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  • Springer  (80,229)
  • Elsevier  (64,197)
  • Cambridge University Press  (3,337)
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  • Frontiers Media
  • 2020-2022
  • 1985-1989  (97,071)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974  (53,088)
  • 1985  (97,071)
  • 1982
  • 1970  (53,088)
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1985-1989  (97,071)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974  (53,088)
  • 1980-1984  (85,718)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Karl Popper and Economic Methodology: A New Look (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 83-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Discussions of Karl Popper's falsificationist philosophy of science appear regularly in the recent literature on economic methodology. In this literature, there seem to be two fundamental points of agreement about Popper. First, most economists take Popper's falsificationist method of bold conjecture and severe test to be the correct characterization of scientific conduct in the physical sciences. Second, most economists admit that economic theory fails miserably when judged by these same falsificationist standards. As Latsis (1976, p. 8) states, “the development of economic analysis would look a dismal affair through falsificationist spectacles.”
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100001905
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  • 2
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    The Impossibility of a Complete Methodological Individualist: Reduction When Knowledge Is Imperfect (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: F. A. Hayek is uniquely responsible for his fellow economists grasping the importance of the decentralization of knowledge: as Hayek shows in his pathbreaking “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” knowledge nowhere exists as a coherent whole and to pretend otherwise is a most serious error. Hayek also shares responsibility for the popularity of a strong form of the methodological individualist research program which asserts that since collectives as such have no impact on the choices of individuals, investigators ought to purge any reliance on collectives from our analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100001917
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  • 3
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    Editors' Note (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 127-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100001942
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  • 4
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    Jawaharlal Nehru at Simla, May 1947 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 349-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: An incidental aside in one of my books has become the focal point of a small controversy. Experiment with Freedom, India and Pakistan 1947 was a brief work which attempted to give a more precise and particular account of the events which led up to the transfer of power. Most attention has been paid to my interpretation of the celebrated episode at Simla in May 1947 when Nehru reacted violently to Mountbatten's plans for transferring power. I suggested that the crisis was not an external confrontation between British and Indian views over whether India should remain united, or be divided, or split into fractions, but was essentially an internal crisis in the mind of Jawaharlal Nehru. To try to explain why Nehru was so upset by a plan which he had, in all essentials, previously (however reluctantly) accepted, I made a comparison with his later reaction to Chinese activities on the Indian border. Nobody adopted the slogan Hindi-Chini-Bhai-Bhai (‘Indians and Chinese are Brothers’) more ardently than Nehru and so the revelation that they were enemies came as a profound personal shock. Speaking on the morrow of the Chinese invasion, Nehru said that he now realized that they had been ‘out of touch with reality’, in an ‘artificial atmosphere of our own creation’. The Times printed this observation under the sardonic heading ‘The Dreamers’ (26 October 1962). I suggested that at Simla Nehru exhibited ‘much the same apparent amnesia’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00012014
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  • 5
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    The Ideological Persuasion of Chiang Kai-Shek (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 211-238 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In July 1928, upon the termination of the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek presented a sacrificial message to the departed leader, Sun Yat-sen, whose body reposed in the Pi-yün Temple outside the city of Peking. Sun had committed his life, Chiang declared, to the attainment of eight tasks in the rebuilding of a new China: (1) the explication of the Kuomintang's principles and the expunging of ‘unorthodox views’, (2) the constructing of a unified party through the curbing of individual freedom and the acceptance of party discipline, (3) the transfer of the national capital to Nanking to symbolize a new beginning for the nation, (4) a purposeful change in the ‘heart’ of the citizenry, (5) the psychological, economic, political and social reconstruction of the nation, (6) the disbanding of troops, (7) the termination of civil strife and a total commitment to national defence, and (8) the speedy introduction of local autonomy. These personal commitments—and public admonitions, as they were also meant to be—covered a wide range of national concerns, dealing as they did with ideology and organization, power and legitimacy, political socialization and national integration. It is noteworthy, however, that Chiang at the moment of personal triumph turned his attention above all to the ideological function of the ruling élite in the transitional Chinese society.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00011914
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  • 6
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    The Changing Frontiers of Asia (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X0001194X
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  • 7
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    Kennedy, Malcolm D.: The Estrangement of Great Britain and Japan 1917—1935 : Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1969 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 302-302 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00011975
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  • 8
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    Benda, Harry J.; Larkin, John A.: The World of Southeast Asia: Selected Historical Readings : New York, Harper & Row, 1967 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 177-178 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00005163
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  • 9
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    Blythe, Wilfred: The Impact of Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya : London, Oxford University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1969 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 181-182 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00005199
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  • 10
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    Some Land-Use Problems of North-east Thailand (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 23-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Both in terms of area and population, the fifteen changwads of the North-east constitute the largest of the four basic regions in the Kingdom of Thailand. Recent census data indicate that 37.9 per cent of the 3.2 million Thai farm households live in this region cultivating a similar proportion of the country's 69.7 million rai (I rai = 0.395 acre) of land in agricultural holdings. However, the region seems to have more than its fair share of the problems which stand in the way of the Government's efforts to accelerate the country's economic development. At present, the solution to the ‘North-east Problem’ remains as elusive as it was a decade ago. In spite of the impressive amount of public expenditure already poured into the region for improving the infra-structure and providing a wide range of rural facilities, together with an ever-increasing amount of services rendered by national and international agencies for planning and implementing the processes of growth, the per caput income of the North-easterner still lags as far behind that of his fellow countryman residing elsewhere in the kingdom as it did in the recent past. This article attempts to analyse the interaction of the physical conditions and socio-economic problems which are bound up in the existing land-use system of the North-east.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00010969
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  • 11
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    Wolters, O. W.: Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya : Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1967 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 94-95 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X0001101X
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  • 12
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    Culture Change and the Conduct of Conflicts among Filipino Tribesmen (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 193-209 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The Position of the tribal minorities in the Philippines is fundamentally different from that of comparable populations in other parts of Asia. The manner in which they have been enabled to run their own affairs and retain many features of their traditional culture while simultaneously acquiring Western education and familiarity with certain modern technological achievements is indicative of an approach to minority problems which distinguishes the Philippines from most other Asian countries. Whereas in the former colonial territories of Britain, France and the Netherlands a centrally controlled service of professional administrators endeavoured to impose on all populations, advanced as well as backward, a minimum respect for law and order as seen by the colonial power, in the Philippines neither the Spanish rulers nor the American authorities set up a type of district administration such as existed, for instance, in British India. When in 1898 the Americans replaced the Spanish régime, they did not give high priority to establishing throughout the islands an administration capable of dealing effectively with problems of law and order. In the lowlands they could build on a political system set up by the Spanish, but in the mountains of Northern Luzon, the area with which I am here concerned, they found not even the skeleton of a colonial administration. The entire hill-region was inhabited by warring tribes, torn by feuds and passionately addicted to the practice of head-hunting. Faced with a similar situation in such areas as the Naga Hills on the Assam—Burma border, the British had set about pacifying the tribes, stage by stage, and area by area, establishing outposts of military police and creating administrative units in charge of high-powered and specially selected members of the Indian Civil Service. Village elders were made responsible to these district officers, who administered summary justice in their capacity of magistrates, and this paternalistic system worked well as long as British rule lasted, but was hardly intended to prepare the ground for a system of representative democracy.
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  • 13
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    Schlagintweit, Emil: Buddhism in Tibet : New York, Augustus M. Kelley, 1969 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 301-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00011963
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  • 14
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    Equality of Talent (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 151-188 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: If one is an egalitarian, what should one want to equalize? Opportunities or outcomes? Resources or welfare? These positions are usually conceived to be very different. I argue in this paper that the distinction is misconceived: the only coherent conception of resource equality implies welfare equality, in an appropriately abstract description of the problem. In this section, I motivate the program which the rest of the paper carries out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100002455
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  • 15
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    The Impartial Spectator Goes to Washington: Toward a Smithian Theory of Electoral Behavior (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 189-211 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: When economists pay homage to the wisdom of the distant past (not the most common of professional exercises) it is more likely that a work two decades old is being admired than one two centuries old. Economics is a science, and the sciences are noteworthy for their digestion and assimilation of the work of previous generations. Contributions remain only as accretions to the accepted body of knowledge; the writings and the writers disappear almost without trace. A conspicuous exception to this rule of professional cannibalization is Adam Smith. Since 1776 he has not lacked for honors that have escaped even his most illustrious peers. Who, after all, wears a David Ricardo necktie? So to the author of The Wealth of Nations, all praise!
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  • 16
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    Editors' Note (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 289-289 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100002522
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  • 17
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    Comment On D. Wade Hands, “Karl Popper and Economic Methodology: A New Look” (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 286-288 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: The central argument of this interesting paper is that Popper appears to be inconsistent: on the one hand, he preaches methodological monism-scientific method in the social sciences is identical to scientific method in the natural sciences-and on the other hand he advocates “situational analysis” as the unique method of the social sciences. Situational analysis is nothing but our old neoclassical friend, the rationality principle-individual maximizing behavior subject to constraints-and thus, Popper seems to be saying, neoclassical economics is the only valid kind of social science.
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  • 18
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    Interpreting Leamer (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 290-294 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: It is easy for a professional philosopher who reads Learner's essay “Let's Take the Con Out of Econometrics” to find a great deal in it that seems contentious, cavalier, or objectionable. Philosophers may even be puzzled as to what the fuss is all about. My guess is that the sorts of complaints philosophical readers are likely to make about Learner's paper are more the result of style than substance. The substance is very important.
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  • 19
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    The Structuralist View of Economic Theories: A Review Essay: The Case of General Equilibrium in Particular (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 303-335 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100002558
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  • 20
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    Self-Interpretation (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 295-302 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: My essay “Let's Take the Con out of Econometrics” is intended to be an amusing, titillating, and even annoying distillation of ideas that I have published in a more formal, academic style in many different locations over the course of several years. As far as I could tell, these ideas were widely ignored until I adopted the more contentious style of “Con,” which, since its publication two years ago, has been reprinted in two volumes and excerpted in two others. There is something to be learned from this episode about the sociology of ideas. Notoriety, however, is a mixed blessing, since now I find myself spending too much of my time trying to explain what I meant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100002546
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  • 21
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    Elster, JonSchick, Frederic: Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of RationalityHaving Reasons: An Essay on Rationality and Sociality : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1983 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 337-342 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S026626710000256X
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  • 22
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    Contributors (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 351-352 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100002583
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  • 23
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    EAP volume 1 issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100001838
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  • 24
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    Caldwell, BruceHausman, Daniel M.: Appraisal and Criticism in Economics: A Book of ReadingsThe Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology : Boston, Allen & Unwin, 1984Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 342-349 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    EAP volume 1 issue 1 Cover and Back matter (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 1-2 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 26
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    Dworkin on Equality of Resources (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 110-125 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: This essay is a review of Ronald Dworkin's recent essay on equality of resources (Dworkin, 1981b). Many of the ideas discussed by Dworkin have also been examined by economists with, I believe, considerable insight. Unfortunately, economists tend to write for economists, not for philosophers, and their insights are seldom communicated properly to noneconomists. Of course, the same criticism can be levied on philosophers! But perhaps legal theorists are less subject to this criticism. One of the great contributions of Dworkin is that he is very readable; and the quality of his exposition makes these ideas accessible to a wide audience of philosophers, lawyers, and social scientists in general.
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  • 27
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    The Emperor's Newest Clothes (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 128-133 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: There is a simple joy in finding that the emperor has positively no clothes and especially when the finger is pointed in ribald good English. Donald McCloskey does this service in “The Rhetoric of Economics”, where he argues with force and wit that “modernism” (meaning, roughly, positivism, as in “Positive Economics”) will do as an account neither of what economists do nor of what it makes philosophical sense for them to attempt. Instead they should recognize that models are always metaphors and should make a virtue of the literary devices, which they in fact rely on. Armed with the craft of rhetoric and a new “poetics of economics,” they will achieve better writing, better teaching, better foreign relations, better science and better dispositions.
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  • 28
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    Myers, Milton L.: The Soul of Modern Economic Man: Ideas of Self Interest, Thomas Hobbes to Adam Smith : Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press, 1983 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 139-142 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 29
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    Schelling, Thomas C.: Choice and Consequence : Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1984 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 142-146 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S026626710000198X
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  • 30
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    The Nature of Provincial Political Authority in Late Ch'ing Times: Chang Chih-tung in Canton, 1884–1889 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 325-347 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: After the Taiping Rebellion, Governors-General and Governors had access to resources and performed functions which were formerly outside their purview. These resources were mainly the new provincial armies which had defeated the Taipings, and the likin taxes which had been invented to sustain the armies. Leading provincial officials such as Li Hung-chang also found themselves initiating and implementing, on a local basis, ‘self-strengthening’ economic projects ranging from arsenals to mines. They tended to be stationed longer in the same posts, and to have a certain amount of say in the appointment of their subordinates.
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  • 31
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    The North-east Frontier of India (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 359-365 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The north-east frontier of India has today become a controversial issue between India and China. It is well known that this frontier is inhabited by many tribes. They are different from the plainsmen of Assam and, like the Tibetans, Mongoloid in origin. This has led some people to argue that they are far closer to Tibetans than to Indians, or that they are not Indian in any sense of the word. Such arguments are based on the assumption that the people of India do not include people of Mongoloid origin. But there are many Indians who are Mongoloid, especially those who live in the hills of Assam south of the Brahmaputra. And in such important respects as religion, dress and methods of building, the people of the north-east frontier of India are far closer to the hilimen living south of the Brahmaputra than to Tibetans. On ethnic grounds therefore it cannot be said that this frontier area is a part of Tibet rather than of India.
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    Marsden, WilliamDay, Clive: The History of SumatraThe Policy and Administration of the Dutch in Java : Kuala Lumpur, Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints, Oxford University Press, 1966Kuala Lumpur, Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints, Oxford University Press, 1966 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 371-373 
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    Thayer, Nathaniel B.: How the Conservatives Rule Japan : New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1969 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 376-377 
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    Reconstructing late Ch'ing Fengt'ien (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 305-324 
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    Notes: It is generally recognized that modern knowledge of the functioning of Chinese society is radically imperfect, and that this is increasingly the case as the topic of discussion is the more limited in locality and the more confined to the domestic details of native Chinese civilization. As the study of the complexities and subtleties of local social and economic organization in our own cities and countrysides has grown and developed, together with that of many other parts of the world with infinitely shorter histories and weaker societies than those of China, students of China have become increasingly aware of the great gulf which resides between what it would be satisfying to know about the China of the past (and the present), and the little which is known in detail, and with any degree of certainty, about these topics.
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    Wyatt, David K.: The Politics of Reform in Thailand. Education in the Reign of King Chulalongkorn : New Haven, Yale University Press, 1969 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 367-368 
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    Pike, DouglasBurchett, WilfredLuce, Don; Sommer, John; Kennedy, Edward M.: War, Peace and the Viet CongVietnam will Win!Viet Nam: the Unheard Voices : Cambridge, MIT Press, 1969New York, A Guardian Book, 1968Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 1969 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 373-375 
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    Sugihara, Yoshie; Plath, David W.: Sensei and his People—The Building of a Japanese Commune : Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1969 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 377-378 
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    Yokoi Shōnan's Response to the Foreign Intervention in Late Tokugawa Japan, 1853–1862 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 269-290 
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    Notes: This Article deals with the turbulent years in Japan from 1853 to 1862, during which Yokoi Shōnan, a middle-ranking scholar–samurai from Kumamoto in Higo province in central Kyushu, was to gain national renown as a fearless, forthright thinker. This was Japan's first desperate crisis from abroad since the Mongol invasions in the late thirteenth century, a crisis which was to set in motion the final disintegration of the once mighty Tokugawa power in Japan.
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    Land Ownership and Economic Prospects of Malayan Peasants (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 83-92 
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    Notes: In Malaya, as in many underdeveloped nations, problems of the peasantry form a source of continual anxiety. One of the most intractable of these was described by the Malayan Government as ‘the unsatisfactory situation [of] overcrowding on the land and the frustration of ambitions to acquire land.’ How this situation has come about is the initial concern of this paper, which explores the historical record of agricultural development and land ownership in one area of western Malaya. By tracing changes that have taken place since 1890, it is hoped to demonstrate how and at what rates limited resources of land have become partitioned among increasing numbers of people, a process that, being the very antithesis of development, has been termed ‘agricultural involution’ by Geertz. The information is then supplemented with modern records from other areas to show typical features of ownership in the Malayan peasant sector of today. The findings suggest how traditional Malay society has responded to modern economic pressures, and may generate practical methods for dealing with some of the problems facing development planners today.
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    The French Catholic Mission in China during the Opium War (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 115-128 
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    Notes: The First China War of 1839–1842, commonly called the Opium War, has been and continues to be the subject of a considerable body of literature.
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    Early Communist Land Reform and the Kiangsi Rural Economy (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 165-169 
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    Koentjaraningrat: Villages in Indonesia. : New York, Cornell University Press, 1967 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 179-181 
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    Devillers, Philippe; Lacouture, Jean: End of a War: Indochina 1954 : London, Pall Mall Press, 1969 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 183-183 
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    Gray, Jack: Modern China's Search for a Political Form : London, Oxford University Press, 1969 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 185-188 
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    The Malaysian General Election of 1969: A Political Analysis (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 1-21 
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    Notes: Contemporary comparative political science has regarded Malaysia as the most developed politically of the new of Asia and Africa. A good measure of Malaysia's imputed political development derived from its ‘competitive’ electoral process which had several parties vying freely and actively for political representation and, ultimately, power. Impressive as political performances as they have been, elections are really relatively new to Malaysia, the first having been held at the municipal level as late as 1952. General Elections were first held only in 1955, and then for a small majority of the Colonial Legislative Council. Since then General Elections have taken place for a fully-elected Federal Dewan Ra'ayat (House of Representatives) every five years, in 1959, 1964 and again in May 1969. Although one party, the Alliance, consistently won overwhelming Parliamentary majorities and formed the Government, Malaysian General Elections continue to exhibit a high degree of political vitality. At every election a number of more-or-less well organized political parties and independents competed vigorously for electoral support from the plural political community that is Malaysia.
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    Kamaraj: a Study in Percolation of Style (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 43-61 
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    Notes: A Complex stratified polity such as that of India, containing a variety of political cultures and a great diversity of political structure, inevitably produces a multitude of styles of political behaviour. Such styles may be the product of different political cultures and processes of recruitment and training, and they interact with each other in significant ways. In particular, the new integrated political system encourages what I call the ‘percolation of style’ from one stratum of the system to another. The percolating process flows in two-ways—from the national arena to the local, and vice versa—and the process itself affects the nature of political styles. A style which was appropriate and effective in one arena will need adaptation if it is to meet the distinctive challenges of a different stratum in the political system. Percolation thus involves modification of style, and the whole process may be viewed as the gradual development of new styles responsive to the demands of new situations. Inevitably this leads to multitudinous tensions, destructive or creative, but the process is thus an integral part of political change and an understanding of stylistic percolation is an important key to the understanding of the nature and direction of political development.
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    Bird, Isabella L.Fauconnier, Henri; Eric, SuttonRyan, N. J.: The Golden Chersonese and the Way ThitherThe Soul of MalayaThe Making of Modern Malaysia : Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1967Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1965Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1967 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 93-94 
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    Mason, R. H. P.: Japan's First General Election 1890 : London, Cambridge University Press, 1969 (1970)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 4 (1970), S. 95-96 
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    ASS volume 19 issue 4 Back matter (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 1-13 
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    The Dynamics of Coercion in the Malaysian Political Process (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 797-822 
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    Notes: The study of coercion and how it is applied within a political system is useful for a number of reasons. As a strategy of control and management it is in itself worthy of investigation. Moreover, an examination of how coercion is applied can tell us much about the nature of a particular polity. Indeed, as Weber emphasized, the state itself is distinguished from other political systems to the extent that it successfully upholds the claim to the legitimate application of force. The willingness of a regime to use coercion against opponents or dissidents, or to regulate the political participation of the ordinary citizenry, has a direct bearing upon such questions as human rights, democratic values, authoritarianism, and the degree of consensus within a given polity.
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    Myers, Ramon H.; Peattie, Mark R.: The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945 : Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1984 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 863-864 
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    Williams, Raymond Brady: A New Face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan Religion : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 872-874 
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    Southeast Asian Affairs 1984 : Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Affairs, 1984 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 875-876 
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    ASS volume 19 issue 3 Back matter (1985)
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    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 1-6 
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    ‘De-industrialization’, Industrialization and the Indian Economy, c. 1850–1947 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 593-622 
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    Notes: The purpose of this short discussion paper is to raise some general questions concerning the current state of the historiography on the industrialization of pre-Independent India. Although triggered off by a close reading of Professor Morris's contribution to the recent Cambridge Economic History of India, volume 2, it is not my intention to review the essay in a detailed and systematic manner; rather I seek to place it in the wider context of what is, in my view, the unsatisfactory state of our accumulated knowledge. The paper is organized in the following way. Section II contends that all too little is known about a seemingly crucial sector—a vacuity that is not confined to India alone among the Third World economies—and that this tends to distort accounts of the general functioning of the international economy. In Section III I try to pinpoint the major areas of weakness, and then go on to suggest the main reasons for this somewhat surprising situation. Finally, in Section IV, I argue that Morris's study reflects the problems I identify but does not take us further down the road towards their resolution.
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    Writing History Sideways: Lessons for Indian Economic Historians from Meiji Japan (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 669-698 
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    Notes: The history of economic growth and industrial development in Meiji Japan has long attracted the attention of economic historians of India, especially those who are concerned with the question of industrial development. There is as yet no consensus as to the message of any comparison between Japan and India, and the battlefield between different analyses of the Meiji economy has proved a useful source of pillage to dress up conflicting interpretations of the Indian economy in this and later periods.
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    Agricultural Trends in Bombay Presidency 1900–1920: The Illusion of Growth (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 733-759 
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    Notes: The subject of agricultural growth is a matter of central importance in the evaluation of the impact of colonial rule on India. Given that the agricultural sector provided a very large share of total output and employment, movements in the per capita agricultural output would be a good indicator of changes in per capita income. Despite the usual caveats made about the dangers of using per capita income as a measure of welfare, a sustained fall in such income would imply a failure of state economic policy in a crucial respect.
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    Rubin, Jay: Injurious to Public Morals: Writers and the Meiji State : Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1984 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 861-863 
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    The Rationale of Korean Economic Nationalism Under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1922–1932: The Case of Cho Man-sik's Products Promotion Society (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 823-859 
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    Notes: Economic nationalism may seem rather too grand a term for the contents of this paper. And indeed, I have not attempted any analysis of the economics of economic nationalism. My concern is with the nationalist element in the equation, in particular the basic perceptions of nationalists inside Korea who responded to the plight of their colonially oppressed nation. The question, ‘Is economic nationalism viable under colonial occupation?’ may be answered negatively in Korea's case. But one may equally assert that all nationalist movements and all economic action, of left or right, were not viable in Korea at this time. Even if a certain theory of the determinative role of economic superstructures is employed, I suspect this question of viability may generate only fruitless dispute over whether we strictly mean non-viability or simply failure. Hence I willingly leave the theoretical aspects of the case to those equipped to deal with them.
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    McAlpin, Michelle Burge: Subject to Famine: Food Crises and Economic Change in Western India, 1860–1920 : Princeton University Press, 1983 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 866-871 
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    Ahmad Bashir and the Majlis-i-Pakistan: A Correction (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 876-876 
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    Introduction (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 353-354 
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    State Formation Reconsidered (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 415-480 
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    Notes: Thispaper is exclusively concerned with developing broader conceptions of state and state-formation in pre-colonial India, and thus with problems of synthesizing diverse elements separately discussed and researched in the literature. It seeks to argue that certain critical aspects of the development of state and society in the long term have been neglected with serious consequences for overall conceptions and expectations.
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    The Problem of Government Finance in British India: Taxation, Borrowing and the Allocation of Resources in the Inter-war Period (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 521-548 
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    Notes: It isan axiom of India's economic history that government financial resources during the last half-century of the British period were inadequate. ‘The poverty of India was matched by the poverty of its government’ writes Dharma Kumar in The Cambridge Economic History and she estimates that ‘except during the two wars of the twentieth century, the tax revenues amounted to a mere 5 to 7 per cent of the national income'. Raymond Goldsmith's assessment is of an even lower proportion realized by taxation and he further believes that the scanty share of government expenditure in national product declined after the first world war. In most of the historiography, this situation is seen as a notable shortcoming created by imperial rule, the inevitable product of the passivity of the ‘night-watchman state’. Reviewing financial policy in 1939, P. J. Thomas described its predominant characteristic as ‘conservatism’, marked by ‘extreme reluctance to venture on new experiments in raising revenue’, ‘the low burden of public debt’ and ‘inadequate expenditure on social services’.3 These features could have played an important role in constricting India's economic and social development, particularly in the inter-war period of the twentieth century. Financial weaknesses then may have undermined the 'new industrial policy' of the post-first world war era4 and in the 1930s superficially present a crucial contrast with Asia's other major industrializing power, Japan, where government appeared to stimulate the economy impressively by massive borrowing and expenditure.5
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    Industrialization in India before 1947: Conventional Approaches and Alternative Perspectives (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 623-668 
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    Notes: Models of industrialization and social change, whether Marxist or functionalist, have been derived largely from the historical experience of Western Europe and, especially, of Britain. Social theories came to be constructed upon a specific reading of a particular, and in some respects, unique, historical development. These theories or models, now deepseated in our historiographical consciousness, increasingly offer yardsticks against which industrial development elsewhere in the world is measured. On closer examination, universal postulates thus derived have appeared to generate a large number of special cases. Vast expanses of the globe are seemingly littered with cases of arrested development or examples of frustrated bourgeois revolutions.
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    Changing Land Use in Bihar, Punjab and Haryana, 1850–1970 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 699-732 
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    Notes: Undivided colonial India experienced an accelerated rate of economic change in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Official policies and funds combined with private entrepreneurial energies and investment to intensify India's linkages with the world market in trade, industry, agriculture, and natural resource extraction. Slow, but in the long term steady, population expansion accompanied this trend. After 1947, economic development accelerated under five-year plans in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and transformed the earlier colonial economy. Population figures have similarly shot up since partition and independence. These two linked trends have accompanied steadily intensifying human intervention in the natural environment of the subcontinent over the same time. One effect, among others, has been dramatic alteration in land use and vegetation cover. Comparing Francis Buchanan's early nineteenth-century descriptions of the countryside in both north and south India with the appearance of these areas today suggests just how sweeping these changes have been. The landscape of today in virtually every Indian district is very different from that seen two hundred or even hundred years ago.
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    The Imperial Coronation of 1819: Awadh, the British and the Mughals (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 239-277 
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    Notes: The interaction among the expanding British, the regional rulers of the Gangetic plain, and Mughal Emperors stands central to Indian history during the first half of the nineteenth century. Each of these three groups determined to advance its own political and cultural values in the face of the conflicting expectations and assumptions of the other two. The English East India Company regarded itself as under the authority of the British Parliament and the sovereignty of the British crown. At the same time, the Company continued nominally to acknowledge the sovereignty of the Mughal Emperor, at least in India. The various regional rulers of north India, most prominently the rulers of the province of Awadh, acted and apparently perceived themselves as de facto independent of the Mughals while also symbolically submitted to Mughal sovereignty. The Mughal Emperors, whose power to command armies had faded to nothingness during the last half of the eighteenth century, continued to pretend to absolute sovereignty over virtually all of India until 1858. Each of these three groups wished to see the 1819 imperial coronation by the Awadh ruler as an overt proof of their own cultural values and of their understanding of their relationships to the others.
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    Peasant-worker Households and Community-based Organizations in Rural Japan (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 279-297 
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    Notes: Despite a growing interest by anthropologists in the process whereby peasants have been incorporated into a modern industrialized economy as ‘post-peasants’, ‘peasant-workers’, or ‘part-time farmers’, comparatively little research has focused upon the community level of social integration as an important facet of this process (see Barlett 1980: 553, 560–1). For the most part, this lack of concern can probably be attributed to the fact that much of the research devoted to post-peasants has been conducted in European societies where community-wide types of cooperation do not seem to have been particularly important with regard to the production strategies peasants followed in their adaptation to conditions of rapid sociocultural change since the second world war (see Holmes 1983; Symes 1972; Redclift 1973; Minge-Kalman 1978; Franklin 1969: 10–15, 225–33; Tamanoi 1983).
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    ASS volume 19 issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 1-2 
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    Forrester, Duncan B.Boudens, RobrechtBallhatchet, Kenneth: Caste and Christianity: Attitudes and Policies of Anglo-Saxon Protestant Missionaries in IndiaCatholic Missionaries in a British Colony: Successes and Failures in Ceylon, 1796–1893Race, Sex and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and their Critics, 1793–1905 : London and Dublin, Curzon Press, 1980London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 321-343 
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    Hawley, John Stratton: Krishna, the Butter Thief : Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1983 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 165-166 
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    Some Observations on Coalition Politics in Penang (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 125-146 
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    Notes: Of the eleven states in West Malaysia, it may be said that Penang presents a somewhat different situation from the other ten in terms of demography, economics, geography and politics, to mention a few basic features. Situated in the northern part of the country, the state of Penang (which comprises the island and a narrow strip, Province Wellesley, on the mainland) does not exhibit the features of a typical Malay state—a Malay-majority population, a predominantly Malay agricultural economy and a Malay Mentri Besar (Chief Minister) leading a Malay-dominated State Assembly which governs the state for the sultan, the symbol of Malay political power. Instead it has a Chinese-majority population, an economic infrastructure based primarily on commerce and trade rather than agriculture and a Chinese Chief Minister leading a Chinese-dominated State Assembly.In contrast to the other Malay states, the central political role in Penang is played by the Chinese community. Whichever political party is aspiring to come to power in the state must have significant Chinese electoral support.Against the background of a Malay-dominated Federal Governmentstriving to ensure uniformity of political, cultural, linguistic and socio-economic goals, Penang poses a challenging situation.
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    State Formation and Economy Reconsidered (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 387-413 
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    Notes: For too long, considerations of state formation in India have divided on the colonial threshold of history, and the British regime in the subcontinent has been treated as completely different from all prior states. The most important reason for this seems to be that the historiography of the British empire was created by those who ruled India; it was therefore a kind of trophy of domination. Other reasons include the vast and accessible corpus of records on the creation of the British colonial state, the recency of its emergence, and the foundational character of the colonial state for the independent states of the subcontinent. Continuity of the British colonial state with its predecessors is acknowledged only in the case of the Mughals owing, in part, to the prolonged process of separation of the Company's government from its Mughal imperial cover before the Mutiny. Thus, long after they had ceased as a governing regime, the Mughals were considered by contemporaries and subsequently by historians to be the old regime of India.
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    Models of Peasant Differentiation and Aspects of Agrarian Economy in Colonial India (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 549-571 
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    Notes: Given their sheer numbers, it is hardly surprising that the fate of peasants during British Rule in India should have become a principal index for evaluating its successes and failures. Since the Raj was much more than another effete political superimposition on supposedly timeless villages, the question of agrarian growth or stagnation during its currency is intertwined with more general issues. In so far as colonialism meant a sizable expansion of trade to and from the rural areas, its impact on village social structure in India bears comparison with that of a modern market on peasantries in other parts of the world. Perhaps, the classic case of a peasantry coming face to face with a growing market happened in Russia between 1860 and 1930. The history of that period has generated conceptual discussion about the dynamics of peasant society. The possibility of some of those ideas shedding light on the situation in India has prompted Indo-Russian contrasts and comparisons in agrarian history on more than one occasion (Charlesworth: 1979; Stein: 1984). As a sequel to these writings the Russian debate is considered here briefly in order to suggest some ways in which it might be useful in the Indian context.
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    The Pre-history of ‘;Communalism’? Religious Conflict in India, 1700–1860 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 177-203 
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    Notes: Current events are always likely to turn academic and public interest back to the well-worn topic of conflict between members of India's major religions. The manner in which antagonism between Bengali immigrants and local people in Assam has taken on the form of a strife between communities, the revival of Sikh militancy, even the film ‘Gandhi’-all these will keep the issue on the boil. There are more scholarly reasons for awakened interest also. The rapid expansion of work on Indian Islam pioneered by scholars such as S. A. A. Rizvi, Imtiaz Ahmed and Barbara Metcalf has given us a new awareness of the structure and attitudes of Indian Muslim learned classes and sufis which inevitably reopens questions about the ideological component in communal consciousness. Nearer the theme of this paper, the work of Dr Sandria Freitag has provided valuable new insight into the popular mentalities which informed Hindu and Muslim behaviour in cases where violence occurred as a result of clashing religious festivals in Indian cities.
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    From Empiricist Conflation to Distortion: Caste in South Asia (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 343-352 
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    ASS volume 19 issue 1 Back matter (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 1-5 
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    The Ithna Ashari Law of Intestate Succession: An Introduction to Shia Law Applicable in South Asia (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 85-124 
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    Notes: Perhaps the most striking and significant divergence between the Sunni and the Shi'i legal systems as a whole lies in their respective laws of inheritance. From a comparative standpoint the outstanding characteristic of the Shi'i law of inheritance is its refusal to afford any special place or privileged position to agnate relatives as such....
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    Inheriting the Raj: Jinnah and the Governor-Generalship Issue (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 29-53 
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    Notes: In 1947 the British partitioned India and transferred power to two separate Dominions. Partition, however, did not mean the division of India between two ‘successor’ states. ‘India’ inherited British India's unitary centre, while ‘Pakistan’ consisted of areas with Muslim majorities which were merely seen as ‘contracting out’ of the ‘Union of India’. Congress's inheritance of the existing union centre gave it effective control over the joint assets of the two Dominions. The notion of a common Governor-General was, on the face of it, intended to safeguard Pakistan's share in the division of assets. The Indian Independence Bill was drafted on the implicit assumption that Mountbatten would remain as Governor-General for both Dominions until the division of the Indian army had been completed. As common Governor-General, Mountbatten could supervise the reallocation of assets and at the same time encourage co-operation between the two Dominions. But the reallocation of assets could not take place until a new centre had been created for the ‘seceding’ areas. The implication was that if a Pakistan centre was not formed, the assets would not be divided, and a Governor-General with a common touch could guide the Muslim areas back into the ‘Union of India’. Mohammad Ali Jinnah clearly recognized what might happen if there was a common Governor-General for two Dominions, one of which was to be regarded as the ‘successor’ and the other as the ‘seceder’.
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    The Vietnamese Monarchy under French Colonial Rule 1884–1945 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 147-162 
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    Notes: In the epilogue to his memoirs, Bao-Dai, the last sovereign of the Nguyên Dynasty, wrote:In ancient Vietnamese society, the social system is embodied in the person of the emperor, through whom everything religious is done, down to the lowest village level. But, if he sanctifies this act by prescribing or controlling it, he does not assume it. On the contrary, the Vietnamese ideal is that of a sovereign wise enough to reign without stirring, ‘with his hands hanging and his clothes loose...’.
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    Goonetileke, H. A. I.: A Bibliography of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). A Systematic Guide to the Literature on the Land, People, History and Culture published in Western Languages from the Sixteenth Century to the Present Day : Zug, Switzerland, Inter Documentation Company, 1983 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 166-167 
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    ASS volume 19 issue 4 Cover and Front matter (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 1-2 
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    Thailand's Bare-headed Doctors (1985)
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    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 761-796 
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    Notes: For the last few years an imaginative programme for training Buddhist monks in basic health care has been in operation in Thailand. The scheme, originally based on two wats (temples) in Bangkok, is now being extended to the Northeast where poverty and malnutrition are most acute. The originator of the programme, Dr Prawase Wasi, a distinguished haematologist, has received several awards for his work, which is increasingly recognized as a major landmark in the implementation of health care in developing countries.
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    Ahmed, Akbar S.: Religion and Politics in Muslim Society: Order and Conflict in Pakistan : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 167-173 
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    Husain, S. S. Azfar: The Indianness of Rudyard Kipling: A Study in Stylistics : London, Cosmic Press, 1983 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 865-866 
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    Manor, James: Sri Lanka in Change and Crisis : London and Sydney, Croom Helm, 1984 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 874-875 
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    ASS volume 19 issue 3 Cover and Front matter (1985)
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    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 1-2 
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    Studying a Colonial Economy—Without Perceiving Colonialism (1985)
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    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 355-381 
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    Notes: From the size of India's population alone the economic history of India constitutes an important segment of the economic history of mankind. But with the middle of the eighteenth century, it assumed a further, special significance: subjugated by the first industrial nation of the world, it offered the classic case of the colonial remoulding of a pre-modern economy. Not surprisingly, the changing nature and consequences of this process and all its surrounding conditions have formed the constant theme of a long and continuing debate.
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    The Dangers of Manichaeism (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 383-386 
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    Notes: If Indian history is not timeless, some parts of Indian historiography certainly seem to be. Habib's paper is a notable example, with its reverence for sacred texts, vigilant even of the order in which the great ones are mentioned, and its repetition in substantially unchanged form of arguments that have been made and answered several times already.I have no stomach for this ancient battle, and do not propose to answer Habib point by point. But those new to the literature should be warned of some of the peculiarities of his style of controversy.
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    Indian Merchants and the Western Indian Ocean: The Early Seventeenth Century (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 481-499 
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    Notes: Researches in Indian economic history have stimulated curiosity about India's connections with the Indian Ocean area. Work done on European expansion in the non-European world has also contributed to the development of this area of enquiry. Recent writings on the Indian Ocean and the Indian maritime merchant have indicated important possibilities of further research. I shall first briefly consider some of these, and then pass on to an examination of a concrete historical problem where Indian economic history meets the history of European expansion and the two themes are held together by the Indian Ocean.
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    Transition from Indian to British Indian Systems of Money and Banking 1800–1850 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 501-519 
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    Notes: In 1800, British India was emphatically a multi-region economy, with political and physical boundaries separating the different parts. The British were on the eve of bringing the whole of India (except Sind and the kingdom of Ranjit Singh in the North-West) under their political control. But political control did not at once bring a real unification of currency or banking that serviced long-distance or external trade, let alone the network of cash or credit transactions that kept the locally centred economic activities going.
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    Regional Dependence and Rural Development in Central India: The Pivotal Role of Migrant Labour (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 573-592 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The problem of regional underdevelopment, particularly in tribal India, has long been recognized and more than one political party has campaigned on this issue. The Indian constitution and state and central government development plans have included special clauses aimed at assisting those groups, the tribals or adivasis, who are most affected by the problem. Reports have been commissioned and investigations conducted, but rarely have these ended in constructive or relevant action. The work of anthropologists over a number of generations since the 1920s has perhaps done most to tell us of the real depth of the problem as it has affected central India. Foremost amongst them was W. V. Grigson, the aboriginal tribes enquiry officer of the government of the Central Provinces and Berar, whose 1944 report stands as the most comprehensive study available of the condition of the tribal peoples of this region at the end of the colonial period.
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    ASS volume 19 issue 2 Cover and Front matter (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00012282
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    ASS volume 19 issue 2 Back matter (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00012294
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    Capital and Crowd in a Declining Asian Port City: The Anglo-Bania Order and the Surat Riots of 1795 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 205-237 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Surat, the waning port city of the departed Great Mughals, was rocked by riots on 6 August 1795. The lower orders of the Muslim population fell upon the shops and houses of the Bania residents of the city, looting grain, demolishing the images of their gods and tearing up their account books. This was the response of a collapsing social order to the thrust of a highly adaptive banking and trading group which had adroitly allied itself to the rising English power on the West Coast of India. A combination of circumstances in the half century following 1750 had resulted in the formation of a mercantile and political order distinguished by the mutually beneficial cooperation of the English East India Company and the Bania bankers and merchants of Surat and Bombay. The violent protest by the Muslims against the new order served only to reaffirm the significance of the Anglo-Bania alliance as the central fact in the unfolding political and commercial situation on the West Coast. The once powerful Mughal ruling élite and the once wealthy Muslim shipping magnates1 were no longer in a position to offer much resistance to the English East India Company and its Bania allies. Likewise the popular Muslim disaffection failed to shake by violence the foundations of the emerging Anglo-Bania order. An analysis of the August riots in Surat would afford the historian a unique opportunity to assess the nature and impact of the new order on the West Coast and to understand the crumbling social structure of a traditional port city—the composition of its lower orders and its burgher groups and their responses to the major changes that were taking place in the political and trading structure of Surat in the second half of the eighteenth century.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00012312
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    Joining the Club: the Japanese Question and Anglo-American Peace Diplomacy, 1950–1951 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 299-319 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The Japanese question was denned by British diplomats as the search for the earliest possible international agreement by which Japan might regain its sovereignty. It proved to be a protracted task with ramifications for Anglo-American cooperation elsewhere in east Asia. The evidence from newly available British and American records suggests that previous views on the international aspects of the Japanese peace process may have to be revised and that the degree of amity displayed by both sides on occasion deserves to be noted. The British files partly bear out President Truman's remark on being presented with a progress report on Anglo-American peace conversations that it was refreshing to learn of one Asian issue on which the two powers appeared to be working together.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00012348
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    Nationalist Muslims in British India: The Case of Hakim Ajmal Khan (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Islamic political rhetoric has had a wide variety of meanings in twentieth-century South Asia. This variety has often been obscured by observers who assume Islamic political symbols to have a single set of meanings as well as by contemporary political figures who attribute to earlier figures their own particular views. In Pakistan today, for example, all national heroes of the past are assumed to have used Islamic symbols exactly as does the current regime. In a recent contest—in which so far no winner has emerged—prizes were offered for portraits depicting Muhammad 'Ali Jinnah, the urbane, westernized lawyer, in Islamic dress. Such re-interpretation can force resort to explanations of expedience to reconcile apparent inconsistencies, arguing, for example, that political figures spoke differently to different audiences. What else could one make of a Jinnah if he is clothed as a fundamentalist? But desire for legitimacy—here as everywhere—outweighs accurate history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00014530
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    Social Change and Social Control: College-Educated Punjabi Women 1913 to 1960 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 55-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Kinnaird College alumnae who did not work often expressed regret for having been ‘just’ wives and mothers, and a feeling of not having lived up to expectations. In some cases, these women's parents planned for them to have professional careers, but more often, such women mentioned the expectations of their college teachers that alumnae would contribute to their society in some concrete way.Educated women, in short, left Kinnaird with a sense that their education implied obligations to society. Women with careers, whether or not they had married, were satisfied that they had ‘used’ their educations fittingly. Women without careers often expressed dissatisfaction, at least to a foreign observer, butat the same time, they justified their education by pointing with pride to the way they had reared their own children, recognizing that mothers are active transmitters of social identities within the family. Alumnae who remained in primarily domestic roles as wives and mothers frequently expanded their world to include non-domestic social work and other activities beyond their immediate kin group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00014554
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    Keyes, Charles F.; Daniel, E. Valentine: Karma: An Anthropological Inquiry : Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00014591
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    Allchin, Bridget: South Asian Archaeology 1981: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984 (1985)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 19 (1985), S. 173-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00014633
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