends and an unspecialized subdivision was made into six headings: Copelata, Salpidae, Doliolidae, Pyrosomidae, General Zooplankton and General Tunicates. The important articles or books concerning more than one of the systematic groups have been listed under more than one heading. For instance: “Thompson, H. Pelagic Tunicates of Australia” can be found under Copelata as well as under Salpidae, Doliolidae or Pyrosomidae. General zooplankton papers or books, in which pelagic Tunicates are not a major subject, are not listed under several headings, but are compiled under “General Zooplankton”. General articles or books on various subjects of the Tunicata as a whole are listed under “General Tunicates”.

Description: The mites listed in the present paper have been collected by the junior author and Drs. N. J. J. KOK during a stay in Surinam from 6.VII—1.XI.1971 with financial aid of the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO). The collection enlarges our knowledge on parasites of nasal cavities of hosts from Surinam (FAIN & LUKOSCHUS, 1971).

Description: Se trata de las espécies del grupo nebulosus del género Gelastocoris. Según el autór este grupo contiene una espécie con dos subespécies. Gelastocoris nebulosus nebulosus (Guérin) con sinónimas G. flavus (Guérin), G. apureensis Melin, G. monrosi De Cario, G. paraguayensis De Carlo y G. vianai De Carlo, tiene una distribución de la Venezuela y las Guayanas hasta el Paraguay y el NE de la Argentina. Gelastocoris nebulosus quadrimaculatus (Guérin), con sinónimas G. bergi De Carlo y G. bolivianus De Carlo, tiene una distribución andina, de Perú hasta el Chile (Santiago) y el NO de la Argentina.

Description: Anolis equestris Merrem, the Cuban giant anole, was described in 1820. The formal description is based upon an account of the lizard by CUVIER (“le grand Anolis a crête”) in 1817. MERREM’S description is very brief but sufficiently detailed to assign the name to the Cuban species rather than to any other Antillean giant anole. The lizard was redescribed by BELL (1827) as Anolius [sic] rhodolaemus, based upon material collected by W. S. MACLEAY. NOBLE & HASSLER (1935) named Anolis luteogularis from a long series from western Cuba. This species was relegated to subspecific status under A. equestris by BARBOUR & SHREVE (1935), who also named A. e. hassleri from the Isla de Pinos (based upon two specimens) and A. e. noblei from eastern Cuba (based upon three specimens). SCHWARTZ (1958) named A. e. thomasi from Camagüey Province and later (1964) reviewed the status of the species in Oriente Province, naming A. e. smallwoodi, A. e. palardis, A. e. baracoae, A. e. galeifer, and A. e. saxuliceps. As presently understood, there are ten subspecies of A. equestris throughout Cuba and the Isla de Pinos. Comments by SCHWARTZ (1964) indicated that there were several Oriente specimens which did not agree with the concepts of the subspecies defined by him and suggested that there was still a great deal to be learned about the distribution and variation in A. equestris at least in Oriente, the physiographically and ecologically most diverse of the Cuban provinces. The junior author became interested in A. equestris when he encountered lizards from various Cuban localities which did not agree in detail with taxa already named. In addition, the discovery of two “subspecies” equestris and luteogularis) occurring syntopically in the same wooded area suggested that perhaps the entire complex needed serious restudy and revision. Accordingly, GARRIDO made extensive collections of A. equestris from much of Cuba and the Isla de Pinos (whence previously only very few specimens have been available) as well as on Cayo Cantiles in the Archipiélago de los Canarreos. In addition, GARRIDO succeeded in securing large series of some populations which had previously been known from single individuals or very small samples.

Description: 1. This paper deals with various aspects of the life-history, ecology, water management and osmoregulation of the West-Indian land hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus (Herbst) in Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. 2. Land hermit crabs belonging to the family Coenobitidae may be considered as one of the most terrestrial forms of decapods. They are characteristic for tropical coasts and islands. Though C. clypeatus may be found in a variety of habitats they show a preference for areas with a relatively dry climate. In this respect habitats as found on the Leeward Group of the Lesser Antilles are representative for the species’ occurrence. In addition to populations of animals living on the coast, the ‘coastal animals,’ there are also individuals living in the interior, the ‘inland animals.’ The latter generally are older specimens, living in well-fitting and undamaged Livona-shells, and able to settle and maintain themselves in habitats rich in food, where there is a supply of fresh or brackish water. Though these animals still maintain a close bond with the sea, they may be said to have reached a more advanced stage of terrestrial life. The greater part of the research was carried out with inland animals. 3. In July reproductive migration starts, adult and not yet fully grown animals migrating towards a restricted number of spawning places on the southern coast, probably following traditional pathways. These places are characterized by the presence of good shelter, suitable drinking water and a quiet and accessible coast. Usually animals of roughly the same size gather in separate groups. It is assumed that fertilization occurs here. Soon afterwards, usually around the time of full moon, the first ovigerous females may be observed. Under the circumstances prevailing on Curaçao, the fresh red-brown eggs develop in about three weeks. The eggs then contain a full-grown larva, in the first zoea stage, which is liberated as soon as the egg is brought into the sea. In a number of consecutive nights the females deposit clusters of ripe eggs at the low water line, from which clusters the larvae are carried away by the rising tide. Apart from females with fully developed eggs another, second, wave of animals with freshly laid eggs may be observed, to be followed in some cases by a third wave. In this way groups of larvae in consecutive cycles, are brought to the sea throughout the summer season. The reproductive period lasts from July to about November on the Leeward Group of the Lesser Antilles. A striking feature is the difference in sex ratio between younger and older animals, the relative number of females decreasing with increasing age. 4. Land hermit crabs are frequently exposed to strong evaporation, therefore a good water management is of primary importance. There are many factors contributing to this maintenance, such as adaptations in anatomy, way of life and behaviour, the powers of detection and uptake of water, the mainly nocturnal life, the possession of a shell which can be closed, the shell water, the urge to seek a suitable micro-habitat, etc. Under constant environmental conditions dehydration always proceeds along the same lines in the same animal. At a temperature of 28°C and a relative air humidity of about 75%, which for Curaçao are the normal conditions, average survival was 8 days, together with water losses of maximally 30% of the initial amount of body water. Dehydration always entails an increase in osmotic value of the body fluids; uptake of water makes the concentration decrease again. 5. In favourable conditions Coenobita clypeatus actively stores a great amount of water as shell water. By applying salt accumulation, washing, mixing or dilution, in relation to the salinity of the available drinking water, the animal effects a rough regulation, in which the shell water is kept more or less constantly at a salinity fluctuating around 32-33‰ S, which is slightly below the value of normal sea water (= 36‰ S). As a rule small animals maintain a slightly higher concentration of shell water than large animals. Air humidity also influences the concentration of shell water in such a way that in a period of drought shell water of a slightly lower concentration is stored. Generally speaking the time factor has a stabilizing influence on the concentration. When in an experiment drinking water of various concentrations is offered, there is a tendency to take up water of ever decreasing salinities, while the total amounts are decreasing too. 6. Osmoregulation fails in land hermit crabs that do not possess an external environment of water. Due to evaporation and consequently dehydration of the animal the osmoconcentration may reach very extreme, lethal heights, equivalent to over 60‰ S. Dehydrating hermit crabs may be compared to osmoconformers. If, however, such an external environment is actually present, Coenobita proves to be a fairly good regulator, trying to keep its body fluid as constant as possible, both in hypotonic and hypertonic media. Generally the role of the external environment is played by the shell water, which serves as an intermediate environment between the available water and the internal medium. As this shell water is already regulated, the osmoregulation proper must be considered as superimposed on that of the shell water. An optimal value for osmoconcentration of the body fluid approaches an equivalent of 34-35‰ S. Non-electrolytes contribute greatly — up to 30% – to the total concentration. Osmoregulation however is mainly brought about by regulation of the electrolytes.

Description: For about two years (1967—1968) investigations were conducted on the ecology of mosquitoes in relation to the transmission of arboviruses in Surinam (DE KRUIJF 1970). Part of this study dealing with the daily activity of biting mosquitoes is presented here. Daily activity of biting anopheline females has been widely studied because of their ability to transmit malaria (MATTINGLY 1949, SENIOR-WHITE 1953, GILLIES 1957, SLOOFF 1964, and many others). Intensive studies on culicine mosquitoes transmitting arboviruses and other pathogen agents have been carried out in Africa and elsewhere (among many others HADDOW 1945, 1954, 1956, 1961a and b, 1961, MCCLELLAND 1960, BOORMAN 1961, SAMARAWICKRAMA 1967, TAYLOR & JONES 1969). Data on the diel activity of culicine mosquitoes in South America are relatively scarce; species transmitting jungle yellow fever, Haemagogus species and Sabethes chloropherus,' having been studied most completely (KUMM & NOVIS 1938, BATES 1944, 1949, CAUSEY & SANTOS 1949, GALINDO et al. 1951, TRAPIDO & GALINDO 1957, GALINDO 1957, FORATTINI 1966b). AITKEN et al. (1968) have published some data on other species whereas FORATTINI (1962, 1966a and b) reviewed the scattered data on the daily activity of biting mosquitoes belonging to as many species as possible. It appeared that in the northern region of South America knowledge on the subject is very scarce.

Description: Certain Lower Devonian platform conodonts are described from the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Of the Polygnathus foveolatus group, defined here, P. foveolatus Philip & Jackson, P. lenzi Klapper, P. pireneae n. sp., P. cf. P. foveolatus Philip & Jackson and P. cf. P. lenzi Klapper are described. P. pireneae n. sp. is recorded from the Gedinnian. Furthermore, Spathognathodus carlsi n. sp. and a platform conodont not previously recorded are described.

Description: The Antillean island of Jamaica is inhabited by 17 native species of frogs and three introduced species. This anuran fauna has not been reviewed since 1940, and the present paper brings up to date the nomenclature of the Jamaican frogs, and in addition gives much new zoogeographic, altitudinal, ecological, and reproductive data on 16 native and two introduced species. New subspecies of Eleutherodactylus cundalli, E. gossei, and E. pantoni are described. The total native anuran fauna of Jamaica is discussed, both as far as its internal (within Jamaica) and external (other Antillean islands) relationships are concerned, and a zoogeographic picture of differentiation from two major evolutionary centers in Jamaica is presented in reference to the frogs of that island.

Description: The genus Sclerostyla is better known from fossil records than from recent material (WRIGLEY, 1951; MÜLLER, 1970). This is not surprising, since Sclerostyla ctenactis is difficult to find, the tube usually being imbedded in the substrate. Such material was studied only by MÖRCH (1863) in the Zoologiske Museum, København; by AUGENER (1922) in the zoological museums of Berlin and Hamburg; by TREADWELL (1929) in the American Museum of Natural History and by WRIGLEY (1951) in the Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles. The specimens have been reexamined. Additional specimens were collected by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (1955, 1963—64) and by the author (1970). This material, as a rule, was preserved with formaldehyde and, after a short period, transferred to alcohol. These specimens are deposited mainly in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (Nrs. 04466— 04476) or in the author’s collection (tHU 119, and tHU 121—127). Single specimens have been presented to the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, D.D.R. (ZMB), to the Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg (ZMH), to the Zoologiske Museum, København (ZMK), to the British Museum Natural History, London (BMNH ZB. 1971. 228— 231), to the Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles (AHF), to the Station Marine d’Endoume, Marseille (SME), to the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH) and to the National Museum of Natural History, Washington (USNM).

Description: Precambrian clastic rocks, deposited under unstable conditions, were folded before in a relatively stable environment shallow marine sedimentation spread out over the whole area. Silico-clastic sediments were deposited from Cambrian to Devonian, except from the Lower-Middle Cambrian when carbonate deposition dominated. With a hiatus in sedimentation during the Llanvirn to Llandovery the influence of a rising block, NNE of the present area, started. During the Silurian this rise resulted in development of clastic sequences trending to thin towards the N. From the Devonian to Upper Carboniferous sedimentation circumstances became less stable. As a result an alternation of clastic and carbonate rocks developed. Towards the end of the Devonian epeirogenetic uplift and tilting of the northern part of the area resulted in strong erosion and consequently the uppermost transgressive Devonian sandstone rests on a variety of older deposits. The Sabero-Gordón line separates the uplifted area in the north from the area where continued subsidence and sedimentation took place during the Upper Devonian. During the Lower Carboniferous differences in sedimentation circumstances were strongly reduced resulting in the deposition of the Alba Formation all over the area. During the Namurian the Sabero-Gordón Une renewed its function as a facies boundary between a northern and a southern area. Together with the development of the progress of the maximal Carboniferous sedimentation towards the north the initial folding of the Hercynian orogenesis started south of it. After the orogenesis oblong coal basins developed during the Stephanian B along normal faults approximately parallel to the strike of the folding. After folding of these coal basins a long period of non-deposition followed which ended in the Upper Cretaceous when sedimentation took place along the southern border of the folded Palaeozoic. The Tertiary morphogenetic uplift of the Cantabrian Mountains is accompanied by continental deposits forming the border of the Duero basin. During the Hercynian orogenesis major deformation took place in the Leoides (Fig. 3). The Sabero-Gordón line separates the Leónides in a strongly folded area in the south and an area with thrust sheets north of it. The shape of folds and thrusts is mainly determined by the lithological properties of the Palaeozoic rocks. Table 2 shows the rocks units which are supposed to have their own tectonic-style. In the southern area (Alba synclinorium) minor folding is an important feature. Based on a symmetry-concept most of these folds are parasitic folds. In some places minor folds in the folded area as well as in the thrust area show that deformation took place by gravity-stress. The León line separating the Leonides from the Asturides seems to have no significance as a fundamental structural line in this area.

Description: Three members are informally distinguished in this formation (A, B, and C from base to top). They are present at the western part of the outcrop (thickness ca. 246 m). On the eastern and southeastern part, only member A and basal part of member B are present and the thickness is reduced to ca. 20 m. A sharp surface of discontinuity separates member A from member B. The Portilla Formation abounds in reef-building elements associated with other groups. Five major carbonate facies types are established that belong to a complex biostromal ‘reef’ facies. Vertical and lateral facies changes are demonstrated. The carbonate facies was deposited in a shallow-marine environment. Towards end of deposition of member A, sharp changes in depositional conditions occurred, soon followed by a notable influx of siliciclastics. A distinctive barrier ‘reef’ pattern was established during deposition of member B. It protected a back-reef area from the open shallow sea. This back-reef environment was separated from an area of dominantly siliciclastic deposition in the southeast by an extremely shallow marine or shoal area which might have been emergent. During deposition of member B there occurred a rhythmic alternation of the back-reef carbonates and the carbonates continuous with the ‘reef’ barrier, probably reflecting minor changes in sea level likely due to epeirogenetic movements of the bottom. Eventually organic growth and associated carbonate sedimentation exceeded the rate of subsidence and as a result the ‘reefs’ laterally shifted seawards, followed by the back-reef facies. The facies pattern suggests an increasingly emergent tendency of the marginal part of the carbonate basin due to bottom movements. The barrier ‘reef’ pattern of member B probably terminated due to changes in relative subsidence during deposition of member C. A strong supply of siliciclastics during the deposition of the Nocedo Formation brought an end to the carbonate sedimentation of the Portilla Formation. The variation in thickness in the Portilla Formation has been mainly due to a slow and prolonged differential subsidence of the carbonate depositional basin. The absence of a large part of member B and member C in the easterly and southeasterly directions is probably largely due to non-deposition of sediments. Seventeen species are described of rhynchonellid brachiopods, out of which four species are new. Three new genera are established. Wherever available some critical German rhynchonellid species have been sectioned for comparison. The rhynchonellid and atrypid brachiopod fauna from the Portilla Formation show a great affinity with the Middle Devonian fauna of Eifel region, Germany. The Spanish fauna could be assigned to the mixed or Eifel facies, or close to this type. Striking similarity exists also between the Spanish fauna and the Middle Devonian fauna from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. The rhynchonellids and atrypids strongly suggest that the Eifelian — Givetian boundary lies in the basal part of member B. It is suggested that member A is of Eifelian age and that members B and C, apart from the basal part of member B are of Givetian age.

Description: Probably Lower Paleozoic quartzo-pelitic schists with bands of feldspathic schists, white and black quartzites, graphite schists and amphibolites have been folded twice. Hercynian regional metamorphism led to porphyroblastic growth of chlorite, albite, biotite, garnet, staurolite mainly between F1 and F2. Andalusite porphyroblasts are related to Hercynian granite intrusions of varying age with respect to F2. An isograd map of biotite, garnet, staurolite and andalusite is presented. Structures elucidating the relations between deformation phases and metamorphic mineral growth are discussed.

Description: The water-bearing strata in the area under study consist mainly of fluviatile Pleistocene. The base is formed by the marine Plio-Pleistocene, the top by the Holocene clay and peat deposits. The chemical composition of the ground-water in this aquifer depends on processes related to the geological history, not on the type of sediment. The most important of these processes is cation exchange, which occurs in two ways. When fresh water replaces salt water in the aquifer, an exchange takes place between the Ca2+ ions from the ground-water and the exchangeable Na+ ions from the sediments. The reverse process takes place when sea-water infiltrates a sediment with fresh ground-water: the Na+ ions from the sea-water are exchanged for Ca2+ ions from the sediments. A classification of ground-water according to 8 types was made. These types are indicated on a map and on sections. In the western part of the area, intrusion of salt water originating from the Eemian transgression can be recognized. During the Calais transgression salt water infiltrated the aquifer; this salt water has gradually been replaced by fresh water. In part of the area salt water also infiltrated during the Duinkerke transgression. In an east-west zone, where the ground-water flows from the high-lying areas in the north and the Pleistocene outcrops in the south converge, the fresh/salt water boundary rises. In this zone high Cl¯-concentrations occur at the surface locally, due to increased upward seepage through the Holocene clay and peat layers at places where the vertical resistance is low. In some bore-holes the concentration of the minor constituents I¯ and Br¯ and of the isotopes of oxygen and carbon was measured. The Cl¯: Br¯ concentration ratio proved to be indicative of polluted ground-water. High 13C concentrations are an indication for an upward flow of ground-water.

Description: Records of 10 species of shallow water Pycnogonida from Western Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, and New South Wales, including Achelia shepherdi n. sp., Parapallene avida Stock, 1973 (♀ new to science), and Anoplodactylus pulcher Carpenter, 1907 (new to Australia).

Description: 106 populations of Symphytum officinale were cytologically investigated. The distribution of white-flowered diploids and white- and purple-flowered tetraploids in Europa is discussed. The authors present a hypothesis which aims to give an explanation for the observed differences in distribution pattern.

Description: A description of the wood structure of 15 species of Talisia from the Guianas and adjacent areas is given. Among the neogean genera of the Sapindaceae Talisia is readily recognized by the combination of moderately few vessels, uniseriate or bi-seriate homocellular rays, aliformconfluent to banded parenchyma, the cells often containing rhombic crystals, and thick-walled fibres with a narrow lumen. The wood structure of the species is much alike, and it is not possible to identify a wood specimen to species on wood structure alone. It is pointed out that nearly identical wood occurs in the genera Guarea and Trichilia of the Meliaceae; the resemblance to some genera of tropical South American Leguminosae is more superficial.

Description: The hybrid (2n = 33) between Campanula isophylla (2n = 32) and C. pyramidalis (2n = 34) is described. Some notes are given on the relationship between both species.

Description: The family of the Ranunculaceae, although a large one (ca. 1200 species) occurring almost throughout the world, is generally regarded as a very natural one. The only genera with a recently more or less disputed position are Circaeaster, Glaucidiutn, Hydrastis, Kingdonia, and Paeonia. The others may at present all be considered to be ‘true’ Ranunculaceae. Various botanists have studied the delimitation of these genera, their affinity and phylogenetic links. Their ideas are often widely divergent. There is no need to go into the subject here, but some opinions on the place in the system of Caltha may be reviewed.

Description: The present paper is intended to be the first of a series on the species of Pachylomidium from all over the world. It has been prepared under supervision of Dr. P. A. Florschütz (Instituut voor Systematische Plantkunde, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht). The species of Pachylomidium are characterised by leaves which are completely or nearly completely bordered, with a nerve which nearly or completely reaches the apex, smooth cells and a pluristratose border. The species of this section grow exclusively near running water and are inundated during part of the year. Unfortunately there are some species which are more or less transitional between this section and other ones. I will deal with these problems more extensively in a following paper.

Description: First record of Bryum gemmiparum de Not. from The Netherlands. The taxonomy and distribution of the species are discussed. Bryum gemmiparum was collected in a clay-pit along the river Maas in the north of the province of Limburg. This locality seems to be the northernmost one known of the species. Bryum gemmiparum was found growing on steep, rather humid, loamy soils in a luxuriant cover of bryophytes characterized by Anisothecium varium, Riccardia sinuata, Riccardia pinguis, Bryum bicolor, Didymodon tophaceus, and Mniobryum wahlenbergii. A floristical and ecological investigation of this highly interesting bryophyte vegetation in The Netherlands is needed.

Description: Anatomical study of developmental stages of the sporophyte of living Odontoschisma prostratum (Sw.) Trev. revealed that the conspicuous swelling of the female branch during sporophyte development is correlated with a remarkably strong growth of the sporophyte foot. Thus, the enlargement of the female branch must not be looked upon as a “perigynium precursor.” The anatomy of the seta supplies new evidence for a close taxonomic relationship between Odontoschisma Dum. and Cladopodiella Buch.

Description: In the series Rupestria Berger the following chromosome numbers were found: Sedum forsterianum Sm., 2n = 48 and 96; Sedum montanum Song. & Perr., 2n = 34 and 51; Sedum ochroleucum Chaix in Vill., 2n = 34 and 68; Sedum reflexum L., 2n = 85, 102, and 153; Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau, 2n = 32, 64, and 96; Sedum tenuifolium (Sibth. & Sm.) Strobl, 2n = 24 and 72. The author is of the opinion that for the present all these taxa should be treated as separate species.

Description: In June, 1969, the author studied a number of limestone grassland-vegetations in the French Jura Mountains, South of Champagnôle, on the methods of the French-Swiss School of phytosociology. These vegetations can be assigned to the alliance Mesobromion Br.-Bl. & Moor 1938, and belong to the: A. Pinguicula Vulgaris – Bromus ERECTUS-VEGETATION. B. Eu-Mesobromion Oberd. 1957. Mesobrometum collinum (Scherr. 1925) Oberd. 1957. 1. subass. typicum 2. hypericetosum subass. nov. a. Achillea millefolium-variant b. Teucrium chamaedrys-variant Special attention was paid to the cryptogams ocouring in these associations. More than 40 taxa of bryophytes and lichens were met with. There proved to be a distinct correlation between the phanerogamic communities and the distribution of the cryptogams.

Description: A morphological, chemical, and ecological analysis was performed on a large number of collections of Cladonia pyxidata and related taxa from the Netherlands. The following species are recognized: Cladonia fimbriata. Cl. conistea, Cl. conista. Cl. pyxidata. Cl. chlorophaea. Cl. cryplochlorophaea. Cl. merochhrophaea and Cl. grayi. A strain with novochlorophaeic acid is described as a new variety: Cl. merochlrophaea Asah. var. novochlorophaea (colour reactions: P -〉 orange-red or often negative; K -〉 negative; C -〉 negative or yellow; KC -〉 negative). In morphological and ecological respect a close relationship has been found between 1. Cladonia conistea and Cl. conista, and 2. Cladonia cryplochlorophaea and Cl. merochlorophaea. For comparison also some material from other European countries has been studied.

Description: Comparative morphological investigation of Galium boreale L. on herbarium specimen from different parts of the area confirmed the complexity of this species as stated by others. This is discussed. Based on fruit-indument characters it is concluded that four varieties can be distinguished.

Description: Biotrop Bulletin. This new Bulletin started with No. 1 in 1970, printed by Archipel, Bogor, a paper by Mr. M. Soerjani, ’Alang alang, Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.B. pattern of growth as related to its problem of control’. 88 pp., 18 fig., 18 tab. This served also as a Ph.D. thesis for the author (promotor Prof. Ir. O. Soemarwoto, at Gadjah Mada University, 29 Aug. 1970). It comprises a detailed autecological study, partly experimental, on the morphology, phytochemistry, etc., effects of the environment and behaviour under various treatments. A combination of mechanical and chemical treatment is advised for eradicating this noxious weed.

Description: Boomsma, C.D.: Native trees of South Australia. Woods & Forest Department, Adelaide. 1972, Bull. 19, 224 pp., 26 fig., 107 pl. A description in detail of 107 major indigenous trees; the first survey published since the Forest Flora of South Australia (1883-1890). With this companion bulletin one can by means of many keys (3 keys for Eucalyptus) identify these trees which are mentioned in Forest Vegetation of South Australia, issued in 1969. In the introduction the technique of plant description is explained. Also honey and pollen yield is listed. Each species is depicted on a plate with a map of distribution in the State. And the caption to each plate provides detail information of field data. A well-executed, useful work.

Description: Dr. D.M.W. Anderson, of the Department of Chemistry, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH 9 3JJ, Great Britain, started work on plant gums some 12 years ago. Of course he has to rely on samples sent to him as most gums come from tropical forests, hence this request. Though my experience learns me to be pessimistic about results of requests, I will go on with the good work of stimulating collaboration. It cannot be sufficiently emphasized that there is for progress of science a desperate need for this cooperation between laboratories situated in the temperate zone and workers in the tropics and subtropics.

Description: Payen was a professional artist from the south of the then Netherlands (now Belgium) who toured for more than a decade in the Netherlands Indies (1817—1829)- His oil paintings and gouaches were made for a great deal in and around Bogor and also in Manado (Northeast Celebes). His main subjects were vegetation and landscapes, silhouettes of solitary, or groups of, trees, and a few more detailed paintings of individual plant species. His work is particularly beautiful and artistic. The State Museum of Ethnography at Leyden possesses several hundreds of paintings in three portfolios. A scanning learned that these paintings are not of any particular value for Malesian botany. Most of the plants depicted are common and mostly cultivated species: Gardenia (katjapiring), Opuntia, Pandanus, Cocos, Musa (pisang), Carica, Antiaris toxicaria, Parkia speciosa (petéh), Plumeria, Bauhinia, Zingiber, Alocasia, etc. The paintings are catalogued and provided by Payen with some notes in French, and often vernacular names.

Description: As was done in the preceding volumes, it seemed useful to correct some errors which have crept into the text of volumes 4-7 as well as to add additional data, new records and references to new species which came to my knowledge and are worth recording. Also there are alternative opinions about generic and specific delimitation on most of which comments are given. Printing errors have only been corrected if they might give rise to confusion.

Description: Perennial (rarely annual) herbs, or undershrubs, terrestrial or aquatic, sometimes stoloniferous ( Gunnera). Leaves opposite, spiral, or verticillate, in the terrestrial species nearly always simple, in the aquatic ones always partly pinnately divided, pinnately nerved or (in Gunnera) palmately nerved. Stipules 0, but the leaves often flanked by small, subulate and caducous enations. Flowers mostly in spike-like inflorescences, sometimes in a compound panicle, mostly solitary or (sometimes) in clusters of up to a dozen flowers in the axil of a bract or reduced leaf, ♀ monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, perigynous, actinomorphous, mostly 4-merous, or 2-, or (not in Mal.) 3-merous. Sepals 4 or 2, rarely (not in Mal.) 3, in ♀ flowers sometimes much reduced to 0, free or little connate, mostly persistent. Petals alternisepalous, 4, 2 or 0, rarely 3 (not in Mal.), free, in ♀ flowers absent or strongly reduced, often soon caducous, mostly more or less unguiculate and cochleariform, longer than the sepals. Stamens as many as sepals and then epi- or alternisepalous, or twice as many, 8, 4 or 2, rarely (not in Mal.) 3 fertile and 3 sterile, or 1, in ♀ flowers completely reduced; filaments mostly filiform, long and very thin, rarely (not in Mal.) short and thick; anthers 2-celled, basifixed, latrorse, mostly oblong to linear, rarely ± elliptic. Disk 0. Ovary 1- or 4-, rarely 2- or (not in Mal.) 3-celled, in the ♂ flowers 0 or reduced; style alternisepalous, free, mostly short, grading into the globose or subulate stigmas which spread in fruit, the stigmatic, more-celled papillae hair-like elongating towards the end of the anthesis (except in Gunnera). Ovules as many as styles, or (in Gunnera) single, apical, pendulous, anatropous and apotropous. Fruit nut-like or (in Gunnera) a drupe, variously sculptured, indehiscent 1-seeded or breaking up into 4(-2) 1- seeded mericarps. Seed with a thin testa; embryo cylindrical, surrounded by a thick, white, oily albumen, or (in Gunnera) obcordate and in top of a very copious and oily albumen. Distribution. Genera 7, with c. 150 spp., nearly all over the world, but rather rare in the tropics.

Description: Woody plants, very small undershrubs to tall trees. Leaves distichous or spirally arranged, stipulate, simple, glabrous; midrib prominent on either side. Inflorescences 1- to many-flowered, cymose, racemose, or thyrsoid, bracteate; pedicels articulate. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual (rarely functionally polygamous). Sepals 5, free or a little connate at base, quincuncial, persistent. Petals 5-10, free, contort, caducous. Staminodes 0-∞. Stamens 5-10-∞; anthers basifix, ± latrorse and dehiscing lengthwise, or with 1-2 apical pores. Carpels 2—5—10(—15), superior, free with 1 ovule, or fused with 2-∞ ovules per carpel; styles fused, basigynous or epigynous; stigmas free or ± fused. Fruit(s) a drupe(s), berry, or capsule. Seeds 1-∞, small or large, sometimes winged, with or without albumen. Taxonomy. There is little doubt that the family of the Ochnaceae represents a natural one among the more primitive in the Guttiferales (= Clusiales or Theales s. l.). Nonetheless, there are striking differences between the genera, even at first sight. It is not difficult to arrange them in a few distinct, supra-generic taxa. A supposed natural system, as far as relevant to the Malesian genera, is as follows: Subfamily Ochnoideae Tribe OCHNEAE ....................... Subtribe Ochninae 1. Ochna 2. Brackenridgea Subtribe Ouratinae 3. Gomphia Subfamily Sauvagesioideae Tribe EUTHEMIDEAE . ..................................4.Euthemis Tribe SAUVAGESIEAE ........................Subtribe Sauvagesiinae 5. Neckia 6. Indovethia 7. Schuurmansiella 8. Schuurmansia

Description: The completion of the seventh volume of this Flora gives me the occasion to dedicate this volume to HERMAN JOHANNES LAM, who from the beginning was intimately connected with the taxonomical study of the flora of the Malesian region, adopted the working team, provided for it a permanent niche in his institute, and finally played an important role when the perpetuating of its existence was threatened in 1958. HERMAN LAM was born in Veendam, January 3rd, 1892. His father was an organic chemist and taught chemistry at Veendam. There was a possibility that he would be attached to the University at Groningen, but he accepted a new post in Rotterdam, in 1893, to set up the first municipal food-inspection department in Holland; this stood model for such inspections annex laboratories in other places. He also had a major share in the realisation of the Dutch ‘Codex alimentarius'.

Description: Herbaceous, fleshy root parasites, destitute of chlorophyll and roots, with yellowish white to yellow, brown, orange to red or rose pink colours. At point of contact with host root a cylindrical or subspherical, branched or unbranched solid tuber develops. Stem appearing from the tuber endogenously or exogenously, leafless or with scaly leaves. Inflorescence spadix-like with unisexual flowers, ♂, ♀, or ♀♂, in the Mal. spp. unbranched. ♂ Flowers pedicellate or sessile, supported by bracts or not, 2-6-merous. Tepals 2-6 in one series, free from each other. Stamens 2-4(-?), opposite the tepals, united into a synandrium. ♀ Flowers apparently not supported by bracts, with or without a minutely 2-lobed perianth adnate to the ovary. Styles 2 or 1. Ovary with 1 embryo, apparently without a cavity. Embryo very small, embedded in a more or less well developed endosperm. Distribution. About 45 species in 18 genera in the tropics and subtropics of the world. As to our present knowledge 7 genera are exclusively South American, 4 genera are exclusively African, 2 are Asian, 1 is from Madagascar, 1 from New Zealand, and 1 from New Caledonia. Two genera have remarkable distributions, viz Langsdorffia with 3 species, 1 in South America, 1 in Madagascar and 1 in New Guinea, and Balanophora with 15 species from tropical Africa to Tahiti and Marquesas, one of the species covering almost the entire area (see B. abbreviata).

Description: A stipitate Operculate Discomycete with asci that blue in iodine, Lepidotia hispida, has been rediscovered growing on Sphagnum-pots in North America. The species was first found nearly a century earlier by Quélet in France, and has not been reported since. It is the type species of the nearly forgotten generic name Lepidotia, which is not accepted here but placed in synonymy with Peziza. An unnamed imperfect state is formed, and apothecia are quickly and easily produced in pure culture. When treated as a species of Peziza, a new name is required, P. quelepidotia Korf & O’Donnell, nom. nov.

Description: Mise au point critique des connaissances actuelles acquises grâce à la microscopie photonique et à la microscopie électronique par transmission.

Description: Cass., J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 88 (1819) 193; Hoffmann, E. & P., Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4, 5 (1894) 172. Herbs. Leaves nearly always alternate, sometimes rosulate, mostly entire, sometimes dentate, rarely pinnatifid. Heads solitary or in inflorescences, homogamous or heterogamous; phyllaries one- to many-seriate, herbaceous or membranous; corolla of marginal flowers filiform, dentate, or ligulate, of disc flowers tubular, (4- or) 5-dentate; anthers sagittate and mostly caudate at the base; style two-armed; achene small, pappus setaceous, sometimes consisting of scales, or wanting; receptacle naked.

Description: The general bilabiate flower type or gullet-blossom was already recognized as functioning in diverse families by Delpino (lastly in 1887). The type seems adapted to hymenopters with precision of visits: not only by providing a lower lip as a favoured landing place with optical attraction and by ensuring co-ordination with the upper lip to limit visitor size, but also by providing precision of deposition and reception of pollen, viz. dorsally at the distal end. I add that the bifid stigma requires contact in the median plane, not from a side. This type of stigma may be considered as a consequence of the presence of two median carpels, but it also fits the ecological requirements extremely well. It also occurs in those Verbenaceae that show zygomorphy, but it prevails in Labiatae.

Description: The wood anatomy of 81 species of Ilex is described in detail. The wood anatomical range encountered is presented in a generic description (p. 196). Data on ontogenetic changes in vessel member length and number of bars per perforation are given for three species. The great amount of variation in mainly quantitative but also in some qualitative features is hardly or not related with subgeneric classification but with latitudinal and altitudinal distribution. In both the northern and southern hemisphere and in both the Old and New World, temperate and subtropical species are characterized by conspicuous growth rings, numerous narrow vessels, relatively short vessel members and few bars per perforation plate, conspicuous spiral thickenings on both vessel and fibre walls, and the fibretracheids are frequently provided with rather numerous conspicuously bordered tangential wall pits. In tropical lowland species growth rings are absent or less marked, the vessels are scanty and wide, the vessel members are long and the number of bars per perforation plate is high. Spirals are lacking or faint, or occur only in a minor part of the axial elements. The fibre-tracheids have usually few pits with more reduced borders on the tangential walls. Tropical montane species resemble the temperate ones to a great extent, but this does not apply to growth rings, spiral thickenings, and frequency and size of fibre-tracheid pits. The only wood sample of a climbing Ilex species from the tropics studied deviates from the general trend in having few bars per perforation plate. The two temperate species I. serrata and I. verticillata are exceptional in lacking spiral thickenings. In all wood characters they resemble the genus Nemopanthus (also Aquifoliaceae) very closely. Comparisons with data from literature and original observations on Prunus, Symplocos, Vaccinium. Viburnum, and to some extent also on Hydrangea, support the view that the gradual differences between temperate and tropical Ilex species conform to a general trend also present in other taxa. Therefore a major climatic influence on wood structure is indicated. This is discussed with reference to the major trends of phylogenetic wood specialization. The fact that within Ilex and Symplocos the tropical lowland species have perforations with the most numerous bars cannot be brought in agreement with the general phenomenon of a rare occurrence of scalariform perforations in tropical lowland floras. Other items such as the parallel between the absence of spiral thickenings and the presence of entire leaf margins, the lack of a clear taxonomic pattern in the wood anatomical variation in Ilex, and observations by former students of Ilex wood anatomy are also discussed.

Description: This paper includes descriptions of new taxa that will be treated in Flora Malesiana, as well as comments on the distribution, morphology, or nomenclature of some of the other species. In all, 15 species, belonging to six sections, are recognised as natives of the Flora area, in addition to the introduced H. monogynum L. ( (H. chinense L.), which has long been cultivated there. The affinities, both systematic and geographical, of the Malesian species are very varied and pose some interesting problems of phytogeography.

Description: The dioecious species of the genus Blyxa can be divided into 2 groups, those with 6 stamens and those with 9 stamens in the male flowers. The first group is restricted to tropical Africa and needs further study. The second group occurs in Asia and Australia and up to now was considered to consist of 2 very distinct species, Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Planch, ex Thw., characterized by a basal rosette of long, smooth, linear leaves, and B. novoguineensis den Hartog which is caulescent with short serrulate leaves. B. octandra is widely distributed in India, Burma, Indo-China, New Guinea, and the tropical part of Australia. B. novoguineensis is known with certainty only from New Guinea. Recently a third species, very similar in its habit to B. octandra, was found by Dr. C. F. van Beusekom and Mr. R. Geesink in Thailand. From a study of herbarium material it appeared that this species had already been collected several times but had not been recognized as a separate species, probably because of the absence of seeds in these plants.

Description: In this paper a revision is given of the Malesian species of the Crabgrasses, or Digitaria Haller ( Gramineae). The research was done at the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, while many other Herbaria were shortly visited; some field work was done in Indonesia, Australia, and Papua-New Guinea. The foundation for the study in this large and cosmopolitan genus must be Henrard’s monumental work ‘Monograph of the genus Digitaria’ (1950), which is therefore extensively cited and discussed. Henrard based his division in sections, 32 in the subgenus Digitaria, with an emphasis on the amount of spikelets per grouplet and the various types of hairs, but such a subdivision appears difficult to maintain. As only part of the species of Digitaria occurs in Malesia, not representing all sections, a new infra-generic system can not be given. As far as the sections present in Malesia are concerned, it appeared that the Biformes, Horizontales, and Parviglumae had to be united with the section Digitaria, the Remotae and Subeffusae had to be merged into one, the Remotae, while the Atrofuscae had to be included, at least partly, in the Clavipilae, here renamed Filiformes. The subgenus Solitaria is better regarded as a section of the subgenus Digitaria. The distinction between annual and perennial in the everwet tropics poses a problem; these conceptions have been maintained, but on a more clearly defined basis. In the region studied 27 species occur, 3 of which are new to science; 25 species are indigenous, 2 are introduced and established; in the key 4 more species have been taken up, which were introduced only once, but have probably vanished. One subspecies and one variety are distinguished, both under a new name. All taxa were also studied for their extra-Malcsian distribution; from the resulting synonymy it appeared that about 52 species recognized by Henrard could be reduced to 24. The genus is estimated to contain about 170 species instead of about 325. Finally, some species are discussed which were said either to occur in Malesia or to belong to Digitaria, but for which one or the other of these suggestions proved to be false. Of these taxa two species and one variety were given a new name, while one new variety could be described.

Description: Stapf, Hook. 1c. (1901) t. 2711; Merr., En. Born. (1921) 497; Pichon, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris II, 24 (1948) 154; Bakh. f., Blumea 6 (1950) 385; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 224. Glabrous lianas with branched axillary tendrils. Leaves decussate, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate. Inflorescences axillary, thyrsoid, slightly longer than the petioles of the subtending leaves, loose, with rather long slender branches. Flowers small, pentamerous. Pedicels with 1 or 2 bracteoles. Calyx lobes orbicular to ovate, ciliate, without glands inside. Corolla urceolate, yellowish, tube inflated, globular, constricted at the mouth but without mouth scales; lobes ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, auriculate, as long as the tube, overlapping to the left, forming a cylindric bud much narrower than the tube. Stamens inserted in the middle of the tube, anthers short-ovate. Ovary superior, glabrous, conical, syncarpous, bicarpellate, unilocular, multiovulate. Style short. Stigma head widened from the style into a narrow dish and crowned by two short tips reaching up to the anthers. Fruit a globose yellow berry. Seeds ellipsoidal, exalbuminous; embryo with large and thick cotyledons and a short radicle.

Description: The taxonomy of the largely endemic dipterocarp flora of Ceylon is brought into line with that of the rest of the Asiatic subfamily, and a new species is described. Stemonoporus lewisianus Trimen ex Hook. f. finds its correct place at last in Cotylelobium. Balanocarpus brevipetiolaris (Thw.) Alston is transferred to Hopea. Shorea pallescens Ashton (sect., subsect., Shoreae) is described for the first time. Shorea stipularis Thw. is ascribed to sect. Anthoshorea Heim. Doona Thw. is reduced, as a separate section, to Shorea Roxb. ex Gaertn.f., necessitating 7 new combinations and 3 new names. Doona oblonga Thw. is united with Doona disticha (Thw.) Pierre under the name Shorea disticha (Thw.) Ashton. Doona nervosa Thw. is reduced to Doona cordifolia Thw., now named Shorea cordifolia Ashton. The description of the genus Stemonoporus is amplified; a key is provided to all species. Stemonoporus acuminatus (Thw.) Bedd. is further defined. Stemonoporus nervosus Thw. is reduced to Stemonoporus lancifolius (Thw.) Ashton. Shorea reticulata Thw. and Stemonoporus moonii Thw. (= Vateria moonii Thw.) are excluded from the family.

Description: Halophila stipulacea (Forsk.) Aschers. is a sea-grass which is widely distributed along the coasts of the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. In 1895 Fritsch (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 45, 1895, p. 104) recorded the species from the Island of Rhodos in the Aegean Sea. This was the first record of the species from the Mediterranean. There can be no doubt that it penetrated the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal, which was completed in 1869. Although there are no early records of its occurrence in the Suez Canal, it is significant that it was the only sea-grass found during the exploration of the canal by Munro Fox in the autumn of 1924; at that time it was abundant in several localities in the canal. Forti’s record (Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 34, 1927, p. 714—716) of the species is the second for the Mediterranean; he reported it as being not uncommon in the Dodecanesos. I myself have seen specimens that were collected on Samos in 1924 and near Cape Matapan in 1955 (Den Hartog, Sea-grasses of the world, 1970, p. 260). In spite of the fact that the number of published records is still scanty, it is obvious that H. stipulacea is now well established in the Aegean waters. Further the species has expanded its Mediterranean area considerably, as is apparent from recent records from Malta (Lanfranco, The Maltese Naturalist I, 1970, 16—17, stencilled) and Cyprus. MALTA. Marsaxlokk harbour on the SE. coast of Malta, on rather muddy bottom, quite plentiful, 1-8-1970: G. Lanfranco 1615 (BM, L); ibidem, 5-8-1970: E. Lanfranco 1617, 1618,♂ flowers (L). GREECE. Rhodos. Lindos, Paulus Bay, at 2 m depth, 25-4-1970: Van Steenis (L). CYPRUS. Famagusta, inner harbour near Nisitou Jieri, in shallow water, 23-3-1970: A. Hansen 716 (C, L).

Description: Four specimens of an Araliaceous species collected in the Vogelkop Peninsula and a neighbouring area of SW. New Guinea are so distinctive as to require a new genus. The large, simple, oblanceolate leaves clustered at the ends of the branches recall the habit of Meryta, but the flowers do not share the highly distinctive features of that genus: in particular, they are hermaphrodite, the calyx is well-defined, and a distinct articulation occurs below the ovary. The technical floral and fruit characters are not unlike those of Polyscias (e.g. there is an articulation below the flower, the style arms are free, and the endosperm is smooth), but their general facies is unlike that genus, and this, together with the distinctive inflorescence and leaf, makes the plant quite different from any species of Polyscias.

Description: A comparative study of acetone, ethanol, and hydrolysis extracts of Hua gahonii Pierre ( Bos 6677, leaves) and Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr. (Brookman Amissah s.n., bark) has been carried out. The presence of the following compounds could not be demonstrated: gallic acid, ellagic acid, leucoanthocyanins, catechin, arbutin, hydroquinone, and bergenin. As these compounds occur rarely or are absent in the Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae, their seeming absence in the Huaceae suggests the possibility of a relationship between these families.

Description: In February 1970 plankton sampling has been started as a section of the “Cooperative Investigations in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions” (CICAR-project). Sampling was executed by ornithologists on board the M.S. “Luymes”. Open plankton nets with meshes of 0.056 mm diam. were used for sampling between 0 and 18 metres. Part of the samples made in 1970 has been examined. 1. The samples examined came from the area around the islands Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao (area 1, fig. 1), visited in summer and winter, and from the coast off the Guyana’s (area 2, fig. 2), visited in autumn. The second area is strongly influenced by the outflow of the Amazon, which in summer is nearly three times as much as in winter (fig. 3). 2. For area 1 only the temperature of surface layers was measured, in area 2 also the salinity, current velocity, and primary production. A temperature salinity diagram was made based on data from 42 stations (fig. 4). From this diagrim, and the position of these stations (fig. 5), it was concluded that three different watermasses are sampled in area 2. They are called “river-water” (mainly from the Amazon), “upwelling-water”, and “mixed-water” (a mixture of “river-water” with “upwelling-water”, and/or oceanic surface-water). With “upwelling-water” is meant, water coming in the coastal region from deeper layers, though this water may also originate from a divergence or turnover of a watermass. 3. A project was started concerning the distribution and relative abundance of the Crustacea Lucifer typus, an “oceanic” species, and Lucifer faxoni, a “neritic” species. The differences in their distribution were striking. In summer L. typus was in area 1 two and sometimes more than three times as abundant as L. faxoni, depending depth. However, in winter L. faxoni was about twenty times more abundant than L. typus (fig. 7). The great influence of the Amazon and the wet season in area 1 are expected to be responsible for the seasonal differences. In area 2 L. faxoni was nearly five hundred times as abundant as L. typus. The abundånce in the different watertypes was totally different (figs. 8, 9). In “mixed-water” we found about 12 specimens of L. faxoni in each sample, in “upwelling-water” 103 specimens, and in “river-water” 732 specimens. So, the “neritic” character of this area in autumn is not equally distributed. This confirms the generally accepted theory that water from the Amazon is penetrating the area in “bubbles”. 4. The following species and formae of the Euthecosomata were found: Limacina inflata, L. lesueuri, L. trochiformis, L. bulimoides, Creseis acicula forma acicula, cf. Cr. acicula forma clava, Cr. virgula forma conica, cf. Cr. virgula forma virgula, Styliola subula, Hyalocylis striata, Cuvierina columnella forma atlantica, Diacria trispinosa forma trispinosa, D. quadridentata quadridentata forma danae, Cavolinia longirostris forma longirostris, cf. Cav. longirostris forma strangulata, Cav. uncinata uncinata forma uncinata, and Cav. inflexa forma inflexa. All of these were present in area 1 during summer; L. inflata was by far the most abundant at that time (73,1%). In winter this species has also the greatest abundance (58,3%); L. trochiformis, Cr. acicula forma acicula, Cr. virgula s.l., St. subula, Cav. longirostris forma longirostris/strangulata, and Cav. uncinata forma uncinata were the only species also present in winter. In area 2 in autumn Cr. acicula forma acicula showed the greatest abundance (91,4%). The following species were also found: L. inflata, L. trochiformis, Cr. virgula s.l., H. striata, Cav. longirostris forma longirostris/strangulata, Cav. uncinata uncinata forma uncinata, and Cav. inflexa forma inflexa. 5. Cr. acicula forma acicula without shell and without intact columellar muscle turned out to be distinguishable from other Creseis without shell. Only this forma has the wing protusion separated from the wing gland (fig. 12). The distribution of juveniles of Cav. inflexa was obviously different from that of the adults of this species and rather in accordance with the distribution of adults of Cav. longirostris. However, the very small juveniles of this species were not described, and could resemble those of Cav. inflexa (Van der Spoel, pers. comm.). Investigation of the soft parts of the juveniles was started and series of animals with increasing length were selected. Most juveniles turned out to be young specimens of Cav. longirostris instead of Cav. inflexa (Troost & Van der Spoel, 1972). 6. The already known distribution of the Euthecosomata (Van der Spoel, 1967) could be corrected for L. inflata (1), L. lesueuri (2), L. trochiformis (3), L. bulimoides (4), Cr. acicula forma acicula (5), (probably also the forma clava (6)), Cr. virgula forma conica (7), and Cav. longirostris (8). Numbers 2, 4, 6 and 7 occur in area 1 (between 67° – 70° W and 12° – 13° N); numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8 occur in area 1, and also in area 2 (between – 47° – 63° W and 05° – 12° N). 7. The presence in different watermasses made it possible to enlarge the already known ranges for temperature and salinity of L. inflata, L. trochiformis, Cr. acicula forma acicula, Cr. virgula s.l., H. striata, and Cav. longirostris. These ranges are now 26.9°C to maximal 28.6°C and 33.2 ‰ S (average value) to more than 36 ‰ S, respectively. 8. After having comparised samples collected during day-time and night-time, a diurnal vertical migration became evident for several species, except for Cr. virgula s.l., and Cav. longirostris. The already known double diurnal migration in Cr. virgula could not be proved with the present samples. 9. Biometric differences in shell dimensions have been found for all formae of Creseis (fig. 18), some of which were difficult to identify, even with intact shells. For nearly all other species and formae biometric data were collected (figs. 15, 16, 20, 22, 25). 10. Some specimens of Cav. longirostris resemble the forma flexipes from the Red Sea as to the lateral spines and sometimes the dorsal shell lip; they differ, however, in size. A comparable selective pressure in both areas may result in similar phenotypic features. For a more complete description of this variation more investigations are required. 11. Ten species of Pseudothecosomata, Gymnosomata, and Nudibranchiata were found. Of the Prosobranchiata-larvae specimens of 31 different types were found; they have been illustrated (figs. 27-54). 12. To simplify handling and comparison of fish larvae a new method has been developed. It was obvious, that identification was difficult. Only eight species belonging to seven families have been distinguished, and numerous specimens belonging to another eight families. The larvae of the Anquilliformes have been divided into ten different groups (Pl. I) on ground of the arrangement of the chromatophores and the total number of myomeres. It was striking, that most of the larvae of the Anguilliformes from area 2 came from stations, situated near the continental slope.

Description: About twenty years ago MARTÍNEZ proposed some new genera for the accommodation of a number of aberrant South American aphodiid beetles, until then placed in Euparia LePeletier & Serville. In 1951 he referred two species, Euparia costulata Harold and E. ovalis A. Schmidt, to his genus Lomanoxia, recognizable i.a. by having the sides of the elytra acutely inflexed. As these scarabs are exceedingly rare in collections, I was delighted at finding specimens referable to Lomanoxia among some material collected from the nests of leafcutting ants in Surinam; one represents a species new to science. My unsuccessful efforts to trace the type of Euparia costulata Harold in the Paris museum were compensated by the recovery of additional specimens of Lomanoxia, one of these, from northwestern Argentina, representing a second undescribed species. These new species are described below; in addition, the known species being incompletely or erroneously characterized, a re-description of these is believed to be opportune. The new Lomanoxia from Surinam adds to the list of Eupariini collected with ants. Lomanoxia costulata as well as representatives of Euparia sensu stricto, Euparixia Brown, Myrmecaphodius Martínez, Iarupea Martínez, and Cartwrightia Islas were already on this list (see below). The beetles are assumed to feed upon the debris accumulated in and around the nests of their hosts. Most specimens of the recently described Euparixia moseri Woodruff & Cartwright, however, were taken from fungus-gardens of Atta texana Buck. Meanwhile, of the ecology of eupariine scarabs found with ants we know hardly more than a hundred years ago, when HAROLD (1870: 23) wrote: “Ob nähere Beziehungen zwischen den Ameisen und diesen ihren Gästen bestehen, namentlich ob letztere ihre Verwandlung in den Nestern durchmachen, bleibt noch zu ermitteln.”

Description: Monsieur le Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK m’a confié à plusieurs reprises de petites collections de trichoptères des Petites Antilles rassemblées lors de ses voyages. Les matériaux recueillis en 1936 à Margarita m’avaient permit de décrire (1959) une nouvelle espèce de Helicopsyche; quelques larves appartenant à d’autres familles restèrent non étudiées à cette occasion: ils le seront dans le présent travail. Tout récemment M. HUMMELINCK a eu l’amabilité de me confier quelques trichoptères recueillis à St. Thomas, Montserrat, Trinidad et Curaçao; avec ceux que nous venons de mentionner, ils formeront l’objet de ces notes.

Description: In den “Studies on the fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands”, Vol. XVI, 1963 habe ich die Beschreibung von 13 Uropodiden-Arten gegeben, von denen 6 neu waren. Auf Seite 2 dieser Arbeit befindet sich in der 3. und 4. Zeile des dritten Abschnitts ein Druckfehler, den niemand verstehen wird, wenn er nicht die Stellen in der Literatur studiert. In der dritten Zeile steht: “Im Jahre 1913 bestimmt er diese Art als die typische für seine neue Gattung Prodinychus.” In meinem Manuskript für diese Arbeit habe ich den Gattungsnahmen so geschrieben, wie es BERLESE 1913 tat, nämlich Prodynichus. Offensichtlich hat ein Korrektor aus der verschiedenen Schreibweise nichts zu machen gewüßt. Aber meine Auseinandersetzungen über den Gattungsnamen in der 4. und 5. Zeile des genannten Abschnitts haben keinen Sinn, wenn in der 4. Zeile der Name Prodinychus so stehen bleibt, wie er soeben geschrieben wurde. 1917 änderte BERLESE den Namen Prodynichus in Prodinychus, der Verwandtschaft mit der Gattung Dinychus Kramer folgend. Ich folge ihm, obwohl BERLESE eigentlich gegen die “Regeln zur wissenschaftlichen Bezeichnung der Tiere” verstößt, nach denen stets die erstgebrauchte Schreibweise vorgeschrieben ist.

Description: Scanning Electron Microscope photographs of Siphonodella cooperi and Siphonodella lobata suggest that basal pits decrease in size after having reached a maximum. Analysis of biométrie data and computed regression lines confirm this. The phenomenon is explained by postulating migration of the plane of separation between the conodont and the basal plate, downwards in the holoconodont.

Description: This study deals with a sedimentological description and interpretation of a strip of continental deposits of Cretaceous age along the southern border of the Cantabrian Mountains. In this work they are designated as Voznuevo Formation (Evers, 1967). They belong to the type of deposits which have commonly been referred to as ‘sediments in Wealden facies’. As regards stratigraphy, palynological analyses (apart from pollen, the Voznuevo Formation proved completely barren) made it clear that the transition between the Lower Cretaceous and the Upper Cretaceous runs obliquely through the formation. Hence, the Voznuevo sediments are diachronic deposits, decreasing in age in a westerly direction and forming the continental counterparts of successively younger shallow marine deposits towards the west. In comparison with similar deposits in Wealden facies in other parts of Spain they represent one of the last vestiges of continental deposition in Upper Cretaceous times. Sedimentological investigations made it clear that the Voznuevo sediments are of purely fluvial origin, derived from a granitic source area, probably now partly hidden, which must have been situated on the arc of granitic rocks which runs from Galicia via northern Portugal to the Sierra de Guadarrama, N of Madrid. Especially paleocurrent directions indicate a transport from southwesterly directions. Typical final products of weathering of granites – kaolinite and quartz – form the main share of the sediments. The independence of the Voznuevo deposits of the Paleozoic rocks which they overlie is striking; only the very lower part of the formation testifies to a small contribution from the Cantabrian Mountains. In the extreme west of the area some supply could be ascertained from the Precambrian rocks present there. The transition into the overlying shallow marine deposits is very gradual; a very small amount of lagoonal deposits probably occurs in the upper part of the formation. Apart from these, no sediments transitional to a marine environment, such as beach deposits, could be observed. The fluvial sediments can be subdivided into braided and meandering river deposits, the former much coarser-grained than the latter. The braided river deposits show characteristic features such as channelling, cut-and-fill structures, absence of distinct grading etc. The meandering river deposits exhibit fining-upward grading cycles in which cross-bedding of the planar type with backflow phenomena in their bottomsets is common, and sub-environments such as point bar, natural levee, crevasse-splay and backswamp deposits. Towards the coastal side of the area of deposition (i. e. the eastern part of the area studied) meandering river deposits were found. They presumably represent sediments of a coastal plain in which meandering rivers, chiefly carrying sandy sediments, ran to the sea in the east. At the same time, much coarser-grained braided river deposits formed further westwards in a mountain foreland. In shifting towards the west in its entirety, this model has yielded the sediments as they can be observed today. The Voznuevo Formation clearly stands out against the deposits which are to be found at its bottom and its top. First of all, there is the complete absence of limestone, the predominance of quartz over quartzite and the abundance of kaolinite. Secondly, heavy minerals not resistant to chemical weathering, such as hornblende, epidote and augite are completely lacking. Erosion of fresher rocks in the source area during the latter part of the sedimentation is reflected by the increased appearance of metamorphic minerals such as andalusite and kyanite. The abundance of authigenic kaolinite favours the supposition that weathering took place after deposition. The high percentage of kaolinite, the ubiquity of organic matter, the flatness and roundness of the pebbles and the absence of any trace of laterization indicates weathering under temperate to warm, humid conditions with relatively strong leaching. The Voznuevo sediments form a clearly foreign element in the depositional history of the sediments along the southern border of the Cantabrian Mountains. Tertiary and Quaternary sediments, all having the Cantabrian Mountains as source area, have been partially supplied from the Voznuevo sediments. But hitherto enigmatical occurrences of, for instance, staurolite and kaolinite in Tertiary deposits can also be explained by considering them as erosion products of the Voznuevo Formation.