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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (2,300)
  • 2025-2025
  • 1970-1974  (2,300)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1935-1939
  • 1925-1929
  • 1971  (2,300)
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  • 2025-2025
  • 1970-1974  (2,300)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1935-1939
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Four papers were read during the first symposium to be held by the Photogrammetric Society, at the University of Birmingham on 3rd and 4th April. Major General R. LI. Brown examined the staff structure of the organisations engaged upon the photogrammetric production of maps in the United Kingdom. Mr. J. R. Hollwey outlined the syllabus for a new Higher National Certificate in photogrammetry during a session which was devoted to education and qualifications. Subsequently, Professor A. J. van der Weele explained the evolution of the courses at ITC. By way of contrast, Professor E. H. Thompson attempted a forecast of developments in photogrammetry during the next decade. The papers succeeded in initiating prolonged discussion among the 80 members who attended.
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  • 2
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A method is described for determining wind vectors in the lower atmosphere from terrestrial stereophotography. The photographs were taken with specially adapted aerial cameras using the normal or parallel averted case with horizontal camera axes. The most favourable photographic registration was obtained on ORWO UT 16 colour reversal film. Photograph co-ordinates and horizontal parallaxes were measured and recorded on punched tape with the Zeiss (Jena) stecometer. Vector components, which were calculated from co-ordinate differences, and a statistical analysis were obtained by using an electronic computer.
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  • 3
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 4
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 5
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This note attempts to shed some light on the relationship between the total factor productivity derived from national income accounts and the total input productivity based upon input-output accounts, especially on a sectoral basis. Since there has been no positive evidence to support a constancy between changes in net and gross output in individual industries, the formulation of a measure of sectoral input productivity change by using the formula of the Divisia index based on input-output accounts may be valuable in examining possible biases which are associated with a common notion of the total factor productivity. An operational definition of sectoral input productivity change and its relation to sectoral total factor productivity are discussed in the present note, in addition to its empirical application to the Japanese data.
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  • 6
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes the methods used by the Office of Business Economics, U.S. Department of Commerce, in creating a microdata file for use in estimating the size distribution of income. It explains the techniques of statistical matching involved in merging microdata files from various sources to correct and supplement income estimates in the original field survey (The Current Population Survey) and to incorporate additional information that can be used to estimate items and types of income not contained in the original file.
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The quantity index comparing the per capita consumption of one country vis-à-vis the other often gives widely different figures, depending on which country's prices are used as “weights”. In this paper, this gap between two quantity indexes is divided into a substitution effect and an income effect by assuming common tastes between nations. For this division, we estimate the points of over-compensated variation and under-compensated variation in income from Gilbert and Kravis’data.The results of our estimation show that the income effect is smaller than the substitution effect. But the sign of the income effect indicates that this effect is generally in the same direction as the difference between two quantity indexes. Translated into the Bortkiewicz covariance, this means that the income elasticities are inversely related to the relative prices; the higher the income elasticity of a good, the lower is its price in the high income country relative to the low income country.Since we only approximate the points of exactly compensated variation in income, we cannot estimate “true” quantity indexes. However, our result implies that the two indexes in Gilbert and Kravis’data do form the upper and lower boundaries to the true index-numbers.
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is increased interest in flow of funds analysis due to the greater role assigned to money and to financial processes in the economic reforms now being implemented in Eastern Europe. After presenting a history of financial flows analysis, the paper describes data sources, and sectoring procedures. The efforts of particular countries are then reviewed and compared.
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes and examines three particular features of the official national income tables recently published by the Fiji Government. The need of development planners for a comprehensive set of national accounts incorporating detailed information relating to central government current expenditure, the operations of the private business sector, and the rural household economy has assumed special importance. The uses and limitations to the information contained under these specific headings is discussed and throughout an emphasis is placed on the need for the adoption of consistent and systematic methods of collection and estimation procedures to facilitate planning and decision making. As aids to more detailed interpretation and analysis, the features described are considered to be of general interest to other developing countries.
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Riqueza Nacional de Espaiia; estudio conmemorativa del cincuentenario de la Univer-sidad Comercial de Deustó.
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed in this articles: National Income of India: Trends and Structure. By M. Mukherjee.Usher, Dan, The Price Mechanism and the Meaning of National Income Statistics
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses the conceptual framework in which regional economic accounts in the United States are viewed and the functions which those accounts serve. It points out that the major differences between regional and national accounts relate to factor returns to capital. First, returns to capital are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to measure meaningfully on a geographic basis. Secondly, because the capital market in the United States is a reasonably perfect one geographically, the return to capital that originates in a given region has little significance as either a stimulant or a constraint to production in that region.In terms of the functions of regional accounts, the point is made that whereas national economic accounts can aid economic decision-making in three general areas of policyallocation, distribution and stabilization—with perhaps greatest emphasis now placed on the last of these, regional accounts are most useful in matters relating to allocation and distribution.Information needed for the use of regional accounts in decision-making with regard to allocation and distribution problems is examined. Against these needs are placed an inventory of regional accounts which are available in the Regional Economics Division, Office of Business Economics. The available accounts are found to fall considerably short of those needed for allocation decisions. In contrast, regional accounts as presently constituted have much to offer as tools for analyzing the problems of regional economic distribution, although here too, much additional information is needed.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Historical data for the manufacturing industry in the United States and United Kingdom are quoted, showing in most cases divergences between Laspeyres and Paasche forms of the quantum index that are by no means negligible. When the Paasche index for two of the series is recalculated with quantity indicators for industries instead of for products, the divergence is greatly reduced, and when quantity indicators for industry groups are substituted it almost disappears. This raises some questions about the practices of econometricians and statisticians, which are discussed. In a mathematical appendix by E. R. Coleman it is suggested that the grouping effect referred to does not depend on the particular way in which the data are grouped in most quantum indexes.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Pour répondre aux besoins de la préparation du Plan, l'Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (I.N.S.E.E.) élabore des séries de comptes économiques régionaux ayant pour origine 1'année 1962. Ces comptes concernent les 21 régions de programme que distingue la planification française et sont élaborés de façon centraliseé selon des concepts étroitement dérivés de ceux du système français de comptabilité nationale. Toutefois la régionalisation de certains éléments des comptes nationaux qui paraissent peu utiles pour ľanalyse régionale n'est pas prévue. A l'inverse il a fallu apporter des solutions originales à divers problèmes qui ne se posent pas au niveau national, comme celui de la localisation des entreprises èétablissements multiples.Si le cadre comptable a été défini pour l'ensemble des comptes qu'on envisage de régionaliser, les premiers travaux ont porté sur les éléments qui pouvaient être évalués rapidement èľaide des statistiques immédiatement disponibles et qui présentaient le plus ďintérêt pour la re gionalisation du Plan. C'est ainsi qu'ont été réalisés en priorité les comptes des agents régionaux (collectivités locales, méanages, entreprises et éatablissements). Mais 1'equilobre régional des opéarations, qui nécessite de lourdes investigations stastiques, n'a fait l'objet que de travaux préliminaires.Parallèlement è l'elaboration des comptes régionaux, un modèle projections è moyen terme a été mis au point. Ce modèle, qui constitue régionalisation du modèle physicofinancier utilisé pour la planification nationale, concerne deux domaines: les collectivités locales et les ménages. La projection des comptes des collectivités locales perment ďétudier le financement des équipements collectifs; la projection des comptes des ménages fournit une mesure des dispartés régionales de revenus et de leur évolution. Les premières projections, préparées en 1970 pour ľannéae 1975 gardent, plus encore que les séaries de comptes réagionaux, un caractégre expéarimental.
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to explore the question of at what stage should Divisia index numbers be introduced–within the social accounting schema proper or in the explanatory stage following? Three major reasons are given to support the case that Divisia index numbers have no role to play in measurement, but should and do provide a powerful tool in the explanation of productivity change.
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Overall balance between expected available resources and planned investment is not sufficient to ensure development with stability. Imbalances and inflationary pressures could develop as a result of inconsistencies between sector-wise investment structure and the sector-wise structure of saving. This means that the dichotomy between real and financial planning needs to be eliminated not only at the national level but at the sectoral levels as well, so that the sector-wise investment pattern is consistent with the emerging structure of saving and the flow-of-funds. This presents an analysis of the structure of saving and flow-of-funds in India, shows how it is actually used for the purpose of financial planning, and attempts to derive a formalized technique of financial planning. Analysis of the structure of saving in India during 1954–1955 to 1967–1968 indicates the importance of the household sector as the net lending sector to the borrowing sectors, the government and the private corporate sectors. On the basis of the feasible sectoral rates of growth in income and the past trends in sectoral saving-income ratios and household saving pattern with such modifications as are necessary in the light of expected changes in various policies, sector-wise saving structure and the pattern of household sector saving are projected for the Fourth Plan period (1969–1974).Then a flow-of-funds matrix is prepared to derive sector-wise investment estimates as are consistent with the estimated structure of saving and the likely changes in the lending policies of the financial institutions. A formalized technique of financial planning based on the Indian planning experience is presented in the last section of the paper.
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents an attempt to examine the applicability of the relative income hypothesis (RIH) in terms of its various specifications proposed by Duesenberry, Duesenberry, Eckstein and Fromm (DEF), Davis and the authors (MD). Using the time series data for 1951 through 1968 the analysis has been carried out for Canada, Finland, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Philippines, Sweden, United Kingdom and the United States. It is found that RIH provides a fairly good representation of the consumption behaviour of all the countries included in the study. All specifications, however, do not perform equally well. DEF and Davis functions score the maximum points; MD comes at par with DEF in case of Finland, Guatemala, and India. The original Duesenberry specification performs very poorly. This leads us to conclude that the process of habit formation is continuous contrary to what is implied by Duesenberry's original specification and that consumption is a better indicator of the standard of living than income is. Estimates of the long-run marginal propensities to consume are essentially the same as those computed from the permanent income hypothesis by Singh and Drost [1970]. This lends support to the view that the two hypotheses have essentially the same long-run implications.
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  • 27
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 28
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    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper contains some of the main results of an investigation into the use of educated manpower in Norwegian industries. An input-output model with labour inputs specified by education is presented. Per unit of final delivery, Norwegian exports in 1960 used relatively less labour, and less educated labour, but more capital (measured by depreciation) than the other categories of final demand. But when the use of labour is compared to the income created by the final deliveries, the differences are much smaller.
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  • 29
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    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to reformulate the terms of trade effect within a framework of national accounts in constant prices. The issue has been discussed by Professor R. C. Geary, Dr. G. Stuvel and others. In what follows the author proposes a new formula for deflating the net factor income from abroad and the net lending to the rest of the world. It is shown that the terms of trade effect which follows from the formula be expressed as a synthesis of Geary's and Stuvel's approaches.The author also shows that a similar approach be applied to the construction of the sector production account in constant prices. By formulating an appropriate deflator which is right for deflating factor incomes he concludes that the terms of trade arising from changes in inputs prices relative to output price be closely associated with the term which expresses the effect of productivity changes.
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  • 30
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    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The main objective of this paper is to explore and quantify the difference between two measures of comparative economic welfare: (a) the more or less conventional measure of per capita national income, and (b) the capitalized value of expected future income per capita. The paper begins with a brief summary of the argument in favor of the present value of expected future income per capita as a measure of economic welfare. This is followed by an examination of the empirical relationship of the ratio of the suggested alternative measure to per capita income and an analysis of the variables used to compute the present value of expected income per capita. The main conclusion drawn from the calculations is that very substantial differences occur in the measurement of relative economic well-being depending on which measure is used. A final section discusses the implications of this finding for international comparisons of economic welfare.
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    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The official U.S. price deflators for investment goods continue to be based on defective methodology, despite frequent criticism in recent years. This paper contributes new price information, which is combined with the empirical results from other studies to yield a revised investment deflator for the 1954–1963 period which (a) rises much more slowly than the official index and (b) declines relative to a revised price index for consumption expenditures.
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    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A number of official and Western estimates of China's national income for the period since 1949 are at present available. The official estimates are based on the Marxian production concept while the Western estimates are, in the main, based on the comprehensive production concept. The periods covered by the estimates vary; and even in cases where the periods covered are the same, the estimates vary in magnitude and, in most cases, in the implied rate of economic growth. Apart from differences arising from the different national income concepts and definitions employed in individual estimates, sources of discrepancies between series of estimates can be traced to the particular sets of primary data employed and also to the particular procedures followed in estimating the national income components. The present paper brings together the various estimates available to date and indicates for each, as far as possible, the basic production concept adopted, the particular national income aggregates estimated, the basic estimation approach employed, and the special procedures used for estimating some of the components of national income. Comparisons of the major series of estimates for the period 1952–1959 are made and the sources of discrepancies between the series are discussed. Finally, some problems are described which a researcher in the West has to contend with in working on China's national income accounting.
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    Review of income and wealth 17 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this article is to present estimates of the Czechoslovak gross domestic product from 1913 through 1937 and to interpret these data in terms of certain crucial economic policy decisions. In the first part of the article, the major methods of estimation of the G.D.P. using a sector of origin approach are briefly discussed; a fuller description is presented in the appendix. The second part examines the major economic dilemmas facing the Czechoslovak government and the most important actual policy decisions. In order to provide quantitative perspective on the Czechoslovak successes and failures, national product and export series for all the Central European nations are also presented and briefly discussed.
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    Geophysical prospecting 19 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A simple calculation procedure that gives the equilibrium temperature in geothermal measurements reduces the reading time in field work from reported 60 minutes to about 10 minutes.
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    Geophysical prospecting 19 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Boundary-value problems in steady-state current flow were solved numerically in bispherical coordinates for a sphere of arbitrary conductivity in a half-space. Solutions for the potential on the surface of the half-space were examined for the cases where both current sources were on the surface, one source on the surface and the second between the surface and the sphere, and one source on the surface and the other in the sphere. Results show a great similarity with the layered case when the buried electrode is placed between the surface and the conducting region. Such a buried electrode configuration makes it possible to obtain an accurate measurement of the depth to the conductor in both cases. A model with the current electrode placed in a conductive sphere is compared with a three-layered model with the source in a conductive intermediate layer, and results indicate that the lateral extent of a finite anomalous zone can be estimated using these limiting curves. The validity of these theoretical calculations for buried spheres was confirmed experimentally by tests conducted on an analog model.
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    Geophysical prospecting 19 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The comparison of a group of continuous total field stations in Ireland with the record of the total field from Valentia Observatory enables the errors which would be involved in using the Observatory as a diurnal correction base to be examined. For the most part, for a single correction, these errors lie between ± 2 and ± 6 gammas. However, they have three notable characteristics: (i) they are not closely dependent on the magnetic ‘noisiness’ of the day, (ii) they are only marginally reduced by the application of station-base time differences and (iii), they are strongly related to differences between the amplitude of the daily magnetic variation at the station and at the base. A permanent geographical basis for the latter differences enables a system for the estimation of the errors to be proposed.
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    Geophysical prospecting 19 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The automatic picking of seismic sections becomes delicate with the presence of blind zones breaking up the continuity of horizons. This makes it difficult to establish correlations between reflections coming from above and below these blind zones.With the help of a certain number of characteristic parameters, a computer capable of storing a great quantity of data makes it possible to identify the horizons bounding a blind zone. Once this investigation has been made, the coherence between these horizons still has to be measured by making a factorial analysis of these different parameters. The statistical decision functions involved in this analysis are well adapted to computer logic. They enable the probability to be given with which the horizons located above and below blind zones correspond.A program has been worked out to provide the degree of coherence between such horizons.
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    Notes: An operative technique is described along with a method of representation of Induced Polarization values obtained over homogeneous rocks against the electrical power per unit volume.The results of similar experiments over two-layer ground, are shown according to the same operative technique and method of representation.With the method of representation suggested in this paper it is possible to distinguish discontinuities and to get information about the thickness of the upper medium.
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    Notes: Nomograms are presented for the purpose of rapid computation of the apparent resistivity functions from the field data for symmetrical and unsymmetrical linear electrode arrays.
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    Notes: Apparent resistivity measurements with the square array technique in the vicinity of a dipping interface have the advantage over collinear array methods that they are less dependent on orientation of the array.In order to exploit this, existing potential solutions for the dipping interface problem have been adapted for the computation of apparent resistivities over such a feature using a square array.Comprehensive interpretation techniques covering this problem are given and the limitations imposed by residual array orientation effects are discussed.
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    Notes: L'onde amortie de type Rayleigh à l'interface de deux milieux solides à fort contraste de densités et de vitesses est étudiée théoriquement et expérimentalement sur un modèle à deux dimensions plexiglas-laiton.
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    Notes: In the interpretation of anomalies obtained with moving source-receiver dipole electromagnetic surveys, use is frequently made of the so-called phasor or vector diagrams. Most such diagrams are based on model experiments or theoretical calculations on bodies of simple geometry. If the anomaly at some given coil-separation and frequency is known it is possible to predict the anomaly at some other separation and frequency. While the results of such predictions often agree admirably in the laboratory experiments, wide, systematic discrepancies are observed in full-scale field work. Some of the discrepancies can be explained by various phenomenological arguments and in this respect the effect of overburden conductivity appears to be more serious than is generally supposed. The effect of phase rotation due to the overburden is discussed in detail.The paper is mainly a cautionary note based on some full-scale data of multi-frequency, multi-separation surveys against the blind use of vector diagrams, but it also discusses the extent of the extra information and interpretation aid provided by such surveys.
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    Notes: The considerable increase of sensitivity of new magnetometers allows the elaboration of magnetometric maps with contour intervals of fractions of one gamma. On these maps, small anomalies appear which had never been visible before. They are caused by susceptibility contrasts within the sediments.The areal distribution of these small undulations of the magnetic field depends on tectonics, therefore their analysis can give useful information about the tectonic pattern of the sediments. This paper discusses the automatic transformation of these small anomalies into tectonic units. The problem is solved by a method called Digital Template Analysis which has already yielded very useful results in gravity interpretation.The application of the method described is restricted to surveys executed by high sensitivity magnetometers. Therefore it is supposed that in most oil exploration problems these magnetometers will replace instruments with lower sensitivity. The improved magnetometer surveys in combination with the interpretation method described represent a most efficient, fast and unexpensive reconnaissance method.
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    Notes: The interface phenomena for low periods, i.e. the initial oscillations, and the cut-off periods are two characteristic features in Magnetotelluric Sounding curves. A method is proposed to distinguish between transitional and homogeneous layered earth by means of these two features.
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    Notes: Reddy, I. K., D. Rankin, 1971, Magnetotelluric Effect of Dipping Anisotropies, Geophysical Prospecting 19, 84–97.A solution is obtained for the magnetotelluric effect in the case of multi-layered earth, each layer containing dipping anisotropy, with the strike of anisotropy oriented at an arbitrary angle to the measuring directions. A technique to compute tensor impedances and tensor apparent resistivities is presented and the importance of anisotropies in magnetotelluric interpretation is discussed.
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    Notes: Boundary-value problems in steady-state current flow were solved numerically for one and two layers over a half-space. Solutions were obtained for layers of various resistivities where one of the current sources was placed below the surface and the second kept at some finite distance from the drill hole. When a fixed surface dipole receiving pair was used, it was found that as the buried source approached a conductive region, quite good determinations of the depth to the conductor could be made, hence reducing the possibility of extended drilling in “dry” holes resulting from poor surface data and/or interpretation. Numerous models were generated to find the optimum positioning of the two current electrodes for different field situations of this type. It was also found that by placing a current source in the conductive region, better resolution of the lateral extent of a possible ore zone could be obtained, due both to the more rapid convergence of the apparent resistivity to the resistivity of the conductor, and the fact that a smaller separation in the receiving dipole could be used. Numerous analog models were constructed to verify the digital results. Surface and down-hole resistivity field data are compared to show the strength of this technique in delineating structure.
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    Notes: For almost two years, satellite navigation has been used in reconnaissance exploration. However, only in the last six months has it been demonstrated that an “integrated” system provides navigational accuracy for all geophysical prospecting. This paper describes the accuracy of the integrated system and illustrates its merits.The primary objective of the integrated system is to provide continuous, accurate, geodetic position information. This is accomplished by integrating instantaneous position, velocity and heading from outputs of the Doppler sonar, gyrocompass, velocimeter, vertical references with periodic updates obtained from the Navy Navigation Satellite System. Each of the subsystems, their operations and functions will be discussed.Satellite navigation offers many advantages for marine surveys. Features for point-to-point automatic steering, onboard plotting of shotpoint data, firing of seismic energy source as a function of exact distance and real-time data logging onto digital tape have been implemented. With the onboard computer all navigation, gravity and magnetic information is recorded on tape and some preprocessing and filtering of gravity and magnetic data may be accomplished.
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    Notes: As an extension of the eddy current pattern computed by Koefoed and Kegge (1968) for a thin vertical infinitely-conducting half-plate in presence of oscillating magnetic dipoles, this paper computes the contribution to the (electro-) magnetic anomaly at the receiver by each element of the vein separately. Twelve contour diagrams for such elemental contributions are presented as samples. Two points of general interest stand out: (1) The contributions from different portions of the vein are not all of one sign; the contribution from one part may cancel that from another; and (2) The portion of the vein nearest to the transmitter-receiver system does not necessarily make the largest contribution to the total measured signal.
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    Notes: Koefoed has given practical procedures of obtaining the layer parameters directly from the apparent resistivity sounding measurements by using the raised kernel function H(λ) as the intermediate step. However, it is felt that the first step of his method—namely the derivation of the H curve from the apparent resistivity curve—is relatively lengthy.In this paper a method is proposed of determining the resistivity transform T(λ), a function directly related to H(λ), from the resistivity field curve. It is shown that the apparent resistivity and the resistivity transform functions are linearily related to each other such that the principle of linear electric filter theory could be applied to obtain the latter from the former. Separate sets of filter coefficients have been worked out for the Schlumberger and the Wenner form of field procedures. The practical process of deriving the T curve simply amounts to running a weighted average of the sampled apparent resistivity field data with the pre-determined coefficients. The whole process could be graphically performed within an quarter of an hour with an accuracy of about 2%.
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    Notes: Fontanel, A., G. Grau, 1971, Corrélation optique en lumière cohérente, Geophysical Prospecting 19, 98–117.This paper describes a general bidimensional two-step method of correlation (or convolution) making use of the theory of holography.In the first step the light diffracted by one of the two plane transparent objects to be correlated interferes with the light diffracted by the other one. The hologram thus generated is photographed in the focal image plane of a convergent lens. Owing to the quadratic detection property of the photographic emulsion, the square of the modulus of the product of the spectra of the two objects considered is recorded on the photographic plate.In the second step the convolution product of the two objects appears when the hologram is illuminated with a beam of coherent light.In its geophysical application this optical method of convolution makes it easy for us to obtain the autocorrelogram of a seismic cross-section. This method also makes it possible to correlate each of the seismic traces by special precalculated optically-recorded filters.
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    Grass and forage science 26 (1971), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The nature of competition between a grass species either invading or introduced hy sowing into an established grass sward and the estahlished sward was examined by using a divided-pot tecbnique. The species studied were Lolium perenrte S23 and Festuca rubra SS9, grown at two levels of N and P. Data are given for DM yield, tiller number, species ratio and uptake of N and P.The results show that competition for nutrients was a dominant factor and anything which affected this, such as prior establishment of one species, had an important effect on the success of the introduced species which amounted, under some conditions, to complete inhibition of growth of the latter. The data throw some light on the means whereby dominance is maintained in a pasture community.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Burnt Molinia caerulea–dominant range on the Isle of Rhum, N.W. Scotland, was grazed much more heavily by red deer than surrounding unhurnt Molinia stands. The effect was greatest in the first growing season after hurning. The practice of hurning Molinia in this region, where red–deer management is a major land use and Molinia is one of the main forage plants, is discussed.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three Uages containing 18.7, 35.2 and 51.0% DM were given to young beef cattle without supplementary barley or with a daily allowance of 1.8 or 3.6 kg air-dry fortified barley. Each diet was given to 9 individually fed animals, the mean fasted liveweight of which at the start of the experiment was 304 kg. The dafly voluntary DM intake was recorded for a 10-day period for the 9 animals on each silage without supplementary barley. The mean DM intakes per kg W0.73 were 58.4, 94.6 and 104.1 g for Silages 1, 2 and 3 and the intakes increased curvilinearly with the DM content of the silage. The mean daily liveweight gains on Silages 1, 2 and 3 were 0.63,0.73 and 0.75 kg, respectively; the relationship was significantly linear (P 〈0.01). The barley supplement also had a significantly linear CP 〈0.01) effect on daily gains. The mean daily gains for 0, 18 and 3 6 kg fortified barley per day were 0.54, 0.74 and 0.84 kg, respectively. The DM and digestible organic matter required per kg liveweight gain were not significantly affected by the DM of the silage, but were significantly (P 〈 0.01) affected by supplementation.The metabolizable energy (ME) values of Silages 1,2 and 3 were 2.46, 2.52 and 2.50 Meal/ kg DM, respectively. The supplementary concentrate increased the ME concentration significantly (P 〈 0.05), although the overall increase was small. The mean values were 2.49, 2.54 and 2.61 Meal/ kg DM, respectively, for 0, 1.8 and 3.6 kg fortified barley per day. The digestibilities of DM and organic matter were not significantly affected by the type of silage, but there was a significant increase with increasing intake of supplementary barley.
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    Notes: Six identical experiments (3 in Devon and 3 in Suffolk) investigated the effect of 200, 300 and 400 lb N/ac (224, 336 and 448 kg/ha), given in 1, 2, 4 or 8 equal applications, on the yield and seasonal production of perennial ryegrass swards cut every 25 days.Each rate of N Increased DM and N yields. Giving the N in 4 or 8 dressings gave higher DM, bnt rather lower N yields, than applying the N in 1 or 2 dressings. The effect on DM yield of splitting the N was most marked at 400 lb NJac (448 kgJha). Seasonal production was closely related to the time of N application and most uniform where N was given in 8 dressings.Differences between Devon and Suffolk were most evident where the N was given in 4 or 8 dressings and occurred in the second half of the season when the low rainfall in Suffolk apparently restricted N uptake and DM yield. The efficiency with which N taken up by the plant was used for DM production was affected by sunshine. It is concluded that rainfall and sunshine will limit the extent to which fertilizer N can he used to control herbage production.
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    Notes: Results are presented to show the effect of white clover (Trifolium repens) and of applied N on the hotanical composition of swards sown with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perernne), timothy (Phleum pratense), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) and mixtures of two and three of these species. White clover had a more favourahle effect on the growth of perennial ryegrass than on either timothy or meadow fescue both in terms of yield and in terms of tiller numbers. Tiller numbers of rough-stalked meadow grass (Poa trivialis) were increased and tiller numbers of Agrostis species were reduced by application of N and by inclusion of clover. Possible reasons for these effects are considered.
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    Notes: Sequential harvests of two tetraploid ryegrasses have shown that the commercially critical level of 90% germination was attained early in the ripening process. For the greater part of the maturation period the moisture level was maintained at 60% as in diploid grasses, but the rate of moisture loss during the latter part of ripening proved to be slower than in diploids. The large seeds are more susceptible to mecbanical damage at harvest and therefore require lower drum speed.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The volatilization of ammonia which followed the application of urea to a pasture sod was determined over a period of 14 days. Significant ammonia losses were measured after foliar application of urea to sods in which the soil component had been previously isolated from the plant components by sealing the sods with an impermeable membrane. Losses of ammonia by volatilization over the experimental period were less from plant surfaces than from unsealed sods in which the soil contributed to losses. It is concluded that in addition to soil ureolytic activity, the plant and litter components of pastures may provide major pathways of loss in the N economy of grasslands.
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    Notes: The measurement of primary production and utilization of heather moors is a necessary part of studies aimed at understanding and ultimately improving secondary (animal) production.Heather is a woody perennial and presente many problems peculiar to itself. With management in mind a more precise method of classification and description of heather moors is suggested.The measurement of quantity of production in terms of standing crop, total edihie DM and annual DM production are described in detail. Chlorophyll extraction techniques are descrihed, these heing more rapid than hand separation and enabling many more samples to be handled.Digestibility and voluntary intake of heather as indices of quality are briefly discussed.A method for the calculation of grazing pressure or utilization is described. The method measures the percentage of available edible (photosynthetic) material which is consumed.
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    Notes: Books review in this article:HANSON, A. A.; JUSKA, F. V. Turfgrass science.STEWARD, F. C. [Ed.] Plant physiology: A treatise. Vol. 5. Analysis of growth. A. Behaviour of plants and their organs. B. The responses of cells and tissues in cultureCAMPBELL, J. B. [Compiler] Experimental methods for evaluating herhage
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    Notes: It has been customary in geothermal studies to assume the surface to be an isothermal plane, though difficulties existed to explain the magnitude of thermal anomalies observed in the field under this assumption. Detailed investigations of temperatures at depths between 5 cm and 230 cm show that—after removal of the strong diurnal variations—sizeable anomalies persist right to the surface. Thus, the effective heat transfer (coefficient) at the surface might be lower than commonly assumed.
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    Notes: The application of automatic methods to the processing of potential field survey results has led to the need for the development of special procedures for the interpolation and extrapolation of such data. A method is proposed which utilizes the mathematical properties of potential field data to achieve a minimum distortion solution to the interpolation/extrapolation problem. The proposed method is suitable for use with any data point distribution. Digital computer programs have been prepared using the method; results obtained through the use of the programs are presented.
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    Notes: La sismique réflexion a été mise en œuvre dans des galeries de mines avec un appareillage nouveau: dispositifs appropriés, géophones spéciaux, chaîne d'enregistrement haute fréquence (30–2000 hertz).Des réflexions à des fréquences de l'ordre de 600 à 1200 hertz ont été obtenues dans les cas favorables sur des couches de charbon de l'ordre du mètre situées jusqu'à une soixantaine de mètres sous la galerie.Une bonne compacité des terrains situés autour de la galerie est une condition nécessaire à l'obtention de réflexions. Les accidents affectant les couches peuvent alors être visibles.
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    Notes: At the EAEG meeting in Venice (May 1969) Linsser presented a new method for the interpretation of seismic measurements (“Transformation of Seismic Data into Geological Models by Digital Template Analysis”). First results were presented during the S.E.G. convention in Calgary (September 1969). Meanwhile some experience concerning the possibility of the application of this method is available.Starting from the fact that the computer is able to store several physical parameters (amplitude, wave-length, direction of the seismic event, coincidence with a template and the beginning and the end of each reflection), the importance of these data for the investigation of special geophysical questions will be discussed.This method has been tested with several examples on the following problems:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1Proving and exact localisation of faults.2Investigation of velocities of interesting layers.3Additional information for the geological interpretation of seismic sections.4Picking of weak reflections in the “Pre-Zechsteinian” in Northern Germany.Finally the possibilities of further applications and developments are discussed.
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    Notes: The deposits of the central sector of the Labrador Trough are magnetite-rich iron ores subjected to enrichment by the process of leaching. In spite of the fact that some ore types are porous and low in density, most of the ore zones have undergone a net increase in density brought about by enrichment. In the course of their formation, the magnetic characteristics of the rocks have changed and a great deal of the magnetite was altered to relatively non-magnetic iron oxides and hydrous iron oxides. Consequently, induced as well as remanent magnetization decreased, but the ratio of the latter with respect to the former increased substantially. All drift-covered areas underlain with iron-formation are potential ore producing areas. From measurements of the first two physical properties and determination of the thickness of overburden by means of a combined gravity-magnetic-seismic or resistivity survey, it is possible to detect and distinguish the iron formations and potential ore zones from the country rocks.In spite of the fact that the iron formations are a complex assemblage of rock types, each having different physical and chemical properties, a qualitative and semi-quantitative correlation between the results of the surveys and the geology as well as the structure of the area could be established. Consequently, in order to increase the chances of success, first a mathematical correlation of the amplitude of the gravity anomalies with the specific gravity, the iron content, the silica content, the porosity factors and the dimensions of the underlying orebodies, and secondly, a quantitative correlation of the ground magnetic intensity relative to the reference lithologie unit with the percentage of Fe3 O4 recovery and the volume magnetic susceptibility were done for many deposits.A few discoveries were made with this method. Finally, a fully quantitative interpretation of the geophysical data using a multimodeling analysis led to the discovery of additional direct-shipping iron ore deposits in the Schefferville mining district of Canada.
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    Notes: A gravity anomaly profile, considered to be associated with a two-dimensional mass distribution of constant density contrast, may be interpreted with the help of a digital computer. Using the infinite slab formula and anomaly values at selected points of the profile, an initial model of the anomalous mass is built. The gravity effect of the model is computed with a simplified version of the formula derived by Talwani, Worzel and Landisman (1959) for line-integration. After the effect is computed at a point, the model is adjusted depending upon the residual anomaly. The effect of the adjusted model is computed at the following point. Within one cycle of computation the model is adjusted as many times as the number of the selected points. Five such cycles are sufficient to minimize residuals in most cases. A final cycle is computed without adjustment.Local anomaly profiles have been interpreted to obtain the shape of a sedimentary basin and of a faulted block. A regional anomaly profile has been interpreted to obtain crustal structure.
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Optimum filters can be computed using orthogonal coordinates obtained from the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the autocorrelation matrix. The method is used to obtain unit distance prediction error filters. The output of a unit distance prediction error filter when applied to the input wavelet is an impulse at zero time. The effect on the output of added white noise is easily obtained using the approach through the orthogonal coordinates. The added white noise results in output wavelets which are no longer impulses at zero time. The decrease in time resolution gives a filter that does not increase undesirable high frequency noise as much as filters computed without white noise.Orthogonal coordinates with little signal energy can be omitted from the filter computation resulting in output wavelets resembling those computed using added white noise.
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The increasing use of velocity analysis programs in seismic processing in addition to direct application to normal move out corrections often makes it possible to study the variation of the average velocity versus time and distance. Usually, it is even feasible to compute interval velocities with a good accuracy.We intend to use these velocities to convert the usual time domain displays to the depth domain.An exact conversion requires the knowledge of all interval velocities and all the velocity interfaces.However, when the dips are small, the conversion can be done without considering the dip of all these interfaces, and in some cases migration can even be completely neglected.Three different programs will be described and their use discussed in view of the type of problems to which they are applied.Practical examples of the various methods will be presented.
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  • 75
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    Notes: In magnetic routine interpretation the comparison of two-dimensional model curves with measured magnetic anomalies is widely used for an approximate evaluation of the position and depth of magnetic models.Before starting an interpretation of a survey by means of two-dimensional models, it is very useful to have an idea of the shape of anomalies caused by extended but finite bodies, taking into account various strike directions: Three sets of anomalies of thin plates (horizontal length 19, downward length 9, width 1) dipping 30°, 60°, and 90° resp. for various strike directions and an inclination of 20° were computed. Some of these anomalies, e.g. those with nearly N-S strike direction look rather complicated, and at the first glance one would not expect that they are caused by such simple bodies.Several profiles crossing the computed anomalies perpendicularly were interpreted two-dimensionally. For less extended anomalies the depths determined for the top of the plates are 10-20% too small, the magnetization amounts to 50–75 % of the value of the finite bodies. The interpretation of the profiles covering more extended anomalies gave very accurately the same values for the position, depth and magnetization for the two-dimensional body as for the original three-dimensional model.Anomalies of vertical prisms with varying extensions in the y-direction were computed. Their differences in amplitude and in the distance maximum-minimum show that interpretation of short anomalies by two-dimensional methods yields depth errors of up to 20 percent.To see the possibilities of the separation of superimposed anomalies dike anomalies were added to the anomaly of a broad body in great depth and several attempts were made to interpret parts of the composite anomalies. The interpreted bodies lie too deep. In complicated cases the depth values can have large errors, but experienced interpreters should be able to keep the errors in the range of one third of the depth values.
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    Notes: Carborne gamma radiation surveys over petroleum reservoirs and faults in the glaciated Michigan Basin suggest that this mobile technique may be useful in reconnaissance subsurface exploration, especially in fault detection. This conclusion assumes favorable surface conditions, as well as proper instrumentation, field procedures, and interpretive techniques. Glaciated regions are relatively undesirable terrains for gamma radiation surveys. Thick deposits of glacial drift appear to repress the detection of subsurface features. Furthermore, extremely heterogeneous soil conditions, which are characteristic of many glaciated regions, result in excessive radiation interference. The operational conditions which produced optimum results consisted of continuous profiling on unconsolidated roads, employing two simultaneously operated scintillation counters. Optimum detection was obtained during relatively cool nighttime traverses.
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  • 77
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    Notes: Cancelling of multiple reflections by CDP stacking is generally incomplete. When the order of coverage is low, an improvement may be obtained by the use of special filters (e.g. Schneider et al: Geophysics 1965; D'Hoeraene: Geophysics 1966). But when the order of coverage is high, the efficiency of these filters is less obvious. On the other hand, the higher the order of coverage, the higher the efficiency in the solution presented.Schematically, our method includes three steps:Firstly: Searching for the multiple reflections.For this purpose Move Out corrections corresponding to the multiples are applied to each individual record, then CDP stacking is carried out.Secondly: Cleaning up of the individual records.“Decorrections” are firstly applied, then multiples are subtracted. For this, subtraction is weighed versus the energy of the multiples, that is to say versus the correlation between the original record and the pure multiple reflections.Thirdly: Normal processing with the cleaned records which have been obtained.The different steps of this method are illustrated with the help of theoretical examples. Its efficiency improvement in regard to normal CDP stacking is then demonstrated by means of true examples.
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    Notes: One of the problems in signal processing is estimating the impulse response function of an unknown system. The well-known Wiener filter theory has been a powerful method in attacking this problem. In comparison, the use of stochastic approximation method as an adaptive signal processor is relatively new. This adaptive scheme can often be described by a recursive equation in which the estimated impulse response parameters are adjusted according to the gradient of a predetermined error function.This paper illustrates by means of simple examples the application of stochastic approximation method as a single-channel adaptive processor. Under some conditions the expected value of its weight sequence converges to the corresponding Wiener optimum filter when the least-mean-square error criterion is used.
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In well velocity surveys made to calibrate Sonic (CV) Logs the calibration survey uses frequencies around 50 Hz whereas the Sonic Logging tool uses frequencies around 20 kHz. There thus exists the possibility of making a direct measure of velocity dispersion. In any one survey the disturbing factors, both instrumental and operational, will often mask any dispersive effect that might exist. Consequently this paper reports on a statistical analysis of the velocity differences resulting from calibration surveys and Sonic logs. Only Borehole Compensated Sonic Logs were used. Four areas were investigated: the North Sea, Abu Dhabi, Libya and Alaska. After rejecting logs and calibration records which were obviously in error there remained 424000 feet (about 130 km) of usable log distributed throughout 66 wells. The four areas were analysed separately and in no case was the estimated dispersion significantly different from zero. However, the mean values did correlate with lithology from (− 0.17 ± 0.18)% for the essentially carbonate section in Abu Dhabi to (+ 0.45 ± 0.25)% for the sand-shale section in Alaska, a positive sign meaning that the higher frequencies travelled faster. Except for Alaska the calibration surveys were made with a wall-clamp geophone, and for these areas amplitude measurements were made. After suitable corrections estimates of the absorption parameter Q were obtained. These varied from 20 to 200 with mean values of 63 for Libya, 70 for Abu Dhabi and 88 for the North Sea (excluding the Tertiary). If, as is usually assumed, the absorption mechanism is linear and is described by a Q which is independent of frequency, then these values would necessarily imply dispersion of several percent. As instanced above no such dispersion was observed. It is possible that the expected dispersion was compensated for by invasion of the mud filtrate into the borehole walls, but it is more likely that the absorption mechanism was substantially non-linear.
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    Notes: In recent times, velocity surveys at marine well locations have been performed using non-explosive energy sources such as air-guns and gas guns. In addition, surveys in land wells have been successfully carried out using a modified version of the air-gun. This paper illustrates some of the characteristics of these devices and compares the data obtained from typical surveys with conventional dynamite surveys.Since data obtained from well velocity surveys using non-explosive sources are now commonly recorded on tape, they lend themself to further digital processing and interpretation techniques that were not previously so conveniently available. Some examples of these processes, e.g. the examination of attenuation, frequency and energy content of the recorded well geophone signals, are given in the paper. Examples of some other digital processes, using calibrated Acoustic logs, whether recorded digitally in the field or subsequently converted from analogue recordings, are also given in the paper. These include the construction of an Acoustic log in the vertical axis from logs obtained in deviated wells.
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    Grass and forage science 26 (1971), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A method for measuring the depth in soil from which plants absorb nutrients is descrihed. Radioactive tracers are injected at different depths and when allowance is made for any variations in the extent to which the added tracer is diluted hy labile ions in the soil at each depth the relative quantities of nutrient taken up from different depths can be calculated.Results obtained with perennial ryegrass swards of contrasting age indicated that the nptake of P and Ca always occurred predominantly from within the top 12.5 cm of soil. Apart from the initial few months of a sward's life, the proportion of both elements absorbed from different depths for a whole growing season varied little with age of sward up to 31/2 years. Considerable changes in the relative contrihution of different depths of soil to uptake occurred within a season; the extent of uptake from the surface layers was primarily influenced by variations in soil-water content and the application of fertilizer to this region.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were conducted in 1967 and 1968 in which HerefordXFriesian (Experiment 1) and Friesian (Experiment 2) steer calves horn in April were turned out to graze at one week or 3 months of age, respectively, and maintained at three stocking densities in the ratio 1:2:3 animals per unit area. The calves grazed paddocks of S23 perennial ryegrass in rotation, and were moved when the height of grazed stubble at the medium stocking density was reduced to 8 cm. The rate of liveweight gain and herbage intake per head declined as stocking rate increased. When the results of the two experiments were compared, the weight gain of the calves was more closely related to the weight of herbage residues than to the height of the grazed sward. The rate of liveweight gain was depressed when the amount of herhage left after grazing fell helow 2000–2500 kg OM/ha (1800–2250 Ib/ac).
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    Notes: The importance of predicting grass N yield lies in its controlling influence on grass DM output and thus on animal production. Results from 88 experiments studying the use of fertilizer N on cut grass swards show that the major part (97%) of the variation in grass N yield could be explained in terms of fertilizer N rate, an estimate of soil N and an interaction between the two. From this, it appears that high fertilizer N recovery is associated with a high uptake of soil N and vice versa.
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    Notes: Books review in this article:INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS. Proceedings of the 11th Congress held at Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia, 13–23 April, 1970FRYER, J. D.; MAKEPEACE, R. J. Weed control handbook. Vol. 2. RecommendationsDAY, P. R. [Ed.] How crops grow. A century later. A series of lectures to celebrate the centennial of ‘How Crops Grow’ by Samuel W. Jobnson—1868. Delivered September 17, 1968-May 19, 1969NORMAN, A. G. [Ed.] Advances in agronomy. Vol. 20FRANKEL, O. H.; BENNETT, E. [Eds] Genetic resources in plants—their exploration and conservation
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    Notes: A review of published information on the growth and productivity of Poa trivialis in relationship with perennial ryegrass is presented. The available evidence indicates that P. trivialis is usually out-yielded by ryegrass, particularly under drought and infertile soil conditions. In addition, the quality and seasonal distribution of the yield is often of questionable value. It would therefore appear that P. trivialis can be considered an undesirable species in most intensively managed ryegrass pastures. Preliminary results from competition studies between F. trivialis and S23 perennial ryegrass confirm that the replacement of ryegrass by P. trivialis leads to a lowering of productivity. The latest control measures for preventing the invasion and/or removal of P. trivialis from ryegrass pastures are given, based largely on the use of selective herbicides.
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    Notes: The effect of applying 62.8 or 125.6 kg/ha fertilizer N, 4 or 18 days before, 4 days after or immediately after harvesting primary growth at the hay stage on yield of DM, yield of digestible OM (DOM), uptake of N, % CP and % digestibility of OM (OMD) of the primary growth and regrowth from S24 perennial ryegrass were compared with harvesting the primary growth 4 or 18 days earlier.Pre–harvest application of N had no effect on yield of DM or DOM or on % OMD, but significantly increased uptake of N and % CP on a DM basis in the primary growth. The regrowth response was less than from equivalent amounts of N applied after harvest in proportion to the amount of N removed with primary growth. 20–40% N was taken up in the primary growth, even when applied 4 days before harvest. The proportion taken up was not influenced by the interval between application and harvest, but tbere was a marked increase in uptake wben rate of application rose to 125.6 kg N/ha. Harvesting 4 days earlier resulted in slight loss of bulk in the hay which was fully compensated by its extra quality, by improved regrowth and its more effective response to fertilizer N. The low yield of the primary growth harvested 18 days earlier was not compensated by the mass of the regrowth but it produced tbe highest quality primary growdi and top yield of regrowth.
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    Notes: A technique is described whereby sward defoliation by sheep can occur in the absence of treading and the deposition of excreta. By using this technique, swards were grazed to a moderate severitj, leaving behind an amount of herbage similar to that left after cutting; the DM yields from both methods are compared. The technique was also used to study other swards which were grazed either very leniently or very severely. Within the limits tested, efficient rotational grazing (i.e. the removal of a large proportion of the herbage on each occasion) did not give the greatest DM yields, except at the first harvest. Cutting- and grazing-treatments produced differences in sward structure.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The liveweight changes of sheep grazing at 3 stocking rates and 2 levels of N fertilizer were recorded. The results are discussed in relation to the model proposed by Owen and Ridgman (1) for short–term periods of grazing.
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    Notes: Alfalfa leaf-cutter (Megachile rotundata F.) bees were used to pollinate lucerne plants in glasshouse compartments. This method was particularly useful in a plant–breeding programme where rapid multiplication was required.Apparatus is described and some results are presented.
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    Notes: The construction and use of a lightweight plastic harness for total faecal collection from young male lambs and wethers is described. The presence of this harness does not appear to interfere with growth and normal behaviour; it is therefore suitable for indoor- and-field experiments.
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    Notes: Books review in this article:TUBBS, C. R. The New Forest: an ecological history.AITKEN, F. C.; HANKIN, R. G. Vitamins in feeds for livestockSMALLFIELD, P. W. The grassland revolution in New ZealandMOORE, R. M. [Ed.] Australian grasslandsWHITEHEAD, D. C. The role of nitrogen in grassland productivity. A review of infonnation from temperate regions
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    Notes: Single spring dressings of N were compared with split applications over the first two growth periods of the year at ten sites in eastern England in the period 1964–67. None of the four spring periods was unusually dry and the single application of N in spring did not outyield a similar total N rate applied some before and some after the first cut. At nine out of ten sites split applications of N yielded considerably more in the second growth period than the single spring dressing. It is concluded that the split applications of N in the spring, already shown superior to single dressings under moist west country conditions, are correct for many seasons in the drier east of England.
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    Notes: An economic survey was carried out on sites in various regions of the Central Electricity Generating Board which had been restored with pulverized fuel ash. The ohject was to investigate the degree of success which could be achieved in restoring gravel pits and other ash disposal sites to agricultural use. Almost all of the sites had been incorporated into existing holdings and nearly all had the benefit of returned topsoil. The investigation showed that such land is as productive as land of a similar but undisturbed character when both are subject to similar conditions of good husbandry. Topsoil, where available, allows for greater flexibility in husbandry matters and particularly in cultivations.
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    Notes: Italian ryegrass cv. Leda and perennial ryegrass cv. Presto were sown alone and in five mixtures containing different proportions of viable seed and compared with hybrid ryegrass cv. Manawa and Italian ryegrass cv. S22. Yields and herbage composition were measured five times in 1962 and 1963, with particular reference to the contribution from perennial ryegrass in the first year and the effects of Italian ryegrass on second-year production.Italian ryegrass dominated first-year production wbile perennial ryegrass dominated second-year production. Manawa was the top yielder in the first year, but both Manawa and S22 bebaved as Italian ryegrasses and were badly frosted and weedy in the second year. The mixtures were generally intermediate in yield between the components and tended towards the yield of the more vigorous component. Since the more vigorous component changed from cut to cut or from season to season, the sums of harvests sbowed some advantage for certain mixtures. Certain pairs of herbage varieties can be sown togetber witb yield advantage. Furtber physiological investigations are warranted and the breeder has a part to play in a search for complementary varieties.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A linear programming model was formulated to calculate a least-cost ration for lactating dairy cows with respect to certain nutritional constraints. The model was used to derive the price at which dried forage of a stated digestihle crude protein content (DCP) and metabolizable energy content (ME) would just become included in a least-cost feed. Marginal costs for DCP and ME of £0.057/ kg and £0.0096/Mcal, respectively, were calculated. These were found to be fairly Insensitive to changes in milk yield. Inclusion prices were slightly lower than current market prices.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Two distinct filters are developed in the frequency domain which represent an attempt to increase the resolution of fine structure contained in the signal whilst keeping the expected filtered noise energy within reasonable bounds. A parameter termed the White Noise Amplification is defined and used together with a measure of the deconvolved pulse width in order to provide a more complete characterisation of the filters. Each of the two main types of frequency domain filters discussed varies in properties with respect to a single adjustable parameter. This may be contrasted with a time domain Wiener filter which in general has three variables: length, delay and an adjustable noise parameter or weight. The direct frequency domain analogue of the Wiener filter is termed a gamma-Fourier filter, and is shown to have properties which span the range from those of a spiking filter with zero least square error at one extreme, to those of a matched filter at the other extreme of its variable parameter's range. The second type of filter considered—termed the modulated Gaussian filter—is similarly shown to be a perfect spiking filter at one extreme of its parameter range, but adopts the properties of an output energy filter at the other extreme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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