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  • Articles  (38)
  • Fine structure  (23)
  • Fluorescence microscopy  (15)
  • Springer  (38)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (38)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1973  (24)
  • 1971  (14)
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  • Articles  (38)
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  • Springer  (38)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • Annual Reviews
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (38)
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 212-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spiders ; Cupiennius salei ; Slit sense organs ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein großes Einzelspaltsinnesorgan auf dem Tarsus der Spinne Cupienniua salei Keys. wird elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit einem kleinen tarsalen Einzelorgan sowie dem zusammengsetzten (lyriformen) Organ des Metatarsus verglichen. 1. Der sog. Spalt besteht aus zwei Anteilen: a) Der in der Exocuticula gelegene hat die Gestalt einer Rinne (Länge ca. 51 μm, Breite ca. 2,2 μm), welche an den Enden ihrer Längserstreckung flach ist und in einer Mittelzone die Exocuticula bis auf einen ca. 0,23 μm starken Boden (innere Membran = M.i.) durchstößt. Die Exocuticula bildet um den Spalt herum einen verstärkenden Rahmen mit spezifischer Anordnung der exocuticularen Lamellen. b) Der in Meso- und Endocuticula gelegene Anteil öffnet sich von M. i. aus glockenförmig zur Epidermis hin. 2. Der Spalt ist überall von einer ca. 0,25 μm dicken Membran (äußere Membran M.a.) bedeckt, deren quantitativ wichtigste Komponente elektronenoptisch der innersten Lage der Epicuticula (dense layer) gleicht. 3. Das Spaltsinnesorgan wird von zwei Dendriten innerviert. Während einer davon nahe M.i. endet, zieht der andere durch eine Öffnung in dieser bis zu M. a. 4. Beide Dendrite weisen dieselbe feinstrukturelle Dreigliederung auf. a) Der dem Zellsoma folgende Abschnitt enthält Tubuli und einige randständige Mitochondrien. b) Nach distal folgt eine mitochondrienreiche und tubuluslose Dendritenanschwellung. c) Der somafernste Abschnitt beginnt mit einer Ciliarstruktur, deren Basalkörper in der Anschwellung liegen. Er zeichnet sich durch zahlreiche von periodischen Querstrukturen miteinander verbundene Tubuli sowie das vollkommene Fehlen von Mitochondrien aus. 5. Distal von der Ciliarstruktur umgibt eine gemeinsame elektronendichte Scheide die beiden Dendrite. 6. In der Mittelzone ihrer Längserstreckung bildet M.a. an einem in der Aufsicht tropfenförmigen und leicht versenkten Flächenausschnitt eine zylinderförmige Vertiefung (Tiefe ca. 1 μm, ø ca. 0,5 μm) aus, durch deren Boden der längere Dendrit samt Scheide hindurchzieht, um als fingerförmige Erhebung in dem Zylinder zu enden. Das Ende dieses Dendriten zeichnet sich durch eine extra- und intrazelluläre Ansammlung elektronendichter Substanz aus (Tubularkörper). 7. Eine innere und eine äußere Hüllzelle (Hz 1 bzw. Hz 2) umgeben die Dendrite gemeinsam. Hz 1 endet distal auf Höhe der Ciliarkörper, Hz 2 reicht nahe bis zu M.i. Der apikale Bereich von Hz 2 bildet eine große, nach distal offene Invagination aus, welche von Mikrovilli und einer daraufliegenden extrazellulären Substanz gesäumt wird. Elektronenoptisch vergleichbares Material findet sich in einem ausgedehnten Lakunensystem, das weiter proximal von weiteren Zellinvaginationen und erweiterten Extrazellularräumen gebildet wird. 8. Der sensorische Apparat eines kleinen tarsalen Einzelorgans sowie des metatarsalen lyriformen Organs stimmt im wesentlichen mit dem des großen tarsalen Einzelspalts überein.
    Notes: Summary A large single slit sense organ on the tarsus of the spider Cupiennius salei Keys, was examined electronmicroscopically and compared with a small single slit sense organ also on the tarsus and with the compound (lyriform) organ on the metatarsus. 1. The so-called slit consists of two parts. The upper one is a trough-shaped chamber in the exocuticle, flat at both ends of its longitudinal axis and growing deeper towards its mid-portion until only a floor remains 0.23 μm thick (inner membrane of the slit = M.i.). The exocuticle thickens around the slit into a reinforcing frame with specific arrangement of the exocuticular lamellae. The lower part opens out from M.i. like a bell into the meso- and endocuticle. 2. The trough-shaped upper chamber is covered by a membrane 0.25 μm thick (outer membrane of the slit = M.a.). The main component of this membrane resembles the “dense layer” of the epicuticle. 3. The slit is innervated by two dendrites. One of them ends close to M.i. The other passes through an opening of M.i. and runs up to M. a. 4. Both dendrites are composed of three portions markedly different in fine structure. a) The portion close to the soma contains tubules and a modest number of mitochondria. b) More distally a pronounced swelling of the dendrite follows, rich in mitochondria but lacking tubules. c) The most distal part begins with a ciliary configuration of microtubules. Its basal bodies are located in the dendritic swelling. This part does not contain any mitochondria but numerous tubules with a network of electron dense material between them. 5. Distal to their ciliary segments both dendrites are surrounded by a common sheath of high electron density. 6. Viewed from above a slight, flat, tear-shaped depression can be seen in M.a. Towards its middle the depression deepens to form a cylinder (ø 0.5 μm, depth 1 μm). The end of the longer dendrite penetrates the floor of this cylinder and projects like a finger into its interior. About 0.7 μm proximal and distal to the dendrite — M.a. junction, electron dense material accumulates around and within the dendrite (tubular body). 7. Two sheath cells surround both dendrites in common. The inner cell terminates at the level of the ciliary structure. The outer cell continues more distally towards M.i. The apical part of the outer sheath cell forms a large invagination bordered by a microvillous cell membrane and an extracellular layer of medium electron density. A substance very similar or identical with that of the layer is found deeper within the leg in a spaceous lacunar system formed by further cell invaginations and extended extracellular gaps. 8. The fine structure of the input apparatus of a small single slit on the tarsus and the compound lyriform organ on the metatarsus is essentially the same as that of the large single tarsal slit.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 420-440 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crayfish ; Hepatopancreas ; Cell differentiation ; Digestion ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of R-, F-, and B-cells and of the myoepithelial network in crayfish hepatopancreas tubules was studied as a basis for the functional interpretation of hepatopancreatic digestive activity: 1. R-cells absorb luminal nutrients, mainly via contact digestion and molecular transport, and they store and metabolize glycogen and lipids. To this extent, R-cells combine the functions of vertebrate intestinal absorptive and hepatic parenchymal cells. 2. F-cells synthesize digestive enzymes and sequester them in a supranuclear vacuole which enlarges by pinocytic intake of luminal nutrients and fluids. 3. F-cell to B-cell transformation results from continued engorgement of the F-cell's supranuclear vacuole until only the nuclear region and a pinocytically activeapical complex remain identifiable. 4. B-cell secretion involves pinching off of the apical complex followed by extrusion of the enzyme-rich vacuolar contents. 5. The tubule's myoepithelial network consists of circular fibers, each containing a single myofibril, which branch to form longitudinal fibers. Sarcomeres are long (10–12 μ) and each thick myofilament is surrounded by 11–13 thin ones. This arrangement permits coordinated, tonic contractions of tubule segments which transport nutrients “in” and enzymes “out”. 6. Neurosecretory control of tubular function is suggested by the presence of vesicle-containing, extratubular cell processes which contact the circular muscle fibers.
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  • 3
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 295-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fine structure ; Neuroglia ; Nervous system ; Polychaetes ; Cell junctions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The principal supportive elements of the nereid central nervous system are non-neuronal cells that are referred to as supportive glia. Supportive glial cells form a conspicuous cortex in the nerve cord. The inner region of this cortex consists of closely packed processes and cell bodies of fibrous supportive glial cells that are arranged in concentric layers around the perimeter of the neuropile. The fibrous appearance of the glial cells results from dense bundles of cytoplasmic filaments. Many fibrous glial processes penetrate the neuropile and ramify among the neuronal elements. Larger, irregularly shaped cells are the chief supportive glial elements of the peripheral region of the cortex where they line the stromal sheath (neural lamella) and invest the neuronal perikarya with extensive concentric systems of lamellate processes. These glial cells usually possess a relatively undifferentiated cytoplasm with scattered glycogen granules, but occasionally have a well developed Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and densely packed particulate glycogen. The supportive glia exhibits numerous desmosomes as well as 5-layered (“tight”) and 7-layered (“gap”) junctions. Interspersed among the supportive glial cells are non-neuronal cells referred to as granulocytes. These cells have abundant large, granular inclusions, electron lucent vesicles, plasmalemmal infoldings and microtubules. The granulocytes may be derived from undifferentiated glial cells or may represent coelomocytes that have invaded the nervous tissue.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 111-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Octopods ; Epithelium ; Cell types ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior salivary gland of Octopods comprises a parenchyma of branching tubules in a connective tissue stroma. The tubules are lined by either of two distinct epithelia.Type A is composed predominantly of columnar cells containing large granules whose contents vary in appearance from cell to cell.Type B consists of three cell types: A circumferential layer of processes ofstriated cells containing radially orientated infoldings of the cellular membrane, between which are packed numerous mitochondria;cistern cells which contain an invaginated system of membrane loops, the interior of which is in communication with the lumen; andlumen lining cells. All these cells send processes to the basement membrane of the tubule, so that both epithelia are pseudostratified. The functional significance of this cytological specialisation is discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chemoreceptor ; Locusta ; Fine structure ; Development ; Moulting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basic structure of the terminal sensilla of Locusta migratoria resembles that of Schistocerca gregaria. There are commonly six or ten neurons whose dendrites extend almost to the opening of the peg. Proximally the dendrites are clothed by a neurilemma cell which also encloses a basal cavity through which their ciliary region passes. The tormogen cell encloses the receptor-lymph cavity and actively secretes material into it. The receptor-lymph cavity and the basal cavity are quite separate. The development of new pegs at a moult is described. After apolysis the scolopale extends across the subcuticular space and protects the dendrites, which remain in a functional condition until shortly before ecdysis. As the trichogen cell grows out to form a new peg the tip is surrounded by a mass of electron-dense material, probably derived from the receptorlymph cavity. The function of this material is unknown. Regeneration of the dendrites is considered. The possible mechanism by which the tip of the peg opens and closes is considered and the general structure of the organule is discussed in relation to functioning.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 160-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tentacles ; Polychaetes ; Sensory cells ; Sensory innervation ; Cilia ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following observation of conical groups of stiff, but motile cilia on the tentacles of the branchial crown of Sabella pavonina, these were examined with the electron microscope. The bundles consist of about 40 unenclosed “standard” cilia supported by one or two primary sense cells with centrally directed axons of 0.1–0.2 μ diameter. Axons in the distal portions of the branchial crown occur in small bundles surrounded by a basement membrane. More centrally, glial elements appear and the nerves are surrounded by a collagenous sheath. The branchial nerve trunk shows similarities in organisation to other previously investigated annelid central nervous tissue in that the whole nerve is surrounded by a fibrous sheath central to which there is a layer of glial cells with processes penetrating a central neuropile. The 0.1–0.2 μ axons commonly occur in glial-enveloped groups of 〈 40 whilst other axons of larger and mixed diameter are found together. Each tentacle has two branchial nerves on the oral side, and each nerve gives rise to two small 75-axon branches running to each pinnule. The branchial nerves fuse to form the branchial nerve trunk running to the supra-oesophageal ganglia. Sections of the branchial nerves of the branchial crown at progressively more central levels show that the branchial nerve trunk contains enough axons of 0.1–0.2 μ diameter to account for all the sensory cells on the tentacles. This is taken as evidence for the sensory cells having axons terminating within the central nervous system and that there is no peripheral confluence or fusion of these afferent axons.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 261-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Extrarenal blood vessels ; Rat ; Adrenergic nerves ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the extrarenal blood vessels of the rat left kidney was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and by electron microscopy. The trunk of the renal artery proximal to the aorta is elastic and appears to be very sparsely innervated. In contrast, near the kidney the renal artery—which divides into 3 to 4 large branches of the muscular type possesses a dense adrenergic innervation. The adrenergic terminal axons are situated in the adventitia close to the external elastic lamella, but only rarely in close contact with smooth muscle cells. In most instances several terminal axons are grouped and enclosed by a Schwann cell, single axons being rare. All terminal axons are able to take up and to store 5-hydroxydopamine which strongly suggests that they are adrenergic. The innervation of the renal vein is more sparse than that of the muscular arteries but somewhat denser than that of the elastic artery. In addition, close to the origin of the renal artery the presence of “small intensively fluorescent” (SIF) cells as well as of some adrenergic ganglion cells is noted. The latter are situated in the adrenergic nonterminal axon bundles, which run parallel to the blood vessels. It is concluded that the uneven adrenergic innervation along the artery as well as individual variations in the branching of the artery are the main causes of the unusually high individual variations of the NA content of this organ such as used in pharmacological experiments.
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  • 8
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 299-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Chicken ; Cytogenesis ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the chick embryo the first membrane-bound secretory granules occur in the cytoplasm of occasional cells in the cephalic lobe of pars distalis at the 7th day of incubation. On the 8th day most of the cells in both the cephalic and caudal lobes contain secretory granules that are variable in size, form and density. On the 9th day at least two types of glandular cells are distinguishable in the cephalic and in the caudal lobes; however, these cells are not comparable with those of the adult gland. Differentiation of acidophils and basophils occurs, apparently simultaneously, in 11-day embryos. The cells of the cephalic and caudal lobes are morphologically distinct from their first appearance. Thus it is concluded that these two lobes develop independently and differently from an early stage of ontogenesis. The secretory granules are formed in the Golgi area of the hypophysial cells after the 8th day of incubation. However, secretory material may be synthesized also by a process not involving the Golgi apparatus. Nerve fibers containing granules first appear in the superficial layer of the median eminence on the 8th embryonic day and by the 12th day three types of granules and two types of clear vesicles are identifiable.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 451-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Pituitary ; Elasmobranch ; Catecholamine fibres ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of monoamines in the diencephalon and pituitary of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, has been investigated using the histochemical fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp (Falck and Owman, 1965). Terminals of monoamine-containing axons were found in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary and the axons were traced, by means of nialamide and L-dopa treatment and lesions, to the nucleus medius hypothalamicus. A separate hypothalamic system converging on the anterior median eminence and the occurrence of aminergic cells in the nuclei lobi inferiores and nucleus medius hypothalamicus were similarly demonstrated. Normal fish show a bilateral uncrossed tegmental tract and two areas of catecholamine-containing neurones in modified ependymal organs. The organum vasculosum hypothalami includes both primary catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing cell types whilst the organum vasculosum praeopticum has only the former type. Both organs contain cells which send club-like processes into the third ventricle. The subcommissural organ does not contain monoamines. The role of hypothalamic catecholamine systems in the regulation of pituitary function is discussed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Noradrenergic nerves ; Chicks ; 6-hydroxydopamine ; Degeneration ; Regeneration ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluorescence histochemical method of Falck and Hillarp for the cellular localisation of biogenic amines was used to follow the disappearance and reappearance of peripheral noradrenergic nerves in the chick after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. With certain exceptions, it seemed that the disappearance and reappearance of the nerves was due to their degeneration and subsequent regeneration. However, there was not a uniform destruction of the noradrenergic nerves associated with different effector tissues. The extent of degeneration was greater in older than in younger chicks following equivalent doses of the drug, possibly indicating a greater uptake efficiency of the older nerves. It appeared that the noradrenergic nerves in the younger chicks regenerated more rapidly than those of older chicks, but in none of the animals studied were there any obvious morphological modifications of the regenerating nerves.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 93-106 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tubero-hypophysial monoaminergic fibres (Frog) ; Tubero-hypophysial neurosecretory system ; Releasing factors ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of adult Rana temporaria has been investigated with the fluorescence microscopic technique of Falck and Owman (1965). In the pars ventralis tuberis cinerei, in the median eminence and in the pars intermedia of the hypophysis of normal animals, numerous monoaminergic nerve fibres were identified. In the pars ventralis tuberis cinerei, monoamine-containing perikarya have been found, neither in normal, untreated animals, nor in drug-treated animals. In the neural isolated hypothalamic islands, consisting of the pars ventralis tuberis cinerei + median eminence-hypophysis, and of which the normal blood supply had been preserved, no monoamine-containing perikarya have been observed. Moreover, in these islands, the monoaminergic nerve fibres had completely disappeared. From the present results and from corresponding previous electron microscopic observations, it is concluded that: 1. The pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum of Rana temporaria does not contain monoaminergic perikarya. 2. The monoaminergic fibres which, in normal animals, are present in the pars ventralis tuberis, in the median eminence and in the pars intermedia of the hypophysis originate from monoamine-producing cells of which the perikarya must be located outside the pars ventralis tuberis cinerei. 3. The fibres of the tubero-hypophysial neurosecretory system and the monoaminergic tubero-hypophysial nerve fibres are separate, transporting and secreting different products. From the present results and from our previous observations, it is inferred that the tuberohypophysial neurosecretory cells identified in Rana temporaria must be adenohypophysiotropic neurohormone producing neurosecretory cells.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurotoxic dihydroxytryptamines ; Central indolamine neurons ; Localized lesions ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The usefulness of three neurotoxic dihydroxytryptamines — 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and 4,5-dihydroxytryptamine — for fluorescence microscopical tracing and localized lesioning of central indolamine-containing axon bundles has been studied in the rat brain. The lesions produced by intraventricularly or intracerebrally administered dihydroxytryptamines were found to be much superior to mechanical or electrolytic lesions in producing extensive accumulations of fluorescence in the indolamine axon pathways. This greatly improves the possibilities for tracing of the normally non-fluorescent or weakly fluorescent indolamine axons from their cells of origin for long distances through the main fibre bundles and their branches. Much new information concerning the anatomy of the indolamine neuron systems is obtained with this technique, and some preliminary observations are presented. The efficiency of local, intracerebral injections of small amounts of dihydroxytryptamines for regional denervations in the CNS was also tested. It was found that local injections of 4 μg of either of the three compounds into the ventromedial tegmentum and into the grey matter of the spinal cord produced extensive and probably rather selective damage to the ascending and descending indolamine fibre tracts and — although to a lesser and variable extent — the noradrenaline and dopamine systems. The denervating effects of the tegmental and the spinal cord injections were with respect to the serotonin-containing neurons comparable to those obtained by others after large lesions that destroy almost the entire midbrain raphe region, and after total transections of the spinal cord, respectively. The characteristics and the specificity of the dihydroxytryptamine-induced lesions are discussed.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 191-205 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Fine structure ; Avian ; Gallus domesticus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the normal thymus of the young chicken (Gallus domesticus) is described. Four main cell types, lymphoid cells, epithelial cells, macrophages and myoid cells, can be distinguished. The lymphocytes are more numerous in the cortex than in the medulla, and are quantitatively the most important component of the thymus. The epithelial cells vary greatly in morphology. Reticular epithelial cells, which have long cytoplasmic processes connected by desmosomes, and which appear to afford a supporting network for the free cells of the thymus, are present in the cortex and medulla. Undifferentiated epithelial cells are present in the medulla and cortico-medullary regions and have few intracytoplasmic fibrils or desmosomes. Cystic epithelial cells, showing intercellular and intracellular cyst formation are frequent in the medulla. Also present in the medulla are squamous epithelial cells which contain many intracytoplasmic fibrils and have numerous desmosomes, and which are involved in the formation of Hassall's corpuscles. Macrophages are present in moderate numbers in the cortex and medulla, and immature and fully developed myoid cells are common in the medulla. Other cell types present include granule-containing cells with desmosomes, large pale cells with few cytoplasmic organelles, mast cells, plasma cells, red blood corpuscles and cells of the granular leukocyte series.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protonephridial system ; Turbanella cornuta Remane (Gastrotricha) ; Cyrtocytes ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Protonephridien des marinen Gastrotrichs Turbanella cornuta Remane werden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Terminalapparate der Macrodasyoidea sind Cyrtocyten. Ein Reusenröhrchen besteht aus acht Längsstäben mit netzartigen Zwischenwänden aus dünnen Fibrillen. Im Lumen des Röhrchens schwingt eine Geißel. Die Wand eines Terminalbechers bildet ein zusätzliches Reusensystem, das mit Poren und Schlitzen versehen ist. Die drei bis vier Cyrtocyten eines Protonephridiums münden in eine Sammelzelle ein. Von dieser geht ein Exkretionsröhrchen mit Treibwimperflamme aus, welches von einer Ausleitungszelle gebildet wird. Die Cyrtocyten der beiden Gastrotrichenordnungen (Chaetonotoidea u. Macrodasyoidea) grenzen sich strukturell gegenüber bisher bekannten Formen dieses Zelltyps ab.
    Notes: Summary The protonephridial system of the marine gastrotrich Turbanella cornuta Remane was studied with the electron microscope. The terminal cells of the Macrodasyoidea are Cyrtocytes. Each tube for filtration consists of eight longitudinal rods with a net of fine fibrils between them; it contains a single whip. The wall of a terminal cup with its pores and slits is an additional system for filtration. Three or four filtration tubes are ending in a collecting cell. From this cell an excretory channel with one whip formed by an outlet cell arises. The filtration tubes of Macrodasyoidea are similar to those of Chaetonotoidea and differ from other forms of this cell-type.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 407-420 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Autonomic innervation ; Acetylcholine-esterase ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and acetylcholine-esterase (AChE) activity was histochemically investigated in certain salivary glands of the cow (submandibular gland), guinea pig and hamster (submandibular and sublingual glands). Adrenergic nerves occur around the secretory acini of the bovine, guinea pig and hamster submandibular glands, as well as around those of the hamster sublingual gland. The mucous secretory acini of the guinea pig sublingual gland, however, seem to be devoid of adrenergic nerve supply. Except in the sublingual gland of the hamster, no adrenergic nerves occur in relation to duct cells. The pattern of AChE activity is similar to that of adrenergic nerves. Thus, AChE-positive nerves form a network around secretory acini of all the five glands examined. Furthermore, AChE activity was also observed in nerve fibres in close proximity to striated duct cells. Both adrenergic and AChE-containing fibres were observed around blood vessels of different sizes. Ganglionic cells are occasionally to be seen; they all display AChE-activity. No adrenergic ganglionic cells were observed in any of the glands examined. All glands were also studied in the electron microscope. Interest was focussed on the fine structure of the autonomic nerves with special reference to their contents and type of storage vesicles. The content of noradrenaline was chemically determined in each type of salivary gland studied.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 455-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Bird ; Prolactin cell ; Reproduction ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anterior pituitaries from a series of female White-crowned Sparrows,Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis, in the periods of oviposition, incubation, and brooding under natural conditions, have been investigated by electron microscopy. The prolactin cells occur in cephalic lobe and are characterized by large (ca. 300–600 mμ), polymorphic electron-dense secretory granules and an extremely well developed, lamellated endoplasmic reticulum. During incubation and brooding it is only these prolactin cells that are in an activated secretory phase, as indicated by increase in number and size, extremely well developed endoplasmic reticulum, decrease in number of mature secretory granules, and by active formation of granules in the enlarged Golgi apparatus. In the late stages of brooding, and post-breeding, the prolactin cells regress with involution of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, reaccumulation of granules, and the appearance of lysosomes. The gonadotropes of both the cephalic and caudal lobes undergo progressive morphologic changes through the course of the breeding period. They are numerous and active in the ovulating bird. They undergo gradual regression during the periods of incubation and brooding to become typical “broody” cells.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 551-565 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: EC-cells ; Pylorus ; Duodenum ; Tryptophan-free diet ; Serotonin ; Quantitative evaluation ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die serotoninhaltigen, nach Formaldehydbedampfung im UV-Licht gelbfluoreszierenden EC-Zellen im Magendarmepithel wurden bei normalen und bei tryptophanfrei ernährten Ratten untersucht. Bei Kontrolltieren ist die Zahl der EC-Zellen, bezogen auf die Schleimhautfläche, im Duodenum größer als im Pylorus. Im Duodenum sind die EC-Zellen etwa gleichmäßig auf Oberflächen- und Drüsenepithel verteilt, im Pylorus ganz überwiegend im Drüsenepithel lokalisiert. Die Brunnerschen Drüsen besitzen keine EC-Zellen. Tryptophanfreie Diät führt zu starker Abnahme des Serotoningehalts der EC-Zellen, nach Umsetzung auf Normalkost steigt er wieder an. — Die Ergebnisse sprechen weiterhin dafür, daß die EC-Zelle sowohl Speicher- als auch Syntheseort von Serotonin ist. Dabei kommt Serotonin in der EC-Zelle wahrscheinlich in zwei Fraktionen vor, nämlich zytoplasmatisch gelöst und granulagebunden. Die histochemischen Nachweismethoden für Serotonin, Möglichkeiten des Eingriffs in die verschiedenen Syntheseschritte des Serotonins und deren Spezifität in bezug auf die EC-Zelle als physiologischem Ort der Serotoninsynthese werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The serotonin-containing EC-cells of the gastro-intestinal mucosa, which show yellow fluorescence after treatment with gaseous formaldehyde, were investigated in the rat after normal and tryptophan-free nourishment. In control animals the number of EC-cells, related to epithelium area is higher in the duodenum than in the pyloric region. In the duodenum the EC-cells show about the same distribution in surface epithelium and gland epithelium. In the pyloric region EC-cells are localized predominantly in the gland epithelium. No EC-cells were found in the Brunner glands. After tryptophan-free diet the serotonin-level of the EC-cells strongly decreases; serotonin-level increases after return to normal nourishment. The results also suggest, that serotonin is synthesized as well as stored in the EC-cell and that it occurs in two fractions: bound to granules and dissolved in the cytoplasm. Discussion deals with the histochemical methods for determination of serotonin, the possibilities of influencing the pathways of serotonin metabolism and the specificity of these possibilities concerning the EC-cell as the physiological site of serotonin synthesis.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma and plexus ; Brain (Rat) ; DANS-L-Phenylalanine ; Intraventricular injection ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Zeitversuch wurde die Aufnahme von DANS-L-Phenylalanin durch das Ependym, die Plexus chorioidei und das Gehirn fluoreszenzmikroskopisch untersucht. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. Ependym. DANS-L-Phenylalanin wird außerordentlich rasch vom Ependym aller Ventrikel aufgenommen. Das fluoreszierende Ependym ist dabei gegen das subependymale Gewebe scharf abgegrenzt. Die Fluoreszenz der Aminosäure ist 15 min p.i. im Ependym der Seitenventrikel und des III. Ventrikels, 30 min p.i. im Aquaeduktependym und 40 min p.i. im Ependym des IV. Ventrikels nicht mehr nachweisbar. 2. Plexus chorioidei. 21/2 min p.i. haben die Plexus aller Ventrikel die Aminosäure resorbiert. Sie wird hier offenbar gespeichert und zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten wieder abgegeben. Nach 60 min ist der Plexus des III. Ventrikels, nach 90 min sind die der Seitenventrikel und des IV. Ventrikels fluoreszenzfrei. 3. Gehirn. Bevorzugte Gebiete für Aufnahme und Speicherung des DANS-L-Phenylalanins, die 5 min nach der Injektion beginnen, 40 min p.i. ihr Maximum erreichen und bis 180 min p.i. andauern, sind die Septumgegend, die periventrikulären Kerngebiete unter den Seitenventrikeln und um den III. Ventrikel, der Nucl. caudatus putamen, das Schützsche Bündel, das zentrale Höhlengrau, die Formatio reticularis (überwiegend Zellfortsatzfluoreszenz) und das Stratum moleculare des Kleinhirns. 4. Die Unterschiede gegenüber den Transportwegen anderer Stoffe werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The temporal uptake of DANS-L-Phenylalanine by the ependyma, the choroid plexus and the brain was examined with fluorescence microscopic techniques. The results are as follows: 1. Ependyma. DANS-L-Phenylalanine is resorbed very quickly by the ependyma of all ventricles. The fluorescent ependyma is distinctly limited against the subependymal brain tissue. The fluorescence of the amino-acid disappears in the ependyma of the lateral ventricles and of the 3rd ventricle 15 min p.i., The ependyma of the aquaeduct is no more fluorescent 30 min p.i. and the ependyma of the 4th ventricle 40 min p.i. 2. Choroid Plexus. Increased fluorescence of the resorbed amino-acid in the choroid plexus ofall ventricles was observed within 21/2 min after the injection. A storage and temporal supply is assumed. 60 min after injection the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle and 90 min after injection the plexus of all other ventricles are no more fluorescent. 3. Brain Tissue. The uptake and storage of the DANS-marked amino-acid starts 5 min p.i., attains a maximum 40 min p.i. and continues until 180 min p.i. The amino-acid prefers the following structures: Septal region, periventricular nuclei at the lower end of the lateral ventricles and surrounding the 3rd ventricle, nucl. caudatus putamen, Schütz bundle, central gray matter, reticular formation (in nerve fibres) and cerebellar molecular layer. 4. With regards to various distribution of other substances the transport of DANS-L-Phenylalanine is discussed.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Development ; Monoamines ; Colour change ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Xenopus laevis the development of hypothalamic monoaminergic cells was studied in relation to adaptation to background colour. The first melanophores appear at stage 33/34 (normal table of Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956), gradually increasing in number. The melanine granules are dispersed throughout the cell, irrespective of the background colour. The dispersion apparently is caused by MSH released by the developing pars intermedia cells. Between stage 39 and stage 41, larvae placed on a white background changed colour from black to white due to aggregation of the melanine granules within the melanophores. With Falck's method for demonstrating monoamines, a small number of fluorescent cells was observed in the hypothalamus simultaneously with the first background-dependent colour change. These cells were arranged in a paired nucleus, bordering the third ventricle. Initially, the nucleus extends from 50 microns behind the optic chiasma to the lateral dilatations of the third ventricle; 8–10 hours later, similar cells were also found at the lateral dilatations and in the dorso-lateral part of the infundibular lobe. The cells have apical processes protruding in the ventricular lumen. Fluorescent axons, originating from the cells, were occasionally observed. Considering the above-mentioned results in combination with the electron microscopical data of Nyholm (1972), it is concluded that the MSH producing cells are under monoaminergic nervous control from the beginning of background colour adaptation.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 123-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Testis ; Innervation ; Reptiles ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the tortoise Testudo graeca, the lizards Lacerta dugesi and Lacerta pityusensis, and the snake Natrix natrix, the innervation of the testicular interstitial tissue was studied by light and electron microscopy, the acetylcholinesterase (ache) technique, the Falck-Hillarp method for the detection of catecholamines, and the application of 6-hydroxydopamine. The intertubular spaces of the reptilian testes studied contain adrenergic nerve fibers the amount and distribution of which varies considerably both in various species and in various stages of the reproduction cycle. Nerve fibers do not enter the seminiferous epithelium. Fluorescence microscopy of the lizard testis reveals catecholaminergic varicosities which are mainly arranged around blood vessels, but do not show obvious connexions to Leydig cells. Ache-positive fibers are equally distributed in lizard testes surrounding each seminiferous tubule. In Natrix natrix ache-positive fibers are irregularly spread among groups of tubules, without showing a definite relation to Leydig cells either. By electron microscopy bundles of unmyelinated axons and axon terminals can be more easily detected in the testes of immature animals than in adult. Terminals of nerve fibers containing small (400–500 Å in diameter) and large (800–1400 Å) dense-cored vesicles and sometimes small clear vesicles establish contacts with Leydig cells. Three types of contact are described. 1. “Contacts” par distance at a distance of about 2000 Å and basal lamina interposed; 2. membranous contacts having a 200 Å gap only between axolemma and Leydig cell plasmalemma; 3. invaginations of terminals into Leydig cell perikarya. The latter may exhibit surface specialisations, which strongly resemble postsynaptic membrane thickenings. Experiments using 6-hydroxydopamine underline the adrenergic character of testicular nerve fibers, which can be regarded as another example of non-cholinergic, ache-positive neurons. In the testis of the immature tortoise profiles of axons occur which probably represent purinergic, ache-positive neurons.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 220-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Fine structure ; Fetus ; Primates ; Macaca mulatta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphologic features of the fetal and neonatal thymus were investigated by light and electron microscopy to determine developmental changes. Primitive epithelial cells differentiate into reticular epithelial cells, medullary epithelial cells, elongated epithelial cells, Hassall's corpuscles and cysts. Thymocytes first appear at 50 days fetal age and the number of thymocytes is amplified from 75–150 days fetal age. Minor differences between the fetal thymus of the monkey and that of other species were observed. Possible functions for the various cellular components of the fetal monkey thymus are discussed.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Auerbach's plexus ; Avian gizzard ; Noradrenergic neurones ; Nonadrenergic inhibition ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fluorescence histochemical observations on Auerbach's plexus of the avian gizzard have confirmed the presence of catecholamine-containing cell bodies. These cell bodies have many of the morphological and pharmacological characteristics of noradrenergic neurones, but some of the cell processes appear to be markedly resistant to the destructive action of 6-hydroxydopamine. These findings are discussed in the light of current ideas about the innervation of the gut.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 579-590 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caddisfly larvae ; Abdominal chloride epithelia ; Fine structure ; Histochemical chloride localization ; Electrolyte transport ; Osmoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The larvae of the caddisfly Anabolia nervosa Curt. (Limnephilidae) possess 10 fields on the dorsal and ventral sides of the 3rd to 7th abdominal segments, which were formerly regarded as specialized sites of respiration. The epithelial fine structure and histochemical localization of chloride unequivocally show that the main function of these sites is the transport of electrolytes. They probably participate in osmoregulation by the absorption of salt. Therefore, these specialized areas of the hypodermis are termed chloride epithelia.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 21-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Glycera convoluta (annelids) ; Biogenic amines ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude par la méthode histochimique de fluorescence de Falck, du ganglion cérébroïde ét de la chaine nerveuse ventrale de Glycera convoluta K. a permis la mise en évidence de péricaryons et de fibres présentant une fluorescence jaune et verte. La nature et le métabolisme des amines mises en évidence histochimiquement ont été étudiées par des techniques biochimiques. La présence d'adrénaline et de 5-hydroxytryptamine a pu être établie avec certitude. Deux autres amines identifiées chromatographiquement comme étant de la dopamine et de la noradrénaline présentent cependant des caractéristiques spectrofluorimétriques légèrement différentes de ces deux substances. La rétention de la noradrénaline et de la dopamine étudiée par des techniques radiochimiques s'est montrée plus longue que dans le canal déférent du Rat. Les composants lipidiques, protéolipidiques et protéiques étudiés chromatographiquement sont apparus assez différents de ceux rencontrés chez les Mammifères. Des données récentes ont montré l'importance de l'arrangement spatial des groupements fonctionnels dans la molécule du médiateur par rapport à la (ou aux) protéine (s) lors de la fixation de la noradrénaline dans les fibres adrénergiques des Mammifères. Aussi peut on estimer que les différences observées entre les caractéres spectrofluorimétriques des catécholamines de G. convoluta et du Rat pourraient tenir plus à la forme de capture et de stockage des amines qu'à une différence profonde de leur nature chimique.
    Notes: Summary The supra-oesophageal ganglion and ventral nerve cord of Glycera convoluta K. were studied with the fluorescence method of Falck. Many perikarya and fibers show a green and yellow fluorescence. The nature and metabolism of the observed biogenic amines were studied by biochemical methods. Epinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were certainly present. Two other amines show chromatographic characters of dopamine and norepinephrine, but exhibit a slight difference in their fluorimetric spectra with these two catecholamines. Radiochemical methods have shown that the retention of norepinephrine and dopamine is longer in the ventral nerve cord of G. convoluta than in the vas deferens of the rat. The lipids, proteolipids and proteins of G. convoluta were different from those found in mammals as demonstrated by chromatographic analysis. Recent findings have shown the importance of the spatial arrangement of active groups in the molecule of transmitter for its retention by the protein matrix in the adrenergic fibers of mammals. The differences found by spectrofluorimetry and by measurements of the time of retention between catecholamines of rat and G. convoluta can be explained by differences in the nature of the protein matrix or by the spatial arrangement of active groups in the transmitter molecule.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 177-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid gland (Salamander) ; Epithelial cells ; Fine structure ; Vacuolar bodies ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thyroid gland of adult salamanders, Hynobius nebulosus, in the breeding season was studied by electron microscopy. The follicular cells are different in cell height and fine structures; the taller cells with many cell organelles and granules and the lower cells with a few cell organelles and granules are both present in the same follicle. In the cytoplasm, three types of membrane-bounded granules, namely, cytosomes, colloid droplets, and vacuolar bodies and circular membrane complexes occur. The vacuolar bodies are subdivided into two types; the ordinary type having loosely distributed particles and the specific type containing tubules and/or closely packed filaments, crystalloid structures, except for the particles. The chromophobe colloids within the Bensley-cells correspond to extremely large, ordinary type vacuolar bodies, while the Langendorff-colloid cells possess increased numbers of granular cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and a ribosome-rich, dense cytoplasmic matrix but not extremely large colloid. The intracytoplasmic circular membrane complexes appear in the Golgi area of cytosome-rich cells. It is suggested that they originate from the Golgi apparatus which was activated to produce many cytosomes. Intranuclear inclusions consisting of microtubules and filaments and tight junctions between two adjacent lateral plasma membranes are occasionally encountered.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 389-399 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle tissue ; Tardigrada ; Fine structure ; Polarisation and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Muskelzellen des Pharynx-Bulbus der Tardigraden Macrobiotus hufelandi und Milnesium tardigradum sind bis zu 15 μm lang und bilden zwischen Basalmembran und cuticularer Intima des Lumens ein einschichtiges Epithel. Die Grenzen zwischen den Nachbarzellen zeigen einen geschwungenen Verlauf. Das Sarcolemm stülpt sich tief zwischen die Myofribrillen ein und bildet ein ausgeprägtes E-System, mit dem das sarcoplasmatische Reticulum unter Bildung von Diaden und Triaden korrespondiert. Die Myofibrillen verlaufen radial. Die dünnen Filamente entspringen am inneren und äußeren Sarcolemm aus hemidesmosomenartigen Strukturen in Form dichter Bündel, die sich im mittleren Teil der Fibrille, der dicke und dünne Filamente enthält, erweitern. Maximal 11 dünne Filamente konnten um die nicht immer streng hexagonal angeordneten dicken Filamente herum gezählt werden. Wie polarisationsmikroskopisch bestätigt werden konnte, besitzt jede Myofibrille eine breite A-Zone in der Mitte und an ihren Enden je eine schmalere I-Zone. Eine H-Zone ist undeutlich. Jeder Myofibrille kann der funktionelle und morphologische Wert einer Sarcomere zugeschrieben werden. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde für die Evolution der Tardigraden wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The muscle cells of the pharyngeal bulb of tardigrades Macrobiotus hufelandi and Milnesium tardigradum are up to 15 μm long and form a single layer between the basal lamina and the cuticle-coated lumen. The boundaries between adjacent cells are sinuous. The sarcolemma invaginates between the myofibrils whereby a marked E-system is formed. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is associated to the latter, constituting diads and triads. The myofibrils run radially. Thin filaments originate from hemidesmosome-like structures at the inner and outer sarcolemma in dense bundles which widen in the middle part of the fibrils. Each fibril contains thick and thin filaments in this region. As many as 11 thin filaments could be counted around a thick filament. The latter are not always arranged hexagonally. As it is confirmed by polarisation microscopy each myofibril has a wide A-Zone in the middle which is flanked by shorter I-zones. An H-zone is marked but indistinctly. Each myofibril is interpreted to have the functional and morphological equivalent to one sarcomere. The relevance of these findings in the evolution of Tardigrada is discussed.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic neurons ; Chromaffin cells ; SIP cells (Newborn rat) ; Development ; Administration of hydrocortisone ; Stretch preparations ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Air-dried stretch preparations were used to study adrenergic nerve fibres and catecholamine-containing cells with the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method in the abdominal tissue block containing the para-aortic paraganglia, in the neurovascular structures of the cervical region including the carotid body, in the bladder, in the ileum, in the mesentery, in the vagus nerve and in the sympathetic ganglia of 5- or 15-day-old rats. The adrenergic nerves and the catecholamine-containing cells were well preserved and showed little or no diffusion of amines. While most intensely fluorescent cells of the main para-aortic body disappeared during the first two postnatal weeks, some such cells survived and they showed long, slender fluorescent processes. Administration of 20 mg/kg of hydrocortisone acetate daily for 5 days after birth caused a striking increase in the number and size of the clusters of the intensely fluorescent cells in the organ of Zuckerkandl, in the sympathetic ganglia and in the bladder, as well as an increase in the fluorescence intensity of the carotid body. In rats treated with hydrocortisone for 5 days and left to recover for 10 days an increased fluorescence was still observed. However, in the organ of Zuckerkandl the intensely fluorescent cells of hydrocortisone-treated 15-day-old rats showed less processes than those of the control rats of the same age.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 297-307 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Prostaglandins E1 and E2 ; Fine structure ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological and fine structural studies of adrenal cortices were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats which had been given intravenous injections of prostaglandin E1 or E2. It was found that there were increased numbers of intracellular lipid droplets, free ribonucleoprotein particles, cholesterol ester clefts and coated vesicles of both the small and large varieties. A reorganization of the internal mitochondrial membranes and the appearance of protrusions of parenchymal cytoplasm into the sinusoidal lumina accompanied by vasodilation were also observed. These alterations are not typical of those observed following exogenous ACTH administration and are therefore considered to be prostaglandin-induced.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 344-360 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Pulmonates ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Anwendung von Pseudoisocyaninchlorid lassen sich im zentralen Nervensystem von stylommatophoren Pulmonaten in allen Schlundringganglien Neurosekretzellen fluoreszenzmikroskopisch nachweisen. In den Cerebralganglien bilden sie mit ihren ausleitenden Axonen das bereits bei einigen Gastropoden bekannte geschlossene neurosekretorische System. In den übrigen Ganglien liegen die neurosekretorischen Zellen einzeln oder in Gruppen zusammen und bilden kein System. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß in Visceral-Parietaganglien der untersuchten Arten die meisten sekretorischen Neurone vorkommen. Die Zahl der neurosekretorischen Zellen in den einzelnen Ganglien ist zumindest für die hier untersuchten Arten wahrscheinlich artspezifisch, ihre topographische Lage in den Ganglien aber bei allen Arten identifizierbar ähnlich. Bei allen untersuchten Pulmonaten fanden sich nur im Procerebrum keine neurosekretorischen Zellen. Die vielfältigen, über die Darstellung der Neurosekretzellen hinaus feststellbaren fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Erscheinungen in den Nerven- und Gliazellen, in der Fasermasse der Ganglien, den Kommissuren und Nerven und im Bindegewebe um die Ganglien, wurden mit Hilfe anderer lichtmikroskopischer Färbungen vergleichend untersucht; die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Using fluorescence microscopy with pseudoisocyaninchloride one can demonstrate the well known cells and axons of the neurosecretory system in the cerebral ganglia of some gastropod pulmonates. In the other ganglia of the central nervous system-except procerebrum-single secretory neurones or groups of neurosecretory cells occur. These secretory neurones do not build up a neurosecretory system. The majority of these cells is concentrated in the visceral-parietal ganglia. The specific elements are topographically identifiable relative to each other in the ganglia of each species of pulmonates investigated. Other fluorescence-microscopic investigations of the neurones, glial cells and the neuropil of the ganglia, commissures and nerves and in the connective tissue surrounding the ganglia are described in comparison with other light microscopical findings obtained by staining methods; the results are discussed.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Color ; Feathers ; Fine structure ; Keratin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spongy structure in medullary cells responsible for the colour of blue barbs in rump feathers of Agapornis roseicollis and back feathers of Cotinga maynana is studied with the scanning and the transmission electron microscope. The Agapornis structure is an irregular three-dimensional network of connected keratin rods which in many places form rings with outer diameters 0.25–0.3 μ. The air-filled space likewise consists of an irregular network of connected channels. The Cotinga structure consists of spherical cavities fairly evenly distributed in a keratin matrix. Earlier spectrophotometric measurements on the Agapornis structure have shown that the colour production has to be ascribed to the interference of light, not to Rayleigh (Tyndall) scattering as previously held. The optical path lengths corresponding to the outer diameter of the Agapornis rings and to the Cotinga cavities including their horny walls both are c. 0.4 μ. It is suggested that the colours are produced by the interference of light reflected from the front and rear surfaces of the rings, respectively the spherical cavities.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 532-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trypanosomatids ; Crithidia fasciculata ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As in other trypanosomatids, the cell membrane of Crithidia fasciculata overlies a single layer of microtubules. Each microtubule possesses a large number of periodically arranged drumstick-like appendages and adjacent microtubules are joined by fibrillar connectives. Anteriorly, the microtubules gradually taper to terminate just before or just after entering the reservoir. An attempt is made to correlate microtubule tapering with maintenance of form of the truncated anterior end of the cell. Smooth and coated vesicles are proliferated from the Golgi saccules and the prominent contractile vacuole lies nearby. The single mitochondrion is extensive and expanded at one point to form a capsule for the kinetoplast. The cristae are predominantly plate-like but other configurations do occur. The cytostome, a shallow invagination of the reservoir membrane, is found between two constrictions in the reservoir wall. Supporting the cytostome are several microtubules which penetrate deeply into the cytoplasm. Ingestion of ferritin occurs by pinocytosis from the cytostome and by coated vesicle formation from the reservoir membrane. Digestion probably occurs in multivesicular bodies which contain acid phosphatase activity.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 485-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osphradium ; Planorbarius ; Fine structure ; Cell types ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The osphradium of Planorbarius consists of a blindly-ending ciliated canal, formed by an infolding of the mantle epithelium, and a basal ganglion of nerve cells which is comparable in complexity with ganglia of the central nervous system. The distribution of cell types in the osphradial epithelium is specialised so that three regions can be recognised; the ciliated, the secretory and the sensory regions. The basal sensory region of the canal epithelium consists of ciliated cells and is innervated by sensory neurones of the osphradial ganglion. The middle secretory region contains mainly of mucus-secreting cells and the epithelium adjacent to the osphradial aperture of ciliated cells and secretory cells of a second type. The sensory neurones of the osphradial ganglion are bipolar or of a modified monopolar type. Other monopolar neurones, similar to those common in the central nervous system are of non-sensory function. The osphradium of Paludina, although of typical prosobranch form, possesses ciliated pits similar to the single canal of Planorbarius, which may indicate a shared modality of receptor function. A definite function cannot be ascribed to the pulmonate osphradium based on morphological evidence alone.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 297-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median ocellus ; Limulus ; Fine structure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The median ocellus of Limulus consists of irregular groups of large photoreceptor cells which form a cup-shaped retina around the ocellar lens. Each group is surrounded and penetrated by guanophores and glia. The photoreceptor cells have extensive rhabdomeric regions, both along infoldings of cell membranes and between cells. Five-layered junctions occur between rhabdomeric microvilli. An occasional arhabdomeric (AR) cell is associated with a group of photoreceptors. Fine dendritic branches of the AR cell penetrate the rhabdomeric regions and form five-layered junctions with photoreceptor rhabdomeres. Axons of photoreceptor cells, and of at least some AR cells, gather at the proximal side of the cup to form an optic nerve.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 538-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electric Organs ; Mormyridae ; Fine structure ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die drei Arten der GattungGnathonemus (Gn. petersii, moorii, stanleyanus) besitzen, wie alle Arten der Familie Mormyridae, zwei Paar elektrische Organe, die symmetrisch auf jeder Seite der Wirbelsäule zwischen der Caudal-, Dorsal- und Afterflosse liegen. Jedes Organ ist aus einer Serie von 70–170 elektrischen Platten zusammengesetzt. 2. Die Stiele der elektrischen Platten enthalten keine Nervenfortsätze. Die elektromotorischen Nervenfasern innervieren die Endanschwellung der Stiele, indem sie sich unverzweigt in einem kurzen marklosen Endabschnitt in eine Vertiefung des Elektroplasmas einfügen. 3. Die Elektroplasmamembran umgibt ohne Ausnahme die Stiele und die elektrische Platte. Sie ist sowohl auf der cranialen als auch auf der caudalen Seite der Platte tief eingebuchtet. Dadurch ist deren Oberfläche stark vergrößert. Im Inneren der Platte befindet sich quergestreifte Muskulatur. 4. Die motorischen und sensiblen Nervenfasern unterscheiden sich deutlich in ihrem Durchmesser. 5. Die Zahl der Nervenzellen in den Spinalganglien ist im elektrischen Organ um ein Mehrfaches größer als in den Segmenten der vor dem elektrischen Organ liegenden Rumpfmuskulatur. 6. Die Rekonstruktion der peripheren sensiblen Nerven eines Segments (aufgrund elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchungen) ergibt die Tatsache, daß diese, mit Ausnahme von zwei freien Nervenendigungen in der Haut und freien Nervenendigungen im dorsalen Myoseptum, vor allem vier große Sehnen an der Seite des elektrischen Organs innervieren. 7. Die Innervationsverhältnisse des elektrischen Organs führen zu der Hypothese, daß die Sehnen im Zusammenhang mit der Funktion des elektrischen Organs sensorische Funktionen besitzen.
    Notes: Summary 1. Three species of the genusGnathonemus (Gn. petersii, moorii andstanleyanus) as all species of the family Mormyridae possess two pairs of electric organs situated symmetrically on each side of the vertebral column between the caudal, dorsal and anal fins. Each organ is composed of a series of 70–170 electroplaques. 2. The stalks of the electroplaques contain no nerves. Unbranched motor nerve fibres innervate the end sections of the stalks by synaptic knobs inserting into cavities of the electroplasma. 3. The electroplasma membrane surrounds the stalk (also in the region where the stalk penetrates through holes in the body of the electroplaque) and the electroplaque. The membrane is deeply indented on the cranial side as well as on the caudal side of the electroplaque. Through this the surface is greatly enlarged. In the inside of the electroplaque are striated muscles. 4. The motor and sensory nerve fibres are clearly different in diameter. 5. The number of the nerve cells in the spinal ganglions is, in the electric organ, about a multiple larger than in the segments of the body muscular system situated in front of the electric organ. 6. The reconstruction of the peripheral sensory nerves of one segment (in view of electron microscopical analyses), reveals that these, with the exception of two free nerve endings in the integument and the free nerve endings in the dorsal myoseptum, mainly innervate four large tendons on the side of the electric organs. 7. The innervation of the electric organs leads to the hypothesis that the tendons, in connection with the function of the electric organs, possess sensory functions.
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  • 35
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 190-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mechanoreceptors ; Campaniform sensilla ; Cercus ; Fine structure ; Gryllus bimaculatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Bis auf das freie Haar stimmen Faden- und Keulenhaare in ihrem Aufbau überein. 2. Jedem Fadenhaar können 1–5, jedem Keulenhaar 1–2 campaniforme Sensillen zugeordnet sein. 3. Zu jedem Haar und jedem campaniformen Sensillum gehören: 1 Sinneszelle, 1 Gliazelle (= Sinneszellhüllzelle) und 3 Hüllzellen. 4. Bei Sinneshaaren endet das Sinnescilium über der Haarbasis, bei campaniformen Sensillen über dem cuticularen Dom in einem nach außen offenen Kanal (=Häutungskanal), dessen Innenwand durch die cuticulare Scheide gebildet wird. 5. Bei Sinneshaaren und bei campaniformen Sensillen ragen in Höhe der Basis des Tubularkörpers und darunter Verstärkungsrippen der cuticularen Scheide nach innen. Diese Rippen dürften dazu dienen, bei Reizung ein Ausweichen des Tubularkörpers nach unten zu verhindern. 6. Die Fadenhaare schwingen aufgrund der morphologischen Gestalt der Haarbasis parallel zum kurzen Durchmesser der ovalen Basisplatte, sehr wahrscheinlich stets nach der dem Häutungskanal zugewandten Becherwand. Dabei treten Verformungen des Bechers auf. Diese dürften für die Wahrnehmung der Schwingungsrichtung der Haare durch die campaniformen Sensillen von Bedeutung sein.
    Notes: Summary 1. The non-free parts of filamentous and club-shaped hairs are similar in structure. 2. Each filamentous hair may have 1–5 and each club-shaped hair may have 1–2 associated campaniform sensilla. 3. Each hair and each campaniform sensillum is comprised of 1 sensory cell, 1 glial cell (= Sinneszellhüttzelle) and 3 enveloping cells. 4. For the sensory hairs the sensory cilium terminates in a canal above the base of the hair and for the campaniform sensilla it terminates in a canal above the cuticular dome. In both cases the canal (ecdysial canal) opens externally and its inner wall is formed by the cuticular sheath. 5. For the sensory hairs and for the campaniform sensilla, at the level of the tubular body and below, subjacent supporting ribs of cuticular sheath project inward. These ribs may serve to prevent a downward movement of the stimulated tubular bodies. 6. Because of the form of its base, the filamentous hairs oscillate in a plane parallel to the short diameter of the oval basal plate; very likely they swing only toward the wall of the cup which is adjacent to the ecdysial canal. With this motion the shape of the cup is changed; this may have a significance for the sensing of the direction of oscillation of the hair by the campaniform sensilla.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Branchial gland ; Cephalopoda ; Fine structure ; Hemocyanin ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Branchialdrüse verschiedener Cephalopoden (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Loligo vulgaris, Eledone moschata) zeigen, daß das Drüsengewebe des stark vaskularisierten Organs aus einem sekretorisch aktiven Zelltypus mit ausgeprägtem endoplasmatischen Retikulum besteht. In den Zisternen des endoplasmatischen Retikulums lassen sich granuläre und ringförmige Strukturen (Durchmesser: 45–65 Å und 170 Å) nachweisen, die in Größe und Gestalt mit den Hämocyanin-Einheiten in den Gefäßen und Lakunen übereinstimmen und durch randlichen Zerfall der Zellen in den Blutraum auszuwandern scheinen. Die histochemischen Untersuchungen ergeben eine positive Reaktion für Monoaminoxydase, aber vergleichsweise geringe Phosphatase- und Dehydrogenase-Aktivitäten. Diese Befunde sowie der histochemisch nachgewiesene hohe Kupfergehalt des Drüsengewebes sprechen für eine hämopoetische, d.h. hämocyaninbildende Funktion der Kiemendrüse.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic investigations on the branchial gland of different Cephalopoda (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Loligo vulgaris, Eledone moschata) show that the gland tissue, strongly vascularized, consists of an actively secreting cell type with a remarkable endoplasmatic reticulum. In the cisternae of the endoplasmatic reticulum granular and ring-shaped structures can be identified (diameter: 45–65 Å and 170 Å) which correspond in size and shape with the hemocyanin units in the vessels and lacunae and which seem to emigrate into the blood space caused by the peripheral decay of the cells. Histochemical investigations show a positive reaction for monoaminoxidase, but comparatively low phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities. These results, and also the high content of histochemically identified copper in the gland tissue, seem to indicate a hemopoetic, i.e. hemocyanin-forming function for the branchial gland.
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 223-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Laryngeal muscles ; Tree Frog, Hyla aborea arborea (L.) ; Fine structure ; Motor endplates ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Hinweise auf die Funktion des Kehlkopfes bei der Rufabgabe zu bekommen, führten wir eine vergleichende elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung an den vier Kehlkopfmuskeln rufaktiver Laubfrösche durch. Zum weiteren Vergleich studierten wir auch einen Extremitätenmuskel. Die Kehlkopfmuskeln sind untereinander gleich gebaut, unterscheiden sich aber in mehrfacher Hinsicht vom Extremitätenmuskel: Ihre Myofibrillen sind nur ein Drittel so dick. Die Kehlkopfmuskeln enthalten sehr viele, auffallend große und dichte Mitochondrien; das sarcoplasmatische Retikulum ist mächtig entwickelt. Sie enthalten außerdem sehr viel Fett, das stets mit den Mitochondrien assoziiert ist. In beiden Muskeltypen kommt Glykogen vor; seine Menge ist in den Kehlkopfmuskeln jedoch größer als im Extremitätenmuskel. Die Zahl der motorischen Endplatten ist in den Kehlkopfmuskeln 25 mal höher als im M. plantaris longus. Die Zahl der Triaden pro Sarcomer und ihre Anordnung ist bei den beiden Muskeltypen gleich. Die Kehlkopfmuskeln winterstarrer Hyla-Männchen unterscheiden sich in ihrem Feinbau und Fettgehalt nicht von den Muskeln rufaktiver Tiere.
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain information on the function of the larynx during vocalization, a comparative electron microscopic study was made of the four laryngeal muscles of male tree frogs druing their vocalizing phase. A skeletal muscle (m. plantaris longus) was examined for comparison. The fine structure of the laryngeal muscles is uniform, but differs from skeletal muscles in several respects: the diameter of the myofibrils of the laryngeal muscles is only 1/3 that of the skeletal muscle. They contain many strikingly large and dense mitochondria. There is a strongly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. Laryngeal muscles contain large quantities of fat which is always associated with mitochondria. Laryngeal muscles contain more glycogen than skeletal muscle. The number of motor endplates in laryngeal muscles is 25 times larger than in m. plantaris longus. The number of triads per sarcomere and their location is the same in both types of muscle. The laryngeal muscles of hibernating and active tree frogs do not show any difference with respect to fine structure and amount of fat.
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  • 38
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 557-575 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian adrenal gland ; Adrenergic nerve fibers ; p-Type nerve fibers ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Apart from cholinergic nerve fibers, which make up the main part of efferent fibers to the avian adrenal gland (Unsicker, 1973b), adrenergic, purinergic and afferent nerve fibers occur. Adrenergic nerve fibers are much more rare than cholinergic fibers. With the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence method they can be demonstrated in the capsule of the gland, in the pericapsular tissue and near blood vessels. By their green fluorescent varicosities they may be distinguished characteristically from undulating yellow fluorescent ramifications of small nerve cells which are found in the ganglia of the adrenal gland and below the capsule. The varicosities of adrenergic axons exhibit small (450 to 700 Å in diameter) and large (900 to 1300 Å in diameter) granular vesicles with a dense core which is usually situated excentrically. After the application of 6-hydroxydopamine degenerative changes appear in the varicosities. Adrenergic axons are not confined to blood vessels but can be found as well in close proximity of chromaffin cells. Probably adrenergic fibers are the axons of large ganglion cells which are situated mainly within the ganglia of the adrenal gland and in the periphery of the organ and whose dendritic endings show small granular vesicles after treatment with 6-OHDA. A third type of nerve fiber is characterized by varicosities containing dense-cored vesicles with a thin light halo, the mean diameter (1250 Å) of which exceeds that of the morphologically similar granular vesicles in cholinergic synapses. Those fibers resemble neurosecretory and purinergic axons and are therefore called p-type fibers. They cannot be stained with chromalum-hematoxyline-phloxine. Axon dilations showing aggregates of mitochondria, myelin bodies and dense-cored vesicles of different shape and diameter are considered to be afferent nerve endings. Blood vessels in the capsule of the gland are innervated by both cholinergic and adrenergic fibers.
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