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  • Autoradiography  (9)
  • Retina  (8)
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  • 1970  (17)
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  • Springer  (17)
  • Annual Reviews
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (17)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Rat synaptic bodies ; Synaptic ribbon ; Extracellular material ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the synaptic bodies in the outer and inner plexiform layers of the rat retina was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The synaptic bodies in the outer plexiform layer are pear-shaped and their vitreal pole invaginated by processes from nerve cells. Their surfaces are covered with extracellular material, which is partly dissolved or redistributed during the fixation and rinsing procedure. The internal structure of the synaptic bodies is described. The synaptic bodies in the inner retinal plexiform layer are more difficult to identify with the scanning electron microscope. They are polyhedronal and also covered with extracellular material. The observations are discussed. The value of the application of two different preparation and analyzing methods, i. e. the scanning and the transmission electron microscopy, is stressed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 530-562 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Retina ; Honey bee ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'oeil composé du faux-bourdon est formé d'environ 8000 unités photoréceptrices ou ommatidies. Chaque ommatidie, surmontée d'un appareil diotrique constitué d'une lentille cornéenne et d'un cône cristallinien, comporte 9 cellules visuelles dont les parties proximales (axones) pénètrent dans le lobe optique. Le lobe optique est séparé de la rétine sensorielle par une membrane basale. Les cellules visuelles formant l'ommatidie sont de taille inégale: six sont grandes et trois petites. Au centre de l'ommatidie, les grandes cellules visuelles forment de nombreuses microvillosités dont l'ensemble constitue le rhabdome. Celui-ci est du type fermé. La membrane des microvillosités contient probablement le photopigment. Le cytoplasme des cellules visuelles est riche en organites parmi lesquels des vacuoles allongées de réticulum endoplasmique lisse appelées citernes périrhabdominales. Les citernes changent de volume lors de l'adaptation à la lumière et à l'obscurité et apparaissent fréquemment en contact avec des complexes de Golgi ou des profiles de réticulum endoplasmique granulaire. Trois types de cellules pigmentaires sont associés à l'ommatidie: les cellules pigmentaires du cristallin, les cellules pigmentaires externes, et la cellule pigmentaire basale. Les cellules pigmentaires du cristallin sont au nombre de deux et enveloppent le cône cristallinien. 27 à 30 cellules pigmentaires externes entourent l'ommatidie depuis la base de la cornée jusqu'à la membrane basale. La cellule pigmentaire basale occupe le centre de l'ommatidie lorsque les cellules visuelles se transforment en axones. Les divers types cellulaires de la rétine sont séparés les uns des autres par de minces espaces extracellulaires. Dans l'ommatidie, des jonctions serrées ne sont trouvées qu'entre les microvillosités rhabdomériques. Ces résultats sont discutés du point de vue de leur implication fonctionelle et de leur signification vis-à-vis de la morphologie comparée.
    Notes: Summary The eye of the honey bee drone is composed of approximately 8,000 photoreceptive units or ommatidia, each topped by a crystalline cone and a corneal facet. An ommatidium contains 9 visual or retinula cells whose processes or axons pierce a basement membrane and enter the optic lobe underlying the sensory retina. The visual cells of the ommatidium are of unequal size: six are large and three, small. In the center of the ommatidium, the visual cells bear a brush of microvilli called rhabdomere. The rhabdome is a closed-type one and formed mainly by the rhabdomeres of the six large retinula cells. The rhabdomeric microvilli probably contain the photopigment (rhodopsin), whose modification by light lead to the receptor potential in the retinula cells. The cytoplasm of the retinula cells contains various organelles including pigment granules (ommochromes), and peculiar structures called the subrhabdomeric cisternae. The cisternae, probably composed of agranular endoplasmic reticulum undergo swelling during dark adaptation and appear in frequent connection with Golgi cisternae. Three types of pigment cells are associated with each ommatidium. The crystalline cone is entirely surrounded by two corneal pigment cells. The ommatidium, including its dioptric apparatus and corneal pigment cells, is surrounded by a sleeve of about 30 elongated cells called the outer pigment cells. These extend from the base of the corneal facet to the basement membrane. Near the basement membrane the center of the ommatidium is occupied by a basal pigment cell. Open extracellular channels are present between pigment cells as well as between retinula cells. Tight junctions within the ommatidium are restricted to the contact points between the rhabdomeric microvilli. These results are discussed in view of their functional implications in the drone vision, as well as in view of the data of comparative morphology.
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  • 3
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 75-89 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphocytes ; Replacement rate ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei jugendlichen erwachsenen, weiblichen Ratten wurden der Markierungsindex und die Markierungsintensität kleiner Lymphozyten und größerer lymphoider Zellen im zirkulierenden Blut und in Lymphknoten während und nach langzeitig wiederholten Injektionen von Thymidin-3H verfolgt. Die radioaktive Vorläufersubstanz wurde in 8stündigen Intervallen über eine Zeitdauer von 30 Tagen intramuskulär verabreicht. Unter der Annahme, daß es bei diesem Verfahren zu keinen nennenswerten radiogenen, pharmakologischen oder hormonalen Störungen kam, erscheinen die nachstehenden Schluß folgerungen gerechtfertigt: 1. Während des ersten Tages der Injektionsperiode wurden im Mittel 18% (Maximum: 29%) unmarkierte kleine Lymphozyten durch markierte ersetzt. Die Markierungsindices dieser Zellart im Blut, als Funktion der Zeit nach Beginn der wiederholten Injektionen von Thymidin-3H, ergaben eine Kurve, die um den 8. Tag herum 50% und nach 30 Tagen 79% (Maximum: 85%) erreicht. 2. Die Resultate lassen sich am ehesten mit der Annahme in Einklang bringen, daß die Häufigkeitsverteilung der verschiedenen Werte für die G 0-Zeit (Erklärung im Text), bzw. Verweiloder Rezirkulationsdauer, der kleinen Lymphozyten im peripheren Blut eine kontinuierliche ist und einen Gipfel bei einem bis mehreren Tagen aufweist. 3. Die größeren lymphoiden Zellen im peripheren Blut wurden in ihrer überwiegenden Mehrzahl wesentlich rascher umgesetzt als die kleinen Lymphozyten. 4. Der Markierungsindex der kleinen Lymphozyten in Lymphknotenausstrichen entsprach am Ende der Injektionsperiode demjenigen im peripheren Blut. Am Ende der Injektionsperiode fanden sich in den äußeren Rindenschichten der Lymphknoten, wo der schwer mobilisierbare Pool von Lymphozyten liegt, mindestens ebenso viele unmarkierte kleine Lymphozyten wie im zirkulierenden Blut. 5. Die Blutmonozyten waren 4 Tage nach Beginn der wiederholten Injektionen von Thymidin-3H zu 100% markiert und behielten diesen Markierungsindex während der restlichen Injektionsperiode bei. Die Befunde werden im Zusammenhang mit Fragen des Proliferationsmodus und der Wanderungsmöglichkeiten der Lymphozyten sowie ungenügender autoradiographischer Wirksamkeit besprochen und mit den von anderen Autoren mitgeteilten Resultaten nach kontinuierlicher intravenöser Infusion von Thymidin-3H verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were given intramuscular injections of thymidine-3H at 8-hour intervals for a period of 30 days in order to follow the labeling indices and labeling intensities of small lymphocytes and of large lymphoid cells in the circulating blood and lymph nodes. Assuming that radiotoxic, pharmacological and/or hormonal effects were negligible, the following conclusions seem to be justified: 1. During the first day of the injection period the labeling index of small lymphocytes in the peripheral blood rose from zero to an average of 18% (maximum: 29%). Labeling indices of this cell type in the circulating blood, as a function of time after onset of the labeling procedure, followed a curve which reached 50% around day 8 and 79% at the 30 day terminal interval. 2. Results can best be explained by the hypothesis that the frequency distribution of the values for G 0 time or residence (recirculation) time of small lymphocytes in the circulating blood is a continuous one and shows a marked peak from one to a few days. 3. Large lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood were replaced much more rapidly than small lymphocytes. 4. The labeling index of small lymphocytes in lymph node smears at the end of the injection period corresponded to that of small blood lymphocytes. Autoradiographs of histological sections revealed that the outer zones of the lymph node cortex which contains preferentially the more sessile pool of lymphocytes, contained as high a percentage of unlabeled small lymphocytes as did the circulating blood. 5. Blood monocytes were labeled to 100% 4 days after beginning repeated injections of thymidine-3H and maintained this labeling index throughout the labeling period. These results are discussed in respect to the proliferative pattern and migrational behavior of lymphocytes and to the problem of autoradiographic inefficiency. Data are compared to those obtained with continuous intravenous infusion of thymidine-3H.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: RNA synthesis ; Spinal ganglia cell cultures ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dissociated cells from 9, 12 and 15 day-old chick embryo spinal ganglia were cultivated in presence of total embryo-extract, brain embryo extract, or total embryo extract supplemented with purified nerve growth factor (NGF). The cells were maintained during 4 days in Maximow assembly and during 1 month in Rose chamber. Neurons showed growth of nerve fibres. The non-neural cells evolved to spindle cells, Schwann cells, or fibroblasts. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was followed with tritiated uridine by autoradiography. Some nerve cells showed tritiated uridine incorporation. The highest incorporations for short-term cultures were at 15 hours in presence of NGF, at 48 hours in presence of total or brain extract, and for long-term cultures at 8 days. These periods corresponded to the highest growing activity of the nerve fibres. After 4 days all the non-neural cells incorporated tritiated uridine. The tritiated uridine was first incorporated into the RNA of the nucleus and, afterwards was found also in the cytoplasm. The presence of brain extract or of NGF stimulates the incorporation of labelled uridine into RNA. No labelling was found in the nerve fibres, even after 4 hours incubation.
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  • 5
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 23-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Ultrastructure ; Nerve cells ; Synaptic bodies ; Extracellular material
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fixed and unfixed, freeze-dried pieces of isolated retina and the posterior part of the eye bulb from adult rats were examined in a scanning electron microscope. The inner limiting membrane shows distinct cell borders, protrusions, and scattered microvilli-like structures. Different types of nerve cells are observed in the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer. They all lack synaptic boutons on the surface of their perikarya. There is an intercellular space between the processes in the nerve fiber layer. The inner and outer segments are surrounded by a space with extracellular material. Their surface is smooth or slightly undulated. There is no evidence indicating the existence of basal infoldings continuous with the membraneous structures inside the rod outer segments. The connecting piece between the inner and outer segments resemble a symmetrically shaped hour-glass. The surface of the epithelial cells is covered by microvilli forming a honeycomb-like structure and each outer segment is surrounded by several microvilli. The results obtained are discussed in relation to those obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The probable existence of a significant extracellular space and the distribution of extracellular material between the segments and the microvilli are discussed.
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  • 6
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 228-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Rod outer segment ; Frog ; Freeze-etching ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Feinbau der Stäbchenaußenglieder des Frosches (Rana esculenta) wurde mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden untersucht: der größte Teil der Untersuchungen wurde mit der Gefrierätzmethode durchgeführt. Die Abdrucke (Masken der Bruchflächen) wurden im Elektronenmikroskop bei 40000facher Vergrößerung betrachtet. Als zweite, von der ersten unabhängigen Methode, wurden Teile negativ kontrastierter Außenglieder des Frosches im Elektronenmikroskop betrachtet. Die Auswertung der elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen von Abdrucken ergab: die Außenglieder des Frosches scheinen aus 3 Gruppen „länglicher Gebilde“ aufgebaut zu sein, die in jeweils angenähert gleichen Abständen angeordnet sind. Die „länglichen Gebilde“ werden als Fäden bezeichnet; ihre Durchmesser liegen unter 100 Å. Die Größe der Durchmesser hängt vom Adaptationszustand und der chemischen Behandlung vor der Gefrierätzung ab. Die Fäden überkreuzen sich z.T. — Es wurden ferner 4 Gruppen angenähert gleicher Abstände zwischen den Fäden gefunden. Die Größe dieser Abstände liegt zwischen etwa 50 Å und einigen hundert Å. Negativ kontrastierte Außenglieder ließen ebenfalls Fäden erkennen. Die Ergebnisse werden zu einer zweiteiligen Arbeitshypothese zusammengefaßt. Im 1. Teil der Arbeitshypothese wird angenommen: der Innenkörper des Außengliedes (das ist das Außenglied ohne die erkennbare Zellmembran) ist ein dreidimensionales parakristallines Raumgitter, aufgebaut aus den 3 verschiedenen dicken Fadenarten (d 1, d2, d4). Die Abstände zwischen den Fäden werden als Gitterkonstanten (a 1, a2, a3, a4) dieses Raumgitters aufgefaßt. Eine Elementarzelle des Gitters scheint aus einem Geflecht aus d 1- und d 2-Fäden zu bestehen und aus vier darüberliegenden Schichten paralleler d 4-Fäden. Im 2. Teil der Arbeitshypothese wird auf Grund von Volumenabschätzungen angenommen: die d 1-Fäden des Raumgitters enthalten Rhodopsin, die d 2-Fäden Protein, das nicht Rhodopsin ist, und die (d 4-Fäden enthalten Lipide. Die Arbeitshypothese wird durch experimentelle Befunde anderer Autoren gestützt, die mit den Methoden der negativen Kontrastierung, der Licht- und Röntgenstrahl-Kleinwinkel-Beugung experimentierten. Es wird versucht, für einige elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen von Dünnschnitten und Gefrierätzabdrucken eine gemeinsame Deutung zu geben (Rosenkranz et al., 1969; Rosenkranz, 1969a).
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the frog's (Rana esculenta) rod outer segments was investigated by two different methods: most of the experiments were made by means of the freeze-etching technique. The replicas were then examined by electron microscopy (40,000 X). By means of a second method, rod outer segments were negatively stained prior to electron microscopy. Inspection of the electron micrographs revealed that the frog's rod outer segments seem to be built up of three groups of “elongated structures” interpreted as fibrils (Fäden) arranged regularly at approximately equal distances. The diameters of the fibrils are below 100 Å; they depend on the state of light adaptation and on the chemical preparation before freeze-etching. The fibrils partly cross each other. In addition, there were found four groups of approximately equal distances between the fibrils. The order of magnitude of these spacings is from about 50 Å to a few hundred Å. Negatively stained outer segments also reveal fibrils. The results are expressed in a working hypothesis consisting of two parts. It is supposed first that the core of the rod outer segment represents a three dimensional paracrystalline lattice (Raumgitter) of three different types of fibrils (d 1, d2, d4). The distances between the fibrils are interpreted as the lattice constants (a 1, a2, a3, a4). A unit cell of the lattice would consist of a web (Geflecht) of two different types of fibrils (d 1, d2) and four layers of parallel fibrils of the third type (d 4). It is supposed, secondly, on the basis of a volume-evaluation, that the d1-fibrils contain rhodopsin, those of type d 2 another protein (not rhodopsin), and fibrils of type d 4 lipids. The working hypothesis is supported by experimental findings of other authors (obtained by negative staining and diffraction of light and X-rays). Attempts have been made to relate some electron micrographs of ultrathin sections to those of replicas. (Rosenkranz et al., 1969; Rosenkranz, 1969a.)
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement membrane ; Glucose-H3 ; Teleost ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Autoradiography has been employed to investigate the site of origin of the adepithelial basement membrane, or basal lamina, of the skin of Fundulus heteroclitus. Both tritiated glucose and proline were used as radioactive precursors in organ culture. Glucose was progressively segregated and concentrated in two areas of the epithelium: (1) in the superficial layer of cells near the external surface, and (2) in the cortex of the basal layer near the basement membrane. After 12 hours the basement membrane was also labeled, and after 24 hours the epithelium, basement membrane (basal lamina), and basement lamella were all labeled. We have concluded that the label over the superficial layer of epithelium near the external surface of the fish represents glucose incorporation into mucous secretion products; and that label over the basal cell layer, basement membrane, and basement lamella represents synthesis by the epithelium of glucose-rich components, perhaps mucoproteins, of the basement membrane and of the ground substance of the basement lamella. Not all areas of the epithelium and underlying connective tissue incorporated glucose at the same time, and only after 24 hours were unlabeled areas of the skin eliminated. Proline incorporation was much less specific than that of glucose. Although the epidermis and dermis were heavily labeled, proline was incorporated in almost every tissue of the fish. The value of proline as a specific label for collagen is questioned.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Corticosterone ; Autoradiography ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of corticosterone on adrenocortical cells of intact and hypophysectomized ACTH-treated rats were investigated by morphometric and autoradiographic methods. The data obtained in these experiments allow us to make the following conclusions: 1 The most important morphological parameter for assessing the activity of a steroid-secreting cell is the quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 2 The decrement in the smooth reticulum in adrenocortical cells of rats treated with corticosterone is due to an inhibition of the protein synthesis by the hormones themselves. 3 There is in vivo a direct negative feed-back control mechanism at the adrenal level, mediated by an inhibition of the RNA synthesis by the corticosteroid-hormones. 4 The trophism of the mitochondrial fraction of adrenocortical cells is controlled by ACTH. It is possible to hypothesize that ACTH intervenes in the regulation of the mitochondrial RNA and DNA synthesis.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 519-538 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Myxine glutinosa ; Epithelial cells ; Receptor cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retina of the atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, displays at the ultrastructural level several structures which in the retina of higher vertebrates are criteria of function. Agranular vesicles, which strongly resemble synaptic vesicles, are found at the receptor base, either evenly distributed in the cytoplasm or aggregated near membrane densities. Moreover, the cytoplasm is rich in glycogen and mitochondria which indicate a metabolic activity. The epithelial cells differ from pigment epithelial cells in higher vertebrates essentially in two respects. The basal surface does not display infoldings and there are no pigment granules. Observations are also reported on the inner layers of the retina. Different types of cell bodies and processes are described as well as follicle-like structure.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 189-199 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid hormones ; Tissue culture ; Neurons ; Autoradiography ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cultures of embryonic mouse and rat spinal cord-dorsal root ganglion combinations, and of newborn hamster and rat cerebellum were treated with 5×10-6M I-125 thyroxine and I-125 triiodothyronine. Autoradiographic studies on glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixed tissue indicated that these hormones were located predominantly in neurons, but could be found in glia cells as well. This pattern was observed in cultures treated for 2 hours to 4 days. Some of the effects of thyroid hormones on the developing nervous system were therefore linked to a direct action of these hormones on nerve cells. Furthermore, the label was seen not only over the cytoplasm, as might be expected from past biochemical studies, but was also present over the nucleus, particularly the nucleolus. This suggested a possible role for these hormones in the process of translation.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 572-581 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Cellular Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamus of male and female rats, given 0.3 μg/100 g body weight of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β and killed 1 hour after the injection, was examined by autoradiography in order to 1) localize the areas and the cells involved in the uptake of the hormone, and 2) study the intracellular localization of the labelled material. Only nerve cells contained radioactive material while glial and ependymal cells were not significantly labelled. In the anterior hypothalamus, labelled nerve cells were concentrated in areas corresponding to nucleus preopticus medialis and nucleus preopticus, pars suprachiasmatica. The nucleus supraopticus was unlabelled. In the medial basal hypothalamus, neurons corresponding to the nucleus arcuatus and the lateral part of the nucleus ventromedialis showed marked labelling. No significant labelling was observed in the nucleus paraventricularis, pars magnocellularis. Although the individual nerve cells varied in their extent of labelling, the major proportion of the silver grains were consistently concentrated over the nuclei. Castration was not found to influence the results. The findings were essentially the same in male and female rats and appear to suggest that oestradiol exerts a direct effect on nerve cells in certain hypothalamic areas.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 597-614 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Rat ; Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pituitaries of male and female rats given 0.3 μg of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β per 100 g body weight were examined by autoradiography in order to 1) identify the cells responsible for the uptake of the hormone, 2) determine the intracellular distribution of the hormone and quantify the proportions localized within the cytoplasm and nucleus by silver grain counting, and 3) see if sex differences existed in the cellular and intracellular distribution of the hormone. The animals were killed at intervals varying from 1 minute to 8 hours following intravenous or intramuscular injection. A large proportion of pituitary cells having the morphologic characteristics of acidophils, basophils and chromophobes contained radioactive material. Castration cells and acidophils of gonadectomized and lactating rats showed marked labelling. In male and female rats killed 10 minutes after intravenous injection, 84.4 and 83.6 per cent of the cells were labelled. One hour after intramuscular injection, 86.6 and 76.1 per cent of the cells were labelled in males and females, respectively. Thus, a small proportion of the cells remained unlabelled. Labelled cells showed silver grains both in the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei, but the major proportion of the radioactive material was invariably associated with the cell nuclei in all cell types and at all time intervals. About 65 per cent of the radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei in animals killed five minutes or one hour after intravenous or intramuscular injection of the hormone. The silver grains appeared to be randomly distributed in both the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei. In the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, only sparse labelling with random distribution was observed. At the border between the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, labelling of single cells or clusters of cells similar to those in the adenohypophysis was found. The results, which were essentially the same in male and female rats, appear to indicate a direct effect of oestradiol at the pituitary level.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Duodenum and colon ; Epithelium ; Proliferative cells ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duodenal and colonic epithelia in mice were observed with electron microscopic autoradiography 2, 5 and 24 hours after a single injection of 3H-thymidine. After 2 hours, in the duodenum, silver grains are found in many undifferentiated cells, in a few young goblet cells, in some crystal-containing cells, and in some lymphocytes. In the colon after 2 hours silver grains are seen in some undifferentiated cells, and in many young goblet cells. Undifferentiated cells are characterized by a few short microvilli, poorly developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, abundant free ribosomes, and a few apical moderately dense granules. In normal animals, absorptive cells seem to arise from undifferentiated cells, and goblet cells — from younger goblet cells. Undifferentiated cells could also become young goblet cells. Crystal-containing cells, which may not be of epithelial origin, proliferate in the epithelium in the adult animal.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 405-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Intercellular junctions ; Development ; Histogenesis ; Neurogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of intercellular junctions in the neural retina of the chick embryo between the seventh and nineteenth day of incubation has been studied. The main findings are: 1. The zonulae adhaerentes, which make up the outer limiting membrane of the adult retina, are present throughout the period of development covered by this study. 2. Small intercellular junctions of the macula adhaerens diminuta type appear in large numbers in the plexiform layers of the retina of 10 days incubation and are retained throughout development. 3. Synapse-like structures appear in the inner plexiform layer of the retina after 14 days of incubation. The possible relevance of these intercellular junctions to retinal morphogenesis is discussed.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 242-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Epithelial cells ; Microvilli ; Basal processes ; Extracellular material
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelial cells in the retina of rats were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The apical surface of the epithelial cells is covered by a large number of microvilli, which are embedded in an extracellular material. Distinct holes remaining after detached photoreceptor cell segments are numerous. The cells are polyhedronal, usually hexagonal and holes are scattered in their plasma membrane. Many of the epithelial cells are binucleated. The borders between adjacent cells are always close to each other. Numerous cytoplasmic folds or foot processes occur at the base of the cells as well as an extracellular space. The characteristic surface structures are discussed in relation to the function of the retinal epithelial cells.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development ; Neurons ; Retina ; Xenopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary All cells in the optic vesicle of Xenopus embryos from stages 27 to 31 have the same ultrastructure. They are elongated and appear to extend from the internal to the external surfaces of the optic vesicle. They are bound together by terminal bars at the internal (lumen) margin, have microvilli and a cilium on the internal margin, and are covered with a basement membrane on the external margin. Their cytoplasm contains abundant free ribosomes, polysomes, mitochondria, yolk and lipid inclusions, and sparse endoplasmic reticulum. Although other studies have shown that retinal ganglion cells originate at stages 29–30 and have their central connections determined before stage 31, these events could not be correlated with any ultrastructural changes. The first sign of differentiation in retinal cells was an increase in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus at stage 32. Microtubules and microfilaments appeared at stage 33 in association with the first axonal outgrowth from retinal ganglion cells. Cytodifferentiation proceeded gradually until large areas of Nissl substance had developed by stage 35. At larval stage 48 the ganglion cells resembled those in the adult.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 358-374 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Secretion ; Byssus ; Mytilus edulis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'autoradiographie révèle, au niveau du pied, une incorporation massive et sélective de la 3H-Proline dans la ≪glande blanche≫ de Mytilus edulis. Cette étude a permis de suivre le processus qui mène de la synthèse de la sécrétion dans la partie basale des cellules jusqu'a son émission dans le sillon pédieux où elle participe à la formation du filament. La collagénase détruit la presque totalité du marquage, attestant ainsi la nature collagénique du produit sécrété. Les autres glandes pédieuses ainsi que la glande du byssus proprement dite, située à la base du pied, montrent une incorporation très faible, sans commune mesure avec celle de la ≪glande blanche≫. Ceci démontre de façon définitive que le collagène présent dans le filament prend naissance dans cette glande et justifie la dénomination de ≪glande du collagène≫. Des contrôles réalisés dans différentes régions (bords du manteau, manteau, branchies) montrent que l'injection du précurseur dans le bord palléal constitue une méthode satisfaisante pour marquer de façon relativement rapide et différentielle le collagène de la glande.
    Notes: Summary Autoradiographic studies reveal a strong specific incorporation of 3H-Proline in the “white gland” in the foot of Mytilus edulis. The author could trace the radioactive secretory product from its synthesis in the basal part of the cells down to its outflow into the pedial groove where it takes part in the formation of the filament. Purified collagenase takes out radioactivity from the sections. This observation confirms the collagenous nature of the secretion. The other foot-glands as well as the main “byssus gland” located at the base of the foot show but a very weak labelling not comparable with that of the “white gland”. This clearly evidences that the collagen occuring in the filament originates from the latter. The “white gland” may be properly called: “collagen gland”. Control sections through different parts of the body (mantle-edge, mantle, gills) confirm that our injection technique of the precursor into the palleal margin is a suitable method for a rather quick and specific labelling of the glandular collagen.
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