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  • 1
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 2
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 71-74 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 3
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 112-116 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Repair and Reconstruction of Railway Tunnels During Traffic Maintenance The reconstruction and repair of railway tunnels on lines of the Czechoslovak State Railways (CSD) requires — especially on main lines with high traffic density — special kinds of solution. New, progressive methods enable a considerable increase in efficiency and much shorter working times. The method of tunnel reconstruction during railway traffic maintenance is based on a modification of the ring tunnelling system. This system takes advantage of the natural properties of the rock mass for the stabilization of the expanded tunnel tube. For a successful application of this kind of renovation a profound knowledge of the laws of origin and effects of rock pressures (their magnitude and direction) is absolutely necessary, and also an exact geotechnical prospection to reliably ascertain the properties of the rock mass. The article is dealing with the reasons for renovations, with a new working method for tunnel reconstruction and its techniques. A completely mechanized working train can be applied for the renovation works.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausbesserung und Umbau von Eisenbahntunneln während des Betriebes Die Ausbesserung und der Umbau von Eisenbahntunneln auf den Strecken der Tschechoslowakischen Eisenbahnen (CSD) erfordert, namentlich auf Strecken mit hoher Verkehrsdichte, Lösungen ganz besonderer Art. Neue, fortschrittliche Methoden können dabei eine wesentliche Leistungssteigerung und erheblich kürzere Baufristen ermöglichen. Die hier behandelte Methode der Tunnelerneuerung unter Aufrechterhaltung des Betriebes beruht auf einer Modifizierung des Ringausbausystems. Diese Bauart nützt die natürlichen Eigenschaften des Gebirges zur Stabilisierung des aufgeweiteten Tunnelhohlraumes aus. Voraussetzung zur erfolgreichen Anwendung dieser Erneuerungsart ist eine gründliche Kenntnis der Gesetze der Entstehung und Wirkung der Gebirgsdrücke (Größe, Wirkungsrichtung) und eine genaue geotechnische Aufnahme, welche die Eigenschaften des Gebirges verläßlich feststellt. Der Aufsatz behandelt die Gründe für Erneuerungsarbeiten, eine neue Arbeitsmethode zum Tunnelumbau und deren Techniken. Bei den Erneuerungsarbeiten kann eine komplett mechanisierte Arbeitsgarnitur auf Waggons angewendet werden.
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  • 4
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 120-122 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 5
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 173-175 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Stress Phenomena over Galleries in Prestressed Sandy Gravel The outlets of an airraid shelter in prestressed gravel have been observed to widen like a trumpet due to the spalling of stressed shales. Distressing at the tunnel outlet can lead to dangerous collapse of the tunnel entrance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Spannungserscheinungen über Stollen in vorgepreßten sandigen Kiesen Die Ausmündungen einer Luftschutzanlage, die in vorgepreßten Kiesen angelegt war, erweitern sich durch das Abplatzen von Entspannungsschalen trompetenförmig. Die Spannungen, die am Stollenmundloch herrschen, führen oft zu Zusammenbrüchen am Stollenbeginn.
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  • 6
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 7
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Experimenteller Nachweis zur Dilatanz als volumenbezogene Eigenschaft spröder, bis zum Bruch belasteter Körper. Dilatanz, d. h. relative Volumenvergrößerung im Vergleich zur elastischen Zusammendrückung, ist ein Phänomen, welches häufig bei der Druckbeanspruchung von Gesteinen beobachtet werden kann. Diese Erscheinung ist für das Verständnis der Bruchvorgänge von Gesteinen und deren Anwendung auf geologische und technische Probleme von beträchtlicher Bedeutung. Ein Großteil der bisherigen Untersuchungen zu dieser Frage wurde an kleinen zylindrischen Probekörpern mit großem Verhältnis von Oberfläche : Volumen durchgeführt. Bei diesen Versuchen wurden meist Dehnmeßstreifen an die Oberfläche der Probekörper geklebt. Demnach kann die Möglichkeit nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß die beobachtete Dilatation infolge abnormaler Oberflächenverformungen ein Oberflächenphänomen ist. Messungen der Dilatation an der Innen- und Außenseite eines hohlen zylindrischen Probekörpers während der Druckbeanspruchung in einem homogenen Spannungsfeld bilden eine Möglichkeit, diese Ungewißheit zu beseitigen. Im Falle einer oberflächengebundenen Dilatation würde es zu einer relativen Verkleinerung des inneren Querschnittes des hohlen Probekörpers kommen, während die Dilatation der Außenseite mit der Verformung anwachsen würde. Demgegenüber würde es im Falle der Dilatation als einer volumetrischen Eigenschaft zu einer ähnlichen relativen Vergrößerung des inneren Querschnittes des hohlen Probekörpers und des Probekörpers selbst kommen. Die Experimente an hohlen zylindrischen Probekörpern aus Quarzit zeigen, daß die Dilatanz ein volumetrisches Phänomen ist.
    Abstract: Résumé Expérience prouvant que la dilatance est répartie dans tout le volume des roches fragiles chargées jusqu'à la rupture. La dilatance, c'est-à-dire l'augmentation de volume par rapport à la déformation élastique en compression, se manifeste souvent quand on comprime des échantillons de roche jusqu'à la rupture. Ce phénomène a une importance considérable pour la compréhension des processus de rupture des roches, et pour les applications aux problèmes géologiques et géotechniques. La plupart des essais ont été faits à ce jour sur de petits échantillons cylindriques, dont la surface est grande par rapport au volume, le plus souvent au moyen de jauges à résistance collées sur la surface de l'échantillon. Il reste la possibilité que la dilatance mesurée ne soit qu'un phénomène superficiel, dû à des déformations anormales de la surface. Pour lever cette incertitude, on peut mesurer la dilatance à la fois sur la surface externe et sur la surface interne de cylindres creux soumis à des contraintes homogènes: une dilatance superficielle produirait une diminution de la section du trou et une augmentation de la section totale, tandis qu'une dilatance répartie dans tout le volume produirait des augmentations de section similaires. Les essais sur cylindres creux de quartzite montrent que la dilatance est un phénomène réparti dans tout le volume.
    Notes: Summary An Experiment Proving that Dilatancy is a Pervasive Volumetric Property of Brittle Rock Loaded to Failure. Dilatancy, that is, volumetric expansion relative to the compression resulting from elastic deformation is often observed in the compression of rock specimens to failure. This phenomenon is of considerable importance to the understanding of the processes of rock failure and in their application to geological and engineering problems. Most of the observations to date have been made on small cylindrical specimens of rock, with a high surface area to volume ratio; frequently by means of resistance strain gauges cemented to the surface of the specimen. The possibility of the measured dilatancy being a superficial phenomenon due to anomalous surface deformations cannot be excluded. Measurements of dilatant deformation on the inside and outside of hollow cylindrical specimens during compression under homogeneous stresses provide a means of resolving this uncertainty. Superficial dilatancy would result in a relative diminution of the cross-section of the hole as that of the outside of the specimen increases with deformation; whereas pervasive volumetric dilatancy would result in similar relative increases in the cross-section of both the hole and the specimen. Experiments on hollow cyclindrical specimens of quartzite show that dilatancy is a pervasive volumetric phenomenon.
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  • 8
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 245-248 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Function of Rock Mechanics in Modern Tunnelling. For modern methods of tunnel driving it is necessary to apply new procedures of geological investigations including large-scale rock mechanics tests. This view holds equally for reconstruction projects. In addition to the mechanical properties of the rock masses it is necessary to determine the intrinsic stresses in the rock and in the tunnel lining, the thickness of the inelastic (relaxed) zone around the tunnel, as well as the possibility of grouting and anchoring.
    Abstract: Résumé Application de la mécanique des roches aux méthodes modernes de construction et de reconstruction des tunnels. Dans la technique moderne des tunnels il est nécessaire d'appliquer de nouvelles méthodes de reconnaissance comportant davantage d'essais de mécanique des roches. La même exigence est valable pour la reconstruction des tunnels. Outre les propriétés mécaniques du massif rocheux, on déterminera aussi les contraintes dans le rocher et dans le revêtement, l'épaisseur de la zone décomprimée et même les possibilités d'injection et de boulonnage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aufgaben der Felsmechanik bei neuzeitlichen Tunnelrekonstruktionen. Für die neuzeitliche Tunnelbauweise müssen neue Erkundungsmethoden mit erweitertem Umfang felsmechanischer Prüfungen angewandt werden. Diese Forderung soll ebenso bei Rekonstruktionen erfüllt werden. Außer den mechanischen Eigenschaften werden auch die innere Spannung im Felsmassiv und in der Ausmauerung, die Mächtigkeit der gelockerten Zone sowie die Injektions- und Verankerungsmöglichkeit bestimmt.
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  • 9
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 205-222 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Theorie für die Scherfestigkeit von Gröbstkornschüttungen (Steinbrockenschüttungen). Das vorhandene Wissen vom Wesen der Scherfestigkeit von Gröbstkornschüttungen sowie davon, wie und warum sie verschieden groß ist, ist unzulänglich. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Scherfestigkeit durch den entscheidenden Reibungswinkel von Gestein auf Gestein (Φ u ), den Hohlraum-Quotienten (e) und den Bruch von Teilchen (B) bestimmt wird, und daß sie von dem Quotienten aus größter und kleinster Hauptnormalspannung abhängt. Bei der Anwendung statistischer Methoden, welche mit einigen einfachen, auf Versuchen beruhenden Annahmen kombiniert werden, können Formeln für die Scherfestigkeit von Gröbstkornschüttungen abgeleitet werden. Theoretische Ergebnisse werden mit den Ergebnissen von Triaxialversuchen im Labor verglichen.
    Abstract: Résumé Une théorie pour la résistance au cisaillement des enrochements. Les connaissances actuelles sur la signification de la résistance au cisaillement des enrochements, et sur le pourquoi et le comment de ses variations sont insuffisantes. On montre que la résistance au cisaillement dépend de l'angle de frottement élémentaire rocher sur rocher (Φ u ), de l'indice des vides (e) et de la rupture des blocs (B), et qu'elle varie avec le rapport des contraintes principales extrêmes. Grâce à des méthodes statistiques et à quelques hypothèses simples basées sur un travail expérimental, on obtient des formules donnant la résistance au cisaillement des enrochements. Les résultats théoriques sont comparés avec les résultats d'essais triaxiaux au laboratoire.
    Notes: Summary A Theory for the Shear Strength of Rockfill Existing knowledge of the meaning of the shear strength of rock fill, and of how and why it varies is inadequate. Shear strength is shown to be controlled by the basic angle of friction of rock on rock (Φ u ), the voids ratio (e) and the particle breakage (B) and to be dependent on the ratio of major to minor principal stresses. Using statistical methods combined with some simple assumptions based on experimental work formulas are derived for the shear strength of rock fill. Theoretical results are compared with the results of laboratory triaxial tests.
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  • 10
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 189-204 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bestimmung des Verhaltens von sprödem Gestein nach dem Bruch mittels eines servogesteuerten Prüfgerätes. Es wird über ein neues Verfahren berichtet, den Bruch spröden Gesteins zu kontrollieren, nachdem seine maximale Bruchlast überschritten ist. Dieser Bereich ist im allgemeinen der Untersuchung nicht zugänglich, da bei der Verwendung herkömmlicher Belastungs-Maschinen vom Belastungs-System ein Überschuß an Energie frei wird, der für eine explosionsartige Zerstörung des Gesteins verantwortlich ist. Bei dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren wird das Freiwerden der im System gespeicherten Energie durch ein hochfrequentes, elektronisch geregeltes Servo-System in Verbindung mit einer Hydraulik mit kurzer Verzögerungszeit kontrolliert. Es wird dabei der Gesteinsprobe zu jedem Zeitpunkt nur so viel Energie zugeführt wie zur Aufrechterhaltung für den stabilen Bruch notwendig ist. Die theoretische Betrachtung des Systems zeigt, daß die Bedingung für den stabilen Bruch entlang der Post-Failure-Charakteristik durch die Fähigkeit des Belastungs-Systems bestimmt wird, rasch zu entladen. Der Begriff einer ‚dynamischen Steife‘ wird definiert. Für genügend kleine Verformungsgeschwindigkeiten und kurze Verzögerungszeiten des Servo-Systems kann der Bruch auch dann kontrolliert werden, wenn die Neigung der Post-Failure-Kurve sich sehr großen Werten (− ∞) nähert. Der Versuchsaufbau und die Versuchsdurchführung werden beschrieben und es werden einige Post-Failure-Kurven für Tennessee Kalkstein unter einachsiger und zweiachsiger Druckbeanspruchung wiedergegeben, wobei das neue Verfahren verwendet wurde.
    Abstract: Résumé Détermination du comportement après la rupture des roches fragiles au moyen d'une machine d'essai asservie. On présente un nouveau système pour contrôler la rupture des roches fragiles lorsque leur limite de rupture est dépassée. En général, il n'est pas possible d'étudier le comportement des roches dans ce domaine. L'emploi d'une machine d'essai traditionnelle libère inévitablement lorsque la limite de rupture est dépassée, un excès d'énergie qui provoque une violente désintégration de la roche. L'appareil, décrit dans cet article, contrôle la libération de l'énergie accumulée dans le système à l'aide d'un servosystème électronique à haute fréquence règlant un mécanisme hydraulique à temps de réponse très court. De cette facon, il est possible de limiter l'énergie transmise à la roche à la quantité nécessaire pour développer une rupture stable. L'analyse théorique du système révèle que la possibilité d'obtention d'une rupture stable, la limite de rupture ayant été dépassée, est déterminée par la rapidité avec laquelle le système hydraulique peut se décharger. Le concept de rigidité dynamique est défini. Si les vitesses de déformation sont petites et si les temps de réponse du servosystème sont courts, il est possible de contrôler la rupture, même lorsque la pente du diagramme effort-déformation tend à devenir infiniment raide, la limite de rupture étant dépassée. Le dispositif expérimental et l'exécution d'un essai sont décrits. Quelques diagrammes complets (y compris la partie descendante) d'un marbre du Tennessee pour les cas de compression simple et de compression double utilisant ce nouveau système sont présentés.
    Notes: Summary Determination of the Post-Failure Behavior of Brittle Rock Using a Servo-Controlled Testing Machine. The use of the servo-controlled testing machine to control fracture when a rock specimen is deformed beyond its peak strength is discussed. This region of deformation can not usually be examined because excess energy released by the loading system produces rapid disintegration of the specimen. In the test method described the energy release is controlled by a high frequency electronic servo-control system acting in combination with a hydraulic system of very short response time. The control causes the excess energy to be withdrawn before it can be released into the disintegrating specimen, by removing pressurized fluid from the hydraulic system. Theoretical considerations reveal that the condition for controlled fracture is determined by the ability of the hydraulic loading system to unload rapidly. This may be expressed in terms of a ‘dynamic stiffness’,K r , of the hydraulic system. For sufficiently small deformation rates and short servo-control response times the fracture process can be controlled, even though the unloading slope of the stress-strain curve of the rock specimen tends to become infinitely steep. The experimental technique is described in detail and some results obtained in studying the post-failure behavior of Tennessee Marble under uni-axial and bi-axial compression using the new system are presented.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 256-256 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 74-74 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 118-119 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 138-145 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Keywords: creep ; rheology ; stress-strain relation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Über die Rheologie der Kriecherscheinungen im Gestein Es wird gezeigt, daß die üblichen linearen rheologischen Modelle nicht genügen, um das Kriechverhalten von Gestein zu beschreiben; zu diesem Zwecke muß eine neue rheologische Gleichung postuliert werden. Eine derartige Gleichung wird mittels eines Korrespondenzprinzips zu einem Kelvin-Körper abgeleitet. Sie ist nichtlinear und hat die folgende Form: $$\sigma ' = 2\eta \ddot \varepsilon + \beta \dot \varepsilon ^2 $$ wobeiε die Schiebung,σ die Schubspannung, ein Punkt Ableitung nach der Zeit undβ, η Konstanten bedeuten. Einige Folgerungen aus dieser Gleichung sind dargestellt.
    Abstract: Résumé Sur la rhéologie du fluage des roches Il est démontré que les modelès rhéologiques ordinaires (linéaires) ne suffisent pas pour décrire le caractère du fluage des roches. Dans ce but il faut postuler une nouvelle équation analytique. Une telle équation est déduite en utilisant un principe de correspondance avec un matériau de Kelvin. Elle est non-linéaire et s'écrit comme suit: $$\sigma ' = 2\eta \ddot \varepsilon + \beta \dot \varepsilon ^2 $$ où 2ε est l'angle de glissement,σ la contrainte de cisaillement,η etβ sont des constantes et un point signifie la différentiation par rapport au temps. Quelques conséquences de la nouvelle équation sont démontrées.
    Notes: Summary On the Rheology of Rock Creep The standard (linear) rheological models and the experimental evidence on rock creep are reviewed and it is shown that a new rheological equation (“stress-strain relation”) must be found to describe the most common behavior of rocks. Such a rheological equation is deduced by a correspondence principle with a Kelvin material and is presented. It is nonlinear and of the form: $$\sigma ' = 2\eta \ddot \varepsilon + \beta \dot \varepsilon ^2 $$ whereε is shear strain,σ shear stress, dot denotes time derivation, andη andβ are constants. Some consequences of this equation are discussed.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 146-166 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Driving of Pressure Tunnels in the Suabian Alb for the Second Pipe Line of the Lake of Constance Scheme Within the last 2 1/2 years about 27.5 km of pressure tunnels have been driven for the second potable water pipeline from the Lake of Constance into the dry areas in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, South-West Germany. Not less than 18 km of these were driven by mechanical moles. Three different types of full-face boring machines with varying diameters were used in all kinds of rock in the White Jura and also in the upper part of the Brown Jura. The hard rock formations of the Upper White Jura were driven by a Demag-Mini-Mole of very compact design in the so-called Southern Pressure Tunnels. The total length of these 5 tunnels amounted to 3.4 km, the bored diameter was 2.15 m, the average rate of driving being 10 m per day, the maximum 32 m per day and 304 m per month. The crushing-strength of the rock was found to be 1800–2100 kp/cm2. About 60% of the 24 km long Alb Pressure Tunnel was driven by two moles in middle-hard and soft rock-formations. From the bottom of the 120 m deep Burladingen-Shaft, a Robbinsmole was set in operation in a southerly direction. This machine was not a new one, but it operated very successfully on a 4.7 km long tunnel section, the drilling diameter being 2.7–2.9 m. The following rates of progress were recorded: Rate in the soft marl of White Juraα (compressive strength about 600–800 kp/cm2), average 31.2 m per day, maximum 55 m per day, 860 m per month; in the upper part of White Juraα with some hard rock layers of varying thickness, average 23.3 m per day, maximum 42.0 m per day and in the middle-hard formations of the White Juraβ (horizontal stratified limestone, compressive strength 1600 kp/cm2), average 17.2 m per day, maximum 27.0 m per day. About 9 km in soft ground of the Upper Brown Jura (Ornatenton, compressive strength 400–600 kp/m) were driven by a mole built by Krupp. Despite the fact that the tunnel suffered from falls due to the geological weakness of the strata, and had therefore to be supported by bolting and sprayed concrete immediately after driving, the average rate of driving was 22.5 m per day and 500 m per month. Maximum values of 64 m per day and 847 m per month were recorded. A lot of experience was gained on mechanical driving, especially as there was occasion for direct comparison between these new driving methods and traditional blasting. With mechanical driving, the overbreak factor was limited to 0–3 percent against the about 20–30 percent overbreak observed in the rock formations described above, the amount of support required being only about 1/3 in the mechanical-driven tunnel-sections. The tunnels are to be completed in summer 1970.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Bau von Druckstollen durch die Schwäbische Alb für die zweite Fernleitung der Bodensee-Wasserversorgung Für die zweite Trinkwasserfernleitung vom Bodensee in die Wassermangelräume Baden-Württembergs sind in den letzten Jahren 27,5 km Stollen aufgefahren worden. Hievon wurden nicht weniger als 18 km unter Einsatz dreier Stollenbohrmaschinen verschiedenen Fabrikates und Durchmessers in stark unterschiedlichen Gebirgsarten bezwungen. Nach einer Skizzierung der allgemeinen Projektzusammenhänge wird zunächst über den ersten Einsatz einer von der Demag gebauten Hartgesteinsmaschine in den sogenannten Südstollen berichtet. Diese Bohrmaschine hat etwa 3,4 km im oberen Weißjura durchfahren bei einer mittleren Leistung von 10 m/d, einer maximalen Auffahrung von 32 m/d und einer höchsten Monatsleistung von 304 m. Nahezu 60% des 24 km langen Albstollens, vornehmlich die mittelharten und milden Strecken im Nordtrum, sind mit 2 Vortriebsmaschinen durchörtert worden. Von einem 120 m tiefen Schacht aus kam ein von Robbins gebautes, aus den USA gebraucht bezogenes Gerät zum Einsatz, der sehr erfolgreich verlief. In den nahezu durchwegs standfesten 4,7 km langen Strecken wurden folgende Auffahrergebnisse erreicht: Im weichen Mergel des Weißjuraα i. M. 31,2 m/d, max. 55 m/d und 860 m/Monat; im oberen Weißjuraα, der mit harten Kalksteinbänken wechselnder Mächtigkeit durchzogen war, i. M. 23,3 m/d und max. 42,0 m/d; im Weißjuraβ, die mittelharten „Wohlgeschichteten Kalke“, i. M. 17,2 m/d, max. 27 m/d. Nahezu 9 km im weichen, aber größtenteils nicht standfesten Ornatenton, wurden mit einer durch Krupp gebauten Stollenfräse in 1 1/2 Jahren vorgetrieben. Die Auffahrleistung war durch die immer sofort notwendige Torkretabsicherung und -absiegelung stark beschränkt. Dennoch war die mittlere Leistung von 22,5 m/d und knapp 500 m/Monat beachtlich, noch mehr die Maximalwerte mit 64 m/d bzw. 847 m/Monat. An Hand der beim Albstollen und anderen Maschineneinsätzen gewonnenen Erfahrungen wird auf Konstruktion der Maschinen generell eingegangen und der mechanische Vortrieb als solcher besprochen. Vor- und Nachteile werden z. T. an Hand von Erfahrungswerten herausgearbeitet.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 242-244 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some Reflections on Rock Stresses Due to Modern Tunnelling and Mining Methods. The safety of work crews at the tunnel face can be increased by blasting shorter rounds, since in this case the unprotected working room is shorter. Record performances in tunneldriving demand the highest degree of tunnel protection, otherwise the owner has to pay more for protection and preservation. Thus, the tunnelling schedule should be designed to allow as much time as realistically possible for completion of the project. In this way the work can be carried out with reasonable, but not excessive haste. Removal of material leads to discharge and ground control problems. This becomes clearly apparent with modern rapid tunelling methods. If the ground is plastic, it swells up in front of the face and leads to undesirable open joints which cause rock falls and, in extreme cases, collapse.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gedanken eines Baugeologen zur Beanspruchung des Gesteins durch moderne Stollenbau- und Abbaumethoden. Kürzere Schüsse erhöhen die Sicherheit der Mannschaft vor Ort, weil der ungesicherte Arbeitsraum kürzer ist. Rekordleistungen im Stollenvortrieb verlangen höchste Leistungsfähigkeit der Stollensicherung, sonst zahlt der Bauherr größere Sicherungs- und Erhaltungskosten. Aus diesem Grunde sollte der Stollenbau, wenn er nicht den Terminplan beherrscht, möglichst große Baufristen erhalten, damit rasch, aber nicht extrem rasch gearbeitet wird. Große Materialentnahmen führen zu Entlastungen des Untergrundes, die sich bei der Schnelligkeit des modernen Abbaues deutlich bemerkbar machen. Ist der Untergrund plastisch, dann quillt er vor der Abbauwand hoch und verursacht in ihr technisch unangenehme offene Klüfte, Steinfall und im Extrem auch Zusammenbrüche.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On the basis of an examination of the fracture of concrete test pieces the authors propose a criterion for determining the limit strength of the mortar and the granulate in terms of the expected strength of the concrete. They define the compressive loads by which the feeble, low-strength and disaggregated grains of a granulate can be determined and show the influence of the use of granulates of inadequate strength on the mechanical strength of the concretes. The tests carried out by the authors confirm the hypotheses advanced.
    Notes: Résumé Les auteurs proposent, sur la base de l'examen de la cassure d'éprouvettes de béton, un critère de détermination de la résistance limite du mortier et du granulat en fonction de la résistance donnée du béton. Ils définissent les charges de compression permettant de déterminer les grains faibles, peu résistants et désagrégés d'un granulat et mettent en évidence l'influence de l'emploi de granulats de résistance inadéquate sur la résistance mécanique des bétons. Les essais effectués par les auteurs confirment les hypothèses avancées.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The functional relation between creep deformation and stress relaxation can be represented by the Volterra integral equation. By substituting the creep function and the relaxation function into this equation and comparing coefficients it is possible to obtain an expression which relates the ultimate creep to the relaxed stress at time t=∞. The rate at which the stress decreases at the begenning of the experiment is proportional to the creep velocity, and the constant of proportionality is the modulus of elasticity. It is shown the half-life time of the relaxation process is always smaller than the corresponding half-life time of the creep process. The derived equations are compared with experimental results described in the literature.
    Notes: Résumé On peut traduire la relation entre fluage et relaxation par l'équation intégrale de Volterra. La substitution des fonctions «fluage» et «relaxation» dans cette équation et la comparaison des coefficients permet d'obtenir une expression qui relie le fluage final et la contrainte relâchée au tempst=∞. Le taux de décroissance au début de l'expérience est proportionnel à la vitesse de fluage; la constante de proportionnalité est le module d'élasticité. On montre que la mi-temps du processus de relaxation est toujours plus petite que la mi-temps correspondance du processus de fluage. On compare les équations dérivées avec les résultats expérimentaux décrits dans la littérature.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 253-260 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La déformabilité d'un solide composite peut être considérée comme une moyenne judicieusement choisie des déformations de ses composants. Les moyennes arithmétique et harmonique des déformations des composants fournissent les deux meilleurs et les deux plus simples modèles stratifés connus (fig. 1 et 1b). On montre que les moyennes de ces deux modèles (fig. 1c et 1d) permettent une plus juste approximation entre les valeurs calculées et expérimentales. Les analogies mécaniques de ces modèles stratifiés sont représentées par des ressorts connectés (fig. 2), et les analogies électriques par des résistances ohmiques connectées (fig. 3). Le modèle composite traduit par la moyenne géométrique des déformations des composants ne possède pas une simple analogie mécanique ou électrique. Les proportions des composants (g) peuvent être aussi déterminées si l'on connaît tant le module d'élasticité du matériau composite que celui de chacun des composants. Pour deux composants, on se référera aux équations de (6) à (10). Pour trois composants, le calcul se complique, mais peut être simplifié par l'emploi de diagrammes triangulaires. Une fois établi, un système linéaire des valeurs E constantes (voir fig. 5 pour Ea et les figures qui suivent pour les autres modules moyens), le module d'élasticité composite pour quelles constructions que ce soient des 3 phases peut être lu directement sur le diagramme ou, inversement, la totalité des combinaisons possibles de composants pour une valeur donnée de E composite, même avec des limites de tolérance et des conditions subsidiaires. La combinaison d'un calculateur couplé à un traceur de courbe avec la méthode du diagramme triangulaire se révèle comme particulièrement avantageuse.
    Notes: Summary The deformability of a composite solid can be estimated as a properly selected average of the deformabilities of the phases. The arithmetic and harmonic averages of the phase deformations provide the two best known and simplest laminated models. Analogues of these laminated models are shown as connected springs or as connected ohmic resistances. The needed “g” blending proportions can also be calculated when the required modulus of elasticity of the composite as well as the moduli of the phases are given. The mathematics of three-phase composite models is more complicated. This can be simplified by the use of triangular diagrams. The combination of a computer of graphical terminals with the triangular diagram method is shown as particularly advantageous.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 60-69 
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This material is different from usual ca cium silicate materials, because we use clay instead of sand. The reaction is more complete because of the fineness of clay. With the usual heat treatment (autoclave 200 °C, 16 atm.), we obtain an ultimate compressive stress of 900 kg/cm2. Then we add a second heat treatment (dry oven, 350 °C) and the ultimate compressive stress jumps to 2,000 kg/cm2. This material has a beautiful aspect; it looks like natural stone, almost like marble; it may be used as artificial stone for building construction; but its main application should be prestressed long-span or heavily loaded beams, or even bridges.
    Notes: Résumé Ce matériau diffère des matériaux silico-calcaires usuels, car nous employons l'argile au lieu du sable. La réaction est plus complète à cause de la finesse de l'argile. Avec le traitement thermique usuel (autoclave 200°C, 16 atm.), nous obtenons une résistance à la compression de 900 bars. Puis nous ajoutons un second traitement thermique (étuve sèche, 350°C) et la résistance bondit jusqu'à 2 000 bars. Ce matériau a un très bel aspect; il ressemble à la pierre naturelle, il est presque comme du marbre; on peut l'utiliser comme pierre artificielle pour la construction. Mais sa principale application serait les poutres précontraintes à très longue portée ou lourdement chargées, ou même les ponts.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effect of stress concentrations produced by a circular hole, on the static and fatigue strengths of plain concrete in uniaxial compression, is investigated by experiments. Tests conducted on prismatic specimens showed that the ultimate static compressive strength and the fatigue strength is not significantly altered by the introduction of stress concentrating hole. The air cavities and microcracks inherently present in the concrete affect the ultimate strength and deformation characteristics of the material to such an extent that the effect of the artificially introduced stress concentrations is negligibly small.
    Notes: Résumé Cet article rend compte d'une étude expérimentale des effets de concentrations de contraintes sur les résistances statique et dynamique du béton non armé, en compression pure. Les essais statiques et dynamiques sur prismes de béton non armé, avec et sans entaille, indiquent que la résistance à court terme et sous charge répétée n'est pas diminuéer par la présence d'une entaille circulaire. Les inclusions d'air et les micro-fissures inhérentes au béton affectent les caractéristiques de résistance et de déformation du matériau de telle sorte que l'effet du facteur de concentration des contraintes artificielles introduit est négligeable.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 237-251 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The various methods of measurement applied to a quasi-uniform field of strains in the compressed elements in concrete are examined. The aim of the study is to compare first four types of captors intended for measurements within the concrete and then to compare the measurements of the longitudinal strains of the surface carried out by means of resistance wire strain gauges and mechanical extensometers on different bases. The analysis of the results is based on the homogeneity of the measurements, assessed by different statistical criteria. The conclusions tend to indicate the construction of a captor better adapted to measurements inside concrete elements and likewise to determine the minimum basis of the extensometric measurements of the strains of the concrete. The method used to compare the homogeneity of the measurements of the strains of the concrete may be useful likewise in the other cases of measurements.
    Notes: Résumé On examine les méthodes diverses de mesure appliquées à un champ quasi-uniforme de déformations unitaires dans les éléments comprimés en béton. Le but de l'étude est de comparer d'abord quatre types de capteurs destinés aux mesures à l'intérieur du béton et ensuite de comparer les mesures des déformations longitudinales de la surface effectuées au moyen de jauges à fil résistant et d'extensomètres mécaniques sur des bases différentes. L'analyse des résultats repose sur l'homogénéité des mesures, appréciée par des critères statistiques différents. Les conclusions tendent à indiquer la construction d'un capteur mieux adapté aux mesures à l'intérieur des pièces en béton et également à déterminer la base minimale des mesures extensométriques des déformations du béton. La méthode employée pour comparer l'homogénéité des mesures des déformations du béton peut être utile également dans les autres cas de mesures.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 261-268 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article résume une série d'essais sur les mélanges gypse-sable avec différents sables et diverses compositions effectués dans le dessein de recueillir des informations relatives aux mortiers qui peuvent servir à un enduit au plâtre et au sable, en l'absence d'une pratique reconnue et d'instructions précises (la spécification en usage indique la composition du mélange sans tenir compte du type et de la qualité du sable, alors que les fabricants de plâtre recommandent un dosage fondé sur un rapport prédéterminé eau-semihydrate, (retardé) mais sans tenir compte non plus de la qualité du sable). Il a été constamment maintenu une consistance uniforme fixée d'après la moyenne en usage dans la pratique locale. Les critères d'évaluation pour le mortier endurci sont les suivants: la résistance, la dureté et la variation linéaire. Les épreuves effectuées se résument comme suit: 1. Pour une consistance uniforme du mortier et un plâtre donné, la quantité d'eau varie selon le type de sable et, pour le même sable et la composition du mélange, selon le type de gypse. 2. Letemps de prise varie selon le type de sable: pour du sable de carrière, il est beaucoup plus court que pour le sable naturel. 3. Pour ce qui concerne larésistance, on constate que, pour le même rapport eau-semihydrate, elle varie selon le type de sable. Il en résulte que le rapport seul ne constitute pas un critère de dosage satisfaisant, ce qu'il peut être malgré tout pour un sable spécifique. Il en est de même avec la composition du mélange. 4. Pour ladureté, on a constaté qu'elle varie avec le type de sable pour un même rapport eausemihydrate, d'où la possibilité qu'elle serve de critère de qualité du mortier pour un sable spécifique. 5. Quant à lavariation linéaire, on a constaté qu'elle varie avec le type de sable pour un même rapport eau-semihydrate et pour la même composition du mélange. Elle augmente avec l'un et l'autre (quoi-qu'on n'ait pas observé d'influence directe de la granulométrie du sable); mais dans tous les cas, elle restait plus faible, par comparaison avec les mortiers sable-chaux correspondants.
    Notes: Summary The paper summarises a series of tests carried out on gypsum-sand mixes—using different sands and mix proportions—and undertaken with a view to reliable information on base mortars for gypsum-sand plaster, in the absence of a local consensus and clear-cut instructions. (The current standard specification prescribes the mix proportion irrespective of the type and quality of the sand, while gypsum manufacturers recommend mix design based on a predetermined water-R.H.H. ratio, again irrespective of the sand quality). A uniform consistency was used throughout, based on the average accepted in local practice. Evaluation criteria for the hardened mortars were: flexural and compressive strength, hardness, and linear change.
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 1-14 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 53-67 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 97-107 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 108-116 
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    Notes: Conclusion A spatial model has been proposed for the investigation of systems where the available data pertaining to the system and those environmental factors influencing it is so generalized as to rule out traditional statistical analyses. This proposed methodology, which is of an order of generalization similar to the available data, necessarily yields highly generalized results in terms of significant factors at their critical and core area values. For purposes of preliminary investigations, it is felt that the generalized results of this approach to systems analysis will be valuable.
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 114-122 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 137-145 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 15-28 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 61-68 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 69-80 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the results of a study conducted in Jefferson County, Alabama (coterminous with the Birmingham SMSA) to determine whether there is justification for the concept of a household travel behavior corridor. Specifically, the research was designed to yield at least partial answers to the following questions: (1) Is the concept of an inter-area travel behavior corridor for shopping activities justified? (2) What is the general shape of such a corridor? (3) Do gravity models function as satisfactory explanatory devices of consumer household shopping travel behavior? (4) Does shopping travel behavior within corridorized areas depict a rational cost-conscious process in obtaining goods and services? (5) Do demographic and economic variables explain shopping travel behavior within these corridorized areas? Basic findings were as follows: (1) The shopping travel behavior of households depicted a rational, cost-conscious approach to the process of obtaining merchandise; (2) Relationships to retail centers were isotropic in character, and retail functional hierarchies apparently were easily perceived by households; (3) Corridor formulations were realistic and will be useful for additional analysis; (4) Gravity formulations were of only limited usefulness in explaining the origins and destinations of shopping trips originating from the total area of analysis; (5) Demographic and economic variables did not adequately explain shopping travel behavior within the corridorized areas.
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 154-156 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 15-25 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 38-48 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 105-113 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 134-150 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 36-42 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 68-79 
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    Notes: Conclusion Simple though this scheme is, its use would seemingly alleviate, in part, many of the problems preventing the maximization of the number of “acceptable” housing units for lower-income households made available under federal subsidies thus far disclosed in the interviews with community leaders. But perhaps its value lies in the fact that in the process of making the model operational hitherto unconsidered problems would be raised concerning (1) the motivation and measurement of community effort and commitment; (2) the measurement of the housing needs of lower-income households in various subcultures and localities; (3) the measurement of cost-effectiveness in various new contexts; and (4) the more precise assessment of social benefits accruing from the improvement of housing. Arriving at the estimates and weights required by the matrix will be no simple task but it may be a rewarding one. The model is, therefore, offered herein, as a basis for further research.
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 1-14 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 49-60 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 93-104 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 146-153 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 157-174 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 43-52 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 80-89 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 117-126 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 151-159 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 29-37 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 81-92 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 186-186 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 26-35 
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    Notes: Conclusions We have argued above for a systems view of the city. In particular we have asked that the city be looked at as a particular kind of system: a natural system. By taking this view many of the advances made by systems ecologists in studying more limited ecosystems become available to us. The ecological perspective in urban studies is not new. We feel, though, that previous work has looked at but a few of the important and analogous concepts in natural science. The most critical omission of earlier work has been in the area of stability and complexity. We have tried to define these concepts as finely as is meaningful and to illustrate them and their application to the urban scene. If there is one single conclusion or point upon which we would like to close, it is this: Complexity must be a planning parameter. The intricacy and complexity of urban systems must be preserved and not diminished. It is entirely likely that in the future the maintenance of complexity in the urban ecosystem will be an important planning criterion.
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 90-96 
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    The annals of regional science 4 (1970), S. 127-133 
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 3-36 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The constitutive equation for creep, shrinkage and thermal expansion, which reflects correctly the effect of variable humidity and temperature, including the effect of size, shape and stress distribution, is derived. Cement paste and concrete are treated as a multi-phase composite material, in which both the static and thermodynamic conditions of equilibrium must be considered.
    Notes: Résumé L'action des variations d'humidité et de température sur le béton, compte tenu des facteurs de dimension et de forme, ainsi que de la répartition des contraintes est traduite par l'équation fondamentale du fluage, du retrait et de la dilatation thermique. La pâte de ciment et le béton sont étudiés en tant que matériaux composites multiphases dans lesquels les conditions d'équilibre, tant statique que thermodynamique, doivent être considérées.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 71-72 
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 45-51 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using the principles of specific gravity the author has derived and proposed the following two formulas and one method. 1. A formula for determining bulk specific gravity (saturated surface dry basis), for lightweight aggregate, used in lightweight concrete. 2. A formula for determining the total quantity of absorbed water in lightweight aggregate. This formula provides a method which is independent of the saturation of the aggregate with water, and gives the quantity of water which the aggregate contains at a given moment. 3. A method for determining the weight of the components in a unit volume of lightweight concrete. These two formulas and the method are applicable to lightweight concrete which contains lightweight aggregate only, and to lightweight concrete when a portion of the lightweight sand has been replaced with natural sand. The derived formulas have been verified by experimental data and numerical examples illustrate the use of the formulas.
    Notes: Résumé D'aprés les principes sur lesquels repose la notion de densité, l'auteur expose et propose: 1. Une formule pour déterminer la densité apparente des agrégats légers utilisés dans les bétons légers. 2. Une formule pour déterminer la quantité totale d'eau absorbée dans les agrégats légers. Cette formule fournit une méthode indépendante de la saturation en eau des agrégats et permet d'obtenir la quantité d'eau que les agrégats renferment à un instant donné. 3. Une méthode pour déterminer le poids des composants dans l'unité de volume d'un béton léger. Ces deux formules et la méthode peuvent s'appliquer aux bétons légers qui ne renferment que des agrégats légers ainsi qu'aux bétons légers où une partie des agrégats légers fins a été remplacée par du sable. Les formules obtenues ont été vérifiées par des résultats expérimentaux et des exemples numériques en illustrent l'application.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 81-84 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Conventional creep and crushing tests are usually concerned with the effects of loadings which are applied during relatively short periods of a few minutes. However, gradual applications of the loading, especially during the initial stages, can produce increases in the ultimate strength of the concrete due to a form of solid body compaction which can the take place. The paper describes the increases in strength which have been obtained with mortars and concretes made with Thames Valley aggregates.
    Notes: Résumé Les essais traditionnels de fluage et d'écrasement sont ordinairement liés aux effects de charge de durée relativement courte (quelques minutes). Mais des charges graduellement appliquées, en particulier dans la première période de l'essai, peuvent déterminer un accroissement de la résistance du béton dû en quelque sorte à un compactage du matériau produit par la charge. Cet article rend compte des augmentations de résistance qu'on a ainsi obtenues pour des mortiers et des bétons confectionnés avec des agrégats de la vallée de la Tamise.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 99-100 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The article describes the procedure of photomicrographic examination of hardened cement paste. The photographs are obtained by transmission of light through specimen. This gives better resolution and contrast than that using reflected light. To make specimen thin enough for transmission of light is successfully solved.
    Notes: Résumé Cet article décrit le procédé d'examen photomicrographique de la pâte de ciment durci; on opère par transmission de la lumière à travers les échantillons. Ce procédé fournit une résolution et un contraste meilleurs que par l'emploi de la lumière réfléchie. On a réussi à obtenir des échantillons suffisamment minces pour qu'il y ait transmission de la lumière.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 135-140 
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 215-223 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The hydration between 0 and 24 hours of six French cements was followed by X-ray diffraction, using a hydration cell and a translation camera for the continuous recording of the rays. After description of the instrumentation, the main characteristics of the cements studied are given, the sequences of hydration are next examined in detail, at temperatures ranging from 40°C to 60°C. A number of technological details.
    Notes: Résumé L'hydratation entre 0 et 24 heures de six ciments français a été suivie par diffraction des rayons X, à l'aide d'une enceinte d'hydratation et d'une chambre permettant l'enregistrement continu des raies. Après description de l'instrumentation, on donne les principales caractéristiques des ciments étudiés, les séquences d'hydratation sont ensuite examinées en détail, aux températures de 40°C et 60°C. Quelques précisions technologiques.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 91-98 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author has developed a new approach for analyzing the relationship between aggregate gradation and strength of concrete. The method is applied to a number of different types of aggregate. This relationship is a surface area factor. The total surface area of all particles in one pound is defined as the “surface area factor”. Since this is a quantitative alternate for the fineness modulus the formulas include only the quantity of aggregate retained on the No. 100 sieve. Simple formulas are presented for the determination of the surface area of one pound of aggregate. These formulas are useful for any kind of structural concrete using river aggregate, crushed rock or lightweight aggregate. Preliminary experimental results are presented which support the formulas. Numerical examples illustrate the use of the formulas.
    Notes: Résumé L'auteur expose une nouvelle méthode d'étude de la relation entre la granulométrie et la résistance du béton. Il s'applique à différents types d'agrégats. Cette relation repose sur un facteur de surface qui est la surface développée totale des particules contenues dans une livre d'agrégat. Étant donné que ce facteur interprète quantitativement le module de finesse, les formules ne comprennent que la quantité d'agrégat retenue par le tamis no 100. Les formules simples pour déterminer la surface développée d'une livre d'agrégat peuvent s'appliquer à tout béton de structure où entrent des agrégats de rivière, des pierres concassées ou des agrégats légers. Les formules sont accompagnées des premiers résultats expérimentaux qui les confirment et d'exemples numériques de leur application.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 101-105 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper reports the first results of a programme of research into the influences of sea water and sea atmosphere on cement and concrete in the tropics. The results discussed here show that up to 75% reduction in the normal initial setting time takes place when cement is mixed with sea water, although no influence on the final setting time is perceptible. It is pointed out that prior knowledge of the properties of cement in the local markets in some areas of Africa, notably Sierra Leone, is necessary, in view of the vast difference in properties of available cements of the same brand and production code number. Where sea water is to be used, only cements with initial setting times not less than 30 minutes in excess of the minimum recommended by B.S. 12, 1958, may be permitted without special percautions being taken.
    Notes: Résumé Ce rapport décrit les premiers résultats d'un programme de recherche des influences de l'eau de mer et de l'atmosphère marine sur le ciment et le béton dans la région des Tropiques. Ces résultats montrent une réduction de 75% du temps initial de prise normal pour le ciment gâché avec de l'eau de mer; par contre, on ne décéle pas d'influence sur le temps de prise local. On souligne qu'il est indispensable d'avoir la connaissance préalable des propriétés du ciment qu'on se procure sur les marchés locaux de certaines régions d'Afrique, surtout en Sierra Leone, du fait des grandes différences de qualité que présentent des ciments de même catégorie et de même classe. Si l'on doit employer de l'eau de mer, cela ne peut s'admettre sans précaution préalable qu'avec des ciments dont le temps de prise initial n'excède pas de 30 mn le minimum recommandé par B.S. 12, 1958.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 140-140 
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 225-236 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On montre que les contraintes secondaires engendrées par l'interaction des composants hétérogènes du béton agissent sur les déformations élastiques et sur la déformation en fonction du temps et dans toutes les directions, même en compression uniaxiale. On examine aussi l'effet du fluage des agrégats et les contraintes à l'interface agrégat-mortier sous charge permamente. On suggère que la superposition des déformations sous effort multiaxial n'est pas valiable.
    Notes: Summary Secondary stresses arising from the interaction of the heterogeneous components of concrete are shown to influence the elastic and time-dependent strains in all directions, even under a uniaxial compression. The influence of creep of aggregate and the stress at the aggregate-matrix interface under sustained load are also considered. It is suggested that superposition of strains under multiaxial stress is not valid.
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    Materials and structures 3 (1970), S. 269-272 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cendres complètement décarburées de balles de riz ont été mélangées avec 15% de chaux éteinte et soumises à des traitements hydrothermiques dans différentes conditions. Il se révèle qu'un silicate de calcium hydraté, qui est probablement une forme mal définie de tobermorite, formele principal constituant des échantillons traités avec des petites quantités résiduaires de silices hydratés et de chaux. Les produits ainsi obtenus ont une porosité apparente et une absorptivité d'eau acceptables, ainsi qu'une résistance à la compression élevée. Ces propriétés sont améliorées par traitement des matériaux à la vapeur d'eau sous plus forte pression, ce qui semble lié à la formation d'une forme mieux définie de tobermorite dans ces conditions.
    Notes: Summary The completely decarbonized ash residue of rice hulls was mixed with 15% hydrated lime and subjected to different conditions of hydrothermal treatments. Results showed that a calcium silicate hydrate probably an ill defined form of tobermorite, is the main component of the cured samples together with small residual amounts of hydrated silica and lime. The products obtained showed reasonable values of apparent porosity, bulk density and water absorption as well as high compressive strength. These properties became more improved on treating the materials at higher steam pressure, a case which is probably connected with the formation of a more well defined form of tobermorite at such condition.
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 25-31 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 1-1 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 12-16 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 17-20 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 21-24 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 9-11 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. For absolutely rigid slabs, the solution according to schemes A and B yields an approximation to the exact solution, from above and from below, for all the loadings here considered. Thus it is possible to obtain an upper and a lower evaluation of B. N. Zhemochkin's solution, for any number of unknowns. The solution according to scheme A converges somewhat more rapidly. 2. For n=22, the greatest error in the values of the moments in a slab under a uniformly distributed load amounts to 8%. If the number of sections or the rigidity of the slab is increased, the error diminishes. 3. For flexible slabs, the solution according to schemes A and B may not yield an approximation from both sides; the determining factors in this case are the flexibility parameters of the slab and the nature of the loading. It must be pointed out that a soil bed is not a linearly-deformable body. Even with small loads, plastic deformations take place in the soil under the edges of beams and slabs; they result in a considerable decrease of the maximum values of the reactions at the edges, and in a modification of the entire diagram of the reactions. For this reason, in many cases involving soil beds, the results of an analysis carried out by using a small number of unknowns show a better agreement with the experimental data than the results obtained by using a greater number of unknowns.
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 34-39 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 32-33 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 40-43 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 44-46 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 49-54 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 47-48 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 55-55 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 56-58 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 59-60 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 61-61 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 62-63 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 64-65 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 66-67 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 71-74 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 7 (1970), S. 77-81 
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