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  • Articles  (5,169)
  • Springer  (5,169)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (5,169)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1945-1949
  • 1971  (5,169)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (5,107)
  • Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism  (62)
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  • Articles  (5,169)
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  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (5,169)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 248 (1971), S. 1034-1035 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
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    Colloid & polymer science 248 (1971), S. 1036-1036 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
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    Colloid & polymer science 249 (1971), S. 1061-1068 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Excess-Ladungen in negativ ionisierten Membranen, eingebracht durch Massentransport, werden experimentell aus Daten der Elektroosmose und des Strömungspotentials für Systeme aus Kolloidmembranen aus Polystyrolsulfonsäure in KCl-Lösungen bestimmt. Die effektive Ladungsdichte zum Massentransport in der Membran wurden von der Größe mehrerer Prozent der stöchiometrischen Dichte der fixierten Ladung am Polyelektrolyt, das die Membran aufbaut, gefunden. Aus diesem Wert, zusammen mit experimentellen Daten über die hydraulische Permeabilität desselben Membran-Elektrolytsystems, wurde der Massentransport in seinem Einfluß auf das Membranpotential und auf die Permeabilität der Elektrolytkomponente ausgewertet und zu wenigen Prozent für das Membranpotential und zu weniger als 10% für die Permeabilität des Elektrolyten(salzes) festgestellt. So sind die Beweglichkeiten für Ko- und Gegenionen in geladenen Membranen bestimmt aus den Daten des Membranpotentials und der Salz-Permeabilität durch die Membran, wie in Teil I dieser Serie mitgeteilt, innerhalb von 10% gültig. Dies wurde sichergestellt durch Vergleich der experimentellen und theoretischen Werte der Gleichstromleitfähigkeit der Membranen in verschiedenen KCl-Konzentrationen der kontaktierenden Lösung.
    Notes: Summary Excess charges in negatively ionized membranes carried by the mass movement were determined experimentally from the data of electroosmosis and streaming potential for systems of collodion based polystyrene sulfonic acid membrane in KC1 solutions. The charge density effective to the mass movement in the membrane was found to be several percent of the stoichiometric density of charges fixed on the polyelectrolyte skeletons constituting the membrane. From this value together with the experimental data of the hydraulic permeability of the same membrane-electrolyte system, the effects of mass movement on the membrane potential and on the permeability of the electrolyte component were evaluated to be a few percent for the membrane potential and less than ten percent for salt permeability, respectively. Thus the mobilities of co- and counter-ions in charged membrane determined from the data of membrane potential and salt permeability of the membrane, as reported in Part I of this series, may be valid within ten percent. This was confirmed by comparing the experimental and theoretical values of the DC conductance for the membranes in various KC1 concentrations of the external solution.
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  • 4
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    Colloid & polymer science 249 (1971), S. 1080-1084 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieγ-Bestrahlung des Nylon-6-Films in der Anwesenheit von wäßriger Acrylsäure und Cuprichlorid bei konstanten Konzentrationen wurde bei verschiedenen Strahlungsintensitäten (I) untersucht, wobei die folgenden Beziehungen ermittelt wurden:R H ∞I 1,0 undR G ∞I 0,7.R H undR G bezeichnen hier die Anfangsgeschwindigkeiten der Homopolymerisation bzw. Pfropfung. Die Werte der Exponenten, 1,0 und 0,7, zeigen, daß der Abbruch bei Homopolymerisation hauptsächlich durch Cupri-Ionen hervorgerufen wird; im Gegensatz dazu haben wir bei der Pfropfung eine Mischform des Abbruches, nämlich durch Cupri-Ionen einerseits und durch bimolekulare Reaktion zwischen wachsenden Ketten andererseits. Der Einfluß der Film-Dicke, die Quellungsgeschwindigkeit gepfropfter und ungepfropfter Filme und der Effekt wiederholten Pfropfens bereits gepfropfter Filme wurden experimentell untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß eine hohe Geschwindigkeit des Pfropfens bei gleichzeitiger geringer Geschwindigkeit der monomeren Diffusion in diesem System nicht besteht und dies daher kein bestimmender Faktor in dem beobachteten Absinken der Pfropf kurve ist.
    Notes: Summary Theγ-irradiation of nylon-6 film in the presence of aqueous acrylic acid and cupric chloride at constant concentrations has been studied at different radiation intensities,I, and the following relationships found:R H ∞I 1.0 andR G ∞I 0.7. Here,R H andR G denote the initial rates of homopolymerisation and grafting respectively. The values of the exponents, 1.0 and 0.7, indicate that in homopolymerisation the termination is mainly by cupric ions, whereas in grafting there is a mixed form of termination, viz. by cupric ions and by bimolecular reaction between growing chains. Experiments have been conducted on the influence of film thickness, the rates of swelling of grafted and ungrafted films and the effect of regrafting to grafted films. The results show that a fast rate of grafting ac companied by a slower rate of monomer diffusion does not prevail in this system, and hence it is not a contributory factor to the fall-off observed in the grafting curves.
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  • 5
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    Colloid & polymer science 249 (1971), S. 1096-1100 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The interaction of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and mixture of two surfactants in aqueous system was studied viscometrically on the following five typical combinations of surfactants in three categories, in which in its single solution the first surfactant in each pair interacts with PVP strongly while the second component, except for guanidinium dodecylsulfate, is not at all or only weakly interacting. 1. Different surfactant ions with the same counterions: sodium dodecylsulfate (NaDS) and sodium decylsulfate. 2. The same surfactant ions with different counterions: NaDS and tetrabutylammonium dodecylsulfate; NaDS and guanidinium dodecylsulfate; dodecylammonium thiocyanate (DASCN) and dodecylammonium chloride. 3. An ionic and a nonionic surfactant: NaDS or DASCN and polyoxyethylene dodecylether. These combinations produce varieties of interaction with PVP, and the results were discussed on the basis of the surfactant-surfactant and polymer-surfactants relations and of the counterion distribution around the polymer-surfactants complex.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP) und dem Gemisch zweier Tensiden im wässerigen System wurde viskosimetrisch bei folgenden fünf typischen Paaren der Tenside in drei Kategorien untersucht, in welchen in jeder einzelnen Lösung das erstgenannte Tensid der Kombination eine starke Wechselwirkung mit PVP aufweist und das zweite dagegen, außer Guanidinium-Dodecylsulfat, gar keine oder nur eine schwache ist. 1. Verschiedene Tensidionen mit gleichen Gegenionen: Natrium-Dodecylsulfat (NaDS) und Natrium-Decylsulfat. 2. Gleiche Tensidionen mit verschiedenen Gegenionen: NaDS und Tetrabutylammonium-Dodecylsulfat; NaDS und Guandinium-Dodecylsulfat; Dodecylammonium-Thiocyanat (DASCN) und Dodecylammonium-Chlorid. 3. Ein ionisches und ein nichtionisches Tensid: NaDS oder DASCN und Polyoxyäthylendodecyläther. Die Kombinationen geben mit PVP mannigfaltige Wechselwirkungen, und die Neigungen wurden aus den Beziehungen von Tensid-Tensid und Polymer-Tensid und aus der Gegenionverteilung um den Polymer-Tensidkomplex diskutiert.
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  • 6
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    Colloid & polymer science 249 (1971), S. 1127-1132 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In aqueous media cationic detergents are adsorbed by different hydrophobic silica samples (Aerosil 200, 130 and Ox 50) in a qualitatively similar way. Specific surface areas of silicas mainly determine the equilibrium amounts of adsorption. Anionic surfactants show no interactions with hydrophilic silicas. A hydrophobic sample, Aerosil R 972, adsorbs both anionic and cationic surfactants. The different mechanisms of adsorption are discussed with regard to surface properties of the silicas and the colloidal nature of surfactants in solution. The increasing action of electrolytes in the adsorption process of surface active agents has been pointed out. Bei der Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen u. dgl. handelt es sich häufig um gesetzlich geschützte, eingetragene Warenzeichen, auch wenn sie nicht als solche mit ® gekennzeichnet sind.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In wäßrigen Suspensionen zeigen hydrophile Aerosiltypen (Aerosil 200, 130, Ox 50) ein qualitativ ähnliches Sorptionsverhalten gegenüber kationischen Tensiden. Das Ausmaß der Bindung wird von der spezifischen Oberfläche des Aerosils bestimmt. Eine Wechselwirkung mit anionischen Tensiden kann an hydrophilem Aerosil nicht festgestellt werden. Dagegen adsorbiert hydrophobes Aerosil R972 sowohl anionische als auch kationische Tenside. Die den Sorptionsvorgängen an kolloider Kieselsäure zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen werden, ausgehend von den Oberfläeheneigenschaften der Aerosile und dem kolloidchemischen Verhalten der ionogenen Tenside diskutiert. Die sorptionssteigernde Wirkung von Elektrolyten findet dabei besondere Berücksichtigung.
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  • 7
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    Colloid & polymer science 249 (1971), S. 1161-1161 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Colloid & polymer science 243 (1971), S. 42-47 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Messungen der Elektrokapillarität bei ÖlWasser-Grenzflächen, ergaben sich Grenzflächen-isoelektrischer Punkte, pHi *-Werte von Phosphatidylcholin (PC), Sphingomyeline (SM) und Phosphatidyl-äthanolamin (PE) als Funktion der elektrolytischen Konzentration in den wäßrigen Lösungen. Für 10−4 M KNO3 liegt der isoelektrische Punkt bei 3,3, was in guter Übereinstimmung mit den bei aus elektrophoretischen Öl-Wasser-Emulsionen erhaltenen Ergebnissen steht. Die Grenzwerte von pHi * bei niedrigen elektrolytischen Konzentrationen sind für Lipide charakteristisch. Sie betrugen entsprechend 3,1, 2,3 und 1,4 für PC, SM und PE. Das pHi * wird durch die kationischen Spezies in der wäßrigen Phase beeinflußt. Zum Beispiel für das PC und SM nimmt es mit zunehmender Th4+-Ionen-Konzentration ab, während im Falle des PE die umgekehrte Tendenz beobachtet wird. Der erste Effekt wird durch die Adsorption des Th4+-Ion an der Oberfläche erklärt, wobei er das Oberflächenpotential erhöht. Letzterer kann der Wechselwirkung von Wasserstoff mit den Metall-Ionen um die Phosphat-Plätze an den Lipid-Molekülen zugeschrieben werden.
    Notes: Summary From measurements of electrocapillarity at oil-water interfaces, interfacial isoeleetric points, pHi * of phosphatidyl choline (PC), sphingomyeline (SM) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) were obtained as functions of the electrolyte concentration in the aqueous solutions. In the case of 10−4 M KNO3 the isoelectric point of PC was 3.3, which was in good agreement with that obtained from the electrophoresis of O/W type emulsions. The limiting values of pHi * at low electrolyte concentrations were characteristic to the lipids. They were 3.1, 2.3 and 1.4 for PC, SM and PE, respectively. The pHi * was influenced by the cationic species in the aqueous phase. For instance, for PC or SM it decreased with increasing Th4+ ion concentration. While, in the case of PE, an opposite tendency was observed. The former effect was explained by the adsorption of the Th4+ ion at the interface, thus increasing the interfacial potential. While, the latter could be ascribed to the competition between the hydrogen and metal ions for the phosphate sites of adsorbed lipid molecules.
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  • 9
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    Colloid & polymer science 243 (1971), S. 62-66 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Paramagnetsondemethode wurden Strukturumwandlungen im System Tween-80-Wasser und Natriumdodecylsulfat-Wasser untersucht. Die Änderung der Relaxationszeit wird mit der Änderung der Makroeigenschaften des Systems verglichen.
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  • 10
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    Colloid & polymer science 243 (1971), S. 86-87 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 12
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    Colloid & polymer science 243 (1971), S. 67-70 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Membranpotentiale von Manganferrocyanid-Membranen auf Pergamentträgern in Lösungen verschiedener Elektrolyte über weite Konzentrationsbereiche untersucht. Das Membranpotential nahm mit der zunehmenden Verdünnung zu. Die fixierte Ladungsdichte wurde nachAltug undHair ermittelt und betrug −0.06 N. Die Änderung der Überführungszahl der Gegenionen in die Membranphase und die Permselektivität der Membran wurden ebenfalls bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary Membrane potentials across parchment supported manganese ferrocyanide membrane for various electrolytes over a wide concentration range have been studied. It was found that the membrane potential increases with dilution of the external electrolyte solutions. The fixed charge density of the membrane has been evaluated byAltug andHair's method and comes out to be −0.06 N. The variation of the transport number of the counterions in the membrane phase and perm-selectivity of the membrane with dilution have also been studied.
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    Colloid & polymer science 243 (1971), S. 88-89 
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    Colloid & polymer science 243 (1971), S. 89-89 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 277-278 
    ISSN: 1572-8412
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 284-284 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 111-113 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 125-128 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 129-141 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 209-214 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 241-242 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 47-48 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 39-47 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 66-66 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 85-93 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 103-109 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 110-110 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 239-241 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 249-250 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 66-66 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 94-94 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 95-102 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 114-124 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 128-128 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 155-158 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 170-173 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 173-173 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 176-177 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 21-22 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 31-34 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 59-64 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 67-84 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 93-93 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 154-154 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 159-169 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 143-154 
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    Notes: Abstract This article examines only published work directly related to the study of French literature; excluded are automatic translation, production of bibliographies or critical editions, and linguistic studies. Well before the invention of the computer, the importance of close attention to words as a prime aspect of literature had been stressed by Baudelaire, Mallarmé, and Valéry, who thus indirectly justified the several types of computer-aided studies now being done. Of these, word indexes can be useful only if the original work was poetry written in lines of fixed length. Grammatical concordances (which distinguish homographs and gather together inflected forms under one heading) have so far been produced only mechanographically; development of computer processes to produce these research tools is well advanced. The computerized alphabetical concordances, in spite of minor difficulties, are eminently usable. While it is difficult to know to what extent indexes and concordances have been used for the study of French literature, one such study, a traditional approach to Baudelaire, was facilitated and made more accurate through the use of a word index. Other possibilities, for example, the study of the evocative effect of sound patterns in poetry, are opened up by programs that transcribe poetry into phonetic symbols. use of computers has shed valuable light on authorship of anonymous articles in theEncyclopédie and has provided a clearer understanding of the techniques proper to oral literature. Unsuccessful computer-aided studies of French literature seem to fail because of insufficient sophistication in the approach to literature. Thus, it would seem that in the partnership between the literary man and the computer man, the literary man should be the dominant party.
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 184-184 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 257-277 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 284-284 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 291-320 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 142-142 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 158-158 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 174-175 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 178-184 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 193-201 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 255-256 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 279-283 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 285-290 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 185-192 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 203-208 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 215-238 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 243-249 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 251-255 
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    Computers and the humanities 5 (1971), S. 177-177 
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    Computers and the humanities 6 (1971), S. 2-2 
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 14-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A twodimensional flow problem with heat addition can be expressed in terms of five parameters (pressure p, density ρ, flow speed u, flow direction θ, rate of heating q) which must satisfy four equations (continuity, two components of momentum, and energy). It is shown how the equations become particularly simple, being linear and hyperbolic, if θ is specified and solutions obtained for the other four variables. An example is given of the flow through a supersonic combustion chamber.
    Notes: Übersicht Zweidimensionale Strömungsprobleme mit Wärmezufuhr können mit Hilfe von 5 Größen (Druck p, Dichte ρ, Strömungsgeschwindigkeit u, Strömungsneigung θ, Wärmezufuhr q) formuliert werden, die 4 Gleichungen erfüllen müssen (Erhaltungssätze für Masse, Energie und zwei Komponenten des Impulses). Es wird gezeigt, daß die Gleichungen besonders einfach werden, nämlich linear und hyperbolisch, wenn θ vorgegeben wird und Lösungen für die andern 4 Veränderlichen bestimmt werden. Als Beispiel wird die Überschallströmung in einer Brennkammer behandelt.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 40-54 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Satellites with long tubular booms are generally equipped with STEMs (Storable Tubular Extendible Members), which may be subject to thermal flutter when exposed to the sun. The mechanical constants for STEMs with coincident centres of shear and cross-sectional area are given. Then the concept of a hot and cold line couple is introduced and static flexure and torsion due to solar radiation are determined. Finally the differential equations for flexural and torsional vibration caused by thermal radiation are set up, their general solutions given and stability criteria for thermal flutter derived.
    Notes: Übersicht Satelliten mit langen stabförmigen Auslegern sind durchweg mit Lapprohren versehen, bei denen im Sonnenlicht Wärmeflattern auftreten kann. Zunächst werden die Querschnittskennwerte für Lapprohre angegeben, bei denen Schubmittelpunkt und Flächenmittelpunkt zusammenfallen. Dann wird der Begriff des Heiß-Kalt-Linienpaares definiert und Ausdrücke für die statische Verbiegung und Verdrillung unter Sonneneinstrahlung hergeleitet. Schließlich werden die Differentialgleichungen für die Biege- und Drillschwingung des Wärmeflatterns aufgestellt und allgemeine Lösungen angegeben, aus denen die Stabilitätskriterien beim Wärmeflattern von Lapprohren abgeleitet werden.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 266-280 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der allgemeine Fall der gekoppelten hydroelastischen Flüssigkeitsschwingungen im teilweise gefüllten Behälter untersucht. Der flexible Tankboden wird als Membran oder als dünne ebene Platte, die Behälterwand als elastische dünne Schale angenommen. Für die Beschreibung der Auslenkung der Behälterwand werden die Donnell-Schalengleichungen verwandt. Die Flüssigkeit wird als reibungsfrei, homogen und dichtebeständig, die Strömung als wirbelfrei vorausgesetzt.
    Notes: Summary The present paper investigates the general case of hydroelastic coupled oscillations of a partially filled liquid container with a flexible bottom and an elastic side wall. The bottom behavior is described by the motion of a membrane or a thin, elastic, flat plate, while the sidewall is treated as a thin, elastic shell with its motion described by Donnell's shell equations. The liquid is assumed to be inviscid, homogeneous, and incompressible, the fluid motion is considered to be irrotational.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 304-310 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A membrane theory will be usually applied to calculate hyperbolic paraboloid shells. Its systematical derivation in tensor notation is given for hypar shells oblique in plan. A stress function will not be introduced.
    Notes: Übersicht Für hyperbolische Paraboloidschalen stellt die Membrantheorie in der Baupraxis eine wichtige Berechnungs- und Bemessungsgrundlage dar. Ihre systematische Herleitung in tensorieller Darstellung wird für Hyparschalen über schiefwinkligem Grundriß durchgeführt. Auf die Einführung einer Spannungsfunktion kann hierbei verzichtet werden.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 311-326 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using thermodynamic considerations the present paper derives basic equations of thick shells for arbitrary material and large deflections. Heat supply and heat flux is taken into consideration and the shell material owns velocity-damping properties. After several specific transformations a spatial invariance requirement leads to the equations of motion, the wellknown symmetry conditions and general constitutive equations. Finally all equations derived are specified to thin shells by a linear approximation.
    Notes: Übersicht Ausgehend von den beiden Hauptsätzen der Thermodynamik werden die Grundgleichungen eines dicken Schalenkontinuums abgeleitet, wobei beliebige Materialien, Bewegungen, Wärmeflüsse und -quellen Berücksichtigung finden. Der Schalenwerkstoff verfügt außerdem über geschwindigkeitsdämpfende Eigenschaften. Die Anwendung eines Invarianzprinzips führt auf Bewegungsgleichungen, Symmetriebedingungen und Stoffgesetze in bekannter Form, aus denen schließlich durch eine lineare Approximation die entsprechenden Beziehungen für dünne Schalen gewonnen werden.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 339-352 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Man hat vermutet, daß dachartig geknickte Auftriebsflächen beim Wiedereintritt in die Erdatmosphäre einen größeren Auftriebskoeffizienten haben als flache Flügel mit demselben Verhältnis von Auftrieb zu Widerstand. Auf diese Weise können sie bei gegebener Geschwindigkeit und Flügelbelastung bei größeren Höhen wieder eintreten und führen dabei zu einer geringeren Erhitzung im Staupunkt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine auf der Annahme einer dünnen Stoßschicht basierende Theorie verwendet, um die Auftriebseigenschaften von gefalteten und flachen Deltaflügeln sowie von Flügeln mit konkaver Unterseite zu untersuchen. Es stellt sich heraus, daß eine bedeutende Verbesserung des Auftriebskoeffizienten durch schwach eingeknickte Unterseiten erreicht werden kann. Diese Ergebnisse gelten sowohl für ideale wie auch für reale Gasströmungen.
    Notes: Summary It has been suggested that in the conditions of lifting re-entry caret wings are likely to have higher lift coefficients than flat-bottomed wings with the same ratio of lift to drag. Thus, for given speed and wing loading, they can re-enter at higher altitudes with a consequent reduction in stagnation point heating rate. In this paper thin-shock-layer theory is used to study the lifting properties of caret and flat-bottomed wings and of wings with concave lower surfaces. It is found that significant gains in lift coefficient can be achieved with moderately recessed lower surfaces. These results hold for both perfect and real gas flows.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 327-338 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Die Fortpflanzung von Biegewellen in kreiszylindrischen Balken aus anisotropem Material wird auf der Grundlage der exakten dreidimensionalen Elastizitätstheorie kleiner Verformungen betrachtet. Die Strenge der hier gegebenen Untersuchungen entspricht der in der Theorie von Pochhammer-Chree. Das System der Bewegungsgleichungen wird für zylindrische Orthotropie, deren Achse mit der Balkenachse zusammenfällt, abgeleitet und durch die radialen, atngentialen und axialen Verschiebungskomponenten ausgedrückt. Das System reduziert sich im Fall einer stationären sinusförmigen Biegewelle auf gekoppelte, gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen 2. Ordnung mit einem singulären Punkt. Lösungen für transversale Isotropie werden mit Hilfe der Reihenmethode von Frobenius abgeleitet. Unter Verwendung von zwei oder drei Gliedern dieser Reihen werden angenäherte Dispersionsbeziehungen sowohl für isotropes Material als auch für Material vom Typ pyrolytischen Graphits und für zwei andere Typen anisotropischer Materialien erhalten und graphisch dargestellt. Es werden Schwingungsformen gefunden, die von höherer Ordnung als die bisher bekannten sind.
    Notes: Summary Propagation of flexural waves in circularly cylindrical bars of anisotropic material on the basis of the exact three-dimensional theory of elasticity of small deformations is considered, the rigor of the analysis being the same as the one of the Pochhammer-Chree theory. A system of the governing equations of motion for the cylindrical orthotropy (its axis coinciding with the axis of the bar) is derived and expressed in terms of radial, tangential and axial displacement components. For a steady-state sinusoidal flexural wave the system reduces to coupled ordinary second order differential equations with a regular singular point. Solution for a transversely isotropic is obtained by means of Frobenius series method. Upon using two or three terms of the series approximate dispersion relations for isotropic material as well as for the pyrolytic graphite type material and two other types of anisotropic materials are obtained and illustrated by graphs. Higher order modes than those already known are found.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 353-376 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The motion of helicopter rotor blades in high speed flight is very sensitive to disturbing gusts, while the bending loads of the single blades highly increase. Therefore, in building up a controller, at least the flapwise bending distortion of the blades must be considered. A simplified equation of motion with flapwise bending is derived and transformed with the method of eigenfunctions. Thus it is possible to compute the transient response of an elastic rotorblade under the influence of aerodynamic loads with flapwise distortion. For the motion of a rigid rotorblade, in the linearized case being described by a differential equation of 2. order with time-varying coefficients, a suboptimal controller with low authority and bounded control is built up using a quadratic cost function. The controller's efficiency for the nonlinear case of rigid and elastical blades is investigated. Despite very small control angles and vertical gusts of 10 m/s the controller greatly decreases the flapping motion and the bending loads.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei hohen Fluggeschwindigkeiten und entlastetem Rotor ist die Blattbewegung der Rotorblättern bei Schnellhubschraubern sehr böenempfindlich, während die Biegebelastung der einzelnen Blätter stark anwächst. Daher muß bei der Auslegung eines Reglers wenigstens die elastische Verformung des Blattes in Schlagrichtung mit berücksichtigt werden. Es wird eine vereinfachte Bewegungsgleichung für die Schlagbewegung unter Berücksichtigung von Biegung abgeleitet und mit Hilfe der Methode der Eigenfunktionen umgeformt. Damit läßt sich das Einschwingverhalten eines elastischen Rotorblattes mit Beeinflussung der Luftkräfte durch die Biegeverformungen berechnen. Für ein Differentialgleichungssystem 2. Ordnung mit zeitvariablen Koeffizienten, ein derartiger Gleichungstyp beschreibt auch die Bewegung eines starren Blattes im linearisierten Fall, wird ein suboptimaler Regler mit niedriger Autorität bestimmt. Als Funktional dient das quadratische Kriterium bei beschränkter Steuerung. Die Wirkung dieses Reglers im nichtlinearen Fall des starren und elastischen Blattes wird untersucht. Dabei bewirkt der Regler bei Vertikalböen von 10 m/s trotz sehr kleiner Steuerwinkel eine starke Reduzierung der Schlagbewegung und der Biegebelastung.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 377-401 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the first part of this paper the author presents the steady-state field components for circular disks and rings and infinitely extended plates with circular holes for harmonically time-dependent stresses or displacements at the boundaries. Moreover, equations for the natural frequencies of free vibrations evolve from the foregoing. — Based on these results, the second part, beginning with chapter 11, is concerned with the steady-state solution of displacements and stresses for finitely and infinitely extended plates, excited at the centre by singular forces, moments and expansive forces.
    Notes: Übersicht Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden für Kreis- und Kreisringscheiben sowie für unendlich ausgedehnte kreisförmig gelochte Scheiben die Feldgrößen des eingeschwungenen Zustandes infolge Anregung durch zeitlich harmonisch veränderliche Randspannungen und -Verschiebungen ermittelt. Dabei fallen die Eigenwertgleichungen der freien Schwingungen mit an. — Davon ausgehend befaßt sich der zweite Teil, ab Kapitel 11, mit den eingeschwungenen Feldgrößen unendlich und endlich ausgedehnter, Scheiben, die im Zentrum von singulären Kräften, Momenten und Expansivkräften erregt werden.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 420-432 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The unsteady disturbance of flow, produced by a body crossing a contact discontinuity with supersonic speed, is treated analytically. This problem arises in shock tube studies. For slender plane bodies and bodies of revolution the problem is solved by integral transformations in a linear approximation. The contact discontinuity may be of arbitrary strength. In certain special cases simple formulas for the pressure disturbance can be found. Some results are shown in diagrams.
    Notes: Übersicht Durchfliegt ein Körper mit Überschallgeschwindigkeit eine Mediengrenze (eine Fläche, auf der sich die Gaseigenschaften unstetig ändern), so entsteht eine instationäre Störströmung in der Umgebung der Mediengrenze. Dieser Vorgang, der im Stoßwellenrohr experimentell realisiert werden kann, wird analytisch untersucht. Unter der Annahme schlanker Körper wird das Problem in linearer Näherung mit Hilfe von Integraltransformationen für beliebig starke Unstetigkeitsfront gelöst. Der Körper darf dabei entweder eben oder rotationssymmetrisch sein. In gewissen Spezialfällen ergeben sich einfache geschlossene Formelausdrücke für die Störgrößen. Einige Ergebnisse werden graphisch veranschaulicht.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 402-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht In dieser Veröffentlichung wird die rationelle Aufstellung der zweidimensionalen Differentialgleichungen für die näherungsweise Bestimmung von Spannungen und Verformungen in elastischen Schichten mit räumlich gekrümmter Mittelfläche behandelt. Es ist bekannt, daß die Hauptschwierigkeit dabei im Aufstellen von zweidimensionalen Stoffgleichungen besteht, die einem gegebenen System von Stoffgleichungen für eine als dreidimensionales Kontinuum behandelten Schicht entsprechen. In einer früheren Veröffentlichung [18] wurde darauf hingewiesen, daß es vorteilhaft sein könnte, eine solche Theorie aus einer dreidimensionalen Theorie abzuleiten, in der sowohl Momentspannungen als auch Kraftspannungen berücksichtigt werden. Das gilt auch für solche Stoffe, die in Wirklichkeit nicht in der Lage sind, Momentenspannungen aufzunehmen. — Es wurde seinerzeit gezeigt, daß die Vorteile einer Ableitung der genäherten zweidimensionalen Schalentheorie aus der dreidimensionalen Elastizitätstheorie mit der Form der Verträglichkeitsbedingungen für die Verformungen in dieser dreidimensionalen Theorie zusammenhängen. Mit Hilfe dieser dreidimensionalen Verträglichkeitsbedingungen wird es möglich, alle dreidimensionalen Aspekte des Schalenproblems in einem dreidimensionalen System von Integro-Differentialgleichungen für das Stoffverhalten zu konzentrieren, so daß die Ableitung zweidimensionaler Stoffgleichungen nichts anderes ist, als das Aufstellen geeigneter asymptotischer Reihenentwicklungen für die Lösungen dieser dreidimensionalen Integro-Differentialgleichungen. Das wurde jedoch in [18] noch nicht ausgeführt. In der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung wird das System der Integro-Diffe-rentialgleichungen so umgeformt, daß die Art der notwendigen asymptotischen Entwicklungen deutlich wird. Auf diese Weise werden explizite Ergebnisse erhalten, die das System der zweidimensionalen Stoffgleichungen von Koiter und Sanders für ein isotropes homogenes Medium einschließen. Desgleichen sind darin enthalten die Stoffgleichungen für eine Klasse von Schalen, für die die Normalen zur Mittelfläche nicht mit den Richtungen der elastischen Symmetrie übereinstimmen, sowie auch die Stoffgleichungen für Schalen, die hinreichend weich gegenüber Querschub sind, so daß Querschubdeformationen als Effekte erster Ordnung auftreten.
    Notes: Summary This paper, as a number of earlier ones, is concerned with the rational establishment of twodimensional differential equations for the approximate analysis of stress and strain in elastic layers with spacecurved middle surface. It has been known for some time that the principal difficulty of this problem is to establish rational two-dimensional constitutive equations which correspond to a given system of constitutive equations for the layer treated as a three-dimensional continuum. — In an earlier publication [18] the point had been made that since two-dimensional shell theory was concerned with stress resultants and stress couples, it ought to be advantageous to derive such a theory from a three-dimensional theory in which force stresses as well as moment stresses were incorporated, even for media which, actually, were incapable of supporting moment stresses. — The earlier work [18] had indicated that, mathematically, the advantages of approaching the derivation of two-dimensional shell theory from three-dimensional moment stress elastically theory had to do with the form of the compatibility equations for strain in such a three-dimensional theory. Briefly, with these three-dimensional compatibility equations it becomes possible to concentrate all three-dimensional aspects of the shell problem in a three-dimensional system of integro-differential constitutive equations, and the task of deriving rational two-dimensional constitutive equations becomes nothing but the task of establishing suitable asymptotic expansions for the solutions of these three-dimensional integro-differential equations. In the work in [18] this task had not actually been carried out. The present paper establishes a significant rearrangement of the system of integro-differential equations, in such a way that the nature of the necessary asymptotic expansions is made evident. — With this, explicit results are obtained which include the system of two-dimensional constitutive equations of Koiter and Sanders for an iotropic homogeneous medium, as well as a system of constitutive equations for a class of shells for which the normals to the middle surface are not directions of elastic symmetry, as well as a system of constitutive equations for shells which are sufficiently soft in transverse shear to make transverse shear deformation a first-order effect.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 159-167 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Starting from the principle of virtual work the stability of a turborotor is investigated by means of a perturbation technique. The stability conditions have the form of energy expressions which, in general, cannot be interpreted as energy flows.
    Notes: Übersicht Ausgehend vom Prinzip der virtuellen Arbeiten wird mit Hilfe einer Störungsrechnung die Stabilität eines Turborotors untersucht. Die Stabilitätsbedingungen haben die Form von Energieausdrücken, die sich im allgemeinen jedoch nicht einfach als Energieflüsse deuten lassen.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 145-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the assembly and erection of large prestressed cablenet roofs — the German pavilion in Montreal, roofs for the constructions of the Olympic Games in Munich — it is still necessary to build elastically and geometrically similar mechanical models in small scales. From measurements in these models the lengths of cables for actual execution and the tensions within the cables are determined. In this paper the possibilities to compute the state of equilibrium of such prestressed roofs on large computers are investigated. As a result of such computations the tensions within the cables, the geometrical shape of the net and the final length of the cables — the cut of the net — are obtained. Input data are measurements in the mechanical model of the coordinates of the nodal points and tensions within the net which are regarded as observations which have to be corrected by a least square adjustment. The adjustment is combined with methods of elasto-mechanics. Because of the minimum principle of the adjustment the calculated net has minimal deviations from the model net; the condition of having equal widths of meshes in the interior of the net can also be observed. As a by-product of this derivation the statement can be made that any state of equilibrium of a prestressed net may be obtained by the solution of one system of simultaneous linear equations with a symmetrical and positive definit matrix of coefficients. Thus it is possible to investigate a large number of surfaces of equilibrium which belong to a given set of fix-points.
    Notes: Übersicht Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Ansätze zur Berechnung des Gleichgewichtszustandes und damit zur Berechnung von Forin, Spannungen und Zuschnittsmaßen vorgespannter Seilnetzkonstruktion untersucht. Durch eine Kombination von Methoden der Elastomechanik und der Ausgleichungsrechnung — die im Modell gemessenen Knotenpunktkoordinaten und Spannungen werden als zu verbessernde Beobachtungen aufgefaßt — kann die Gleichmaschigkeit im Innern des Netzes als Nebenbedingung berücksichtigt werden. Die Rechenansätze werden in solcher Weise hergeleitet, daß sich gemeinsame Züge verschiedener Iterationsverfahren zeigen. Als Nebenprodukt dieser Herleitung erhält man die Aussage, daß jeder Gleichgewichtszustand eines Netzes über die Lösung eines einzigen linearen Gleichungssystems mit positiv definiter und symmetrischer Koeffizientenmatrix erhalten werden kann. Damit kann man sich einen Überblick verschaffen über eine große Anzahl von Gleichgewichtsfiguren, die zu einer bestimmten Anzahl von Festpunkten gehören.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 188-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A precurved plate-strip is bent by bending moments only. Finite deformations are admitted. As the bending angle increases the plate-strip leaves the elastic state and plastifies first at the lower margin then at the upper one. Finally results are given in an example.
    Notes: Übersicht Ein vorgekrümmter Plattenstreifen wird durch reine Biegemomente weiter gebogen. Dabei werden endliche Formänderungen vorausgesetzt. Die Biegung ist zunächst elastisch. Mit wachsendem Biegewinkel plastiziert der Querschnitt zunächst an der Unterseite, dann auch an der Oberseite. In einem Beispiel werden die zuvor gefundenen Ergebnisse veranschaulicht.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 198-210 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The stiffness matrices of thin-walled bars are determined and transformed to excentric nodal points starting from the simplified theory. The shear strain of the middle plane of the bar is approximately included. The warping elasticity of the stiffener is considered including free warping and completely suppressed warping.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Steifigkeitsmatrizen dünnwandiger Stäbe werden nach der vereinfachten Theorie im Hauptsystem abgeleitet und auf exzentrische Knotenpunkte transformiert. Die Schubdeformation der Stabmittelfläche wird näherungsweise erfaßt. Neben der wölbfreien und wölbstarren Aussteifung wird die wölbelastische Aussteifung berücksichtigt.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the double vortex enclosed in a circular cylinder, for Hill's spherical vortex as well as for the straight vortex pair and the circular vortex ring, the ratio of the useful momentum to the needed momentum (effective momentum ratio) is determined on the basis of published data concerning the shape and velocity of these vortex systems.
    Notes: Übersicht Für den Kreiszylinderdoppelwirbel, den Hillschen Kugelwirbel sowie für das geradlinige Wirbelpaar mit entgegengesetzt gleicher Zirkulation und den kreisförmigen Wirbelring wird das Verhältnis des nutzbaren zum erforderlichen Impuls (effektives Impulsverhältnis) auf Grund der in der Literatur verfügbaren Angaben über Gestalt und Geschwindigkeit dieser Wirbelsysteme bestimmt.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 227-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Es wird das Beulen sowohl für eine flache Kugelkalotte mit gleichförmigem Randmoment, als auch für eine tiefe Kugelschale unter gleichförmigem Druck untersucht. Die erstgenannte Aufgabe wird auf Integral-gleichungen zurückgeführt, die durch Iteration gelöst werden. Die Beulmomente werden für einen weiten Bereich der geometrischen Parameter der Schale bestimmt. Für die Lösung der zweiten Aufgabe wird angenommen, daß der stark verformte Teil der Schale in der Umgebung des zentralen Punktes als eine flache Kugelschale aufgefaßt werden kann, die elastisch von dem Rest der Schale getragen wird. Die Stabilität einer dünnen Kugel wird als Spezialfall betrachtet. In beiden Fällen werden die Ergebnisse mit vorhandenen Lösungen verglichen.
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the buckling of a shallow spherical cap subjected to uniform edge moment and a clamped deep spherical shell under uniform pressure. The first problem is formulated in integral equations which are solved by an iterative procedure. The buckling moments are determined for a wide range of the shell geometrical parameter. The second problem is based on the concept that the highly deformed region around the apex is treated as a shallow spherical cap elastically supported by the rest of the shell. The stability of a thin sphere is treated as a special case. The results obtained in both problems are compared with existing solutions.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 238-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The velocity field dependent on position and time is predicted for the flow between two circular cylinders of various radius ratios when the inner cylinder is suddenly brought to rest. A detailed study is made of the limiting case where the radius of the inner cylinder approaches zero. For this special case some important flow characteristics, such as vorticity, strain, force, shear work, kinetic energy and dissipation energy are calculated. These values are compared with corresponding values from the so called Hamel-Oseen-vortex.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird das vom Ortsradius und von der Zeitvariablen abhängige Geschwindigkeitsfeld von Strömungen im Ringraum zwischen zwei konzentrischen Kreiszylindern nach plötzlichem Abbremsen des Innenzylinders bestimmt und für einige Durchmesserverhältnisse angegeben. Der Grenzfall mit verschwindendem Durchmesser des Innenzylinders wird näher untersucht. Für diesen werden neben dem Geschwindigkeitsfeld die wesentlichen mechanischen Größen der Strömung, wie Wirbelstärke, Spannungen, Kräfte sowie Arbeiten bzw. Energien, berechnet und zu denen des Hamel-Oseen-Wirbels in Beziehung gesetzt.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 248-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Time-optimal self-alignment methods for inertial platforms are investigated. A mathematical model of the alignment mechanism is derived by the basic operation modes of stable platforms and of their alignment. The control torques of this system are time-optimally determined by Neustadt's iteration technique based on the maximum principle of Pontrjagin. Because of the considerable amount of computational work a suboptimal bang-bang control of the misalignment angles is proposed. The increase of alignment time is estimated and compared to the optimal time. It turns out to be small. The desired closed loop control for alignment is constructed by means of a minimal observer. The proposed control loop yields an essentially reduced alignment time which is about the twentieth part of the times for present platforms without loss of steady-state alignment accuracy.
    Notes: Übersicht Das selbsttätige Ausrichten von Trägheitsplattformen dauert mit den herkömmlichen Verfahren ungefähr 10 Minuten. Da andererseits die Plattformträger wie Schiffe, Flugzeuge oder Raketen oft schon innerhalb weniger Minuten startklar sein müssen, besteht an einer Verringerung der Einstellzeit großes Interesse. Es werden daher die Möglichkeiten einer zeitoptimalen Regelung des Ausrichtvorgangs untersucht. An Hand der grundsätzlichen Funktionsweise einer Trägheitsplattform und ihres Ausrichtregelkreises wird ein mathematisches Modell für den Ausrichtvorgang hergeleitet. Die in diesem System auftretenden Steuermomente werden nach dem Maximumprinzip von Pontrjagin mit Hilfe des Neustadtschen Iterationsverfahrens zeitoptimal bestimmt. Infolge des hierbei erforderlichen, großen Rechenaufwands wird jedoch zu einer suboptimalen Zweipunktsteuerung der Plattformfehlwinkel übergegangen. Die dadurch bedingte, geringfügige Verlängerung der Einstellzeit wird gegenüber der Optimalzeit abgeschätzt. Den gesuchten, zeitsuboptimalen Ausrichtregelkreis erhält man schließlich, indem man das Syntheseproblem mit Hilfe eines Minimalbeobachters löst. Das vorgeschlagene Regelsystem bewirkt eine beträchtliche Verkürzung der Einstellzeit bis zu einem zwanzigstel der bisher üblichen Zeiten, ohne daß dabei eine Verschlechterung der statischen Ausrichtgenauigkeit auftritt.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Large deflections of axial-symmetrically but otherwise arbitrarily supported circular and annular plates are investigated. The loding is axially symmetrical and is extended in such a way that plastic ranges arise in the plate. To solve this geometrically and physically nonlinear problem, a nonlinear stress-hypothesis is assumed and Huber-Mises'yield condition is used. Deflection, stress, strain, membrane forces, and bending moments are determined as functions of the radial coordinate r, of the radial displacement u(r) in the middle-plane, of the radial bending angle α(r) and of the derivatives du/dr and dα/dr. From the resulting nonlinear system of two nonlinear differential equations numerical evaluations of u(r) and α(r) for circular or annular plates under the above, mentioned conditions are obtained.
    Notes: Übersicht Endliche Durchbiegungen rotationssymmetrisch und sonst beliebig eingespannter Kreis- und Kreisringplatten werden untersucht. Die rotationssymmetrische Belastung sei so gewählt, daß in der Platte plastizierte Bereiche entstehen. Bei der Lösung dieses geometrisch und physikalisch nichtlinearen Problems wird eine Hypothese über die nichtlineare Spannungsverteilung postuliert und die Gültigkeit der Huber-Mises-Fließbedingung in den plastizierten Bereichen vorausgesetzt. Die Durchbiegung, die Verzerrungen und die Schnittlasten werden als Funktionen der radialen Laufkoordinate r, der radialen Verschiebung u(r) in der Mittelfläche, des radialen Biegewinkels α(r), sowie der Ableitungen du/dr und dα/dr bestimmt. Das gewonnene nichtlineare Differentialgleichungssystem ermöglicht die numerische Berechnung von u(r) und α(r) für Kreis-und Kreisringplatten unter den genannten Voraussetzungen.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 29-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The instability of an inviscid free shear layer at small Mach numbers has been investigated taking a variable density distribution in the shear layer into account. Neglecting the influence of gravity, only the inhomogeneity of the inertia will be considered. This restriction is applicable, for instance, in the case of a hot jet in a cool surroundings. The inviscid disturbance differential equation is derived and discussed. It is found that a variable density distribution can produce additional disturbance modes, if the density inside the shear layer has a relative minimum. For a piecewise linear velocity profile of the shear layer with a discontinuously constant density distribution the temporal growth rates of the disturbances are calculated, and the sometimes very important influence of different types of density distributions on the instability of the free shear layer is discussed.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Instabilität einer reibungslosen freien Scherschicht wird unter Berücksichtigung einer variablen Dichteverteilung in der Scherschicht bei sehr kleinen Machzahlen untersucht. Der Einfluß der Schwerkraft wird vernachlässigt, aber die Inhomogenität der Massenträgheit berücksichtigt. Diese Einschränkung trifft etwa auf einen heißen Freistrahl zu, der in eine kalte Umgebung strömt. Zunächst wird die reibungslose Störungsdifferentialgleichung hergeleitet und diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, daß infolge der variablen Dichteverteilung zusätzliche Störungsmoden auftreten können, wenn die Dichteverteilung innerhalb der Scherschicht ein relatives Minimum hat. Abschließend wird für eine stückweise linear verlaufende Geschwindigkeitsverteilung der Scherschicht mit stückweise konstanter Dichteverteilung die zeitliche Anfachung der Störungen berechnet und der zum Teil erhebliche Einfluß der unterschiedlichen Dichteverteilungen auf die Instabilität der Scherschicht diskutiert.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 68-80 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The physical and theoretical relations of the aeroelastic galloping instability are treated. Thereby, the aeroelastic stability coefficients of some technical important drag profiles obtained from wind tunnel measurements are presented and discussed.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden die physikalischen und theoretischen Zusammenhänge der aeroelastischen Galloping-Instabilität behandelt. Dabei werden die aus Windkanaluntersuchungen gewonnenen aeroelastischen Stabilitätswerte einiger technisch wichtiger Widerstandsprofile dargelegt und diskutiert.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 55-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Lagrange-Hamilton's method is generalized so that it becomes applicable to linear, non-conservative, non-selfadjoint problems. Hence a, variational and a conservation principle can be formulated for this type of problems. Stability investigations in the sense of Ljapunov can be founded on the conservation principle.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Methode von Lagrange und Hamilton wird so verallgemeinert, daß sie auf lineare, nichtkonservative d. h. nicht-selbst-adjungierte Probleme angewendet werden kann. Für diese Problemklasse kann ein Variations- und ein Erhaltungs-Prinzip formuliert werden. Auf der Grundlage des Erhaltungs-Prinzips können Untersuchungen zur Stabilität im Sinne von Ljapunov durchgeführt werden.
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    Archive of applied mechanics 40 (1971), S. 81-95 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Das Rechenverfahren von [1] wird erweitert auf Strömungen mit Reibung und zwar für zweidimensionale ebene und rotationssymmetrische Strömungen. Benutzt werden die Navier-Stokesschen Gleichungen in Stromlinienkoordinaten; zur Vereinfachung werden Glieder der Größenordnung μ▽θ vernachlässigt, wobei μ der Reibungskoeffizient und θ die Richtung der Strömung sind. Als Beispiel dient die Überschallbrennkammer von [1]. Das Verfahren, im voraus Stromlinien festzulegen, muß bei Grenzschichten mit Druckgradient abgeändert werden. Wärmeleitfähigkeit wird berücksichtigt, aber ihr Einfluß ist gering. In einigen Fällen wird Strömungsablösung vorausgesagt.
    Notes: Summary The analysis of [1] is extended to cover viscous flow for both plane twodimensional and axisymmetric flow. The equations used are the Navier-Stokes equations in streamwise coordinates, except that for simplicity terms of order μ ▽θ are neglected, where μ is a coefficient of viscosity and θ the flow direction. The supersonic combustion chamber of [1] is used as an example, but the technique of specifying the streamlines in advance has to be modified for a boundary layer with pressure gradient. Thermal conductivity is included but does not have a very important effect. Flow separation is indicated in some circumstances.
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