ALBERT

Notes: The paper describes an experiment using three different methods for the production of control for topographic mapping from super-wide angle photography. The result showed that aerial triangulation by independent models observed on a Wild A9 would show economic advantages in cartographic effort required, control requirements, and accuracy attained in contouring. The experiment also indicated that great benefit in heighting accuracy is derived from the addition of tie strips flown at right angles to the main photographic cover at a suitable interval and that heights supplied by airborne profile recorder are not sufficiently accurate to be economically advantageous where close interval contours are a requirement.

Notes: The colour photograph requirements of the photogrammetrist and the photo-interpreter are not always compatible. The author puts forward suggestions for improving the quality and reducing the cost of photography for interpretation purposes, based on the use of 70 mm film cameras. He found supporting evidence for this point of view during his visit to the United States as the result of the award of a Winston Churchill Fellowship in 1969.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:INTRODUCTION TO THE ALGEBRA OF MATRICES WITH SOME APPLICATIONS. By E. H. Thompson.BIBLIOGRAPHIE DES SCHRIFTTUMS AUF DEM GEBIET DER FORSTLICHEN LUFTBILDAUSWERTUNG 1887–1968. By G. Hildebrandt.INFRARED SYSTEM ENGINEERING. By R. D. Hudson.ELEMENTARY SURVEYING. By R. C. Brinker.REFERENCE GUIDE OUTLINE: SPECIFICATIONS FOR AERIAL SURVEYS AND MAPPING BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS FOR HIGHWAYS.INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (VOL. VIII, 1968). Editor K. Frenzel.MODERN MAPS AND ATLASES. By C. B. M. LOCK.USE OF STRIPS CONNECTED TO BLOCKS FOR LARGE SCALE MAPPING. Results of Experimental Research Organized by Commission B of the O.E.E.P.E. from 1959 to 1966. By M. Cunietti.PRINCIPLES OF HOLOGRAPHY. By H. M. Smith.LA PHOTOGRAMMÉTRIE DES PLANS TOPOGRAPHIQUES ET PARCEL-LAIRES. By B. DUBUISSON.

Notes: This paper introduces two special issues of the Review devoted to income distribution theory and its empirical implementation. Most of the papers that will appear in these two issues were prepared for a special session on income distribution held during the Eleventh General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, held at Nathanya, Israel, in August 1969. The present issue contains theoretical papers; the following one will present more empirical work. This introductory paper is intended to indicate the relationships among the papers that follow, and to suggest possible future directions for work in this area. In the latter connection, the author discusses the use of microanalytic models applied to microdata sets dealing with individuals and households.

Notes: A positive theory of income distribution based on assumptions concerning the supply of and demand for each type of productive service is presented. The demand function of the organizers of production may be derived from the maximization of profits with the income scale and the production function as restrictions. A normative theory based on the maximization of a social utility or welfare function is also considered. In the normative theory, production functions and balance equations (some representing compartmentalization of factor markets) are introduced as restrictions and again an income scale results, this time maximizing social welfare. Empirical testing is also considered. The positive theory was developed in part to take into consideration the fact that personal income distributions can reasonably well be described by log normal distributions, and that skill parameters are often normally distributed. Limited testing of the influence of wealth, intelligence, education, and sex suggest that these account for only a small part of the variance in the income distribution. This suggests the need for further research.

Notes: This paper reports on a study designed to improve the information on income flows and income distribution in the Netherlands national accounts by building a bridge between the national accounts and income tax statistics. The methods used are described in some detail, and the significance of the results obtained is discussed. The figures show rather substantial fluctuations in the share of proprietors relative to that of wage earners. This result is not unexpected, since the share of proprietors is much more sensitive to the level of economic activity, but it does limit the usefulness of the figures for short-run economic policy determination. In the longer run, however, they do show what the development of the average incomes of the various social groups has been, and to what extent government action has contributed to that development.

Notes: Has economic growth in developing countries led to increasing inequality in the size distribution of income? Following a brief review of the advantages and deficiencies of several traditional measures of income distribution, the author examines the evidence from Puerto Rico, Argentina, and Mexico in recent years. The findings suggest that the income shares received by the lower half and by the top 5 per cent of families in Puerto Rico and Mexico have declined from 1950 to 1963, while the income shares received by the bottom nine deciles of families in Argentina have also fallen during the same period. The rising Gini ratio and standard deviation of the logs of income, both indicating greater inequality, contrast with a declining coefficient of variation for all three countries.More detailed sectoral distributions for each year reveal greater equality within agriculture than non-agriculture for Puerto Rico and Mexico, while Argentina and the United States demonstrate less equality within agriculture. The trends in the countrywide distributions are consistent with the observation of the increasing differential between sectors, the increasing weight of the more unequal sector, and the increasing level of inequality within both sectors. These trends, however, are qualified by the particular set of measures which are applied to the data. Finally, the author speculates on possible explainations for these trends in terms of changes in the crop and industry mix.

Notes: This article presents the results of a study of distributions of wage rates in approximately 250 trades, comprising 225,000 workers, in Copenhagen in the second quarter of 1951. It examines particularly the effects of heterogeneity within trades and aggregation upon the resulting distributions, both for individual trades and for all trades combined. Separate distributions are studied for men and women, for skilled and unskilled, and for three types of institutional wage payment systems.

Notes: This paper, the first of a two-part series, surveys the literature in the field of income and wage distributions. The author divides work in this area into two schools: the theoretic-statistical school, and the socio-logical school. Within each of these groups he reviews leading contributions. He then examines the work of Tinbergen, which, the author feels, fits into neither of the older classifications; rather, Tinbergen approaches the distribution of income as a problem in analyzing the supply of and demand for various attributes, such as intelligence, physical strength, ability to get along with people, etc. In conclusion, the author points out areas which he feels need further work. The paper is based upon the author's book in Danish, Indkomst-og lonfordelinger.

Notes: Capital gains are an important source of personal income in the United States but they are not included in the national accounts or the official estimate of personal income and saving. Individuals report their realized gains for tax purposes but the economic theorist would include both realized and accrued gains in income. National income theorists continue to debate whether capital gains should be included in income but, because of the many conceptual and statistical problems involved in estimating capital gains, no satisfactory estimates have been developed. Consequently, the debate has stayed mainly at the theoretical level. This paper deals with the methodology of estimating accrued capital gains. A simple analytical model is developed to estimate capital gains from data on market value and net acquisitions of an asset but the model can be adapted to incorporate asset prices directly. It is shown that the methods used for estimating accrued gains in the past are special cases of the model proposed in the paper. The model is then used for estimating gains accruing to individuals in the United States on their holdings of corporate stock, real estate and livestock during 1948–1964.During this period accrued gains have amounted to roughly five times the realized gains reported for tax purposes; corporate stock and real estate are the most important sources of capital gains and corporate stock accounts for almost two-thirds of all accrued gains. The paper goes on to examine the implications of these estimates for the existing series on personal income and saving in the United States. The inclusion of accrued gains would increase the variance in the official estimates but personal saving is affected more than personal income. The paper concludes with an evaluation of these results and some suggestions for further research.

Notes: In both political discussions and scientific literature the income distribution has come to occupy a central position for the consideration of social welfare and economic equalization. It has been assumed that an individual's income reflects his consumption opportunities and therefore his standard of living or economic welfare. The thesis of this paper is, however, that there are reasons for being quite pessimistic about drawing meaningful conclusions from income distribution data. As illustrated by the use of Swedish data, the distribution of income gives an extremely incomplete picture of the distribution of consumption for a wide variety of definitional and statistical reasons. The distribution of consumption, furthermore, cannot be transformed into a corresponding distribution of welfare, since there is no well defined concept of welfare. The treatment of public consumption in empirical analysis of the distribution of welfare also raises problems. The paper closes with the presentation of the conceptual basis for an alternative to the traditional method of analyzing the distribution of income.

Notes: There are serious questions about the social costs and benefits of extending the role of prices in the national accounts. The costs may be greater, and the benefits smaller, than is commonly supposed. Many important uses of price (and other) data do not require that these data be organized within an elaborate—or even any—framework of national accounts. Also, the basic price (and other) data are still too often very scanty and rough. Would it not be better to devote available resources to improving these data rather than trying to force them, prematurely, into an elaborated set of national accounts?

Notes: “The whole question of making inter-spatial comparisons between countries is a most complicated and hazardous business” (Mr. Campion); international comparisons of a particular value aggregate between countries present a difficult problem connected with the conversion of national value aggregates into a comparable magnitude. This paper presents an alternative approach in that an internationally comparable value aggregate for each country is prepared by the international average prices of commodities which are determined simultaneously with the partial exchange rates of national currencies to a standard currency. The calculated partial exchange rates are so defined as to reflect the purchasing power of national currencies in respect of the group of commodities selected. Consequently, the resulting value aggregate for international comparison has a quantity dimension, eliminating the effect due to the different purchasing power of national currencies in which original prices are quoted. The other methods of international comparison so far being used by other research workers, such as C. Clerk and M. Gilbert and his associates, are examined in the light of the properties of the present method and the crucial differences are delineated. Using the method proposed, an international comparison is made of the aggregate value of agricultural products for 11 selected countries in the world, with sub-divisions into two regions.

Notes: The objective of this paper is to provide a conceptual basis for separating social product and social factor input accounts into price and quantity components. Despite the essential similarity between concepts of real product and real factor input, the measurement of social factor outlay in constant prices is not well established in social accounting practice.Production accounts are constructed for the United States in current and constant prices, including social product and social factor outlay, for the period 1929–1967. The resulting estimates are applied to the measurement of total factor productivity and the study of the responsiveness of product and factor intensities to price changes.

Notes: Macroeconomic productivity in Israel is here conceived as comparison of output with factor inputs during given periods, and as creation of sustained capacity out of given resource increments. However, present social accounting practice prevents full implementation of this second approach.In contrast to nine European countries, only one third of the rapid growth rate of Israel in 1950–1965 is “explained” by the “Residual” because of relatively large infrastructural investments and of growth problems. One of these problems is inflationary pressures which caused productivity increases to restrain the rise of product prices by 30 per cent only below the rise of input prices. The real productivity gain accrued, in Israel and in the U.S.A. (1919–1957), nearly fully to labor because unit returns to capital remained constant whereas those to labor sharply rose.Some refinements of the statistical models are attempted by incorporating the utilization rates of labor and capital (for industry); and by measuring product from the uses, instead of from the income, side, adding the differences to the capital shares. This makes distributive factor shares nearly constant as postulated by Cobb-Douglas.In order to get a basis for appraising efficiency in creating long-term capacity, that part of product increments is measured which represents rises of p.c. final domestic uses and changes in the export surplus. This “net margin” formed in Israel one fifth and in the U.S.A. (1889–1913) much less of incremental product. Though in Israel one quarter, and in the U.S.A. over half (in 1919–1953) of the net margin went into sonsumption, large proportions of it presumably actually created human capacity. A comparison of product growth rates with population growth, and of the breakdown of the resulting p.c. product growth rates into full final uses, for Israel and two groups, of developed and less developed countries in the fifties shows, inter-alia, that in the L.D.C. only small proportions of their presumable capacity creation was financed by net capital inflows, thus imposing upon them domestic saving rates which presumably are too high to be sustainable.

Notes: There are both major philosophical and major econometric questions to be faced in the measurement of inequality of income. The scaling of different sizes and types of families can never be unique and may be a function of real income. However, even subjective guesses may be better than doing nothing. Demographic changes, such as the increase in pensioners with the increase in life expectancy, affects the distribution of income, and it seems desirable to estimate the separate effect of their influence. The extent to which the inequality of incomes is reduced by all taxes and benefits combined has remained remarkably constant in the U.K. over the period for which estimates have been made (1937–1967). The progressive effect of all taxes and benefits combined is largely the result of benefits (in cash and kind). The stability in the degree of inequality of original income is much more difficult to explain. A number of factors which reduce or increase inequality can be identified for further analysis.

Notes: In the introduction of the paper, Economic Accounts are defined as a set of statistics useful in economic analysis and region is defined as a province. The paper is divided into four sections the first of which contains a brief historical outline of the development of demands for provincial economic accounts and the Dominion Bureau of Statistics' response to these needs. Apart from a description of the more well-known conceptual difficulties, some of the fundamental problems of the usefulness and applicability of a national accounting framework to the regional scene are discussed. The resource problems of constructing analytically meaningful and reliable as well as spatially reconcilable regional accounts are described.Section II outlines the impact of present policies and problems on the development of regional statistics. It describes the reasons for the Bureau's desire to strengthen its data base in regional terms and the decision to await possible construction of regional accounts till the regional data base has been fleshed out in a more systematic manner. With the development of the latter, the ability, advantages and disadvantages of the provinces undertaking their own estimates must also be more fully explored. The third part of the paper deals with an over-view of work in Canada on provincial accounts carried out by organizations other than the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Section IV gives a very summary description of the data gaps which exist in presently available regional statistics.

Notes: PRIM I is a numerical model which has been extensively used as a basis for an income policy in Norway in recent years. It is a static, cost-push, input-output model. Wage rates, agricultural prices, productivities and world market prices are treated as exogenous variables, and the model derives short-term changes in income shares and in the national price level from changes in these exogenous variables. A key feature of the model is a distinction between “exposed industries” which are subject to strong foreign price competition, and “sheltered industries” which are relatively free of such competition. These two groups of industries are found to react with very different pricing policies in response to increases in costs; furthermore, possibly for technological reasons, the export industries have greater scope than the majority of the sheltered industries for compensating cost increases through productivity gains. These two facts are shown to have important implications for a price and income policy. It is demonstrated, i.a. that the goal of a stable national price level is, in general, inconsistent with the maintenance of stable income shares when exchange rates are kept constant.

Notes: In a recent issue of the Review of Income and Wealth[1], Uma Datta Roy Choudhury presented some results on consumption and saving functions in India. While the study is interesting, some of the results are quite peculiar. Thus she reports a marginal propensity to save of 0.88 for the urban sector, an abnormally high figure. Other available evidence points to a much lower figure. Again she reports a negative marginal propensity to consume out of permanent income for urban households. This makes no economic sense. Furthermore her attempts at explaining urban consumption behaviour are not very successful. In this paper, we shall show that these suspicious results are the consequences of the measurement and definitions of the variables, and the specification of the functions. Once these shortcomings are removed, we obtain more satisfactory and more plausible results.In the first section we present a critique of Mrs. Roy Choudhury's article. In the second section we present our results. The last section summarizes the conclusions.

Notes: This paper compares the income distribution of Canada and the United States as well as other characteristics of the population such as the labour force and income trends in the two countries in the post-war years. In both countries family income distributions show similar degrees of inequality and similar movements in real incomes through time. However, an examination of Canadian data suggests that differences do exist in underlying patterns. For example, there are greater earnings differentials between skilled and unskilled workers in Canada than in the United States while on the other hand in the United States greater differences exist between family incomes with heads in different age groups than is the case in Canada.

Notes: The income distribution statistics which are based on income for a single year show a far larger inequality of income than actually exists. The distribution of annual incomes differs from the distribution of lifetime income partly because of short run fluctuations because of such things as sickness, unemployment, and unusual gains, and partly because different individuals are at different points in their life cycles. The vertical distribution of income can be considered to be the distribution of lifetime income. The horizontal distribution can be considered to be the differences arising in the current period due to short run fluctuations and differences in the age-income cycle of persons. The observed annual income distribution statistics are a mixture of the vertical and horizontal distributions. The estimation of the lifetime income distribution implies discounting, and also raises questions as to the treatment of transfers, subsidies, public investments and taxes. However, statistics based upon a mixture of the horizontal and vertical distributions of income are of no interest.

Notes: In both developed and developing countries, the national accounting statistician who wishes to establish a composite set of values in current and base year prices is faced with a series of difficulties arising from a lack of indicators which are adequate for relating quantities and values within the national accounting framework. Consequently, ad hoc solutions are extensively adopted and use is made of price data which in the majority of cases have been collected for completely different purposes. The inter-relationship of prices, quantities and values fundamental to the compatibility of the national accounts can therefore be, and often is, a rather tenuous one. In the case of many developing countries, the situation is accentuated by a very volatile behaviour of prices, a greater impact of price change and a much greater scarcity of useable statistical material. In addition, since structural change is frequently implicit in a development process, the pattern of values and of prices is often variable and irregular—this in turn creates problems in determining relative importance, in assigning weights and in imputing for prices of items not directly entering into the calculation of the indicators.This paper analyses the series which are most commonly available, it points out the major deficiencies or limitations and it attempts to formulate a few guide-lines for determining priorities called for in an integrated network of price statistics.

Notes: The paper discusses the role of prices in the framework of the new System of National Accounts (SNA) in terms of three major uses: (1) deflation, (2) price indicators, and (3) price analysis. Following a brief review of the price and quantity measures required by the new SNA with its emphasis on deflation of commodity flows and input-output accounts, in addition to the more conventional deflation of final demand categories, the paper discusses some of the conceptual, methodological and data problems involved in implementing the various uses of prices in the new SNA.Implementing the use of prices as deflators depends, in part, on the concept of output selected (national versus domestic; gross versus net), and which of six concepts of valuation, ranging from purchasers'value to true factor cost, is used. Some of the difficulties in deflating nonmarket flows (e.g., interplant transfers) and industry value added, based on the double deflation method, are discussed.In concept price deflators, which have shifting weights, cannot be used as price indicators, which should have fixed weights. In practice, this is often disregarded and the deflators are used as price indicators. The paper support the SNA recommendation for the development of price indexes with fixed weights to be used as price indicators, in addition to the implicit price deflators. Research in the United States indicates that differences in weights can result in different price measures for various subperiods, components of demand and sector output.Periodic revisions in weights to provide more current fixed weights for price and quantity indexes in each subperiod may minimize the problem but it introduces a new problem—lack of comparability with the constant price tables in the SNA which have fixed weights for the entire period.The new SNA provides a comprehensive and integrated framework for price analysis including the analysis of the structure of aggregate price changes, the industrial origin of final demand prices, and the impact of price change in one sector of the economy on the rest of the economy. Some major gaps which need to be overcome in order to implement the use of the new SNA for price analysis include the development of industry capital stock estimates, separate estimates of proprietors’income, reconciliation of value added and distribution share estimates, and the development of a wide variety of information to supplement the conventional input-output tables in the SNA.Implementing the various objectives of price measures within the framework of the accounts will require a number of improvements in existing price measures and expanding the scope of coverage. “List” prices should be superseded by “transactions” prices and better techniques and data need to be developed to provide for quality adjustment of prices. Coverage will need to be expanded to include services, freight rates, trade margins, government expenditures, and also fill in gaps for many manufactured products. Finally, where possible, use of unit values as price indexes or deflators, e.g., imports and exports, should be replaced by direct price measures.

Notes: The paper develops a descriptive history of the changing level and sources of income of the male population of Wisconsin from 1947 to 1959, as a preliminary step in building a model of income determination. The history is based on data from a one percent sample of the taxpaying population of Wisconsin from 1947 to 1959. Analysis of income sources received by male birth cohorts is followed by summary data on individual income variation.Changes in earnings of birth cohorts appear to be determined by changes in labor force participation, general productivity increases, and acquisition of skills. Education, as reflected in occupational status, appears to affect the initial level and lifetime profile of earnings; however, education has played a changing role in the dynamics of earnings.Movements in non-earned income appear to be determined by rising real yields on capital, accumulation of wealth, and possibly by asset conversion and selective migration and mortality favoring wealth holders. Cohort asset accumulation for the period seems to have been determined by the growth rate of earnings, life cycle contingencies, and the pattern of asset prices and yields during the period.Analysis of individuals’ incomes over the period reveals great heterogeneity of experience of individuals within birth cohorts and within occupations. This suggests that study of micro units is necessary to obtain behavioral information obscured in aggregate cohort data.

Notes: When the fixed-source electromagnetic method is applied the quantities measured are influenced by the resistivity of the whole environment. This occurs mostly in the cases of measurements in areas with prevailing high resistivities, and if a weathered layer with considerably lower resistivity than that of the original rock has been formed near the surface. For this reason it is important to be acquainted with the properties of the two-layer ground with an overlying conductive layer.In the present paper attention will be drawn to theoretical calculations connected with the field of the homogeneous ground and that of the two-layer ground.

Notes: Results of rock magnetic investigations and magnetic field measurements in the Logar Valley, Afghanistan, are presented. Rock magnetic investigations on samples of the ore and the country rock have demonstrated that the chromite is strongly magnetic, whereas the country rock has proved predominantly non-magnetic, partly weakly magnetic. The isanomalic maps show strong anomalies of some 1000 γ above the known chromite occurrences. Anomalies of the country rock amounting to some 100 γ have been observed only above basic dikes. The measured anomalies have been interpreted quantitatively by 2- and 3-dimensional models. This interpretation is demonstrated and the question of chromite detection discussed. Model graphs are used to investigate in detail whether the extension in depth of ore bodies can be estimated.

Notes: This work deals with a theoretical investigation of the magnetotelluric sounding where the horizontal layers of a geological section do not have a sharp but a transitional boundary. The ratio of the horizontal electric to the horizontal magnetic components gives a measure of “Cagniard impedance”, which together with the phase relationship between them, enables one to determine the subsurface geometry and the true resistivities.Utilising the principle of similitude a set of Resistivity Master Curves and the corresponding phase relationships are presented here for the case where the lower half-space is infinitely resistive. The relation between the relative transition thickness and the cut-off period is illustrated.

Notes: A point source or a dipole source of electric current, placed on a randomly layered semi-infinite medium, produces an inhomogeneous random potential field on the surface. The variance of the random potential, normalized with reference to the normal field (that is, a field due to a point source or a dipole source on a homogeneous medium), falls off inversely as the distance from the source. The conductivity of the layers is assumed to vary randomly about a mean value (unity) such that the variations can be represented by a zero mean homogeneous random function. Further the variations are assumed to be small compared to the mean so that the first order perturbation is adequate. The analysis shows that the dipole field is more sensitive than the single pole field to the conductivity variations.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:F. Link, Eclipse Phenomena in AstronomyMarine Geophysical Researches–an International Journal for the Study of the Earth Beneath the SeaM. K. Polshkov (editor): Exploration Geophysics, Vol. 48

Notes: The relationship between porosity and formation factor in unconsolidated homogeneous and anisotropic sediments without granule-liquid interaction is investigated by introducing a parametric model that simulates a variable cellular structure.In this hypothesis, porosity φ and F-factor are calculated for some fixed values of the parameter, solving numerically two integral expressions.From these calculations the form of the function φ=f(F), corresponding to the proposed model, has been deduced. This relation is in very good agreement with Archie's empirical law for unconsolidated sands which requires that F=φ--1,3. Therefore it seems that the validity of Archie's law is theoretically confirmed for the unconsolidated sediments considered in this paper.

Notes: In a previous publication (Koefoed 1968) a function called the “raised kernel function” has been introduced as an intermediate function in the interpretation of resistivity sounding data, and methods have been described both for the determination of the raised kernel function from the apparent resistivity function, and for the determination of the layer distribution from the raised kernel function.In the present paper a procedure is described by which the second step in this interpretation method–i.e. the determination of the layer distribution from the raised kernel function–is considerably accelerated. This gain in interpretation speed is attained by the use of a standard graph for a function which defines the reduction of the raised kernel function to a lower boundary plane.

Notes: Despite the use of CDP and digital methods the Zechstein base is still the deepest horizon in the vast salt-dome basin of Central Europe for which continuous information can be obtained by reflection seismics. Thus in North-western Germany, in addition to reflection seismics, the refraction seismic method has been increasingly used for a reliable survey of deeper horizons.The first part of the paper deals with the investigation of the various possibilities and limitations of refraction seismics with regard to the investigation of Pre-Zechstein layers in a basin with a tectonically very complicated overburden. The recording techniques specially developed for continuous profiling of the desired refraction seismic arrivals and the data processing methods are described.The main problems of interpretation are then discussed, in particular with regard to depth representation. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods, e.g. Gardner's, Hales' and Wyrobek's, and of the wave-front method, are compared. On account of the tectonically complicated overburden Thornburgh's wave-front method proved to be the most useful.In a further section the various possibilities for velocity determinations are mentioned, e.g. Wyrobek's determination of the overburden velocity, for which the wave-front method automatically furnishes the necessary corrections to a deep datum.Finally, some examples are given for the results obtained, including some incidental information on the deeper crust.

Notes: Two alternative types of diagrams are shown which allow the direct conversion of readings taken by certain types of proton magnetometers into magnetic field strength. The accuracy of these diagrams is discussed and found to satisfy the requirements.

Notes: In order to locate relatively optimum sites for drilling exploratory holes for fresh water, an electrical resistivity survey was conducted along the new Mahukona-Kawaihae Road on the west flank of the Kohala Mountain. Two resistivity soundings made at the same stations, using the Schlumberger electrode configuration, determined an a spacing of 275 feet for horizontal profiling with the Wenner array.The correlation coefficient of the elevation to profile data was 0.41. A procedure for removing elevation effect from observed apparent resistivity was developed. Based on the reduced resistivity profile, four relatively optimum sites for additional exploration, such as by drilling, are specified. There is no specific interpretation of the data that can definitely indicate the occurrence of large underground reservoirs of fresh water anywhere along the profile. This is because the interpretation of horizontal profiling data is essentially relative and not absolute.

Notes: A great number of experiments with varying dates of N application to grassland showed that the most suitable time of applying spring N in tbe Netberlaods varies, as a result of weather conditions, from year to year from mid-February to mid-April. In such experiments the best time of spring N application, which needs to be known in advance, can only be determined after the grass bas been harvested and weighed. The results of these experiments supported the opinion that the best application date coincides with the banging of grass growth. However, at that time it was not possible clearly to define the begimiing of grass growth.When in 1959 a measuring disc was put into use the beginning of grass growth could be precisely determined and it was then found that the beginning of grass growth was closely correlated to a certain accumulated temperature from 1 Jan. from which the date of the beginning of grass growth can be predicted. This date is the most suitable one for applying spring N to grassland.

Notes: An experiment was set up to measure the production from donally propagated micro-swards of four contrasting ryegrass genotypes, grown in monocultures and in all possible combinations of mixed cultures consisting of two, three and all four genotypes. Water and nutrients were supplied frequently in non-limiting quantities and the swards were subjected to two cutting frequencies.The yield ranking of the monocultures and mixed cultures diifered at the two cutting frequencies. Under infrequent cutting, though not under frequent cutting, two mixtures, each containing two genotypes, were more productive than their highest yielding components in monoculture. The physiological basis of this apparent synergy is hriefly discussed and it is suggested that the increased yield may he due to more efficient light utilization hy the mixtures. In general, yields of other mixtures, including those consisting of 3 or 4 genotypes were intermediate between the highest and lowest yielding components in monoculture.The agronomic and plant-breeding implications of the results are discussed.

Notes: The application of an electronic pasture probe to the measurement of rape is described. Measurements taken over two years demonstrated that good relationships could be established between probe readings and parameters of crop yield. Crop height, spatial distribution of crop profile, crop density and percentage DM were found to he significant factors in obtaining meaningful results.

Notes: Two experiments are described in which ground harley meal was added to freshly-cut grass hefore ensiling it in small air-tight metal containers and polythene containers. The mean DM loss from the air-tight metal containers was 1 % and from the polythene containers 18.8%. The silages were all of satisfactory fermentation quality, as assessed hy pH, voladle acids, lactic-acid and Tolatile-hase content. The addition of the harley meal significantly improved the nutritive content of the ensiled material, and the resulting silage in the air-tight metal containers. Sheep were used to measure the voluntary intakes of the silages conserved in the polythene containers.

Notes: The seismic velocity of sedimentary rocks is determined by the porosity, the velocity in the matrix and that in the fluid. The last two are known experimentally. The velocity can be measured from the surface. By applying the time average equation we can find the porosity. If the only difference at two points is the nature of the fluid in one layer, the ratio of the reflectivities of the layer at these points determines the nature of the fluid; this ratio is equal to the ratio of the amplitudes at these points. The size of the reservoir can then be found.The method can be applied to both oil exploration and production. It is more accurate in the latter case because more information is available than in the former case. The method is also more effective in developing discovered fields than the conventional method of relying only on the geological structural configurations.

Notes: It is pointed out that after identifying reflection events from the same horizon on two records obtained on the same spread from two different shotpoints, one can simultaneously estimate parameters of reflection events and relative static corrections. The parameters of reflection events are treated as quantities to compute whereas relative static corrections are treated as quantities to minimize by the least squares method. Static corrections obtained from different horizons for the same point on the spread are averaged.The case of more than one pair of records for the same spread (or part of the spread), vital for multiple coverage, is also discussed.

Notes: Après avoir essayé?analyser, par voie optique, ľeffet de la réflexion fantôme sur des enregistrements sismiques, on montre ľapplication de deux méthodes de filtrage de ce fantôme sur des exemples réels.La première méthode utilise là mise à feu séquentielle de charges situées à différentes profondeurs dans un même trou; il s'agit ?un filtrage réalisé sur le terrain. Le deuxième procédé consiste à filtrer, au central, des enregistrements réalisés à des profondeurs de tir différentes avant de les sommer.

Notes: A high sensitivity thermometer using a thermistor sensing element was designed for practical measurements in the field.The most suitable procedures for the elimination of diurnal and seasonal variation of temperature, the influence of vegetation cover and of other effects were investigated.Positive results of geothermic measurements have been acquired on sulfide deposits. By far the most important results of geothermic measurements have been obtained in hydrogeological problems, e.g. the investigation of circulation of underground water. In the case of prospection for cold mineral waters the combination of geothermic measurements with gasometric analyses is very useful. As the classical domain for geothermic investigation, prospection for hot water is to be mentioned.

Notes: The conditions for creating and recording converted waves in the area of the Panonien basin are considered. Comparison between the characteristics of converted waves recorded in the field and characteristics of converted waves calculated for the model which approximately corresponds to lithophysical conditions of the area is made.The comparative interpretation of the crustal structure along the profile, using different types of waves, is given.

Notes: Direct interpretation methods of resistivity curves are discussed, which use the kernel function of the apparent resistivity. This function results from the consideration of the problem of diverse electrodes configurations.Several expressions for the determination of the kernel function of the potential from the kernel function of the apparent resistivity are given.

Notes: A method to analyse aeromagnetic profiles is proposed: several horizontal (width-) and vertical (amplitude-) parameters are deduced from the anomalies. These parameters are then compared with diagrams drawn on a logarithmic scale. The comparison yields depth and magnetization of the causative bodies.The method lends itself equally well to a quick estimate and to a thorough interpretation, depending on the number of parameters deduced and on the number of diagrams. It can be applied also to the anomalies of the total field and its vertical gradient.

Notes: Book review in this Article:H. Wöhlbier, R. H. Wöhlbier, F. H. Wöhlbier, H. Baston, Worldwide Directory of Mineral Industries Education and Research.

Notes: Water seepage from reservoirs causes appreciable anomalies of natural electric fields. The possibility of mapping leakage places by means of the SP method has been discussed by the authors in an earlier report. Further work has shown that detailed measurements of the natural electric field allow to determine the seepage rates from individual areas of a water reservoir in relative units. If data on the total discharge from a water reservoir are available, the conventional seepage units can be converted into absolute ones. Using this technique on a water reservoir in Armenia has permitted to control the change of the leakage rate as hydroinsulation operations were in progress. It has been established that as a result of shielding the bottom with clay material leakage from the central part of the reservoir has stopped. On the other hand, construction of cement seepage-proof protection has had so far no appreciable positive effect.

Notes: The seismometer-ground system is represented by a damped oscillatory system. Relatively simple approximation formulas are derived to express the coupling between ground and seismometer. These expressions are applicable in seismic exploration. The coupling is that of a mass, suspended by a spring, to the surface that the ground would have in absence of the seismometer. It results in a low-pass filtering of the ground motion, which is due to the presence of the seismometer. This effect is expressed in a unit-impulse response. It appears that, over a sufficiently homogeneous ground and for low frequencies, one has a true coupling between ground and seismometer. To obtain a sufficiently large pass-band, a low seismometer housing-mass together with a not too small housing radius are necessary.

Notes: An experiment was carried out on a grass/white-clover sward at North Wyke to evaluate the use of mixtures of inorganic and organic nutrient sources to simulate the nutrient effect of animal excreta, both with and without overall PK fertilizer. Grazing with sheep and the return of excreta from caged sheep both increased herbage yields, as did artificial return treatments. Artificial return treatments giving 75% of the nutrient level returned by excreta gave yields comparable with grazing. The effect of the simulated return treatments was not influenced by PK application. Grazing gave a very different botanical composition to that from the treatments in wbich natural or simulated excreta were returned to cut swards.Mixtures simulating excreta may replace the nutrient effect of the grazing animal, but not its physical effect, in some forms of grassland experimentation. They are not recommended for fertilizer trials.

Notes: Grass production was measured at 24 sites in the Strathdon area of West Aberdeenshire. The mean total yields of DM from two cuts taken from unfertilized plots in 1967 and from three cuts taken in 1968 were 3014 and 3864 kgJha, respectively. Yields from soils formed on basic parent material were 30–40% more than yields from soils formed on more acidic material; and well-managed swards yielded over 40% more than poorly-managed ones. Aspect did not affect yields significantly, nor did elevation within the range 260–440 m.NItrochalk applied at the rate of 75 kg N/ha in 1968 increased the DM yield by an average of 35% but the efifect of 75 kg P2O5/ha, applied as triple superphosphate, was not significant at the 10% level. The benefits from N declined, wbereas those from P tended to increase, with elevation. There was no significant NP interaction overall, but tbe response from this treatment was better than from N alone on sites with acidic parent material.In 1968, 46% of the total yield was obtained by the end of June and only 10% after the end of August. Whereas yield declined with elevation in May–June, it increased during July–August

Notes: Three grass silages, all made in mid-Jnne from the same herbage, were compared in a 12-week winter-feeding experiment with 12 Ayrshire cows. The silages were fed ad lib. with a supplement of moist barley and gronndnut cake. Silage A was made from unwilted berbage with no additive, silage B from identical berbage treated with 1/2 gal of formic acidJton (2.24 L/tonne) of berbage, and silage C from the herbage after wilting for 28 b. the DM contents of silages A, B and C were 20.5, 21.1 and 31.8%, respectively, and the contents of digestible organic matter in the DM were 58.9, 68.8 and 67.8%. Silage and total DM intake were bigbest on the treatment containing silage B. the mean dafly milk yields on the treatments with sflages A, B and C were 35.1, 38.0 and 34.3 Ib (15.9, 17.2 and 15.6 kg), respectively and the solids-not-fat (S.N.F.) contents of the milk averaged 8.53, 8.54 and 8.50%. It is concluded tbat silage B, the unwilted silage with formic-acid additive, was superior to botb the untreated and the wilted silage as a feed for dairy cows.

Notes: The ability of ribgrass to germinate and subsequently develop in a sward was investigated as part of a competitive study between this species and perennial ryegrass S23. The experimental model emphasized that seedling development was greatly influenced by the frequency and the intensity of cutting to which the associated grass species was subjected.

Notes: Two studies are described in which the behaviour of 24 seven-month-old Friesian steer calves was observed. The first study (G1) was undertaken at the time of turnout to pasture, and the second (G2) 5 days later. The calves appeared to adapt rapidly to the change in environment, though in study G1 grazing was frequently interrupted. In study G2 the calves showed normal behaviour patterns and spent a total of 4.25 hours grazing.There was a positive correlation between age and weight at turnout and time spent grazing in study G1. However, this relationship was not apparent in G2, and there was no relationship between time spent grazing in G1 and G2.Mean weight loss upon turnout was 7.44% of live weight, in spite of the feeding of hay and barley at grass. There was no relationship between weight at turnout and subsequent weight loss.The results confirmed other experimental findings which suggest that weight loss at turnout is largely a reflection of changes in the weight of alimentary tract contents, rather than an inability to adapt to the change in environment.The calves were grazed at two intensities (‘low’ and ‘standard’) during the grazing season. Growth rate in winter and weight at turnout were negatively correlated with growth rate in the first month of the grazing season. This relationship was more apparent in the ‘low’ intensity group which received a liberal daily herbage allowance at this stage of the season. Partial correlation analysis, in which pre-grazing growth rate was held constant, indicated that weight and age had little independent influence on growth rate at grass, though there was a positive relationship between weight for age at turnout and gain during the grazing season.The importance of a target weight at turnout is discussed in relation to the 18-month beef production system. It is concluded that younger, lighter, cattle at turnout may not be at a disadvantage when adequate amounts of herbage are on offer early in the grazing season.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:LOWE, J. [Ed.] White Qover Research.CAMPBELL, J. B. [Compiler.] Experimental methods for evaluating herbage.BRADY, N. C. [Ed.] Advances in agronomy.McVEAN, D. N.; LOCKIE, J. D. Ecology and land use in upland Scotland.

Notes: Studies were made in S.W. Scotland of the effect of winter grazing (October to March) by sheep on subsequent spring and early summer pasture production from a sward in its first harvest year and from a permanent pasture. Averaged over the two swards, DM yields in April, May and June were reduced by 38%, 8% and 5%, respectively, as a result of various times and frequencies of grazing, compared with no grazing. Reductions were greatest after grazings in the January to March period, especially grazings involving the month of March. In a trial in which fertilizer N was used to compensate for March grazing, 50 kg NJha raised DM yields in April to the level of those from no grazing, while only 15 kg NJha were needed to raise June yields to parity. Controlled winter grazing of sheep and the use of fertilizer N to restore production losses after early spring grazing are justified.

Notes: Whole crops of barley were conserved and fed to sheep and cattle. In the first experiment the barley was cut at the mealy-ripe stage of growth and conserved by ensilage or by drying artificially. Cattle and sheep lost weight when the resulting silages were fed ad lib.; wilting the crop before ensiling did not improve the performance. Sheep fed artificially-dried whole-crop barley increased in liveweight; and the intake of this was significantly higher than that of the silages.In the second experiment, barley was cut and ensiled at the watery-ripe, mealy-ripe and late mealy-ripe stages of growth. Intakes and levels of performance by sheep fed these silages did not differ with the growth stage at which the crop was harvested, but supplementation of the silages with lucerne pellets resulted in large improvements in performance.

Notes: The problems of designing, conducting and interpreting the results of grazing trials to evaluate tropical pasture mixtures are discussed in relation to an experiment wbich measured the effect of three fixed stocking rates upon two grass/legume pastures. A uniformity trial prior to grazing indicated considerable soil variability, which necessitated ground replication. Sequential grazing of three pasture replicates at a fixed stocking rate and a fixed interval of grazing resulted in sites of low fertility being heavily penalized. Such a form of replication was of value for measuring the effect of treatments upon sward composition, and, to a lesser extent, variation in animal production, within the experiment area. Differences in animal production between pasture species were small when compared with the effect of various stocking rates, emphasizing the need for an objective assessment of stocking rate when evaluating pasture species. Fixed-stocking-rate designs have more general application in the tropics because they are easier to conduct, and the results are repeatable and can be extrapolated to farm practice.

Notes: Two trials with eight cultivars of winter beans were harvested as whole-crop in 1967/8 and 1968/9. The aim was to investigate the potential of heans nnder whole-crop management, and to assess their value as a proteio-rich supplementary feed. Average DM yields of 106 hkg/ha were obtained for the control, and from 91 to 122 hkg/ha for other coltivars. Significant differences were found between the cultivars. At the cutting dates the crude-protein content was in the range 13 to 18%, and digestihility (D) 55 to 67%. DM varied hetween the two seasons and was within the range of 15 to 29 and 16 to 38%, respectively. The optimum time for harvesting beans for whole-crop conservation is when all the pods contain fully developed seeds.

Notes: The dates of their first appearance and the dates of flowering were recorded monthly over three years from time of sowing for all tillers produced by S215 meadow fescue plants growing in simulated sward conditions in large concrete pots outdoors. The results are expressed and discussed in terms of the percentage contribution of inflorescences by tillers in relation to their chronological and ontogenetic age. The latter appeared the more important. The major contribution of inflorescences was made by primary tillers in the first harvest year, by secondary and tertiary tillers in the second year and by tertiary and quaternary tillers in the third year. The chronological age at which tillers could flower ranged from 3 to 33 mouths.

Notes: Hays made, mainly in May, from pure swards of perennial ryegrass, timothy and meadow fescue were fed to 8-month old steers in 1963 and to yearling steers in 1964. High-quality hay was obtained, but no significant differences in growth rate were observed between calves fed on hays from the 3 species. In 1963, barley (1.5 kg DM/ head per day) was fed, in addition to the hays, to half the animals and resulted in a significant increase in live weight gain.The productivity, in terms of liveweight gain/ unit area, of each species when managed for hay and‘zero grazing', or hay and grazing, was calculated. On this calculation perennial ryegrass was the most productive species.

Notes: A comparison was made of the effects of grazing with cattie and sheep separateiy hy two methods, continuous and rotationai on two forage mixtures. The two mixtures were timothy (Phleum pratense L.) with iadino white ciover (Trifolium repens L.); and brome grass (Bromus inermis Leyss) witii aifalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The rotationai system of grazing created different effects on sward composition from those caused hy the continuous grazing system. The legumes survived hetter under rotational than continuous grazing. Sheep, under both grazing systems, grazed more severeiy than cattie; they defoliated the ieaf portion of the plants and ieft more stem standing than did the cattle. Protein of the sward increased with the leaf portion, but in vitro digestibility was not altered as leaf to stem ratios changed. Although the gross effects of sheep and cattle were similar, there were differences in detail in the effect on these swards.

Notes: The effect of a range of N rates on herbage production from grass/white-clover and grass swards was investigated in two long-term grazed experiments. The mixed sward yielded more than the grass swards over the range of fertilizer rates tested which were 0–120 lb N/ac (134.5 kg/ha), but the response of the mixed sward to fertilizer N was less than that of tbe grass sward. Tbis was due to the direct and indirect effect of clover, which was considerable with no fertilizer N but decreased witb increasing rates of application. However, clover was not completely suppressed by N at eitber site and contributed to berhage yields at all N rates.Rate and time of N application and the amount of clover in tbe sward affected tbe seasonal distribution of DM yields. The mid-season decline was less marked at bigb- tban at intermediate-levels of N supply.

Notes: Three grass- and two lucerne-based harvest schedules were applied to pure sowings of timothy, smooth hrome grass, lucerne and the single grass/lucerne mixtures. Harvesting at the medium-bud stage of development of lucerne was selected as the criterion which provided the highest DM yield in conjunction with high and consistent levels of rVD and CP from harvest to harvest, as well as persistence of the species in the pure sowings of lucerne/grass mixtures. On the same basis, the heads-emerged stage of development proved most satisfactory for harvesting pure sowings of timothy and hrome grass.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:HUBBARD, C. E. Grasses. A guide to their structure, identification, uses, and distribution in the British Isles.CHASE, A.; NILES, C. D. Index to grass species maintained in the Division of Grasses, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.CRAGG, J. B. [Ed.] Advances in ecological research.SKOROPANOV, S. G. Reclamation and cultivation of peat-hog soils.WHITTINGTON, W. J. [Ed.] Root growth. Proceedings of the fifteenth Easter School in Agricultural Science, University of Nottingham, 1968. London: Butterworths, 1969, pp. 450.

Notes: One of the most important aspects in interpretation of gravity and magnetic anomalies, which generally represent the sum of many effects from the subsoil, is that these effects cannot be adequately separated into individual effective anomalies by means of known procedures. Moreover, the concept itself of anomaly separation must be expanded in a certain sense, because the addition of these effects in the mapped anomalies can arise from many structures situated in the subsoil in different relative positions to one another. A combined procedure is proposed, based on Fourier analysis utilising both periodic complex functions and nonperiodic ones, by use of which the number of individual effective anomalies cumulated in the mapped anomalies is obtained. In order to illustrate the use of this procedure and the advantages of obtaining more valuable informations on geological causes of anomalies, one example from Romania is given.

Notes: A number of electrical resistivity arrays are available to the exploration geophysicist in the conduct of vertical or horizontal profiling. The advantage of using central-type arrays which produce large potential drops, such as the Wenner or the Schlumberger, must be weighed against the ease of acentral arrays such as the polar and equatorial arrays.A series of nomograms has been designed to provide a means of rapid calculation of the potential drop to be obtained by any of the various central and acentral arrays, as a function of apparent resistivity, electrode spacings and available transmitter power. The same nomograms may also be used for approximate computation of the apparent resistivities in routine surveys. However, the accuracy of resistivity calculation is directly related to the accuracy of drawing lines between the scales and hence is rather limited in reduced-size nomograms in this paper.

Notes: In the theoretical part of the present paper, formulas have been analyzed for a magnetic dipole in a homogeneous and unbounded medium. The magnetic field is elliptically polarized in the region between the quasistatic zone and the far field. Since the position and the shape of the polarization ellipses depend on the complex wave number, k, it is possible to determine k by measuring the polarization ellipses. From k, the conductivity and the dielectric constant of the medium are easily calculated. The functions required for the measuring method have been computed and plotted in graphs.In the experimental part it was examined how far the theory may be applied to measurements of propagation through rock at frequencies ranging from 100-1000 kHz. These measurements showed that reasonably defined mean values of rock parameters can be given only if the deviations of the field from the theoretically expected field are not too high. These deviations have been named field distortions and have been examined by means of statistical methods (variance ratio tests). Gallery cavity and inhomogeneity or anisotropy of the medium account for these distortions.

Notes: Non dynamite seismic energy sources have shown only limited success in difficult shallow-water or marsh prospect areas, and none have applicability to both environments. Recently, a method has been devised to adapt a marine pneumatic source for operation in abrasive surroundings. A system composed of four of these modified sources together with associated emplacement and retrieval mechanisms has been developed and has proven to be a reliable and efficient seismic energy source for both shallow-water and marsh applications.

Notes: On présente des profils de sismique réflexion obtenus dans la partie Sud-Est du Golfe de Gascogne en eau profonde avec raccordement au plateau continental.La technique employée était celle du Flexotir à un ou deux canons en couverture triple. La charge totale par tir était égale à 50 ou 100 grammes suivant les cas. La vitesse du navire était ?environ 6,5 nœuds, ce qui a permis de couvrir 1000 kilomètres de profil en 9 jours de travail. La distance entre traces sur les coupes est de 60 mètres, ce qui per-met une étude assez détaillée.De bons résultats ont été obtenus par des fonds allant jusqu à 4000 mètres. La pénétration sous le fond atteint souvent 5 secondes (temps double).Le Flexotir constitue une méthode de prospection sismique bien adaptèe àľocéano-graphie de grande reconnaissance.

Notes: A second deep Schlumberger sounding has been carried out in South Africa, this time using a newly completed power transmission line, not yet in sevice, as emission line. The maximum current electrode separation attained was 600 km. The sounding was situated on a shield area with a thin cover of sedimentary rocks (Karroo System) overlying the archaean granite. The center was chosen near to the village of Dealesville.It is shown that lateral effects at large AB spacings are unlikely, but due to numerous dolerite intrusions in the sediments surface electrode effects must be guarded against; thus AB positions were chosen by geologists. Because of a low signal/noise ratio at large AB spacings the measurements were treated statistically; in particular, the elimination of non-random events improved the measuring accuracy.Although a thin conducting layer at the base of the sedimentary succession decreased the resolution of the sounding curve, the results, which were interpreted with the aid of a computer, show positively that〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉(a). the crust is multi-layered with a highly resistant portion having a minimum resistivity of 15000 ohm.m and(b). a good, thick conductor appears as the final layer.The Dealesville results are in complete agreement with those obtained from the first deep Schlumberger sounding at Pofadder (Van Zijl 1969) except that the transverse resistance of the lowermost resistant crust is about 100% larger at Pofadder due probably to a second period of metamorphism. Both electrical studies support the view of a dehydrated lower crust (granulite facies).

Notes: A two-coil induction logging system in an infinite homogeneous medium has been theoretically analysed for the relative contributions of various ground elements to the total signal at the receiver. Unlike an earlier approximate treatment by Doll (1949), the present analysis takes skin effect into account (while neglecting displacement currents). Contour diagrams depicting relative contributions from every ground point and diagrams for vertical and radial/lateral investigation characteristics are presented. The results differ significantly from Doll's in the following points:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1The relative contribution is frequency and conductivity dependent;2It does not show symmetry with respect to the center of coil system;3It alternates between positive and negative values with distance;4Real and imaginary contributions for a given conductivity and frequency are different from each other.The possibilities of a horizontal-horizontal sonde is briefly examined and found to be inferior to the usual sonde because of its higher sensitivity to the mud column and the invaded zone.

Notes: The paper deals with the early stages of development of a convenient form of electromagnetic induction method of sounding referred to as ‘Central Frequency Sounding’ and abbreviated as CFS. The method is introduced as a rapid and useful technique for investigation of shallow engineering and hydro-geological problems. Sets of theoretical two-layer master curves, suitable for interpretation of field data involving measurement of the vertical magnetic component of the field induced at the center of a loop placed on a two-layer earth, have been presented.The approximate but reasonably accurate solutions for a two-layer earth of any arbitrary resistivity contrast have been considered for the purpose and expressed in a form suitable for computation. The computed results have been presented in sets of curves useful for interpretation of field data.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:J. A. Jacobs, Geomagnetic Micropulsations.G. Kunetz, Principles of direct current resistivity prospecting.T. Rikitake, Electromagnetism and the Earth's Interior.E. Orellana and H. M. Mooney, Master Tables and Curves for Vertical Electrical Sounding.

Notes: La polarisation provoquée (P.P.) est un phénomène particulièrement complexe non seulement du point de vue des mécanismes physiques qu'elle met en jeu, mais aussi du point de vue mathématique. A cause de ľanalogie que présentent les techniques expérimentales de sondage électrique classique de résistivité?une: part, et de sondage P.P. ?autre part, on éprouve une certaine tendance à interpréter les données du second à la manière du premier. C'est pourquoi il nous a semblé utile de calculer un modèle mathématique idéalisé et schématisé qui permette tout au moins de se rendre compte de ľallure générale du phénomène auquel on peut s'attendre. On s'est placé dans le cas le plus simple, celui ?une couche mince polarisable qui présenterait la même conductibilitéélectrique que le milieu dans lequel elle est intercalée. On se propose de fournir le résultat de ce calcul pour le cas simple ?une seule électrode ?injection et ?une seule électrode de mesure et, à partir de ces données, de calculer ľallure ?un sondage P.P. de type classique avec quadripôle Wenner.On compare ensuite le diagramme calculé avec une courbe expérimentale obtenue sur un modèle figurant une couche mince de minerai disséminé II s'avère, en fin de compte, que ľallure générale du phénoméne fournit une base de contrôle solide àľexpérimentation sur modèles réduits.

Notes: In seismic studies being carried out to elucidate the structure at depth of the Midland Valley rift and the Tertiary igneous province in the West of Scotland, a lack of deep boreholes makes the collection of velocity data imperative for identification of seismic events and for determinations of depth. Three methods are used to investigate the correlation of seismic velocities and geological formations. The results show as strong a dependence of velocity on method of measurement as on lithology and the wide spread of values within a given formation makes the attribution of discrete velocity ranges to specific formations impossible. Changes of velocity are more significant than absolute values. The variations in both are discussed.

Notes: The N content of pasture species (Trifolium repens L. and Lolium perenne L.) was much less affected hy drying temperatures over the range 70° to 100°C, and hy the density of packing of the pasture sample, than was the amount of hrown colour resulting from these treatments. The DM content of faeces was measured with equal accuracy at temperatures of 80° and 100°C and in samples which varied in weight over a four-fold range. The N lost while drying faeces at 80°C was considerable, with large variations in the amount lost by different animal species fed on particular diets. The results confirm that analyses of the N content of faeces should be carried out before drying.

Notes: Plant DM production from natural Nardus and Festuca–Agrostis pastures under two cutting regimes ranged from 1023 to 2265 kg/ha. The amounts of mineral N and P produced during the incubation of these plant materials, and from sheep faeces derived from them, were measured under a range of temperature and moisture conditions. These amounts, together with the N liberated in urine, and the increase in inorganic P concentration which resulted from the conversion of feed to faeces, were used to calculate the range in ‘potentially available’ plant nutrients derived from decomposition pathways in the presence and absence of sheep. Factors which infiuence the actual availability of nutrients for plant growth are considered and the results discussed in relation to the role of the grazing animal in the soil-plant–aaimal nutrieut cycle.

Notes: Books reviewed in this article:SEMPLE, A. T. Grassland ImprovementFRIED, M.; BROESHART, H. The soil-plant system in relation to inorganic nutritionMARTIN, H. (Ed.) Insecticide and fungicide handbookSTEWARD, F. C. Growth and organisation in plants

Notes: Four varieties of perennial ryegrass, (S24, S321, S23 and Endura), were grown in monoculture and in all possible binary mixtures. Three spatial arrangements of varieties within mixtures were used. Total DM yields were recorded from nine harvests during 1969 for mooocultures and mixtures and for the mixture components.The arrangement of varieties within mixtures had no effect on the total DM yield of the mixtures. Monocultures and mixtures did not differ significantly in yield at any harvest or in annual total, bnt there were differences between monocultures at some harvests. No differences between mixtures were detected.The experiment took the form of a competition diallel in which monocultures corresponded to the parents in a genetic diallel and mixtures to the crosses between these parents. There was a significant interaction hetween the rows (i.e. main variety effects) and the columns (i.e. associated variety effects) of the diallel table only at the first harvest. The change in the competitive ability of the four varieties throughout the season was examined. The relative ranking order of varieties for competitive ability altered as the season progressed.

Notes: An experiment involving two adjacent, but contrasting, sites was conducted to examine the effect of using the rotary cultivator and the forage harvester as instruments in the improvement of indigenous hill swards at 1600 ft alt. by surfaee sowing. On a dry sward dominated by Nardus/ Festuca, both an autumn and a spring rotary cultivation were necessary to give the highest number of established seedlings. This also resulted in the greatest improvement in hotanieal composition. On a wetter Molinia-dominant sward, two separate rotary cultivations did not increase seedling establishment, compared with a single rotary cultivation. On the dry site, an autumn and a spring topping with a forage harvester established fewer seedlings, but on the wetter site the difference as compared with rotary-cultivation treatments was not significant. On this wetter site, topping by forage harvester gave an improved botanical composition by effecting a reduction in Festuca species to give a sward dominated by Agrostis and timothy.

Notes: The relationship between leaf rigidity and leaf anatomy was examined in genotypes of Lolium perenne cv. S321. Significant relationships were found between frequency of structural units per mm of leaf width and leaf rigidity. However, in cross section no relationship existed between the relative proportions of leaf tissues and leaf rigidity. The plant-breeding implications of these results are briefly discussed.

Notes: C. N, P and S were determined in the roots of white- and red-clover, lucerne, perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot and timothy, taken at intervals over a period of several months, and in roots of ryegrass receiving four levels of fertilizer N.The results indicated that decomposition of The root material would result in The mineralization of N in substantial amounts from white clover, in smaller amounts from red clover and in negligible amounts from lucerne. The roots of grasses would tend to immobilize soil N, even when They bad received moderate applications of fertilizer N. The C:P ratios suggested that the legume roots would neither mineralize nor immobilize inorganic pbospbate but that the grass roots would induce immobilization. S was likely to be mineralized in appreciable amounts from roots of white– and red–clover, but not firom roots of lucerne or the grasses.

Notes: Four experiments are described in which various defoliation methods and frequencies were imposed on grass/white-clover swards. Clover was not reduced in any of these hy increasing the length of growth period or hy cutting at a late stage of growth, but intensive sheep grazing reduced clover compared nitb cutting and taking a silage cut in a grazing sequence improved clover yield.These results do not support the contention that cutting a mixed sward for hay or silage suppresses clover because of competition for light: with a ‘big white’ type of clover infrequent defoliation may cause no more shading than frequent. Alternatively, any additional shading may be compensated for by an increase in clover growth, stimulated hy the longer growth period.It is suggested that, in practice, competition for nutrients and moisture also contrihute towards clover suppression when swards are cut for hay or silage.

Notes: This paper describes the rate of growth of Italian ryegrass in the spring, measured by recording DM yield at weekly intervals up to 10 weeks. There were 3 levels of applied N: 25, 75 aud 125 lhJac (28, S4 and 140 kgJha). Rate of growth declined after the sixth week at all 3 levels of N. Grass receiving 25 Ib N produced 5000 Ib DMJac (5600 kgJha) in 10 weeks, that receiving 75 lb N 6800 Ib (7700 kgJha) and that receiving 125 lb N 7100 lb (8000 kgJha). The DM content of herbage fell after the first week and subsequently increased steadily up to 10 weeks; the fall was least marked and the rate of increase most rapid at tbe lowest level of N. In vitro digestibility (measured in one year only) was much affected by stage of growth and little affected by level of N.

Notes: Three pot experiments are described in which perennial ryegrass (S23) and Plantago lanceolata (ribgrass) were grown alone and in mixed stands at varying densities and cent at different frequencies. With frequent cutting the yield of ryegrass was reduced to a greater extent than that of rihgrass, but the mean plant weights of both species were independent of sowing density. The pattern of competition was not altered by a single cutting treatment, the balance being quickly restored by the rapid regrowth of the ryegrass.

Notes: The vuluntary Intake of dried forage by young cattle rises with increasing D value and with increasing proportions of fine particles in the compressed package (wafer, coh, or pellet). Higher intakes are accompanied hy higher live–weight gains per day and per unit of food consumed.When different amounts of pellets or cobs of dried forage of high D value or protein content are fed with silage of high digestibility, maximum liveweight gains at lowest food cost have been ohtained with 35–50% dried forage in the diet. The dried forage gave results comparable with alternative supplements of energy or protein fed with the same silage.Hie application of the results of short-term experiments in systems of heef production is discussed.

Notes: Traditionally single suckling is an extensive enterprise which has heen confined largely to the hill- and marginal-areas of the country.In 1965 a single-suckler herd was estahlished at Henley Manor in an attempt to justify economically the existence of the enterprise on intensively managed lowland grass. Over the four years since then gross margins have increased from ±21 to ±34 per acre, and the indications are that these results can he further improved upon, thus suggesting that the suckler herd could have an increasing role to play in British agriculture.

Notes: World literature relating to grass production on peat soUs is reviewed. If initial nutrient deficiencies are adequately corrected the grass potential is high. DM yields of 6500 kg/ha are attainable with moderate fertilizing. A high level of output must he maintained to justify the cost of reclamation. Light applications of P and K at regular intervals, coupled with heavy stocking or frequent defoliation, prevent pasture deterioration.