ALBERT

Description: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230891291_The_Orbital_Theory_of_Pleistocene_Climate_Support_frim_a_Revised_Chronology_of_the_Marine_d18O_Record

Description: Summary Holocene sediments of the North Lagoon, Bermuda, were studied with shallow seismic reflection profiles (200 km CSP-survey, UNIBOOM-system) and vibration coring (40 sediment cores, pneumatic vibration corer, Meischner et al., 1981). Seismic Stratigraphy Four seismic sequences are distinguishable by seismic stratigraphy. All seismic sequences correspond to depositional sequences built up during high sea levels in interglacial times. The seismic sequences are separated by unconformities which are often strongly reflective and correspond to emersion planes during glacial phases. The upper sequence (sequence 4) is related to Holocene sediments. The pre-Holocene bedrock is divided into three different seismic sequences (Kuhn et al., 1981): Sequence 1: oldest Pleistocene sequence (pre-Sangamon sea-level highstands), upper boundary with levelled relief (lower boundary not discernible), composed of strongly cemented carbonate sediments, forms the bedrock below Three Hill Shoals Sequence 2: Sangamon (125 ky sea-level highstand), distinct surface morphology, forms the bedrock of a large area below Holocene sediments, Holocene reefs grew up on elevations of the sequence 2 surface, the Holocene reef rim was developed on an elevated rim of sequence 2 Sequence 3: youngest Pleistocene sequence (Sangamon, 105 and 85 ky sealevel highstands lower than recent), deposited mainly in depressions of the bedrock deeper than -15 m below recent Mean Sea Level, levelling the older relief, peat sedimentation in places The distribution of recent reef areas and lagoonal basins is strongly controlled by pre-Holocene topography and geology of the bedrock. During the Holocene approx. 1050 x 106 m3 of carbonate sediments were deposited in the North Lagoon (290 km2) and approx. 1350 x 106 m3 in the reef rim area (170 km2). Sedimentology There are no larger oscillations of the Holocene sea level identifiable in the sedimentological record. The pre-Holocene topography was gradually drowned during the Holocene sea-level rise. At first, the depositional depressions were separated and landlocked. Fresh water peat marshes, fresh water ponds, marine ponds and bays were formed. With rising sea level, the land barriers were more and more eroded, drowned and lost their influence on the back-barrier sedimentation area. Autochthonous and allochthonous peat, lime gyttja and carbonate mud are a typical transgressive back-barrier sediment sequence. After destruction of the barrier, the depositional milieu changed from restricted marine to normal marine, open lagoonal. Sea-grass sediments and nearly mud-free carbonate sand were deposited in shallow water in an exposed environment. Hydrodynamic energy decreases with increasing water depth in the lagoonal basin. A more densely growing reef rim and intralagoonal reef growth added to the protection of the deeper lagoonal floors. Fine-grained sediments were deposited in this environment. They are distributed over a large area of the North Lagoon and form the top of the transgressive lagoonal sediment sequence. Holocene reefs mainly developed on rises of the pre-Holocene surface. In the early Holocene, solid reef build-ups were able to keep up with the rapid rise of sea level. Sand pockets in the reefs were left behind and filled up mainly in the later Holocene. The percentage of fine-grained sediments, produced and resuspended in the reef rim and deposited in the near lagoonal back-reef zone, increased during the Holocene. Two models of Holocene sedimentation in a depression and on an elevation of the pre-Holocene surface illustrate the dependence of vertical facies gradation on pre-Holocene topography. Trends of the mostly polymodal grain-size distributions of the Holocene sediments are a coarsening-upward in the back-barrier and a fining-upward in the lagoonal sediment sequences. Change in the composition of the molluscan fauna in the Holocene sediments (particle size 〉 2000 µm) is an Indication for fades changes. Gastropods are abundant in the basal backbarrier sediments. Bivalves are rare and their diversity 1s low. Sea-grass sediments contain Codakia orbicularis and Astraea phoebia shells. In the sheltered lagoonal environment shell fragments 〉 2000 µm become rare, common species are Gouldia cerina, Pitar fulminata and Finella sp. (approx. 1000 µm). Fine-grained reef-rim derived sediments differ from lagoonal sediments by a higher percentage of Homotrema rubrum fragments and Alcyonaria spicules.

Description: The three species Galium silvaticum L., Galium aristatum L. and Galium schultesii Vest show differences in morphology, cytology and geographical distribution. These differences are described and discussed. Crossing experiments between the three species were without results. No hybrid could be obtained. Galium silvaticum, Galium aristatum and Galium schultesii must be considered as separate species.

Description: ANDERSON, J.A.R., A checklist of the trees of Sarawak, 364 pp. (1983, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Cawangan Sarawak, for Forest Department, Kuching, Sarawak). Cloth Mal$ 15.00. When Dr. Anderson retired from the Forest Department in 1973 he left the manuscript of this checklist for publication. Unfortunately publication was delayed for 10 years. It contains data on over 2500 arboreous plant species. The text consists mainly of two parts: the first is a list of vernacular names with their scientific equivalents, the second is a list of plant names alphabetically arranged by family. Each species is concisely annotated with its vernacular name(s), maximum diameter, ecology, frequency, soils, etc. Species names have been coded: the first two figures are for the family, the next two for the genus and the last two for the species. A list is given of the trees of the peat-swamp forests of which Anderson was a great expert. A small draw-back is that the literature of the last ten years has not been included. Nevertheless this is a most helpful book. — C.G.G.J. van Steenis.

Description: Small evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas; two genera ( Cansjera and Opilia) are known to be root-parasites. Leaves distichous, simple, usually extremely variable in form and size, entire, exstipulate, pinnately veined; dried leaves mostly finely tubercled by cystoliths located in the mesophyll. Inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous, panicle-like, racemose, umbellate (in Africa) or spicate; bracts narrowly ovate or scale-like, in Opilia peltate, often early caducous. Flowers small, (3—) 4—5) (—6)-merous, mainly bisexual, sometimes unisexual and plants then dioecious ( Gjellerupia, Melientha, and Agonandra) or gynodioecious (Champereia). Perianth with valvate, free or sometimes partly united tepals (in ♀ flowers of Gjellerupia wanting). Stamens as many as and opposite to the tepals (in ♀ flowers only small staminodes); anthers introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk intrastaminal, lobed (lobes alternating with the stamens), annular, or cupular. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style short or none, stigma entire or shallowly lobed. Ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of a central placenta, anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellar. Fruit drupaceous, pericarp rather thin, mesocarp ± fleshy-juicy, endocarp woody or crustaceous. Seed large, conform to the drupe, without testa; hilum basal, often in a funnel-shaped cavity. Embryo terete, embedded in rich, oily endosperm, nearly as long as the seed or shorter, with 3—4 linear cotyledons, radicle often very short. Distribution. There are 9 genera with about 30 spp., widespread in the tropics. Rhopalopilia is restricted to Africa and Madagascar, Agonandra to South and Central America. In Malesia: 7 genera, 5 of these only known from the eastern Old World (1 endemic: Gjellerupia in New Guinea); Opilia and Urobotrya occur also in tropical Africa.

Description: Monoecious, medium-sized to very large trees (rarely shrubby in very exposed situations). Either four independent cotyledons or two fused pairs (which may be retained in the seed after germination). The growing point of foliage shoots quite distinct between the two genera, being just a few highly reduced leaves in Araucaria and a highly organized bud formed of overlapping scales in Agathis. The leaves vary from scales or needles to broad leathery forms with many parallel veins sometimes on the same plant at different stages of growth. Pollen produced in cylindrical cones from one to as much as twenty cm long with numerous pedunculate spirally placed microsporophylls each with several to many pendent elongated pollen sacs attached to the lower side of an enlarged shieldlike apex which also projects apically more or less overlapping the adjacent microsporophylls. Pollen cones solitary, terminal or lateral, on branches separate from those bearing seed cones, subtended by a cluster of more or less modified leaves in the form of scales, deciduous when mature. Pollen globular, without ‘wings’. Seeds produced in large, well-formed cones which disintegrate when mature, dispensing the seeds in most cases with the help of wing-like structures; the seed cone terminal on a robust shoot or peduncle with more or less modified leaves that change in a brief transition zone at the base of the cone into cone bracts, formed of numerous spirally-placed bract complexes, usually maturing in the second year. Individual seed cone bract leathery or woody and fused with the fertile scale which bears one large inverted seed on its upper surface. Distribution. The 40 species in two genera are well represented in Malesia (13 spp.) and extend eastward and southward into Fiji, New Caledonia (18 spp.), Australia, and New Zealand, with 2 spp. also in the cooler parts of South America, giving the family a distinct Antarctic relationship. Only one species of Araucaria (in South America) occurs completely outside of the tropics, while the majority of the species in the family belong in the lowland tropics and others grow in the tropical highlands.

Description: Many botanists must have wondered why as yet no volume of Flora Malesiana was dedicated to the outstanding botanist Carl Ludwig Blume, undisputed pioneer in planning the compilation of a ‘Flora Malesiana’. The writing of this Dedication would have been greatly facilitated if a full biography of BLUME had been existent, but none is available; there is not even a bibliography of his works. Only recently, in 1979, two biographical attempts were made, by J. MACLEAN and by A. DEN OUDEN, but only for the period 1820-1832; together with other biographical and obituary notes they are here assembled in Appendix B. I have also compiled a bibliography: Appendix A.²

Description: Erect or straggling herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, the herbs sometimes rhizomatous; branches sometimes jointed at the nodes, sometimes without vessels ( Sarcandra). Leaves simple, decussate or sometimes whorled in fours, serrate, crenate or dentate, the teeth often thickened at the apex, penninerved, usually petiolate; petioles more or less connected at the base at least by a transverse line or connate into a distinct sheath; in Ascarina often alternating with leafless internodes which have the petiolar sheath; stipules minute to fairly conspicuous, subulate, borne on the petiole bases or sheath, occasionally pectinate. Flowers much reduced, without perianth, fully unisexual or essentially bisexual with the reduced anther-bearing organ adnate to the side of the ovary; arranged in spicate, paniculate, or capitate axillary or terminal inflorescences. — Male flowers bracteate or not, apparently consisting of 1—5 stamens, or in Hedyosmum consisting of numerous anthers in a cone-like structure; if 3 then the whole forming a fused 3-lobed organ sometimes enveloping the female flower by its edges, the central anther with 2 or aborted loculi and the laterals with single loculi, simply lobed or with connectives slightly to considerably produced so that the whole organ is 3-fingered; if with only 2 anther locelli then these on either side of a thickened filament plus connective. — Female flowers naked or enclosed by a cupular bract, the perianth adnate to the ovary, often minutely or shortly dentate at the apex and the ovary thus inferior; ovary 1-locular; stigma sessile or style short; truncate, 2-lipped, depressed or subcapitate (or horseshoe-shaped in one species), rarely linear or clavate. Ovule solitary, orthotropous, pendulous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Drupes fleshy, small, ovoid or globose, sometimes more or less 3-sided in Hedyosmum, free or united into a mass by the bracts; endocarp hardened and crustaceous. Seeds subglobose, exarillate, with copious fleshy or oily endosperm and minute embryo, the cotyledons divaricate or scarcely formed. Distribution. Four genera with about 80 species. Since VESTER’S (1940) small-scale map the family (Ascarina) has been found in Madagascar. It is mainly tropical but Ascarina extends south to North Island of New Zealand (fig. 6) and Chloranthus and Sarcandra extend north to Japan, China, Korea and the eastern U.S.S.R. (Ussuri).

Description: Trees or shrubs (or rarely suffrutices outside Malesia). Leaves simple, alternate, often coriaceous, glabrous or with an indumentum on undersurface, margin entire; petioles often with 2 lateral glands. Stipules 2, minute and caducous to large and persistent, usually linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence racemose, paniculate or cymose; flowers bracteate and usually bibracteolate; bracts and bracteoles small and caducous or larger and enclosing flower or groups of flowers and persistent. Flowers actinomorphic to zygomorphic, hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous, markedly perigynous. Receptacle campanulate to cylindrical or rarely flattened cupuliforum, often gibbous at base; calyx lobes 5, imbricate, often unequal, erect or reflexed. Petals 5 (absent in some Neotropical species), inserted on margin of disk, commonly unequal, imbricate, deciduous, rarely clawed. Stamens indefinite, 2—60 (to 300 in Neotropics), inserted on margin of the disk, in a complete circle or unilateral, all fertile or some without anthers and often reduced to small tooth-like staminodes; filaments filiform, free or ligulately connate, short and included to long and far exserted; anthers small, 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Ovary basically of three carpels but usually with only one developed, the other two aborted or vestigial, variously attached to (the base, middle or mouth of) receptacle, usually sessile or with short gynophore, pubescent or villous; ovary unilocular with two ovules or bilocular with one ovule in each locule. Ovules erect, with micropyle at base (epitropous). Style filiform, basally attached; stigma 3-lobed or truncate. Fruit a fleshy or dry drupe of varied size, interior often densely hairy; endocarp much varied, thick or thin, fibrous or bony, often with a special mechanism for seedling escape. Seed erect, exalbuminous, the testa membraneous; cotyledons amygdaloid, plano-convex, fleshy, sometimes ruminate. Germination hypogeal with the first leaves opposite or alternate or epigeal with opposite first leaves. An extensive review of the generic limits of the family has been published: G.T. PRANCE & F. WHITE, The genera of Chrysobalanaceae: a study in practical and theoretical taxonomy and its relevance to evolutionary biology, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 320 (1988) 1—184. This contains full details of taxonomic history, morphology, anatomy, pollen, ecology and distribution of the family. A condensed version of these subjects is given here. Details of the Neotropical members of the family are given in: G.T. PRANCE, Chrysobalanaceae, Flora Neotropica 9 (1972) 1—410. The African members of the family were treated in: F. WHITE, The taxonomy, ecology and chorology of African Chrysobalanaceae (excluding Acioa), Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 46 (1976) 265—350.

Description: Perennial herbs, more commonly woody at the base, undershrubs or shrubs, erect, scrambling or scandent, sometimes high lianas. Rhizome not rarely tuberous. Branches often slightly swollen and jointed at nodes. Hairs simple, uni- or multicellular, short ones often with a hooked apex. Leaves simple, spiral or alternate, petioled (without an abscission zone), exstipulate; midrib usually prominent beneath, elevated or flat above; nervation commonly palmate, or pinnate, nerves often obliquely extending towards the margin. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, solitary, fasciculate, or in axillary or cauligerous, racemose, paniculate or cymose inflorescences, usually only one or two flowers open at a time; bracts present and often persistent; pedicel often hardly distinct from the ovary. Calyx petaloid, gamosepalous, 3- (or 6-) lobed or 1-lipped; lobes valvate or induplicate. Petals (in Mal.) absent. Disk (?) 0, rarely present (e.g. a few Thottea spp.). Stamens 6 (4 or 5 in some extra-Mal. Aristolochia spp.) or 6—c. 36 (—46), in 1 whorl or in 2 (3 or 4) whorls (Thottea); filaments free or slightly mutually united at the base, and/or almost completely adnate to the style column to form a gynostemium; anthers free (Thottea) or dorsally united with the style column (Aristolochia), each consisting of 2 thecae with 4 pollen sacs, extrorse, rarely introrse (extra-Mal. spp.), dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior (rarely half-inferior in extra-Mal. genera), 4—6-carpellate, 4—6-celled, syncarpous (or ± apocarpous in extra-Mal. Saruma); placentae parietal (distinct when young, then intruding and connivent axially, thus often seemingly axile); ovules usually many, anatropous, in 1 or 2 vertical rows in each locule of the ovary, horizontal or pendulous; style-column 3—many-lobed, sometimes some of the lobes redivided; stigmas or stigmatic tissue apical, lateral, or on the surface of style lobes. Fruits capsular or siliquiform (follicular or cocci in extra- Mal. genera), 4—6-celled; dehiscing apically towards the base (basipetal, e.g. Thottea) or basally towards the apex (acropetal, e.g. most Aristolochia); septicidal, rarely septifragal (some extra-Mai. Aristolochia) or bursting irregularly (extra-Mal. Asarum); rarely indehiscent (W. African Pararistolochia). Seeds many in each locule (1-seeded in extra-Mal. Euglypha), often coated with remains of placental tissue (membranous when dry), horizontal or pendulous, variously shaped; ovate, deltoid or triangular, flat, convex-concave, or longitudinally curved, or oblong (and triangular in cross-section), rugose, finely verrucose, or smooth, immarginate (Thottea; Aristolochia, p.p.) or winged (Aristolochia, p.p.); albumen fleshy, copious; embryo minute, cotyledons two, distinct. Distribution. There are 7 genera, Aristolochia worldwide, Asarum over the northern hemisphere, Thottea in continental Southeast Asia and Malesia, Pararistolochia in tropical Africa, and 3 monotypic genera, viz. Saruma in China, Holostylis and Euglypha in South America. As to number of species, Aristolochia is by far the largest with some 300 spp., largely concentrated in the New World, especially in Central and South America, in Malesia with 28 spp.; Asarum (incl Hexastylis and Heterotropa) with possibly some 70 spp. in northern temperate regions, Thottea with 26 spp., of which 22 in Malesia, and Pararistolochia with 12 spp. in West Africa.

Description: Type material of Tulasnella cystidiophora Höhn. & Litsch. has been studied. The species is characterized by often moniliform gloeocystidia and clamp-less hyphae (at least in the subhymenium).

Description: Merrill (Philip. J. Sc. 2, 1907, Bot. 284) based Mearnsia on specimens collected from Mount Halcon in the Phillipines and dedicated the genus to Major Mearns who accompanied him on the expedition. Merrill described the flowers of the sole species (M. halconensis) as 4-merous with 8 stamens and 2 carpels and the capsule as dehiscing by ‘a single slit at the apex only and inside the persistent calyx tube’.

Description: A new species, Alstonia undulifolia Kochummen & Wong, is described from the Malay Peninsula. Two sections of the genus occur in the Malay Peninsula, Alstonia sect. Monuraspermum Mon. and Alstonia sect. Alstonia, the latter being the correct name for what was previously known as sect. Pala (Adr. Juss.) Benth. Various characteristics, including growth architecture, are examined for their usefulness in distinguishing these two sections of the genus. In comparing A. angustiloba Miq. and A. pneumatophora Berger, both of which have not been properly differentiated by characteristics of the reproductive organs, A. pneumatophora var. petiolata Mon. is reduced to synonymy under A. angustiloba. A key to the seven species of Alstonia native to the Malay Peninsula is provided.

Description: Revision of the Malesian species of the genus Steganthera, which centres in New Guinea; precursor to treatment in Flora Malesiana. There are 16 species accepted; 5 are described as new, 12 names are reduced, 3 are excluded and 9 are imperfectly known.

Description: In a recent thesis B.S. Fey (Zürich) has developed a new theory about the origin of the cupule in Fagaceae. He has concluded that the appendages (spines, lamellae, etc.) on the outside of the cupule are regularly arranged and that they reflect a condensation (concrescence) of a dichasial flower system, so that cupule and fruit(s) form together the representation of one ancestral inflorescence; the cupular appendages would then largely represent the bracts of the ancestral inflorescence. This stands in contrast with former opinions, in which the cupule was interpreted as of separate vegetative origin from the nut(s) which was (were) the remain (s) of the inflorescence.

Description: After the completion of my revision of Lepisanthes (Blumea 17, 1969, p. 33—91) I paid a visit to the herbaria at London (BM) and Kew (K). This led to a few alterations and additions, the main of which are the following.

Description: Recent studies in Sabah and Sarawak have demonstrated the presence of an undescribed species of Podocarpus.

Description: As explained in Takhtajan’s preface this book is not a mere translation of his ‘The origin of Angiospermous plants’ (1961, in Russian), but an entirely new book. I find this true and not true. Comparing it with the Origin (1958 translation of the 1954 Russian version) the essence of the new book was there given in a nutshell. In size, chapter subjects, argumentation, and bibliographic documentation, the work is very much extended and it makes very interesting reading indeed. The sequence of the chapters is logical, almost always leading to distinct synthesis. Properly it is a critical commented survey of many opinions — Takhtajan being clearly in complete command of the huge literature on the subject — but from which the author follows his own line of choice and judgement, accepting or rejecting with brief but clear comments. The whole argumentation is admirably concise and rouses admiration for covering this vast subject, comprising taxonomy, plant distribution, morphology, palynology, genetics, population dynamics, flower biology, anatomy, paleozoology, etc. Major questions are embodied in subsequent paragraphs: polyphyletism is rejected; ancestors must be sought among heterosporous ferns or fern-like plants followed by pteridosperms and certain gymnosperms, although direct ancestors cannot be indicated; the basal flower type of angiosperms was bisexual. Takhtajan attaches great importance to occurrence of plants in small populations, especially in mountain plants, facilitating chance variations and genetic drift, rapid spread of mutant genes, which is important for evolution. This entails that missing links are almost never fossilized. Micro-evolution is equalized with macro-evolution. Neoteny (on which Takhtajan devoted a former work) can lead to despecialisation through which phenotypic simplification the complexity of the genome remains intact; it may provide for a maximum phenotypic effect by a minimal genotypic change. Primitive wood structure of early Winteraceous angiosperms is understandable by neotenic origin. Evolution of angiosperms was not only rapid, but also discontinuous as a result of neoteny. Developing in the mountains ‘in many ..... small ..... populations ..... the earliest angiosperms found themselves under conditions most favourable to evolutionary radiation. And if we bear in mind that their evolution was closely tied to the evolution of insects and was based on the complex and peculiar mechanism of mutual selection, then the extraordinary speed of their initial differentiation becomes even more readily understandable.’ Protection of the ovules arose as a selection against damage by ‘early pollinating insects’; this made simplification of their structure possible which led to smaller ovules (loss of thickened integuments, sclerotesta, etc.) and enabled the angiosperms to observe the greatest economy of material in construction of the ovules and ♀ gametophyte, and it also made possible the perfection of the process of pollination. ‘The acquisition of the stigma was undoubtedly a very great event in the evolutionary history of seedplants.’ ‘The primitive insects searched for pollen (beetles), nectar searching ones were a further perfection; this again led to a very great advance in cross-pollination; and as a corollary to a greatly increased rate of evolution, which still continues.’ ‘Isolation of a population is well known to be a prelude to the formation of a new species.’ The question of the hypothetical reconstruction of the first flowering plants is approached by the ‘hypothetico-deductive method’. Knowing the basic evolutionary pathways of angiosperms and the main lines of specialisation of their organs and tissues, we may by extrapolation extend these lines mentally into the past to the lowest possible level of specialisation’, but somewhat further on he writes ‘This reconstruction of the ancestors of the living angiosperms depends on the truth of the assumption that they combined in one plant all the most archaic characters that are now found distributed among the living fossils.’ I have italicized in the citations two words that are in contradiction; furthermore I would like to point out that whereas each plant we know possesses both primitive and derived characters, we cannot make an exception for an ancestral plant; one which would contain all the archaic characters must logically be an idealized fiction.

Description: Rumphius (Herb. Amboin. 3, 1743, 19, t. 7) was the first to use the name Metrosideros, but of the 6 species he listed only the first, M. vera, belongs to the Myrtaceae. The same species is assumed to be the basis of Nani Adanson (Adanson, Families des Plantes 2, 1763, 88). Adanson did not list any species, but the assumption is based on the description and the fact that Rumphius had given the vernacular name of his Metrosideros vera as ‘Nani tree’.

Description: The pollen morphology of 18 out of 22 species of the genus Lepisanthes, as recently revised, was studied. General pollen morphology is rather uniform, but taxonomically significant differences exist in shape, relative length of ektoapertures, endoaperture development, and in the sculpture of the tectum. Detailed descriptions are presented and special attention is given to intraspecific variability. 10 Pollen types are recognized, most of which are linked by transitions. Morphological trends are established and the extent to which they indicate natural relationships is evaluated. In subgenera Lepisanthes and Erioglossum a less evolved but more variable pollen morphology is present, while in subgenera Otophora and Aphania derived pollen types occur, which agrees well with macromorphological evidence. Subgenus Erioglossum appears pollenmorphologically closely related to subgenus Lepisanthes. Subgenus Aphania can, both macro- and pollenmorphologically, be derived from subgenus Otophora. Within Lepisanthes tetraphylla close parallels exist between macromorphological and palynological interpretations of natural affinities between the numerous races. Lepisanthes fruticosa, in contrast, shows on both counts rather wide and continuous intraspecific variability. Also in Lepisanthes senegalensis continuous pollenmorphological variability is present, but here a clinal pattern can be detected. In general, geographically isolated or endemic forms in Lepisanthes show a tendency to develop deviating pollen types.

Description: Pholidota kinabaluensis is transferred to the new monotypic genus Entomophobia. Coelogyne phaiostele, C. ridleyana, and Pholidota triloba are identical and transferred to the new genus Geesinkorchis, that also comprises the new species G. alaticallosa. The monotypic genus Sigmatochilus is reduced to Chelonistele, in which C. dentifera and C. lurida var. grandiflora are described as new. Chelonistele crassifolia is regarded as a variety of C. sulphurea.

Description: The genera Hunteria and Lepiniopsis of the family Apocynaceae are in Malesia represented by one species each. Distribution and ecology are cited in full.

Description: Five new species of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) are described, while attention is drawn to a sixth, possibly also new one. A key to all recognized species is given.

Description: Only two species of Gastonia occur in Malesia, but each has a complex taxonomie history. The species which became known first, G. papuana Miq., is evidently an uncommon plant of coastal and lowland forest, but with a very wide range. It has been collected only once, or at most a few times, from each of many islands of the Malayan Archipelago and once from the mainland of the Peninsula. Most of these collections were made in the nineteenth or early twentieth centuries. Only in western New Guinea has this species been collected in more recent times within our area. The distribution of this species shows several disjunctions, the most striking being that between West Irian and its only known locality in the extreme east of the Solomon Islands. It is interesting that this gap corresponds with the distributional range of the second species, G. spectabilis (Harms) Philipson, which overlaps that of G. papuana only in the west of New Guinea (fig. 1). The widely dispersed range of G. papuana has resulted in its being described as several distinct species from different parts of its range. It was first named in 1863, when three names appeared in two genera. Miquel (1863) applied the names Tetraplasandra paucidens and Gastonia papuana to this species, and Teysmann and Binnendijk (1863) described it as Tetraplasandra eupteronoides. I am grateful to Professor van Steenis for information on the sequence of publication of these names. Miquel’s publication was issued on 2 July 1863 (Stafleu, 1967). A report in volume 27 of the ‘Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië’ states that volume 25 was issued in six instalments, the first of which appeared in 1862. The five remaining parts appeared in 1863. Professor van Steenis has examined the publication and concludes that page 416, on which the name T. eupteronoides appeared, belongs to the final instalment, and must therefore have been issued late in 1863, and in any event later than July. For this reason, Miquel’s names take precedence over that of Teysmann & Binnendijk. Of Miquel’s two names, I have chosen to use that which he placed in Gastonia. In this way the need for a new combination is avoided. As can be seen from its synonymy this species was described from other islands by subsequent authors.

Description: The morphology and leaf anatomy of Myxopyrum is described and a key to the species is given. Of the 15 species previously described four species and two subspecies are recognised: M. nervosum Bl. (synonyms M. horsfieldii, M. zippelii) with one subspecies coriaceum (Bl.) Kiew (synonym M. ellipticum), M. ovatum Hill (synonyms M. macrolobum, M. cordatum, M. philippinensis), M. pierrei Gagnep. (synonym M. hainanense) and M. smilacifolium Bl. (synonym M. serrulatum) with one subspecies confertum (Kerr) Kiew. Myxopyrum enerve Steen. is Chionanthus enerve (Steen.) Kiew. Descriptions for the extra-Malesian species, M. smilacifolium, is given.

Description: In continuation of a former study on the ‘Elevation Effect’ in the Swiss mountain flora (Backhuys, 1968), the distribution of six Taraxacum species in Switzerland was examined in detail. This was enabled by the preceding monographic study by J. L. van Soest (1969). The interesting point was to compare species of one genus with a common dispersal mechanism. Data on the vertical distribution are provided in table I and diagrams 1—6. It was found that all six species show an elevation effect which varies from 200—750 m. In five species this range is as narrow as 500—750 m. See table II. It is concluded that in spite of the very obvious dispersal mechanism (parachute-achenes) the species are apparently not capable to colonise ‘mountain islands’ the summit altitude of which is situated between the lowest known locality and the lowest mountain island on which the species concerned is found. These data support the view that the elevation effect is a plant-geographical rule of universal validity for mountain plants.

Description: In subgenus Malachobatus twenty Malesian species are recognized, one of them ( Rubus moluccanus L.) with four varieties. Synonymy, descriptions, habitat notes, etc. are given. New names: R. moluccanus L. var. discolor (Bl.) Kalkm. and var. angulosus Kalkm. A key is given to the Malesian species.

Description: Trifolium repens has been introduced purposely or casually in the mountains of Luzon and East Java; it has now also turned up in New Guinea. EAST NEW GUINEA. Morobe Dist., Wau Subdist., Edie Creek, bank over gold workings, growing in profusion, NGF 12152 A. N. Millar, 14 Aug. 1968.

Description: Dispela ripot i toktok long wok bilong Dr C. Kalkman na Mr W. Vink, bilong Rijksherbarium long Leiden, Holland, wantaim Mr A. N. Gillison na Mr D. G. Frodin bilong Division bilong wok long Botany, long Lae. Oli bin mekim dispela wok long yar 1966 long ol dispela pies klostu long Tari: mauden Ambua, mauden Ne, mauden Kerewa na wanpela pies istap namel oli kolim Ibiwara. Oli bungim ol plaua, ol lip bilong diwai na ol diwai; olgeta samting em oli bungim wantaim inap long 1,975. Bihain, bai oli salim ol dispela samting igo long ol masta long university or bigpela skul we oli wokim wanpela buk oli kolim Flora. Dispela ripot bai toksave long ol kain diwai i stap long bus na ol kain plaua antap long mauden. Ripot ia i pinisim lukluk long plaua, long lain oli kolim Ericaceae i stap long ol dispela ples na antap long mauden Giluwe, mauden Kubor na mauden Wilhelm. Mipela i laik tok tenkyu long ol pipal bilong Tigibi na Benaria em oli bin wok wantaim mipela.

Description: In Southeast Asia (excluding India) 44 taxa are recognized, 39 species, of which four are newly described ( I. kerrii, I. luzoniensis, I. emmae, and one unnamed species A, which will be treated by Nguyen Van Thuan, Paris), four subspecies, one of which is new (I. sootepensis subsp. acutifolia) and three are new combinations ( (I. suffruticosa subsp. guatemalensis, I. trifoliata subsp. unifoliata, I. trita subsp. scabra) ), and one variety which is a new combination I. spicata var. siamensis). A key, descriptions and full synonymy are given as well as 4 distribution maps and 5 figures.

Description: The present paper deals with some gomphids from South America. Besides descriptions of a number of new species additional notes on several Selysian and other, little-known species, elucidated with illustrations of important details, are offered in order to obtain a better insight into the characteristics of these dragonflies. Lectotypes are selected and confusions in respect to the generic or specific status of some species are unraveled. Of nearly all the gomphids from Surinam the larval stages are described or discussed. The identity of several larvae is ascertained by the actual rearing of some individuals. The discovery of two new Agriogomphine species resulted in a classification of the members of the Agriogomphus complex into two genera only instead of four. Undoubtedly of greater importance is the attempt to acquire a satisfactory division of the large genus Gomphoides sensu Selysi 1854. In doing so, the erection of a new genus was necessary. The material from Surinam here recorded has been assembled in the first instance by the author himself during a period of ten years of odonatological research carried out in that country (1955—1965), but a comprehensive and very valuable part is from Dr. D. C. GEIJSKES. I would like to express here my thanks for his consent to describe his gomphid material. This privilege enabled me to clear up several intriguing problems on the regional gomphid fauna.

Description: In the Netherlands Antilles, opposite the Venezuelan coast, the cyprinodont fish Poecilia sphenops vandepolli is found in fresh water, in brackish water, in the sea and in supersaline water. When comparing the populations from fresh water, sea water and supersaline water some significant morphological differences were found, e.g. in size, in depth of the body and of the caudal peduncle, in length of the head, and in the number of rays in the pectoral and caudal fins and the number of lateral scales. In raising experiments, however, it could be shown that these differences are phenotypic. The characteristics of the subspecies or varietas arubensis as described by VAN LIDTH DE JEUDE (1887) proved also to be phenotypic. Optimum growth was found in seawater. The adaptation to fresh water after transfer from sea water or supersaline water is quicker than in the opposite direction; this concerns specific weight adaptation, growth resumption and the change of preference for the new salinity after transfer. With respect to these characteristics fresh water is more favourable than sea water or brine. The inland migration after rainfall is not caused by the fresh water itself, but by an organic compound that is found in inland water, whether fresh or saline, and also in rain water after it has been in contact with the soil. From the fact that mollies also are attracted by IJsselmeer water, just as elvers are, it seems likely that mollies and elvers are attracted by the same organic compound. This behaviour of the molly causes irregular migrations from sea to inland waters which prevent the inland populations from developing into separate forms, races or subspecies.

Description: The investigated polymetamorphic peridotites occur associated with metabasic rocks in several complexes of probably Precambrian age in the northern part of the Hesperian massif (Iberian peninsula). Spinel-clinopyroxene-, spinel-pargasite-, spinel-hornblende- and chlorite-amphibole-peridotites, wehrlites, spinel-amphiboleand plagioclase wehrlites are found; most rocks are partly to completely serpentinized. Attention has been paid particularly to the two first-mentioned catazonal types in which bands, veins and lenses of garnet ± spinel pyroxenite and -pargasitite occur, while brown ceylonite orthopyroxenite and spinel-sensu-stricto clinopyroxenite are present in subordinate amounts. It is contended that these pyroxenites and pargasitites represent partial melting products of a parental ultramafic rock which contention is corroborated by experimental evidence. The partial melt had a picritic composition and crystallized as an aluminous pyroxene assemblage, in which garnet was formed under subsolidus conditions. Comparisons are drawn with peridotites from other occurrences in which garnet-bearing assemblages are also encountered. It is assumed that these peridotites were emplaced as spinel-clinopyroxene peridotites (Iherzolites) during a Precambrian orogenic cycle under high-pressure granulitefacies conditions and equilibrated at 1100°-1200°C under 15-20 kb pressure. Catazonal retrogradation (800°-900°C, 10-15 kb pressure) gave rise to large-scale development of pargasite. Garnet probably metastably coexisted with pargasite and the zonary character in the garnets was presumably obtained during this phase. Aluminous chlorite was formed during the Hercynian orogeny under mesozonal conditions; a second generation of pyroxenes and amphiboles possesses lower contents of Al2O3. The spinel-hornblende peridotite probably did not undergo high-pressure granulite-facies conditions during the Precambrian orogeny. The chlorite-amphibole peridotite is supposed to have a lower Paleozoic age. The wehrlites are considered to be partial melting products of a parental peridotite and crystallized under low pressures. Spinel-amphibole wehrlites are hydrated plagioclase wehrlites. New whole-rock analyses of 11 peridotites and 14 pyroxenites are given. Contents of some minor and some trace elements have been determined with neutron activation analysis. Electron microprobe analyses are presented of olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, garnets, spinels, chlorites, högbomites and ilmenites. The mineral compositions are compared to whole-rock chemistry and distribution coefficients are calculated from which temperature and pressure estimates are derived.

Description: Examination of the type specimens of Callichthys splendens Castelnau, 1855, Brochis coeruleus Cope, 1872 (type species of Brochis Cope, 1872), Brochis dipterus Cope, 1872, Corydoras semiscutatus Cope, 1872, Chaenothorax bicarinatus Cope, 1878 (type species of Chaenothorax Cope, 1878), and Chaenothorax eigenmanni Ellis, 1913, has demonstrated that they represent only one species: Brochis splendens. Callichthys taiosh Castelnau, 1855, also has to be considered a synonym of Brochis splendens. Chaenothorax multiradiatus Orcés-Villagomez, 1960, is a second species belonging to the genus Brochis.

Description: The bat fauna of the Adriatic islands is very poorly known in comparison with that of the coastal continental regions (Kolombatović, 1882, 1884; Dulić, 1959). Although ten species of bats are recorded, the data for most of the islands except the island of Lastovo (Dulić, 1968) are scarce, and of an early date. During the years 1966—1970, mostly in the summer (July, August), we investigated the bat fauna of some Adriatic islands, particularly of the southern ones. During 17 trips, each of 5 to 10 days, to 8 islands, 200 bats were collected and several hundreds were examined (caught in mist nets or taken in caves). The investigated area is shown in fig. 1, the distribution of the bats in table I. Bibliographical data included, 16 species of bats from the Adriatic islands (north, middle, and south) are known now.

Description: Five halacarid species, found in the mesopsammal of Caribbean Islands, are described, viz. Halacarellus tropicalis n. sp., Copidognathus grandiosus n. sp., Agaue arubaensis n. sp., Scaptognathus ornatus n. sp., and Limnohalacarus cultellatus Viets, 1940. H. tropicalis is the first member of the genus Halacarellus reported from tropical beaches.

Description: Seven springs in the Middle Atlas and five in the Rif have been studied. These show a great diversity of crenal habitats: water temperature ranges from 8.7° to 21°C, and the flow from 1 l/s to 1,800 l/s. Based on hydrologic and thermic characteristics, a spring typology is provided. The invertebrate community consists of 60 species, among which 4, found in the Rif, are new to science: Protonemura sp. (Plecoptera), Obuchovia sp. (Diptera, Simuliidae), Rhyacophila fonticola n. sp., and Philopotamus ketama n. sp. (Trichoptera). The new Trichoptera are both described. Two rare endemic species (the planarian Acromyadenium maroccanum and the coleopteran Elmis atlantis) have been found in a cold-water spring in the Middle Atlas; two black-fly species ( Cnetha carthusiensis and Simulium lamachei), new to North Africa, have been collected in a cold-water spring in the Rif. The cold-water spring community shows a high rate of endemism. Seven endemic cold-stenothermous species constitute a most characteristic crenon fauna in northern Morocco. The fauna of warmer springs (18° ≤ temp. ≤ 21°C) contains potamophilous and thermophilous species, a few of them belonging to the Ethiopian fauna. A comparative study of spring and rhithric communities of Morocco shows that, in the Middle Atlas and the Rif, cold-water springs became refugia for cold-stenothermous, west-palaearctic species; in the past, these species occupied a larger territory which has been reduced after recent climatic and hydrologic changes.

Description: Rates of food uptake were measured for individually reared larvae of the spider crab Hyas araneus L. feeding on freshly hatched Artemia nauplii at constant 12 degree C. Feeding rates (FR) of crab larvae were given as number of nauplii and amounts of dry weight, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and energy (estimated from C) consumed per day. In both zoeal stages FR increased during postmoult and intermoult, remained high during early and intermediate premoult, and decreased again during late premoult. No clear pattern was found in the course of daily FR of the megalopa. Gross growth efficiencies (K sub(1)) showed a dramatic decrease from postmoult to early premoult (〉 60 to 〈 20%) in both zoeal stages. Daily consumption expressed as % body weight also decreased significantly in these instars. Average daily FR were highest in the zoea II, lowest in the megalopa, and intermediate in the zoea I. Since development of the megalopa took the longest time, the total amount of food consumed by this instar was equal to consumption in both zoeal stages combined.

Description: Duration of development in the larval and early juvenile stages H. coarctatus was studied in relation to temperature, and compared at extreme (18 and 6 °C) than at intermediate (9 to 15 °C) temperatures. The results were used to estimate the duration of development from hatching to the third crab stage in the field. Settling and metamorphosis was predicted to occur mainly during June. Biomass increased exponentially during larval development. Juvenile growth was also exponential and was maximum at 9 degree C, and minimum at 18 and 6 °C.

Description: Statistically significant differences were found in development duration of Hyas araneus L. larvae hatching on different days from the same egg batch. Larvae from different females show a decreasing trend in development time the later they hatch during the season. This trend was found in all larval instars; it was particularly apparent in the megalopa. Development durations in the 2 zoeal stages are positively correlated with each other, i.e. individuals developing slower than the average in the first larval instar tend to delay moulting also in the second instar. There are negative correlations between larval development time in all stages and the size of juvenile crabs, i.e. weak individuals tend to develop more slowly and to become smaller juveniles than the average. These larvae show lower accumulation rates of biomass already during the first zoeal stage. Larval development rates (at 12 °C) were not clearly affected by the temperature prevailing during previous embryonic development, but embryos incubated at higher temperatures tended to become smaller crabs.

Description: Exuvial losses in relation to late premoult matter and energy, and in relation to growth achieved during each instar, were studied in laboratory-reared larvae and early juveniles of the decapod H. araneus (L.). Changes of composition during development were measured in the complete body and in the exuvia from hatching through the second crab stage. Rates of exuvial loss increased during development in all parameters measured. They were generally highest in inorganic carbon and lowest in N. six to 7% of late premolte energy was lost by moulting zoeae, i.e. 9 to 13% of the energy produced during these stages. The megalopa lost 13%, and juveniles 19 to 20% of their LPRM energy ( similar to 29 to 41% of growth). During complete larval development of H. araneus a total of 18% of produced energy was lost at ecdysis. The same amount had been reported in the literature for larval development of 3 other decapod species.

Description: The influence of continuous and differential transitory starvation on the moult cycle and morphogenesis of H. araneus L. larvae was studied in laboratory experiments. Larvae starved from hatching (zoea I) or from moulting to later instars (zoea II, megalopa) develop, independently of food supply, to Stage C (intermoult). Postmoult Stages (A and B) and parts of intermoult are completed by utilizing internal body reserves under such conditions but cuticle formation is terminated at an advanced but incomplete stage within intermoult. In the zoea-II instar there is morphogenesis in appendages (pereiopod and pleopod buds) during continuous starvation. This supports the hypothesis that moult cycle and morphogenesis may be partly independent processes which are normally synchronized.

Description: In this paper a descriptive terminology for angiospermous pollen grains studied with a light microscope is discussed. The requirements for terms have been formulated. On account of these the existing terms have been subjected to a close inspection. It appeared that it was necessary in few cases to introduce new terms. This was especially the case in the description of outlines in equatorial and polar view.

Description: The chromosome number of 15 species of Angiosperms, occurring in Cameroun and the Ivory Coast, was determined. The numbers given for 11 species are new, for three species the results of previous studies could be confirmed, whereas in one species the presence of intraspecific polyploidy could be demonstrated.